Appendix One - Biographical Sketches

A., B. (b. c.1910, Stepney) Ukrainian parents. Worked as a machinist. A., N. (b. 1903, Stepney) Russian father, Lithuanian mother. Later worked as a tailoress. Aarons, Sam (b. c.1895, Manchester) Later a boxer under the name of ‘Kid Furness’. Abrahams, Adolphe (b. 1883, Bedford) Lithuanian parents. Later the medical offcer in charge of the British Olympic team from 1912– 1948. Knighted in 1939. Abrahams, Ena (b. 1924, Stoke Newington) Ukrainian father, Polish mother. Both worked in tailoring. Abrahams, Harold (b. 1899, Bedford) Lithuanian parents. Forged a successful athletics career, winning the 100 metres gold at the 1924 Paris Olympics. Later became a solicitor and sports administrator. Adler, Ruth (b. 1912, Stepney) Polish parents, father a market trader. Family briefy returned to Poland during the First World War, but moved back to London in 1919. Ainley, Ben (b. 1901, Manchester) Lithuanian father, Latvian mother. Later involved in the Communist Party Great Britain. Asphodel (b. 1921, Stepney) Polish parents. Grew up and went to school in Portsmouth. Later a committed feminist and women’s rights cam- paigner. Austin, Jean (née Sulkand, b. 1903, Soho) Parents Lithuanian, father a barber in London’s West End. Later worked as a clerk and statistician.

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 345 D. Dee, The ‘Estranged’ Generation? Social and Generational Change in Interwar British Jewry, DOI 10.1057/978-1-349-95238-0 346 Appendix One - Biographical Sketches

B., H. (b. 1920, Stepney) Lithuanian parents. Barclay, Anne (b. c.1905, Manchester) Polish parents. Later worked as a secretary. Baron, Alexander (b. 1918, Maidenhead, as Joseph Bernstein) Polish parents. Later a novelist and screenwriter. Beckman, Morris (b. 1921, Hackney) Polish parents, youngest of six children. Later went on to become heavily involved in anti-Fascist activi- ties, such as the 43 Group. Belmont, Bill (b. 1909, Stepney, as Solomon Belernof) Lithuanian father, Russian mother. Later worked as a teacher and lecturer. Berg, Jack ‘Kid’ (b. 1909, Stepney, as Judah Bergman junior) Ukrainian parents, father a tailor. Went on to a successful professional boxing career, holding the World Junior Welterweight (1930–1931) and British Lightweight (1934) titles. Bernstein, Sidney (b. 1899, Ilford) Father a businessman. Later a well- known media magnate. Billig, Hannah (b. 1901, Stepney) Russian parents. Qualifed as a doctor in 1925 before setting up her own clinic near Cable Street in 1935. Two brothers and a sister also became doctors. Birnbaum, Sonia (née Raznick, b. 1927, Bloomsbury) Father a Russian tailor, mother born in the East End. Blacker, Harry (b. 1910, Stepney) Russian parents. Later became a car- toonist and graphic artist. Bloomberg, Ada (b. 1910, Stepney) Austrian parents, father a clothing presser. Worked in clothing manufacture. Bloomenfeld, David (b. 1921, Manchester as David Bloomenfelt) Russian parents, father a carpenter. Bloomfeld, Jack (b. 1899, Stepney as Solomon Blumenfeld) Later a British light heavyweight boxing champion. Blumenfeld, Simon (b. 1907, Stepney) Father Turkish, mother Ukrainian. Family had Sicilian, but non-Jewish, origins, although Simon was a self-declared Jew. Later a well-known writer and member of the Communist Party of Great Britain. Bobker, Martin (b. 1912, Manchester) Father Austrian, mother Russian. Later a French polisher and, post-1945, a teacher. Booth, Albert (b. 1912, Hackney, as Albert Butromovitch) Ukrainian mother, Lithuanian father. Later worked as a violinist. Brodetsky, Selig (b. 1888, Olviopol, Ukraine) Moved to the East End aged 6. Later a mathematician and Zionist and communal leader. Appendix One - Biographical Sketches 347

Burleigh, Alice (née Hoffstein, b. 1907, Stepney) Russian father, Polish mother. Father a master tailor. C., L (b. 1916, Stepney) Russian father, Lithuanian mother. Worked in textiles. Caplan, Jack (b. 1915, Gorbals) Lithuanian parents, one of seven children. Clarke, Sam (b. 1907, Bethnal Green) Parents both Russian. Later a furniture maker. Clyne, Bella (b. 1915, Manchester) Russian parents, father, a tailor, was a deserter from military service in 1905. Worked as a seamstress. Clyne, Esther (b. 1921, Manchester) Russian parents. Worked as a hairdresser. Clyne, Freda (b. 1911, Manchester) Russian parents. Worked as a seamstress. Clyne, Joe (b. 1909, Manchester) Russian parents. Later deeply involved in the communist movement. Clyne, Lily (b. 1917, Manchester) Russian parents. Worked as a seamstress. Clyne, Rose (b. 1924, Manchester) Russian parents. Later worked as a hairdresser. Cohen, David (b. 1906, Manchester) Later worked as an optician. Avid sports fan. Cohen, Henry (b. 1900, Liverpool) Russian parents, father a tailor. Later worked as a doctor and physician, becoming Chair of Medicine at University of Liverpool in 1934. Later President of General Medical Council and Royal Society of Medicine. Cohen, Jack (b. 1898, Stepney, as Jakob Kohen) Polish parents, father an East End tailor. Later became a famous retail magnate. Cohen, Jack (b. 1905, Manchester) Polish parents, later a Communist Party of Great Britain organiser. Cohen, Max (b. c.1918, Stepney) Cabinet maker, later an author for the Left Book Club. Cohen, Myer (b. 1895, Stepney) Russian parents. Later qualifed as a doctor. Collins, Kitty (b. 1917, Stepney)—Father a tailor and mother a button- holer. Went on to be involved in millinery and tobacco selling. Comer, Jack ‘Spot’ (b. 1912, Stepney as Jacob Comacho) Polish parents. Later became well known, in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s as a gang leader. 348 Appendix One - Biographical Sketches

Copeland, Jack (b. 1893, Manchester) Lithuanian parents. Later a businessman. Coral, Joe (b. 1904, Warsaw, Poland, as Joseph Kagarlitsky) Moved to London in 1912, later worked as a bookie’s runner before setting up famous Coral bookmaking chain. Cowan, Evelyn (b. 1921, Gorbals) Lithuanian parents, father died when Evelyn aged six weeks, mother involved in drapery sales. Later worked as an author. Cowan, Ubby (b. 1917, Stepney) Austrian father, Polish mother. Later worked as a tailor. Daiches, David (b. 1912, Sunderland) Son of Lithuanian-born rabbi. Went on to become a well-known Scottish academic and literary historian. Davis, Morris ‘Morry’ (b. 1894, Stepney) Polish parents. Later President of the Federation of Synagogues and Labour Leader of Stepney Council. Delfont, Bernard (b. 1909, Tokmak, Ukraine, as Boris Winogradsky) Ukrainian parents emigrated to the UK in 1912. Later a professional dancer and theatre impresario. Deutsch, Oscar (b. 1893, Birmingham) Hungarian father, worked as a scrap metal merchant. Founded the Odeon chain of cinemas. Diamond, Sydney (b. 1906, Soho) Polish parents. Later worked as a tailor. Dobkin, Monty (b. 1914, Manchester) Father a tailor. Later became a writer and local historian. Falber, Reuben (b. 1914, Soho) Polish parents. Parents owned a shop on Tottenham Court Road. Later worked as a hairdresser before working for the Communist Party of Great Britain after the Second World War. F., M. / Fineman, Mark (b. 1904, Stepney) Polish parents, father worked as a tailor. Later worked as an investigating offcer for the Board of Guardians. Finn, Ralph (b. Stepney, 1912) Later became a teacher and writer. Fishman, William (b. 1921, Stepney) Ukrainian parents, father a tailor. Later an academic and historian. Frank, Hannah (b. 1908, Glasgow) Lithuanian father, Russian mother. Later an artist, sculptor and primary school teacher. Frankel, Dan (b. 1900, Stepney) Worked as a tailor, later involved in local and national politics with the Labour Party. Appendix One - Biographical Sketches 349

Gadeon, Solomon (b. 1907, Manchester) Polish parents. Father, a tailor, died whilst Solomon a toddler. Gainsborough, Hugh (b. 1893, Leeds, as Hyman Hirsch Ginsberg) Russian and Dutch parentage, father a grocer. Qualifed as a doctor and was a pioneer of the use of insulin in treatment of diabetes; appointed consultant at St George’s Hospital in London in 1926. Garman, Joe (b. 1916, Manchester) – Russian parents. Gaster, Jack (b. 1907, Maida Vale) Romanian parents, father (Moses Gaster) the haham (Torah scholar) of the Sephardi congrega- tion. Worked as a solicitor, but also involved in politics with the Communist Party of Great Britain. Gertler, Mark (b. 1891, Stepney) Polish parents. Became well known as a painter. Committed suicide in 1939. Ginsberg, David (b. 1907, Stepney) Russian parents. Father a cabinet maker. Glantz, Phil (b. 1917, Manchester) Father from Russia, mother from Austria. Later a machinist. Glasser, Ralph (b. 1916, Leeds) Lithuanian parents. Father immigrated to UK on his own in 1902. Green, Isidore (b. 1906, Stepney) Polish parents. Later worked in sales and then took over family clothing manufacturing business. Golding, Louis (b. 1895, Manchester) Ukrainian parents. Later worked as a writer. Goldman, Willy (b. 1910, Stepney) Parents Russian and Romanian. Later became a writer. Goldstone, Abraham (b. 1910, Manchester) Russian parents. Father a cabinet maker, mother worked as a dressmaker. Later worked as a travelling salesman. Goldstone, Jack (b. 1912, Manchester) Father a machinist. Later worked as a machinist himself. Goodman, Arnold (b. 1913, Hampstead) Lithuanian parents, father a low-level shipping merchant. Later a well-known solicitor and political advisor. Goodman, Dave (b. 1915, Middlesbrough) Polish father, Russian mother. Later served in the International Brigade in the Spanish Civil War. Gould, Jessica (b. 1919, Stepney) Born and lived in East End, but later moved to Notting Hill. 350 Appendix One - Biographical Sketches

Grade, Lew (b. 1906, Odessa, Ukraine, as Lovat Winogradsky) Parents Ukrainian, migrated to England in 1912. Later a professional dancer and media impresario. Gross, Harry (b. c1915, Stepney as Henry Groeser) Father a sweet shop owner. YCL organiser in the 1930s. Served, and died, in the Spanish Civil War. Hamburger, Sidney (b. 1914, Manchester) Russian parents. Later a door- to-door salesman before becoming local politician and community leader. Hartog, Alexander (b. 1922, Stepney) Lithuanian parents. Later worked as a market stall holder. Homa, Bernard (b. 1900, Stepney as Bernard Deichowsky) Father Ukrainian, mother Lithuanian. Trained as a GP, but later became a rabbi, Labour London County Council representative and member of the Board of Deputies. Hyams, Jack (b. 1909, Stepney) Later a professional boxer, initially under the pseudonym ‘Kid Froggy’. Jacobs, Joe (b. 1913, Stepney) Polish and Russian parents. Later an organiser of the Stepney Communist Party. Janner, Barnett (b. 1892, Luoke, Lithuania) Moved to South Wales with family aged nine months, later a solicitor and Liberal—and later Labour—Member of Parliament. Janner, Elsie (née Cohen, b. 1905, Newcastle upon Tyne) Lithuanian parents, father owner of several furniture stores. Later a social worker, magistrate, President of the Federation of Women Zionists and member of the Board of Deputies of British Jews. Jervis, T. (b. c.1902, Stratford) Employed in tailoring industry. Kerrigan, Rose (née Klasko, b. 1903, Dublin) Russian parents. Family frst moved to Dublin, then on to Scotland in 1909. Father a tailor, mother a cigarette maker. Kops, Bernard (b. 1926, Stepney) Dutch parents, father a leather worker. Later a writer. Landau, Muriel (b. 1895, Stepney) Qualifed at the London School of Medicine for Women in 1918. One of the frst female surgeons in England. Lazarus, Abe (b. 1911, Stepney) Worked as a car driver and mechanic. Later a well-known trade union and CPGB activist and organiser. Lea, Sydney (b. 1902, Manchester) Russian parents. Appendix One - Biographical Sketches 351

Lesser, Frank (b. 1916, Stepney) Polish parents. Later a volunteer in the Spanish Civil War. Worked as a pharmacologist. Levine, Maurice (b. 1907, Manchester) Father a tailor’s presser. Later a CPGB member and served in the Spanish Civil War. Levinson, Maurice (b. 1911, Kishinev, Russia) Moved to Britain aged 7. Later a taxi driver and writer. Lewis, Aubrey (b. 1918, Manchester) Later a member of the YCL and CPGB. Lewis, Chaim (b. 1911, Soho) Parents both Russian shop owners in West End. Levy, Minnie (b. c1923, Stepney) Russian father, Lithuanian mother. Later worked as a dressmaker. Lewis, Ted ‘Kid’ (b. 1893, Stepney, as Gershon Mendeloff) Parents from Russia. Briefy a cabinet-maker before becoming a professional boxer. Litvinoff, Barnet (b. 1917, Stepney) Ukrainian parents. Later a journalist and historian. Litvinoff, Emanuel (b. 1915, Stepney) Ukrainian parents. Later a writer and novelist. M., F. (b. 1915, Stepney) Polish father, English-born mother of Russian heritage. Family owned a ladies’ tailoring shop. Mairents, Ivor (b. 1909, Rypin, Poland) Moved to London in 1914; parents were shop-owners in London’s East End. Later a renowned banjoist, guitarist, composer, businessman and writer. Marenbon, Zena (b. c1920, Liverpool) Russian parents, one of fve children. Later a secretary. Margo, Beattie (née Levy, b. 1909, Stepney) Polish parents. Later worked as a secretary. Massil, William, (b. 1912, Stepney) Ukrainian parents, father a skilled wood turner. Later joined his workshop. Mendelsohn, Lily (b. 1917, Soho) Worked as a secretary and, later, as a manager at the West Central Jewish Girls’ Club. Michelson, Netty (b. 1928, Manchester) Mother a tailoress. Mikardo, Ian (b. 1908, Portsmouth) Ukrainian mother, Polish father. Later a management consultant, administrator and Labour politician. Mindel, Mick (b. 1909, Stepney) Lithuanian parents. Later worked as a cutter in the tailoring industry and union leader. Mizler, Harry (b. 1913, Stepney, as Hyman Barnett Mizler) Father a market stall holder. Later a professional boxer who was Lightweight 352 Appendix One - Biographical Sketches

Champion of Britain (1934) and represented Britain at the 1932 Olympic Games and 1934 Empire Games. Ostrer, Isidore (b. 1889, Stepney) Ukrainian parents. Worked as a fnancier and, later, a flm producer. Ostrer, Mark (b. 1892, Stepney) Ukrainian parents. Worked as a fnancier and, later, a flm producer. Perkin, Bessie (b. 1914, Stepney) Russian parents, father a tailor. Later worked as a milliner. Philips, Laura (née Victor, b. 1905, Soho) Polish parents. Later worked as a dress designer. Pinter, Harold (b. 1930, Hackney, as Hyman Pinter) Father a tailor. Later a renowned dramatist and writer. Piratin, Phil (b. 1907, Stepney) Russian parents. Later worked as a fur- rier, businessman and Communist Party of Great Britain organiser and politician. Poulsen, Charles (b. 1911, Stepney) Parents in photography business. Later a fur-maker, taxi-driver, writer and publisher. Raven, Harry (b. 1914, Stepney) Russian parents. Worked as a tailor. Rose, Aubrey (b. c.1926, Stepney, as Abraham Rosenberg) Polish parents, father a tailor. Later worked as a solicitor. Rose, Henry (b. 1899, Norwich) Ukrainian parents. Family moved to Cardiff in early 1900s, where they owned a tailors. Later worked as a journalist. Died in the famous Munich air disaster of 1958. Rosen, Harold (b. 1919, Brockton, Massachusetts, USA) Moved to Whitechapel in 1921 with his Russian-born mother to join her family. Later a teacher and academic. Rosen, Maurice ‘Tubby’ (b. c.1912, Stepney) Later a CPGB organiser and councillor. Rothman, Benny (b. 1911, Manchester) Romanian parents. Worked as a car mechanic. Later involved with communist and socialist politics. Salmon, Lina (b. 1920, Hackney) Russian parents, both of whom migrated to Britain as children before the First World War. Samuel, Maurice (b. 1894, Măcin, Romania) Emigrated with Romanian– Jewish parents to Strangeways, Manchester, in 1900. Emigrated to USA in 1914. Later a novelist, translator and lecturer. Sarner, Rose (née Levene, b. 1903, Stepney) Polish parents. Father a tailor. Later worked as an offce runner in the Bank of England. Appendix One - Biographical Sketches 353

Scheef, Israel (b. 1912, Stepney) Lithuanian parents. Worked as a tailor, later as a taxi driver. Sedley, William (b. 1909, Stepney, as William Solomon Seletsky) Russian parents. Later worked as a solicitor. Lifelong member of the Communist Party. Sefton, Victor (b. 1918, Poland, as Victor Szafrsztyn) Moved to Whitechapel in 1920 and lived in England until 1950, when he migrated to USA. Segal, Benny (b. 1900, Manchester) Galician father, Romanian mother. Semp, Sarah (b. 1918, Manchester) Russian parents. Shapiro, Michael (b. c.1910, Stepney) Later a CPGB councillor and organiser and journalist. Sherman, Alfred (b. 1919, Hackney) Russian parents. Later worked as a writer and journalist. CPGB member in his early adulthood. Shinwell, Emanuel ‘Manny’ (b. 1884, Stepney) Polish father, Dutch mother. Moved to Glasgow as a child. Later a prominent trade unionist leader and Labour politician. Silkin, Lewis (b. 1889, Stepney) Lithuanian parents. Later a solicitor, local councillor and Labour MP. Silver, ‘Shimmy’ (b. 1911, Stepney) CPGB leader and organiser in London in the 1920s and 1930s. Silverman, Sidney (b. 1895, Liverpool) Romanian father, British Jewish mother. Later a prominent solicitor and politician. Solomons, Jack (b. 1900, Stepney) Polish parents, father a market trader of fsh. Later became a famous boxing promoter and manager. Spector, Cyril (b. 1921, Stepney) Ukrainian parents. Later worked as an offce clerk. Spellman, Sid (b. 1927, Soho) Polish-born parents. Later worked in a printers. Sterling, Fay (née Ogus, b. 1906, Stepney) Polish mother, Russian father. Parents owners of a gas lighting shop in Whitechapel. Stoll, Lionel (b. 1907, Lithuania) Family migrated to Britain in 1911. Later qualifed as a doctor from Guy’s Hospital Medical School and worked as a GP. Teeman, Louis (b. 1902, Leeds) Lithuanian parents. Later worked as a salesman and lecturer. Vogler, Isidore ‘Issy’ (b. 1905, Stepney) Polish parents. Worked as a teacher and Labour local politician. 354 Appendix One - Biographical Sketches

Weingard, Clara (b. 1918, Manchester) Romanian mother, Austrian father. Parents migrated to UK as children, aged 11 and 2 respec- tively. Father a cap presser, mother a sweet shop owner. Wesker, Arnold (b. 1932, Stepney) Mother a cook and father a tailor’s machinist. Later a renowned dramatist. Wilson, Robert ‘Scottie’ (b. 1888, Glasgow, as Louis Freeman) Served in South Africa, India and the Western Front during the First World War. Later a renowned artist. Winston, Hilda (née Potashnick, b. 1924, Soho) Polish parents. Worked as a hairdresser. Zaidman, Lazar (b. 1903, Stepney) Romanian parents. Returned, with family, to Romania in 1922 and involved in radical politics. Deported back to UK in 1925. Worked as a valet shop owner, but also a prominent Communist Party of Great Britain activist and organiser. Zattman, Norman (b. 1894, Manchester) Polish parents. Later a water- proof/rain coat cutter. Select Bibliography

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© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 355 D. Dee, The ‘Estranged’ Generation? Social and Generational Change in Interwar British Jewry, DOI 10.1057/978-1-349-95238-0 356 Select Bibliography

290 Michael Ambrose 299 Sonia Birnbaum 305 Sydney Diamond 306 Laura Philips 319 Max Minkoff 321 Lily Mendelsohn 369 Reuben Falber 370 Sid Spellman 374 Hilda Winston 378 Jean Austin 381 Ivor Mairents 382 Ubby Cowan 419 Frank Lesser 422 B.A. 424 N.A. 425 H.B. and L.C. 426 M.F. (Mark Fineman) 427 F.M. 454 Ephraim Freeman 459 Beattie Margo 479 Fay Sterling 482 Rose Sarner 490 Israel Scheef

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J5 Ben Ainley J43 Martin Bobker J61 Clyne Sisters J63 Jack Cohen J71 Jack Copeland J88 Solomon Gadeon J94 Phil Glantz J100 Abraham Goldstone J102 Jack Goldstone J130 Mick Lewis J157 Julius Leonard J199 Emanuel Raffes J209 Saul Rosenberg J266 Norman Zattman J299 Emanuel Raffes J309 Sydney Lea

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Hare, A.E.C and Michaels, I.M., ‘Migration of Population’, in Smith, Hubert Llewellyn (ed.), New Survey of London Life and Labour: Volume VI—Survey of Social Conditions (2) The Western Area (Text) (London, 1934). Pearson, Karl, and Moul, Margaret, ‘The Problem of Alien Immigration into Great Britain, Illustrated by an Examination of Russian and Polish Jewish Children’, Annals of Eugenics 1, 1 (1925). Russell, Charles and Lewis, Harry, The Jew in London: A Study of Racial Character and Present-Day Conditions (London, 1901). Sourasky, M., ‘The Alleged High Fertility of Jews’, British Medical Council 2 (1928). Trachtenberg, H.L., ‘Estimate of the Jewish Population of London in 1929’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 96, 1 (1933). Winch, W.H., ‘Christian and Jewish Children in East End Elementary Schools: Some Comparative Mental Characteristics In Relation to Race and Social Class’, British Journal of Psychology 20, 3 (1930). Wirth, Louis, The Ghetto (London, 2nd edition, 1956). Zuckerman, William, The Jew in Revolt (London, 1937).

Memoirs, Autobiographies and Biographies Beckman, Morris, The Hackney Crucible (London, 1996). Belmont, Bill, ‘As I Recall’, in Murray, Venetia (ed.), Echoes of the East End (London, 1989). Bermant, Chaim, Coming Home (London, 1976). Blacker, Harry, Just Like It Was: Memoirs of the Mittel East (London, 1974). ——, East Endings: Drawings, Cartoons and More Memoirs of London’s East End (London, 1989). Brodetsky, Selig, From Ghetto to Israel (London, 1960). Caplan, Jack, Memories of the Gorbals (Edinburgh, 1991). Clarke, Sam, Sam: An East End Cabinet Maker (London, 1982). Cohen, Max, I Was One of the Unemployed (London, 1945). Corina, Maurice, Pile It High, Sell It Cheap: The Authorised Biography of Sir John Cohen (London, 1971). Cowan, Evelyn, Spring Remembered: A Scottish–Jewish Childhood (London, 1990). Daiches, David, Two Worlds (Edinburgh, 1997). Delfont, Bernard, East End, West End (London, 1990). 360 Select Bibliography

Dobkin, Monty, Tales of Manchester Jewry and Manchester in the Thirties (Manchester, 1986). Finn, Ralph, No Tears in Aldgate (Bath, 1963). ——, Grief Forgotten (London, 1985). Fishman, William, ‘From the Streets of East London’, in Murray, Venetia (ed.), Echoes of the East End (London, 1989). Freedland, Jonathan, Jacob’s Gift (London, 2006). Glasser, Ralph, Growing Up in the Gorbals (Edinburgh, 2006). Goldman, Willy, East End My Cradle (London, 1988). Goodman, Arnold, Tell Them I’m On My Way (London, 1993). Grade, Lew, Still Dancing (Glasgow, 1988). Gross, John, A Double Thread: Growing Up English and Jewish in London (Chicago, 2001). Harding, John with Berg, Jack, Jack ‘Kid’ Berg: The Whitechapel Windmill (London, 1987). Hartog, Alexander, Born to Sing (London, 1978). Henriques, Basil, Club Leadership (London, 1933). Hughes, Emrys, Sidney Silverman: Rebel in Parliament (London, 1969). Jacobs, Joe, Out of the Ghetto: My Youth in the East End, Communism and Fascism, 1913–1939 (London, 1978). Janner, Elsie, Barnett Janner: A Personal Portrait (London, 1984). Jewish Women in London Group, Generations of Memories: Voices of Jewish Women (London, 1989). Kops, Bernard, The World is a Wedding: From East End to Soho (Nottingham, 2008). Levine, Maurice, From Cheetham to Cordova: A Manchester Man of the Thirties (Manchester, 1984). Levinson, Maurice, The Woman from Bessarabia (London, 1964). ——, The Trouble with Yesterday (Bath, 1973). Levy, A.B., East End Story (London, 1951). Lewis, Chaim, A Soho Address (London, 1965). Lewis, Morton, Ted ‘Kid’ Lewis: His Life and Times (London, 1990). Litvinoff, Barnet, A Very British Subject: Telling Tales (London, 1996). Litvinoff, Emanuel, Journey through a Small Planet (London, 1993). Mikardo, Ian, Back-Bencher (London, 1988). Piratin, Phil, Our Flag Stays Red (London, 2006). Poulsen, Charles, Scenes from a Stepney Youth (London, 1988). Rosen, Harold, ‘Not Yet’, in Murray, Venetia (ed.), Echoes of the East End (London, 1989). Select Bibliography 361

——, Are You Still Circumcised? East End Memories (Nottingham, 1999). Samuel, Maurice, The Gentleman and the Jew (New York, 1950). ——, Little Did I Know: Recollections and Refections (New York, 1963). Spector, Cyril, Volla Volla Jew Boy (London, 1988). Sefton, Victor, ‘Growing Up Jewish In London, 1920–1950: A Perspective from 1973’, in Dov Noy and Issachar Ben-Ami (eds), Studies in the Cultural Life of the Jews of England (Jerusalem, 1975). Solomons, Jack, Jack Solomons Tells All (London, 1951). Teeman, Louis, Footprints in the Sand (Leeds, 1986).

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Unpublished Works and Theses Lammers, Benjamin, ‘“A Superior Kind of English”: Jewish Ethnicity and English Identity in London’s East End’, PhD thesis, Rutgers University, 1997. 370 Select Bibliography

Rosen, Michael, ‘The Maccabi Movement in Great Britain in 1934– 1948’, University College, London, MA thesis, 2001.

Websites Martin Sugarman, ‘Against Fascism - Jews who served in The International Brigade in the Spanish Civil War’, Jewish Virtual Library – https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/ spanjews.pdf. Moving Here - http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:// www.movinghere.org.uk. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography - http://www.oxforddnb.com. Index

A frst generation opposition to, 121, Abrahams, Harold, 103, 305, 312. . 153 See also Sport and recreation Association for Jewish Youth (AJY), 3, Adler, Henrietta, 3, 21, 28, 53, 55, 150, 179, 191, 248, 274, 285. . 81, 82, 128, 150, 181, 183, 193, See also Sport and recreation 246 1919 Aliens Restriction Act, 9, 209–210, 221 B Anglicisation, 4, 22, 28, 43, 82, 83, Bar Mitzvahs, 90, 156, 161–165, 190, 151, 185, 282, 284 196, 197 Anti-Alienism, 4, 82, 88, 210 Bookmaking, 116 Anti-Fascism, 231–244 Boot and shoe manufacturing, 112, approach of communal leaders 119, 123, 125 towards, 120, 241–244 Brady Street Jewish Boys’ Club, 150, approach of the Labour Party 284, 285. . See also Sport and towards, 232–233, 240 recreation established community attitudes British Union of Fascists (BUF), 231, towards, 241, 242 264–265 general Jewish involvement in, 237 and antisemitism, 231 Jewish People’s Council Against British Workers’ Sports Federation Fascism and Anti-Semitism (BWSF), 223, 230, 307. . See also (JPC), 240 Communism; Sport and recrea- Poale Zion, 221 tion Arts and entertainment, employment Brodetsky, Selig, 110, 150, 153, 155, in, 117 245, 246, 274, 289

Brodie, Israel, 149, 179, 189, 201, Conversion, and attitudes towards, 303 188, 203 Business, employment in, 116, 128 Criminal underworld, 118–119, 292

C D Central Committee for Jewish Dalston, 35, 58 Education (CCJE), 156. . See also Dash Moore, Deborah, 8 Religious schools, Jewish Central Foundation School, 94, 99 Cesarani, David, 6, 17, 255 E Cigarette making, 112, 123 East End, London, 28–29, 32, 33, Clapton, 56, 60, 61, 99 36, 39, 42, 46, 53–55, 58, 59, Clerical work, 95, 114, 120, 122, 127, 61–63, 79, 80, 84, 86, 89, 91, 136 94, 108, 113, 123, 150, 157, Clothing and dress, 25, 58, 97–98, 183, 192, 206, 210, 211, 219, 104 220, 226, 227, 241, 242, 249, Cohen, Harris, 1, 181, 274, 304 274, 284, 285, 291, 292, 295, Communism, 12, 207, 221–230, 261, 304, 308, 314 262. . See also British Workers’ Edinburgh, 104 Sports Federation (BWSF); Endelman, Todd, 6, 193 Piratin, Phil; Stepney Tenants English, learning of and use of, 28, 32, Defence League (STDL); Young 33, 86, 89, 99. . See also Yiddish Communist League (YCL) Ex-Servicemen’s Movement Against and anti-Fascist efforts, 231, Fascism, 238. . See also Anti- 233–234, 266. . See also Anti- Fascism Fascism ; and the Spanish Civil War, 235–236; Jewish involvement F in, 230, 237 Federation of Synagogues, 152, 173, and sport and leisure, 227, 273 175–176, 178–179, 182, 201, as part of immigrant family life, 239 225–226 Festivals and High Holy Days, 40–41, causing rifts with immigrant parents, 165–166, 190 225, 230 Finchley, 56 decline in Jewish support for post- Food, 34–43 1945, 224 ‘British’ food, 34–37 electoral support for, 222 Kashrut, laws of and attitudes established community opposition towards, 34–35, towards, 225, 237–238 42, 45, 82 replacing religious/ethnic identity, links to identity, 34, 40–42 227–228, 263 mixing of ‘British’ and ‘Jewish’ Conservative Party, 225, 259 foods, 35–36, 119 Index 373

Sabbath meal, 41–43, 183. . See also Jewish Lads’ Brigade, 3, 29, 54, 120, Sabbath observance 248, 284. . See also Sport and Frankel, Dan, 217 recreation Furniture making, 82, 111, 125, Jewish Museum, London, 10 213–214 Jewish Religious Education Board Furriery, 111, 123, 127 (JREB), 90, 150, 156–158, 194. . See also Religious schools, Jewish religious education in non-Jewish G schools, 90 Gartner, Lloyd, 13–14 Jewish War Memorial Council, 152 Gaster, Moses, 157 Jews’ Free School, 82, 86, 89, 108, Gender roles, attitudes towards, 112, 283. . See also Schools, 43–45, 51, 64, 105 Jewish Glasgow, 34, 48, 54, 56, 63, 67, 77, Juvenile delinquency, concerns over, 84, 92, 105, 108, 110–112, 158, 5–6 210, 217, 234, 240, 308 Golders Green, 56 K Kid Berg, Jack, 187, 276, 290, 292, H 338. . See also Sport and recrea- Hackney, 10, 38, 40, 53, 55, 59, 60, tion 77, 92, 106, 123, 220, 238 Kid Lewis, Ted, 56, 268, 290, 292, Hackney Downs School, 96, 99 330. . See also Sport and recrea- Hairdressing, 115–116 tion Hebrew, 26, 83, 90, 99, 134 Henriques, Basil, 150, 151, 177, 181, 225, 247, 273–274 L Hertz, Joseph, 1, 152, 157 Labour Party, 107, 207, 215–221, Howe, Irving, 8 258 as candidates/representatives for, 216–218, 260 I decline in support for post-1945, Immigrant trades, frst generation 218–219 employment in, 111–112, 142 policies on Zionism, 221. . See also Intermarriage, 167–171, 193, 198 Poale Zion attitudes, 169 policies on ‘Jewish’ issues, 220–221 fears over, 167, 198 second generation disillusionment immigrant attitudes towards, 170, 199 with, 221–222, 229–230 support and involvement of immigrant Jews in, 211 J Laski, Nathan, 150, 270 Jewish Board of Guardians, 33, 56, Law, employment in, 107–108, 140 120 links with political interests, 108 374 Index

Leeds, 2, 24, 32, 54, 56, 59, 102, Monkey Parades, 46, 49, 301. . See 109, 112, 115, 186, 234, 246, also Sport and recreation 289, 295, 308 Montagu, Lily, 22 Lewis, Harry, 22 Liberal Judaism, 149, 173 Liberal Party, 211, 215, 258 N Jewish immigrant support for, 211 National Unemployed Workers’ Lipman, Vivian, 6, 17, 129 Movement (NUWM), 228. . See Liverpool, 31, 42, 54, 55, 60, 79, 97, also Communism 105–107, 112, 186, 217, 220 Notting Hill, 36 London County Council (LCC), 62, 89 discriminatory policies of, 62, 93, O 221 Oral history, 10–11, 19 policies towards Jewish schoolchildren, 90–91 reports on Jewish schoolchildren, 89 P scholarships, 93, 94 Perlzweig, Maurice, 149, 167 Piratin, Phil, 223–224, 233. . See also Communism M Politics, 205–253 Manchester, 28–30, 36, 54, 55, 57, amongst frst-generation immi- 60–62, 77, 79, 84, 88, 91, 94, grants, 208–212, 255. . See also 96, 112, 122, 124, 176, 184, Communism; Labour Party; 210, 220, 222, 230, 234, 240, Liberal Party 246, 284, 286, 289, 295, 300, as a part of immigrant family life, 301, 305, 307, 309, 314 206, 252, 253 Manchester Grammar School, 96, 100 as a replacement for religion, 185, Manchester Jewish Museum, 10 206–207 Manchester Jews’ Girls School, 88. . Portsmouth, 94, 133, 206 See also Schools, Jewish Prostitution, 48–49, 75 Manchester Jews’ School, 86, 87, 90. . See also Schools, Jewish Marriage, 51, 56. . See also R Intermarriage; Relationships and Raines Foundation School, 96 sex Reform Judaism, 172–173 Medicine, employment in, 106–107 Re-Judaisation, efforts, 152 discrimination, 115 Sinai League, 152 instances of antisemitism, 108–110 Relationships and sex, 46–50. . See also outside of the UK, 106 Intermarriage; Marriage Mizler, Harry, 239, 293. . See also prostitution, 48 Sport and recreation sex education, 52, 75 Index 375

shadchan, use of, 47 communal fears over the impact of, Religious observance amongst immi- 273, 274, 292, 302 grant Jews, 152–155, 185, 193 and religious observance, 275, second generation disillusionment 303–304, 316 with, 187 cricket, 289, 314 Religious schools, Jewish, 83, 155– cycling, 306, 307 161, 194 dancing, 299–301, 327 differing approaches taken by, 156 frst generation, 278–281, 294, 306, feelings towards, 159–160, 194 319 levels of attendance at, 158, 195 frst generation opposition, 276– Retail and shop work, 113–114, 117, 277, 291, 304, 306, 323 220 football, 279, 286, 288–289, 304–305, 322 gambling, 122, 274, 279, 286, S 294–297, 302 Sabbath observance, 91–100, 180– golf, 122, 279, 312 184, 190, 203 greyhound racing, 274, 296 Sacks, Jonathan, 334 holidays, 280, 308–311, 330 Salford Grammar School, 98 horse-racing, 274, 294–295 Schools, grammar, 94, 95, 98, 120 in youth clubs and organisations, antisemitism within, 98, 99 284–286, 290, 302–303. . Jewish pupils at, 96, 137 See also Association for Jewish scholarships for, 94–95 Youth (AJY); Jewish Lads’ sports in, 97, 100, 311, 331 Brigade Schools, Jewish, 86–87, 90. . See also rambling, 279, 305–308 Jews’ Free School rugby league, 289 attendance levels at, 86, 132 school sport, 89, 283–284, 320 Schools, non-Jewish, 84–85, 132 street sport, 282, 320 antisemitism in, 92–93, 135 tennis, 311 approach to Jewish schoolchildren, theatre, 279, 299, 305 91 Yiddish theatre, 279–280 Jews at, 84–85 Stamford Hill, 56, 61, 174, 246 kosher food provision in, 91 Stepney Jewish Lads’ Club, 3 Sex education, 50, 52 Stepney Tenants Defence League Sherman, Charles Bezalel, 8 (STDL), 224, 230. . See also com- Shoreditch, 62 munism Sport and recreation, 273–316 Stern’s Hotel and Restaurant, 36. . See antisemitism, 312–314, 331, 332 also Food boxing, 67, 279, 290–294, 325. See Stoke Newington, 1, 40, 53, 56, 59, also Kid Berg, Jack; Kid Lewis, 60, 77, 220, 272, 304 Ted Street and market trading, 112, 116, camping, 305, 329 126 cinema, 279, 297, 298, 318 Synagogue, 26, 54 376 Index

attendance at, 67, 122, 177–180, sports at, 311, 331 197, 202 marriages at, 171. . See also marriage membership of, 54, 171–175, 178, W 190 Waley-Cohen, Robert, 2, 150 numbers of, 171 Waterproofng, 124, 146 opening of new, 53–54, 61 West Central Jewish Girls’ Club, 120, suburban Jewish identity, 173–175 284 West End, London, 25, 26, 29, 40, 48, 84, 85, 89, 92, 100, 178, 292 T Westminster Jews’ Free School, 86, Tailoring, 82, 112, 119, 123–126 89. . See also schools, Jewish Taxi driving, 115, 143 Whitechapel Foundation School, Teaching, 108–110 96–98 Trade unionism, 211, 213–215, 228, White, Jerry, 10 256, 257 Wirth, Louis, 8 and the frst generation, 212 Workers’ Circle, 212–213, 257, 278, Jewish immigrant involvement in, 287 214 leadership in, 215 Y Yiddish, 23, 27–33, 58, 67, 69, 99, U 110 Union of Hebrew and Religious and identity, 34, 69 Classes (UHRC), 156. . See also attitudes towards, 27–31, 33 religious schools, Jewish use of English in favour of, 25, Union of Orthodox and Hebrew 28–30, 87 Congregations (UOHC), 173, Young Communist League (YCL), 178, 239 223–224, 264, 307. . See also United States of America, 8, 9, 22, 25, communism; sport and recreation 34, 36, 40, 55, 61, 84, 111, 129, Young Pioneers, 223. . See also com- 134, 149, 168, 190, 219, 222, munism 287, 290, 334 Academic literature on Jews within, 8, 21 Z New York, 8, 55, 62, 260 Zionism, 46, 74, 191, 245–251, 270 United Synagogue, 90, 172, 174–175, amongst immigrant Jewry, 209 178 and suburban identity, 61, 249 University, 100–104, 107 communal leadership and, 244 anti-Jewish feeling in, 102, 103 communist support undermining, frst generation attitudes towards, 251 100, 103, 138 Habonim, 247, 249–251, 284, 314 Jewish attendance at, 138 Maccabi, 247, 248, 251, 284, 285 Index 377

Poale Zion, 211, 246 Zionist concerns over religious second generation leadership of, attitudes, 150 245, 270 Zuckerman, William, 3, 81, 207, 212, second generation opposition to, 219 250, 272 youth groups, 247; communal opposition towards, 247, 249, 272