Electricity - Make It, Don’T Buy It Volume II - Methane Volume III - Free Energy Notes Volume IV - Passive & Active Solar

Four books in one! .... Volume I - Electricity - Make it, Don’t Buy it Volume II - Methane Volume III - Free Energy Notes Volume IV - Passive & Active Solar

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For eBook readers - To go to a chapter, just click on the blue hyperlink. Within the book chapters, you’ll find blue hyperlinks to external web pages - you must be connected to the internet to click on these hyperlinks and go to that web page. For paper book readers, the full web page URL’s are always listed so you can type them manually into your browser (note that the underscore “_” character is sometimes used in URL’s and all the active hyperlinks are underlined too so it is hard to see the underscore - if it looks like a blank space, use underscore instead)...

Volume I - Electricity - Make it, Don’t Buy it Preface & Affiliate Program ...... 3 Other Books We Sell ...... 3 Warning - Electricity is Dangerous ...... 5 Getting Started - The Basics ...... 6 Renewable Energy (RE) and Green Energy ...... 8 What are your needs? ...... 9 Some Basic Math ...... 10 Wiring ...... 12 System Diagram ...... 13 Inverters ...... 15 Batteries ...... 17 Battery Chargers ...... 20 Generators ...... 21 Energy Conservation ...... 24 Fuel Cells - The way of the future? ...... 29 The Zinc/Oxygen "Fuel Cell" ...... 30 The Stirling Engine ...... 31 Net Metering ...... 32 Free Energy ...... 35 Resources ...... 39

Volume II - Methane Methane Generating Still ...... 40

Volume III - Free Energy Notes Edward Leedskalnin ...... 47 Nikola Tesla ...... 66 Resonant Systems ...... 83 Magnetic Systems ...... 88 Nitinol - The Shape Memory Metal ...... 92 Biodiesel - How to make diesel fuel from used cooking oil ...... 95 Algae Biodiesel ...... 100

Volume IV - Passive & Active Solar Preface ...... 102 Solar Ovens ...... 103 Solar Water Heating ...... 105 Solar Home Heating ...... 107 Solar Cooling ...... 110

Dear Friend: Hi... my name is Bill Anderson. I'm not a fancy writer or even an expert on electricity. This is not "rocket science" here - it's not even new technology... just an advancement in technology that makes it economical to generate your own electricity cheaper than you can buy it from your electric company. Just as computers have advanced in speed and capacity over the years, so has the field of power generating. If you were looking for a three inch thick book with a hard cover and padded with unnecessary pictures, double spaced lines, large type fonts, and printing only on one side of the page, then I am sorry to disappoint you. Here you'll only find good, useful, very detailed, and easily readable information in a book format that is nice, but cheap to distribute. Please enjoy your reading.

Sincerely, Bill Anderson Network 6000, Inc.

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Making Algae Biodiesel at Home - Produce 10-30 times more oil per acre with algae.

The Oil Age is Over What to Expect as the World Runs Out of Cheap Oil by Matt Savinar - All I can say about this book is click the link below and get it NOW! This book is amazing. This book will change your life! If you read nothing else, read this book today! From the Fryer to the Fuel Tank - this is the original biodiesel book which tells how the author drove across the country using only used cooking oil. Everything you ever wanted to know about biodiesel is in this book! This is the best and most informative biodiesel book available. Electricity - Make it, Don’t Buy it - This book (paper and eBook versions available in the store).

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 3 Welding Secrets - this book shows you where NOT to weld and how to make welds that hold forever. Written by Hal Wilson who has over 40 years experience as a welder. Build Your Own Wind Turbine - do it yourself on the cheap - find free batteries too! Convert Your Car to Electric - You can do it easier, quicker, and cheaper than you think! 52 week course - Free Energy Made Easy - Become energy independent one small step at a time. 9 Gardening eBooks for one low price of $29.95! Start your own sustainable living Victory Garden.

Also... A Simple Manual Oil Press...

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DANGEROUS - As you know, electricity is dangerous. Even though assembling your own power generating system is easy, please consult a professional licensed electrician to tie it into your house. He/she can also help you conform to local building codes. ALWAYS make sure that you don't introduce your power back into the grid, especially during a blackout - this may cause serious injury to a power line worker who assumes that there will be no power on a particular power line when he/she is working on it. BATTERY GASSES - Batteries produce gasses that are combustible - that means they will explode if a spark from any source is present near the batteries. Install your battery bank in a well ventilated area away from the rest of the system components that may produce sparks. EXHAUST GASSES - Generators produce exhaust gasses that that need to be piped out into a well ventilated area. GASOLINE - one huge plus in buying a diesel generator over a gasoline generator is that gasoline and gasoline fumes are highly explosive and flammable. Diesel, on the other hand, is very hard to ignite. METHANE GASES & BIODIESEL INGREDIENTS- Methane gases, methanol, and ethanol are flammable and in certain situations, especially when mixed with oxygen, become highly explosive. It is also poisonous to breathe. Please use extreme caution when generating or using these gases and always use in a well ventilated area. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY - Network 6000 and Bill Anderson shall not be liable for any special, incidental, or consequential damages or for loss, damage or expense, or for personal injury, loss or destruction of other personal property. NO WARRANTIES - Network 6000 and Bill Anderson provide no warranties as to the merchantability or profitability of any venture pertaining to the information in this book. Network 6000 and Bill Anderson are in no way associated with the suppliers of electrical components mentioned in this book. Network 6000 and Bill Anderson provide no warranties or guarantees of any kind. INDEMNIFICATION - Customer shall indemnify Network 6000 and Bill Anderson from any and all claims, actions, suits, proceedings, costs, expenses, damages, and liabilities, including attorney's fees, claimed by any person, organization, association, or otherwise arising out of, or relating to, the information in this book. Return to Table of Contents

What I'm going to show you is how to set up your own electricity generating system. A typical system includes the following components: a generator, a battery charger, a bank of batteries, and an inverter. Now, I know you're thinking... Is that it? Well, like I said, this is not new technology or "rocket science", it's been around for many, many years. What's new is the high-tech, cheaper, and much more efficient components coupled with the recent increase in electricity costs that make it possible to make your own electricity cheaper than you can buy it. Here’s an elegant description that I saw on the internet - I don’t know the source... “By coupling an existing generator to a battery charger, battery bank, and inverter, efficiencies are increased and costs are decreased. Previously, the most common power source for homes off the utility line was a gas or diesel generator. As long as this generator is run close to its rated capacity, efficiencies are maximized and costs are kept relatively low. However, this is usually not the practice. Many generators without battery banks are run 16 hours a day or more at only a small fraction of their potential power. This results in the cost per kilowatt hour going sky high. Now consider the addition of a battery bank, a batter charger which operates whenever the generator is run, and an inverter which powers the AC loads from the battery bank whenever the generator is off. This can reduce daily generator run time and dramatically reduce the cost of power. In some instances, efficiency can be increased even further by sizing the generator to run occasional very large loads and thus avoiding the need for an extra-large inverter and additional battery capacity. In this type of system (which we term ‘genverter’), a transfer switch, either manual or automatic, is utilized. This switch receives power from either the generator or the inverter and passes only one source to the loads. Many inverters have three of the major components necessary for this system. The inverter, battery charger, and transfer switch are designed into one unit. An option for this type of system which increases efficiencies even further is the addition of select DC loads such as refrigeration which can be powered directly from the batteries.” Source Unknown

Don't even consider at this time (January 2004) the option of solar, wind, hydro, fuel cells, etc - these systems put out very little power compared to a generator driven system and they cost way too much per watt of power they output. I'm not opposed to these "green" systems, but the technology simply is not here yet at an affordable price. And... keep reading and I'll tell you how you can make generators a "green" source of power.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 6 Now, some people can still buy cheap electricity, but that doesn't mean you can't still build systems and sell them to people who need them. And... I can guarantee you one thing - your electric bill is NOT going to go down in the years to come! So you might as well be prepared. In the southeast where I live, we get hit by hurricanes just about every other year. We are left without electricity for weeks at a time. Most people, if they have anything at all, have a small generator that won't run a couple of lights much less a refrigerator or freezer. Needless to say, everybody scrambles for ice which is in short supply and all their food spoils in a few days. The information in this book will allow you to set up a complete system to run your entire house for the same price most people pay for a half way decent stand alone generator. And... the value of your house will only increase with the installation of a power generation system. So the initial cost of a system is more of an investment than an expense - not to mention the fact that it will pay for itself in electric bill savings over a number of years. And if it is a "green" energy source, you may even qualify for certain grants from your state or Federal government. Co-generating heat and electricity is considered green, so you'll probably have to use the heat generated by your system to heat water or heat your house. Or... you may want to look into using a biomass fuel called Biodiesel. It's an alternative to using diesel fuel and can be used in most diesel engines without modification. It is made out of used cooking oil. Just read on to learn more...

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Just a quick word about Renewable Energy (RE) and Green Energy... Generators CAN be a source for green power and generators can also burn fuel that is renewable like ethanol and biogas or methane. By the way, natural gas is basically the same as methane. Did you know that you can burn used cooking oil in diesel engines? Did you know that you can buy or make your own Biodiesel fuel which is made from ethanol or methanol and vegetable oil? Just look at the web sites www.biodiesel.com or www.biodieselamerica.org for more information on buying or making your own biodiesel fuel. There is a whole chapter on making Biodiesel in Volume III - Free Energy Notes. And... Volume II - Methane tells you how to make your own methane. If you have deep pockets and a lot of space to mount a roof full of solar panels, then you could go that way. I would only recommend solar as a primary source for electricity if you can get some kind of state grant or co-payment. Look at the web site www.dsireusa.org for information on your state's grant program. Just the solar panels alone cost about $6 per watt. A 4000 watt solar system would cost you well over $24,000 - that's why most solar systems are only about 500 to 1000 watts - not enough for most homes. And... solar systems are almost always backed up by a generator anyways. Wind and hydro are the same way - not enough power for the money. If you are big on renewable energy and you must have solar no matter what the cost, then just replace the generator with solar panels and a charge controller, eliminate the AC powered battery charger and then everything else in this book still pertains to the solar system. Trace Engineering has a complete line of charge controllers and grid intertie inverters and other solar components. A good source for wind generators is www.windstreampower.com. Now, utilizing solar heat without using solar panels is a whole different ball game. Check out Volume IV - Passive and Active Solar for more information. Now a word about efficiency... fossil fuel power plants are about 40% efficient on average. Coal is about 35% efficient and gas fired is about 50-60% efficient. This means that only 40% of the fuel used is turned directly into electricity. Traditional electricity generating plants heat water to produce steam and then the steam is used to turn a turbine which is hooked to a generator to produce AC electricity. They are just now figuring out that burning the fuel directly in a gas turbine to produce electricity and then using the heat generated in that process to make electricity the old way is much more efficient. These new CHP (combined heat and power) systems are about 75-80% efficient, but they are not in widespread use yet. And when they do convert over to them, do you think your electric bill will go down? I doubt it! There is also a loss of 7% to consider when the electricity is transported to your home. So, right now, you are looking at about 33% efficiency in buying electricity the conventional way. Diesel engines are about 38% efficient and if you use the heat generated by the system to heat your water or home, then it becomes 88% efficient. You will lose some energy in the conversion from DC to AC so the your efficiency ends up being around 75%. That's a whole lot better than 33% and for all you renewable energy fans out there, that means more energy from less fuel burned. A generator running on gas, propane, or natural gas would be about 62% efficient if it co-generated heat and electricity. So... as you can see, solar, wind, and hydro are not feasible for most people and diesel generator based systems are much more efficient and green than conventional electricity generating plants. Return to Table of Contents

Let's face it... your needs are going to be totally different from someone else's. That's what makes the information in this book so great - it's totally flexible and adjustable to your needs. You can build a system to power a remote cabin with a small TV and a few lights. You can build a system to power a typical 3 bedroom 2 bath house in the suburbs. You can put together a package that will generate enough power to run everything in a three story mansion or a mid-sized business or your house and three of your neighbors too! You can also get fancy and just use the components that you need. For instance, say you lived in an area that charges you more for electricity during the day than they do for "off peak" times. You could skip the generator component and just use a battery charger and a bank of batteries to "store" your energy during the cheaper "off peak" times. Then, during the higher rate periods, just use the cheap electricity that you stored in your battery bank. All you would need for this system would be a battery charger hooked up to your regular electricity source, a battery bank to store your electricity, and a new efficient inverter to convert the battery power (DC current) to usable AC current. And... a system like this would be great for getting you past those pesky blackouts! You can also get even more fancy and do stuff like run heavy loads like air conditioners and water heaters directly from the generator and while the generator is running it can be charging your battery bank so no energy is wasted. You can also have auto-start generators and automatic power transfer switches and other fancy components to make things run on "auto pilot". Other options include just setting up a "sub panel" and just operating the "sub panel" devices from your generated electricity supply. Other heavy use devices like air conditioners and wide screen TV's can be operated from the main panel hooked up to the regular electricity grid. This way your important and necessary devices hooked up to the sub panel will always work even during blackouts. Also, your generating system components can be smaller and thus your entire system will be cheaper. Typical devices hooked to the sub panel are refrigerators, lights, computers, a small TV, radio, etc.

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In order to figure out how much power you will need at any given moment during the day, you need to know some basic terms relating to power. The first and most important is...

Power = Amps x Volts or Watts = Amps x Volts

You need to know this because you are going to add up the total power requirement that you need or want at any given moment during the day. This is sometimes called doing a "load analysis". Most electrical devices have the power rating on the back or underside of the device. It's usually listed in watts which is good because that's what you want to add up - watts. Most devices that run in your home are going to be 120 volts. So if the rating on a device is in amps (or current), just multiply the amps by 120 volts to get the input power rating in watts. Add up all these to get the total amount or the maximum amount of watts that you will use at any given moment during the day. This is, of course, the worst case scenario because you will rarely have all these devices running at the same time. Here's some typical ratings (in Watts) for everyday devices: Central Air Conditioner ....5000 Electric Clothes Dryer .....4800 Electric Water Heater ...... 3000 Dish Washer ...... 1500 Toaster ...... 1000 Hair Dryer ...... 1000 Drill - heavy duty ...... 1000 Drill - light duty ...... 220 Washing Machine ...... 800 Dryer - motor only ...... 500 TV - 21" ...... 125 VCR ...... 40 Refrigerator ...... 120 Blender ...... 350 Stereo ...... 30 Rechargeable device ...... 6 Computer & Monitor ...... 110 Computer printer ...... 120 Microwave ...... 900 Food Processor ...... 400 Vacuum Cleaner ...... 650 Light - Incandescent ...... 60 Light - Fluorescent ...... 15

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 10 Now it's time to use a little common sense to figure out what size inverter to get. Inverters are rated by the watts they put out. Remember inverters convert DC battery current to AC current that you can run all your devices from. You're obviously not going to have your blender and vacuum cleaner and hair dryer and food processor and microwave all running at the same time. And you're not going to have all the lights in your home on at the same time either - I hope! If you do, you need to read the chapter on conservation right now. You'll also need to figure out what devices you will plug into your inverter and what you will continue to run from the grid. For instance, you may want to continue to run your central air conditioning from the grid or directly from the generator so you can save some money and get by with a smaller inverter. Same thing with other power hungry devices like electric dryers and electric water heaters. Basically what you'll need to do is add up the watts from the devices that come on and off automatically all day long like air conditioners and refrigerators. Then add in two or three of the devices that you use sporadically like microwaves and TVs. Then a few lights and other small appliances and you'll probably come up with a figure around 5 kw (Kilowatts = 1000 watts). As you can see, you are going to become much more aware of your electricity usage. Since you are going to be generating the electricity yourself and you can actually see the system working and burning fuel, you will tend to conserve your precious electricity more than in the past. After all, a watt not used is a watt you don't have to generate.

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Throughout your system setup and of course your home, make sure you use proper wiring. If you don't know much about electrical wiring systems, then consultation with a qualified electrician would be a good idea. Three things you want to make sure of are: 1) The wire guage (awg) for each circuit in your system is rated high enough for the amperage you are planning to use in that circuit. 2) The safety breaker in each circuit should match the maximum current load for that circuit. If you go over the planned current, the breaker should "break" the circuit so the wires do not overheat and catch on fire. 3) If some of the wires in your system are very long, take into account the resistance of the wire so you can account for power loss due to wire resistance. Hers is a standard table of wire guages: Wire Max Diameter (in) Resistance Size (awg) Current (amps) (Ohms per 100') 14 15 .0641 .2525 12 20 .0808 .1588 10 30 .1019 .0999 8 40 .1285 .0628 6 55 .1620 .0395 4 70 .2043 .0249 2 95 .2576 .0156 0 125 .3249 .0098 00 145 .3648 .0078 000 165 .4096 .0062

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Notes: Remember that this is only a sample system design. There are literally hundreds of different configurations and sizes that you can use depending on your needs. 1) The generator can be set up to automatically start during high load or low battery conditions. 2) This transfer switch can be optionally set to automatically transfer power directly from the generator to the main breaker panel during high load times. Of course you also want to be charging the battery bank whenever your generator is running.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 13 3) Remember that the Trace Engineering (Xantrex) SW4024 is both a battery charger and an inverter so this diagram does not show these components separately. 4) The SW4024 requires 24 volt input, so the battery bank could be two rows of batteries hooked up in parallel and then just hook the two rows up in series to get the 24 volts. 5) The main breaker panel can operate high load systems like your air conditioner, electric heating, electric stove, heat pump, electric water heater, or electric dryer. These systems can run directly off the generator. Also, the excess power can be “net metered” back to the electric company. 6) The sub breaker panel can run low load systems like your business/home phone system, lights, computers, refrigerator, etc. This panel is hooked directly to the inverter. This will prevent overloading of the inverter with too many high load systems. 7) Note that power is still supplied from the electric meter to both breaker panels in case your system goes down. Naturally there would be a switch (not shown) to switch back to grid power.

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As you know, an inverter takes the DC current stored in your battery bank and converts it to usable AC current. The new inverters available today are much more efficient than just a few years ago. The things you want to consider when purchasing an inverter are output power in watts, quality of output (modified sine wave or true sine wave), and efficiency rating. Let's take a look at them one at a time: POWER - We covered this previously in the chapter on "What are your needs?" and "Some basic math". When you did your load analysis, you basically were figuring out what size inverter you needed in watts or kilowatts. One other thing you may need to know is surge rating. When you turn on an electrical device, sometimes they have an initial surge of power that is much greater than their rated power usage rating. All inverters have a surge rating approximately 2.5 times the power rating. This should be enough "surge power" to accommodate most situations. QUALITY OF OUTPUT - True sine wave output is better than modified sine wave output. Modified sine wave output may not be good enough to run some sensitive electronics like stereos and computers. Laser printers are especially picky. Modified sine wave inverters are less expensive so if you can get away with using one go ahead and do it. If you want AC output current that will run anything, go with a true sine wave inverter. This type of power can also be "sold" back to the electric company in many areas whereas modified sine wave can not. EFFICIENCY - Look at the efficiency rating on the inverter you choose. Make sure you get one with an efficiency rating of 95% or more. This is probably the one key ingredient that makes it possible for you to generate your own power cheaper than you can buy it from the electric company. With the 50% efficient inverters of years past, it just wasn't possible. Also make sure you look at the "standby" power consumption of your inverter. Inverters use power even when you are not using them or when they are on standby. The new inverters use very little power in standby mode - usually 0.5 amps or less of current draw. You can get all the specifications on various inverters at Trace Engineering's (or Xantrex's) web site or by calling them: www.traceengineering.com or www.xantrex.com phone# 800-670-0707 or 800-446-6180 outside USA... 604-422-2777

You'll probably have to buy through an authorized dealer like Hardy Diesel: www.hardydiesel.com Phone# 1-800-341-7027

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 15 OTHER INVERTER OPTIONS TO LOOK FOR - I'd like to tell you about the "Cadillac" of inverters, the Trace SW4024. It's a true sine wave inverter that puts out 4kw of power and it has all the bells and whistles. You may not want or need all these features, but I'll tell you about them just to let you know what is available. Trace makes other models that have some of these features and some features can be added to other inverters with separate modules. But the SW4024 has them all built right into a nice, tight package: C Multiple step, low distortion, sine wave output C Up to 96% peak conversion efficiency C Very low standby current draw C Two inverters can be operated in series to provide even more power C 120 amp at 24 volt battery charger built right in C Automatic generator starting triggered either by low battery voltage or load size C Utility interactive mode allows easier selling of extra power back to your power company C Peak Load Shaving Modes allows you to charge your batteries from the grid only during cheaper non-peak times C It's a UPS (uninteruptable power supply) too. It can start up in 32 milliseconds when the main power (grid or generator) shuts off C Pass through generator power... when your generator is running, the generator power is passed through to the inverter outputs using internal relays. This is a convenient option that eliminates the need for a separate circuit/switch when you want to use generator power to operate those heavy loads. C All kinds of input and output ammeters and voltmeters to help you monitor system performance C Everything is set up via an easy to use LCD control panel

As of March 2001, their suggested retail price on this inverter was $3495, but if you shop around, you should be able to get it between $2000 and $2500. Now that's a deal! Don’t forget to check eBay too. I’ve seen new and used SW4024's on there at good prices.

Hint: Just type "Trace SW4024" into any search engine like www.google.com or www.yahoo.com and you'll find several companies that sell it at these prices. It looks like Trace Engineering recently cracked down on what price their dealers can advertise, so if you see the suggested retail price on some dealer's web site, just call them to get the actual price that they will sell it to you for. The same goes for batteries, chargers, diesel generators, and other components that you might need.

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Simply put, batteries are used to store your electricity until you use it. What you want to get is the "deep cycle" type of battery. Do not buy car starting batteries or even dual purpose type batteries. Get the true deep cycle type that are used for RV (recreational vehicle) accessory or marine accessory. These deep cycle batteries are made to discharge almost completely over and over again. You can also buy the more expensive golf cart or fork lift batteries, but you can get good deep cycle batteries at any auto parts store or stores like K-Mart or Wal-Mart. I recently priced a 115AH battery at $99. What you want to look for are batteries with the highest AH (Amp Hour) rating as possible. The higher the AH rating, the longer the battery will last without having to recharge it. The AH rating is the amount of hours that a battery will last with a 1 amp current load attached to it at 80 degrees F. To make things even more complicated, some batteries have a RC (Reserve Capacity) rating. The RC is the number of minutes for the voltage of a battery to go below 10.5 volts with a 25 amp current attached to it at 80 degrees F. To simplify things, we'll just talk about AH and not RC. If you are at a store looking at batteries and they only have a RC on the battery, you can easily convert RC to AH by multiplying the RC by 0.6. Anyways... remember when you did your load analysis? You figured out the maximum wattage you would use on any given day. Now you want to go back and figure out the "average" wattage you will be using during any given hour. I think you can do this all by yourself by using a little common sense. Hint: just take the total number of watts of each device, multiplied by the hours that device is used each day, add these all up. Just divide by 1000 to get Kw (Kilowatts) and then divide by 24 to get Kwh (Kilowatt hours). One Kwh is simply using 1000 watts of power for a period of one hour. Or... what you could do, if you are currently getting an electric bill from the electric company, is just look on your electric bill. There should be a monthly Kwh figure. Just divide this figure by 30 to get your daily Kwh figure. Once you have your daily Kwh figure, you can determine how many batteries you need. Let's say you use 12Kwh per day. How many 100Ah batteries do you need to buy so you only have to recharge the battery bank once per day? Assuming we recharge when the batteries get discharged 50%. To figure out the Kwh in one 100Ah battery, we just multiply 100 x 12 (volts) = 1200Wh. Divide this by 1000 to get 1.2Kwh per battery. 10 fully discharged batteries would produce 12Kwh of power each day, so 20 half discharged batteries would give us the same amount of power each day. And remember... if you wanted to recharge the battery bank twice a day instead of once a day, you would only need 10 batteries instead of 20. I know this all sounds complicated, but remember this... you can always add more batteries later! If your batteries seem to discharge faster than they are supposed to, just add a couple more until you don't have to recharge them as often.

Rule of thumb... two helpful formulas for calculating sizes are: 1) run time (hours) = daily energy needed (kwh) / generator size (kw). For example: if you need 12kwh per day and you have a 8 kw generator, then the run time for your generator is 1.5 hours. 2) generator size (kw) = daily energy needed (kwh) / run time. Use this formula if you want to figure your generator size so it only runs a specific number of hours per day... let's say you need 12kwh and you only want to run the generator 2 hours per day - 12 kwh / 2 = 6 kw for the generator size.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 17 Needless to say, if you buy batteries with a high AH rating, you will need less of them. If you hook batteries in SERIES, that is positive to negative terminals, then that doubles the voltage, and the AH rating stays the same. If you hook batteries up in PARALLEL, that is positive to positive and negative to negative, then the voltage stays the same, but the AH rating doubles. In both cases, series and parallel, the power (remember amps x volts) in the battery bank is the sum of the power in the individual batteries. You can also have 2 banks of 10 batteries hooked up in parallel and then you can hook the two banks in series to get 24 volts. Some inverters require 24 volts input.

Depth of Discharge (DOD) - There are two facts that will help you decide when to recharge your batteries. One, the deeper the discharge, the fewer cycles your batteries will last. And two, the time it takes to charge a battery bank from 0% to 80% is less than the time it takes to charge it from 80% to 100%. So... it is best to set your system up to discharge to 30% and only charge to 80% (that's 50% of battery capacity). This will make your batteries last longer and at the same time will conserve fuel by keeping the charging time to a minimum. Just remember to recharge to 100% every 10th cycle.

Some battery maintenance tips: C Batteries produce hydrogen gas when in heavy use and when being charged. This is highly explosive gas so avoid flames and sparks near batteries and always store and charge them in well ventilated areas. C Low Maintenance batteries: keep the water level 1/8 inch below the bottom of the refill hole. Use only distilled water. C Maintenance Free batteries: These are more prone to deep discharge failure and are more expensive, but do provide some benefits like faster recharging, reduced corrosion, and 40% more life cycles (charges/discharges). C Buy only new batteries: All batteries have a date of manufacture on them. It is usually stamped on the core or printed on a sticker. It is alpha and numeric characters with letters for the months and numbers for the years. For example, January 1998 would be A8. Don't buy batteries that are more than 3 months old. Remember the older batteries will be in the front of the rack. C Don't mix and match different size and/or different age batteries in a battery bank. Always use the same size cable too. C Baking soda and water will neutralize sulfuric acid if you get it on your skin or clothing. It will eat holes in your clothing if left untreated. C Clean terminals periodically with a wire brush and, after securing connectors, coat terminals with a high temperature grease. C Sulfation occurs when lead sulfate can not be converted back to charged material and is created when discharged batteries stand for a long time or from excessive water loss. C Always use a taper charger to avoid overcharging. C Recharge batteries when they get down to the 30% discharge state and charge to the 80% charged state. Charge to 100 % every 10th cycle.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 18 Checking batteries: You can check your batteries with a voltmeter or with a hydrometer. A hydrometer checks each cell for specific gravity and can be purchased at any auto parts store. Before checking, recharge the battery and then remove the surface charge by letting it stand for several hours. Then check it and compare to the following table:

State of Discharge Voltage Specific Gravity 100% 12.65 1.265 75% 12.45 1.225 50% 12.24 1.190 25% 12.06 1.155 0% 11.89 1.120

Note: subtract .0012 volts for every 10 degrees below 80 degrees F or .004 specific gravity for every 10 degrees below 80 degrees F.

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OK... now you need to figure out what size battery charger to get. You already know how many batteries will be in your battery bank. Now just use the following as a guide... A 70 amp charger will take 1 hour to charge one 105AH battery that is 50% discharged. You don't want to run your generator all day long to charge your battery bank, so a good charger is a must. If you have more than 4 batteries in your bank, I would recommend a 120 amp charger. Remember - the SW4024 Trace inverter contains a built in 120 amp battery charger that is very efficient. And remember... this is 120 amps at 24 volts, not 12 volts, so it's twice as fast and powerful as you think. This will charge them up quickly and cheaply. Get a charger with a high efficiency rating too. Like inverters, battery chargers take a certain input wattage or amperage at 120 volts AC and provide a certain amperage out in 12 volt or 24 volt DC current. The closer the input power in watts is to the output power, the less power you lose in the conversion from 120v AC to 12v or 24v DC. Remember - power = amps x volts. And... the less power you need to run that charger - may allow you to get by with a smaller generator. You also want to get a three stage charger. This is opposed to a one stage automatic charger or a totally manual charger. These type of chargers may shorten the life of your batteries due to over charging, plate damage, and increased water usage. Three stage chargers start out at a high current and then taper off as the batteries get more charged up. This extends the life of your batteries. The three stages are bulk, absorption and float. The bulk stage is where you can give the battery whatever current it will accept not to exceed 20% of the ampere hour rating and that will not cause overheating. The absorption phase is voltage- regulated current charging until the battery is fully charged. This is normally when the charging current drops off to 1% or less of the ampere hour capacity of the battery. For example, end current for a 72 ampere hour battery is .7 amps or less. Float charging at a lower voltage is used to maintain a fully charged battery. Equalization is another technique you may use to extend the life of your batteries. Equalizing is a controlled 5% overcharge to equalize and balance the voltage and specific gravity in each cell of a wet lead acid battery. Your charger must have an "equalization mode" to do this. Equalization reverses the build- up of the chemical effects like stratification where acid concentration is greater in the bottom of the battery. It also helps remove sulfate crystals that might have built up on the plates. The frequency recommendation varies by manufacturer from once a month to once a year, 50 to 100 deep cycle discharges, or a specific gravity difference between cells of .03 or .015 volts (15 millivolts). To equalize, fully recharge the battery. Then increase the charging voltage to the manufacturer's recommendations, or if not available, add 5%. Heavy gassing should start occurring. Take specific gravity readings in each cell once per hour. Equalization has occurred once the specific gravity values no longer rise during the gassing stage. Another feature you want on your charger is temperature compensation with a remote battery temperature probe. This type of charger will automatically adjust the amperage according to the battery temperature. Return to Table of Contents

OK... now that you have some kind of idea as to the size of your inverter, battery bank, and battery charger, you now need to choose a generator to run the battery charger. But first you need to decide whether or not you will be hooking up any other high use devices like central air conditioners directly to your generator. The thing about generators is you want to run it at full load whenever you run it in order to extract the maximum amount of energy. If you run a 8kw generator and you are only using 4kw of power, then you are wasting half your fuel. And... fuel cost in one of these systems is the bottom line! So... if you start the generator to run a high power device, then make sure you are also running the battery charger at the same time. To figure out how much power just the battery charger will use, look at the input power rating on the unit. If it is in amps then just multiply by 120 volts to get the input power. If you just know the output amps, you can multiply the output amps by 12 volts (or 24 volts) to get the output power. But to figure out the input power from just the output power you need to figure in the inefficiency of the charger - and some cheap chargers can be up to 50% inefficient. There really is no decision to make between diesel and gas. Diesel is the way to go. Gas generators are cheaper, but diesel engines last 10 times as long and burn only about 1 gallon of fuel every 4 hours as compared to about 1 gallon every hour with gas. Of course these figures vary just a little according to the size of your generator. The best place to buy good, cheap diesels is www.hardydiesel.com or Phone# 1-800-341-7027. As of October 2003, they had a 2.5kw diesel generator for $999 on a half off sale. Folks... you can look long and hard and you won't find a better deal than this. Their 8kw diesel generator is $3295 and burns a measly 0.585 gallons per hour (GPH). As far as noise goes - just a little money invested in a good soundproof enclosure and your neighbors will not even know about your system. They will probably make more noise with their lawn mowers and leaf blowers and weed eaters than you will make running your generator every now and then. I also encourage you to look at Hardy Diesel's complete systems like their "Handy Eight" system. This system includes a 8kw diesel generator and a Trace SW4024 inverter and 8 batteries. The system cost was $7770 in March 2001. You may be able to put together a system cheaper yourself, but for those of you who want to buy a complete system already configured for you, it's available. It will produce from 4kw to 12kw if you use the generator and inverter at the same time. Just go to their web site and click on the "Alternative Energy" box to get the details. Remember... we are not associated in any way with the suppliers mentioned in this book and prices mentioned here may change at any time. Harbor Freight Tools also had a nice diesel generator in their last catalog. It was a 6000 watt unit with an enclosed cabinet. It only weighed 363 lbs and was a quiet 68db. The price as of October 2002 was $1599. That's not too bad! It does run at 3600rpm, but that's about the only drawback to this diesel. You can contact them at www.harborfreight.com or call them at 1-800-423-2567.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 21 Even though I do not recommend gas generators, I saw a nice 10,000 watt gas generator while I was walking through Home Depot the other day. 10,000 watts will handle just about anybody's needs! They had it on sale for $2000 so it caught my attention. You can look at this company's generator lineup at www.generac.com. They have some nice systems including some LP and natural gas powered units and also a nice switch box to tie the system into your home. If you want just an emergency standby power system, the Guardian systems by Generac are nice. Home Depot has a 12Kw dual fuel (natural gas or LP) system that includes an automatic transfer switch and an outdoor connection box. This system was $2695 uninstalled and about $1000 more installed. You can view their entire line at www.guardiangenerators.com. But remember that these will not last as long as a diesel and they burn 4 times as much fuel. Still... they may be good for some situations. Look under their portable generators and you will find a very nice online wattage guide that is very useful in determining the size of generator you need.

Mufflers or Silencers - Invest in a good silencer for the exhaust noise. Silencers come in residential, critical, and hospital grades. Hospital being the most quiet. You should be able to pick one up between $150 and $200. Try the JH series from EM products (ask your generator source)... The other noise will be the mechanical noise from the generator itself and should be minimized or eliminated with a good enclosure or shed.

Purchasing Hints - 1800 RPM is better because they are more heavy duty and quieter. Direct drive without an alternator belt is the best way to go. A brushless alternator is a must. Liquid cooling is easier to enclose and keep quiet. Other options that you might find useful are... a hour meter, oil pressure gauge, coolant temperature gauge, voltage meter, frequency meter, amp meter, remote start switch, high coolant temperature shutdown, low oil pressure shutdown, overspeed and overvoltage shutdown, large fuel tank, good muffler, and an enclosure. Of course all these features cost money, but these are the things to look for when making a purchase.

Diesel Fuel Hints - Diesel fuel comes in two flavors: #1 for winter use and #2 for summer use. The summer fuel has more BTU's per gallon so it will be more efficient, but it gels at low temperatures. So, depending on where you live, you may need to use the winter fuel or a mixture for part of the year. If you buy off-road diesel you will not have to pay the extra taxes they charge for building roads and making road repairs (it will be have a pink or redish dye in it). If you prefer a "green" alternative, try biodiesel. You can get information on it at www.biodiesel.com. The best book available on biodiesel is “From the Fryer to the Fuel Tank” available in our Store at www.network6000.biz. An option to putting together a system yourself is to buy a complete system that is ready to go. Just one company that does this is Polar Power in California. You can get all the details on what they offer at www.polarpowerinc.com. They have a cool Micro Cogeneration Unit that integrates a heat pump and DC generator into a simple package that delivers air conditioning, heating, water heating, and electricity. Using a DC generator eliminates the need for a battery charger - it charges the batteries directly and then uses an inverter to convert the DC battery power to usable AC power. It's all enclosed in a sound enclosure too. All the waste heat from the engine and exhaust are recovered so it is very efficient. It will run on natural gas, propane, gasoline and even diesel for an extra fee. The price they list on their web site is just under $10,000 as of November 2003. EBAY - as of November 2003, there are 3 pages full of new and used diesel generators on Ebay. Just go to www.ebay.com and type "diesel generator" into the search space and you'll see for yourself. There was a brand new (with warranty) 5kw diesel listed with a starting bid of $899 and there was only 1 hour left in the auction and no bids yet! Folks, that's highway robbery

C Buy a new unit if possible. C If you buy a used unit, try to make sure it isn't worn out. Make sure it is in working order with low hours. C Check the feedback on the seller. C You can ask the seller questions via email. C Do your homework beforehand so you know how much to bid.

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I guarantee you one thing... if you install your own power generating equipment, you will become much more conscious of the energy that you use. You won't leave that TV running in the other room when you're not watching it and you'll turn lights out when you leave a room. After all... a watt not used is a watt you don't have to generate. There are some very simple things you can do to make your home more energy efficient. The easiest is to replace all your inefficient incandescent light bulbs with efficient fluorescent lights. You can get these compact fluorescent lights at any hardware store like Home Depot or Lowes. It doesn't take a genius to figure out that a 15 watt fluorescent bulb uses less power than a 60 watt incandescent bulb and puts out about the same light. And... they last 10 times as long as an incandescent bulb so the extra cost pays for itself in the long run. You may want to even consider converting all your lighting to 12 volt DC and running directly from the batteries. That way you will be 100% efficient and you won't lose the power like you would if you went through the inverter. Remember... inverters lose some power in converting from DC to AC current. You may find some 12 volt lights in the hardware stores, but a better source might be your local marine store or RV (recreational vehicle) store. All lighting on boats and RVs are 12 volts. If you have some old electronic devices in your home, when it comes time to replace them, look at the amount of power the device consumes. You'll be surprised at how much more efficient the newer devices are than the ones that were built just 5 years ago. They say that for every dollar spent on energy efficient appliances, three dollars will be saved on power generating system components. Changing from electrical devices to gas devices like gas water heaters and gas dryers and gas heating will generally save you money too. Look for the "Energy Star" energy efficient appliances. These have been labeled by the EPA and DOE as being the most efficient in their class. Office equipment, appliances, heating, and cooling devices can be found with the Energy Star label. And don't forget good insulating techniques for your home... after you generate that cool air or hot air for heating, you don't want to lose it by letting it leak out of a poorly insulated house. Check with your local hardware store to see what you can do to improve your insulation. Double pane windows are a must - just replace them one at a time as you can afford them. They will pay for themselves in time. And don't forget... you can buy water heater insulators too. And... get rid of those PHANTOM LOADS! A phantom load is a device that uses power even though it is supposed to be turned off. Any appliance with an electronic clock is a phantom load. These appliances with clocks keep the device's power supply "alive" just to give us the time which is very inefficient. Devices with a remote control are also phantom loads because they sit there waiting for the on signal from the remote. Ever seen a device with a "wall cube"? That's the small box at the end of the AC power cord that plugs into the wall - it consumes up to 50% of the device's rated power supply even when the appliance is off! Just unplug these devices or hook them up to a surge protector strip that contains an on/off switch. Here are some other great tips...

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 24 Household Appliances If you are planning to purchase a new appliance, look at the Energy Guide labels to compare annual operating costs with other models. Also, look for appliances with the Energy Star label. Remember to turn off entertainment appliances, such as televisions, stereos, and video projectors, when no one is in the room. Use energy-saving settings on appliances such as washers and dryers, refrigerators, and computers. There are many pros and cons of turning your computer on and off to save energy. The best rule of thumb is to turn it off if you do not use it often. If you do, then turn the monitor off when not in use. Also, use the energy saving mode available on most computers, especially those with the Energy Star label. Activate your Energy Star "sleep" feature on home office equipment (PC, fax, printer, scanner) so it automatically powers down when not in use.

Water Heating About 20% of household energy consumption is due to heating water. Lower the thermostat to "low" or 120 degrees F. For every 10 degrees you lower the temperature you save 11% on heating costs. Homes with dishwashers should keep water at 140 degrees F.

Washing/Drying Clothes Washing clothes in cooler water saves a substantial amount of energy. Using warm water instead of hot cuts energy usage in half. Fill washer and dryer to capacity whenever possible and dry loads consecutively to maintain temperature.

Home Heating Using fireplaces while your central heating system is on will only increase your energy costs. A fireplace exhausts air from inside the home, heats it, and sends it straight up the chimney to the outside. This air must be replaced by cold air from the outside that must then be heated by your central heating system. When adjusting a thermostat by hand, remember that your home will not heat or cool faster by cranking up the thermostat and it is possible you may forget to turn it back down. Set thermostat to desired temperature. Also, for every degree you lower your thermostat in winter, you can save 3% on your heating bill.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 25 Insulation Seal up the largest air leaks in your house-the ones that whistle on windy days, or feel drafty. The worst culprits are usually the utility cut-throughs for pipes ("plumping penetrations"), gaps around chimneys and recessed lights in insulated ceilings, and unfinished spaces behind cupboards and closets. If your main door opens to either an unheated hallway or directly to the outdoors, make your door airtight. The loss of warm air is frequently greatest under the bottom of the door. Prevent this by installing a door sweep on the bottom edge of your door. Weatherproof your windows to decrease heat loss in the winter and heat gain in the summer. Caulk around the window to decrease heat loss or gain. Insulate hot water pipes and ducts wherever they run through unheated areas. Wrap the hot water tank with jacket insulation. This simple, inexpensive measure will reduce standby heat loss from the tank.

Water Reduce the hot water temperature. Reducing the temperature on your water heater thermostat can decrease heat loss from your tank (120 degrees F). Install water flow restrictors and aerators in sink faucets. These measures can save you money by reducing water use (including hot water). Turn your faucets off all the way. Just one drip a second from a leaky faucet can waste up to 200 gallons of water a month. Replace worn out washers. Do as much household cleaning as possible with cold water rather than hot. Rinse dishes in a tub of clean water instead of under hot running water. Take showers instead of baths. A five minute shower uses only about one-half as much water as a bath. Install low-flow shower heads. They cut the flow of water by 40 to 60%.

Air-conditioning Replace air filters regularly and follow maintenance schedules for furnace and air-conditioning equipment. Replacing a dirty air filter can save money by reducing the amount of electricity needed to run a blower motor (because there is less resistance to airflow with a clean filter). During the cooling season, set the air conditioner at no lower than 78 degrees F. Winterize your room air conditioner. Keep south and west facing window drapes or shades closed during summer days to minimize solar heat gain in your apartment. When the temperature outside is comfortable, open a window or use a fan instead of the air conditioner. A fan only requires a tenth of the energy needed to run an air conditioner. If you have a fireplace without glass doors, consider plugging it when it is not in use. Even a closed damper leaks a large amount of heated air to the outdoors.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 26 Setting Your Thermostat One easy way to cut heating and cooling bills without sacrificing comfort is to set your thermostat down 10 degrees at night. Air- conditioning costs, too, can be cut by setting the thermostat up 10 degrees on those summer nights. This can be done for you automatically each night and reset to the normal setting each morning by an automatic digital clock-controlled thermostat. A once-a-day nighttime setback of 10 degrees can save 12% - 16% of your present heating costs! The same unit can lower or raise temperatures during the day while you are away, returning to normal settings before you return. This "twice-a-day" feature can save you even more by automatically setting the temperature in your home during that "wake up" time before you go to work and that "evening" time before you go to sleep. And... of course during your sleeping time and the time when no one is home during the day, the heat is lowered and the air conditioning is set higher. Installation is simple and the cost of the unit can be "paid back" in the savings from just one or two seasons. Trying to remember to do this using a manual thermostat is almost impossible, so make sure you invest in a good digital automatic thermostat. Unreliable thermostats are often the cause of high bills. Thermostats can "lie" - sending false signals to start or stop equipment. Degree readings may be way off. Check for accuracy by placing a reliable thermometer, preferably a columnar type next to the thermostat. Check the degree readings of each. If they vary more than a couple of degrees, replace the thermostat. For comfort and economy an accurate thermostat is a must. Even a two degree error can increase your heating bill substantially. A few dollars of investment will pay large dividends in energy savings. And remember... close doors and heating vents to unused rooms in your home. If these rooms have a separate thermostat or heating zone from your home's occupied space, lower the temperature in these rooms. During winter vacations or long periods away from home, reduce your thermostat setting to 50 degrees F for heating and up to 90 degrees F for cooling. Here are a couple of myths about home heating. These are true for air conditioning too...

Myth # 1: A furnace works harder than normal to warm the space back to a comfortable temperature after the thermostat has been set back, resulting in little or no savings.

Fact: This misconception has been dispelled by years of research and numerous studies. The fuel required to reheat a building to a comfortable temperature is roughly equal to the fuel saved as the building drops to the lower temperature. You save fuel between the time that the temperature stabilizes at the lower level and the next time heat is needed. So, the longer your house remains at the lower temperature, the more energy you save.

Myth # 2: The higher you raise a thermostat, the more heat the furnace will put out, or that the house will warm up faster if the thermostat is raised higher.

Fact: Furnaces put out the same amount of heat no matter how high the thermostat is set - the variable is how long it must stay on to reach the set temperature.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 27 Refrigerating and washing Clean heat exchangers and perform routine maintenance on refrigerating equipment. These simple measures will ensure the most efficient operation of heat exchangers needed for cooling or refrigerating equipment. When you transfer the items to be thawed from the freezer to the refrigerator the day before using them, the frozen items will help cool the refrigerator as they defrost, cutting down on the energy the refrigerator uses. Regularly defrost your freezer and also check the seals on your fridge/freezer to ensure no warm air is getting in. Try to have full loads when using the washing machine and use the lower temperature wash. With today's washing powders this temperature is more than adequate to clean clothes and will save you up to three quarters of the cost of the hottest cycle. Also have full loads in your dish washer or wait until you do.

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Many of you may have already heard of these new "Fuel Cells", but what exactly is a fuel cell? Basically you have a Proton Exchange Membrane or PEM. Hydrogen is introduced to the membrane and with the help of a catalyst the hydrogen molecules are split into protons and electrons. There is no combustion and thus less pollution. The protons pass through the membrane and react with oxygen to form heat and water. The electrons are forced to travel around the membrane and thus create a DC current in the process. Now, hydrogen is very expensive to make from it's most abundant source - water. So what they are doing now is converting fossil fuels like natural gas, propane, and methanol to hydrogen. This conversion produces carbon monoxide, but far less than the big electric power generating plants create already. The other by-products are of course just water and heat thus making fuel cells a very "green" source of energy. And your fuel source is already set up if you currently get natural gas or propane. How much do these systems cost? Well right now the technology is brand new for residential systems so they are still a little pricey. Around $8500 for a system to run an average size home. Industry experts expect this price to drop to around $4000 over the next few years. Remember when computers first came out about 15 years ago? You could easily spend $5000 on a little 286 system with a 10 megabyte hard disk. Now you can get a system that is 1000's of times faster for under $1000! This kind of advancement will happen in the power generating field too, so keep and eye out for those technology advances and price drops! Soon we may all be generating our own power with in-home fuel cells. Look for them in other areas too... like cars, busses, and even in small portable devices like laptops. If it were not right around the corner, why would the electric companies be jumping on the bandwagon to become distributors for these fuel cells? In some areas, you can go to your local electric company and buy or lease a fuel cell to power your home. And... they'll come out and install it for you. This is especially feasible in rural areas where it is very expensive for the electric company to run the power lines to the customer's house. And, increasingly, the electric companies are making the customer pay for these type of expenses. Here are the major companies involved in fuel cell development... Plug Power, American Fuel Cell Corporation, NuPower, Northwest Power Systems, Ballard Power Systems (Coleman Powermate), and Avista Labs. It's interesting to note that most of these companies have ties to the electric industry. Plug Power and Detroit Edison/General Electric, American Fuel Cells and Eprigen (a for profit subsidiary of the Electric Power Research Institute), Avista Labs and Avista Utilities, and Northwest Power Systems and Idaho Power Company. Time will only tell whether or not these fuel cell developers will retail directly to the customers or through a distribution network or through something like your local utility. Very efficient... typical residential fuel cells run at about 40% efficiency. That means only 40% of the fuel that they consume will be converted to energy. That may not sound good, but consider that your electric company's coal fired power plant would be lucky to see a 35% efficiency. And... they lose another 7% when they transmit that power to you! Remember we said that the by-product from a fuel cell was water and heat? Well in the near future, these residential fuel cells will use that heat energy to heat your house or your hot water. This will bring their efficiency up to a whopping 85% to 90%. Now that's efficient! And remember... efficiency means lower cost per watt of power. And that's the whole idea, right? Return to Table of Contents © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 29 The Zinc/Oxygen "Fuel Cell"

When I first read about this new technology in Popular Science Magazine, I assumed it was some kind of new fuel cell and would compete with fuel cells for market share. WRONG! The name they call this zinc/oxygen thing is a little misleading... it should be called a zinc/oxygen battery. That's because it produces 12 volt DC power just like a battery and it runs down and is recharged like batteries. However, the similarities end there. Here's how they work... the fuel cell is filled up with zinc pellets and through a chemical reaction involving liquid potassium hydroxide, the zinc pellets combine with oxygen and are converted to zinc oxide. This process produces energy. When the zinc pellets are used up, the process stops and it needs to be refueled. The "refueling" procedure is the cool part of this new technology. Basically a refueling station pumps the potassium hydroxide and zinc oxide solution out of the fuel cell and using standard household 110v AC power, converts the zinc oxide back into zinc pellets. It does this through simple electrolysis. These new fuel cells are currently being used to replace golf cart batteries, to provide power at remote construction sites, to power quiet lawn mowers, weedeaters, & blowers, forklifts, auxiliary power on RV's and boats, etc. Hopefully they will replace batteries in home power systems someday soon. It is brand new technology, so there are some kinks to be worked out of the system. Also, I couldn't find a price for one of these units, but they claim to be 1/10th the cost to manufacture than regular hydrogen fuel cells.

Here are some of the advantages: C Zero Emissions - The only resource used is oxygen and then that is the only product discharged during refueling. It does require 110v AC to refuel though. C Fast Recharge Time - The fuel cell is back in service in minutes - just swap out the zinc cartridge (this can be done "hot" without cutting off power). Then just recharge the cartridge. The home version can recharge a cartridge in 12 hours (obviously this will improve as the technology advances). Compare this with the long recharge time for standard lead acid batteries. C If you want more power, just add more zinc pellets. C Batteries may last around 3-5 years under normal use. The fuel cell is capable of lasting 10 years or more. C Virtually maintenance free. C Smaller weight and size than standard lead acid batteries - i.e. more energy output per weight and volume. C Uses standard 110v AC to recharge. C Nonflammable fuel. C The overall round trip energy efficiency (electricity out of the fuel cell divided by electricity into the recycling unit) is typically 40-60%, depending on the rate of zinc recycling and fuel cell discharge. That's not bad! C Quiet operation.

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This little jewel is nothing new. It was first invented many, many years ago, but for some reason it was never commercially utilized - until now! In the near future, look out for a company in New Zealand that has developed a stirling engine powered generator called the WhisperGen. Recently, they have gone into production and you can actually buy one of these things. Look around on the internet and you’ll find a few sources. It’s new on the market, so prices are still steep (around $15,000 give or take a few thousand) - but that’s still cheaper than solar. It's still a small system by most standards, but the potential is enormous. It puts out about 18kwh per day which should be enough to run a typical household. It has such great potential because it is an external combustion engine. The fuel is not injected into a cylinder and then compressed and exploded. The fuel burns continuously to produce heat which runs the engine. It is very quiet compared to internal combustion engines. And it is a multi-fuel engine and can burn almost any liquid or gas fuel like gasoline, diesel, natural gas, liquid propane, oil, and biomass fuels like methane. Another great thing about the WhisperGen is some people consider it a generator of heat with electricity as a by-product. This is called co-generation. Any device that co-generates heat and electricity is highly efficient. And... co-generation is one of the ways to qualify for net metering or selling electricity back to the electric company. Your electricity has to be "green" which means generated by solar, wind, or hydro power. These "green" systems are still too expensive which makes their cost per kwh very high - much higher than running a diesel generator. So if you can figure out a way to convert the heat from your diesel generator into a usable form, then you become a co-generator and thus qualify for net metering. I was watching on the national news the other day how the people in Russia are literally freezing to death. Their electricity grid has totally collapsed. The electric company's equipment is old and worn out. They don't have enough coal to fire the plants that do run. There is very little gas or coal available for personal consumption. They are literally living in cold and darkness. Is this the way of the future? Could this happen in the US? I don't think we're quite to that stage just yet, but the first signs were there this winter out in California. Listen folks... the electric companies can't continue to lose money like they have been in some states and the various government agencies can only bail them out for so long before the final solution comes - they shut off your electricity! It has happened in other countries and it can happen here. The WhisperGen just may be one solution in the years to come. This little machine could be saving lives right now in some countries. Keep an eye on the WhisperGen... I think they are headed down the right path with their stirling engine co-generator. Of course, like any other new technology, look for their power output to increase and their price to drop as they become more popular. The company is Whisper Tech Ltd out of New Zealand and their web site is www.whispertech.co.nz or www.whispergen.com.

First of all, lets talk about who you get your electricity from in the first place... everybody buys electricity from an ESP (Electric Service Provider). This is the company that handles all your billing, etc. Then there is the LDC (Local Distribution Company). The LDC owns and maintains the power lines to your house. Your ESP and LDC may or may not be the same company. Your ESP is the one you have the net metering agreement with and the LDC will be the one that actually connects your system to the grid. Who qualifies? First of all, you must live in an area where your ESP is willing to provide net metering agreements with it's customers. Not all ESPs have net metering arrangements and even if they do, you must be a "green" source of electricity. That includes solar, wind, hydro, and biomass fuel like methanol or methane. You may want to look into using Biodiesel, a biomass alternative to diesel, that will run in any diesel engine without modification. I am not sure what states have approved Biodiesel as a green fuel, but it should be easy to find out. Their web page is www.biodiesel.com. Some ESPs include co-generators of heat and electricity as "green" sources. So if you are using a generator to make power, then you also must be utilizing the heat generated by your diesel or gas powered engine. Of course your inverter must be true sine wave and not modified sine wave output. There may also be a limit on the peak output of your system - usually around 10kw. I know there are Federal Laws that state that ESPs must buy electricity from "qualifying facilities", but just forget about that. Why? Because these laws just say that ESPs must buy electricity at the same price that it cost them to buy it wholesale or generate it themselves. Trust me, this price is going to be a lot lower than what it would cost you to generate it. Now here's the trick... net metering allows you to "bank" your generated electricity. With a net metering agreement, you have to be buying and selling electricity from/to your ESP. You put some in and then you can take some out. If you take out more than you put in, you get a bill at the end of the term. If you put in more than you take out, then the excess may or may not be purchased by your ESP. If it is purchased, it will probably be at that wholesale price. But the net metered electricity you put into the system you will get FULL RETAIL VALUE for! And that makes it very feasible - especially in some areas where the retail price for electricity is very high. Think of it this way... your ESP is just a giant, 100% efficient battery bank and inverter combination. When you are running your generator, you could be putting any excess power generated back into the grid. Thus making your meter actually run backwards for a while. You could even eliminate your own battery bank, charger, and inverter and just run a generator during peak hours and put any excess power that you do not use back into the grid for later use. The trick is to not put into the grid more than you are going to take out because you will not get paid much, if anything, for the excess. If you do decide to eliminate your battery bank, inverter, and charger, just remember that during a blackout you will have to run your generator 100% of the time to keep your electricity going. You will essentially have no stored power during a blackout.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 32 Many utilities charge their commercial, industrial, and even residential customers Time of Use (TOU) rates and/or additional charges based on the size of a customer's individual peak demand and when it occurs. These rates and charges are higher during the utility's total demand peaks, and lower during off-peak periods. This is often referred to as Real Time Pricing. One option you have is to run your generator during peak demand periods, storing any excess power on the grid and then use your stored "net metered" power during off peak times. This way you avoid using power from your ESP during peak periods. The ability to legally connect a SRES (Small Renewable Energy System) to a grid will depend on federal, state, and local government rules and regulations. On a federal level, the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) of 1978 requires electric utilities to purchase electricity generated by a Qualifying Facility (QF). A QF includes small-power producers (SPP) who use renewable sources of energy such as biomass, geothermal, hydroelectricity, solar (thermal and photovoltaic), and wind, or are co-generators who produce both heat and electricity using any type of fuel. PURPA requires utilities to purchase electricity from these power producers at a rate approved by a state utility regulatory agency [commonly called a Public Utility Commission (PUC) or Public Service Commission (PSC)], under federal guidelines. PURPA also requires utilities to sell electricity to these producers. There are several basic system requirements that must be met for most utilities to accept electricity from you. The power must be of acceptable quality (as defined by the utility); have fault and voltage protection; and you must automatically disconnect from the grid in the event of a power outage on the grid. You must use an inverter rated for utility intertie application to change the DC electricity to utility grade alternating current (AC) electricity. Generators may or may not need an inverter, depending on the characteristics of their power output and the utility's requirements. Automatic disconnect is necessary to prevent the electrocution of service personnel working on the grid. The utility may require the installation of an inverter (and other system components) listed by the Underwriters Laboratory (UL), or other nationally recognized testing laboratory using UL standards, for grid interactive operation. Electricity code officials may require system components to be UL listed or recognized. You can't do it without their permission, so please contact your local ESP and LDC for more information. I'm sure your LDC and/or ESP will take care of this, but ALWAYS make sure that you don't introduce your power back into the grid during a blackout - this may cause serious injury to a power line worker who assumes that there will be no power on a particular power line when he/she is working on it. Your ESP/LDC can not require you to do the following: C Purchase or pay for any meters. C Conform to any requirements or standards or tests on your system just so long as it meets existing Federal standards for grid interconnected systems. C Require you to purchase any additional insurance. C Require you to buy electricity from them or their affiliates.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 33 There are now about 29 states where net metering is available: Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin. Many other states are considering legislation or have recently approved legislation. Each state has restrictions on the types of technologies or fuels, the type of customer, and the capacity of the generating source that net metering applies to. Net metering provisions are also included in some of the utility industry restructuring bills being considered in the U.S. Congress. So keep an eye on the new regulations. For more information on net metering and other issues, check out the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) website at www.ferc.gov Another useful website is the Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE) at www.dsireusa.org. Here you can read about states like California that will reimburse you for up to $1 per watt for internal combustion (IC) systems. That will pay for most of a system like the one described in this book!

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If you haven't figured it out yet, another energy crisis is right around the corner. With OPEC squeezing us more and more every day, it will not take long before the dam bursts and people in the US are forced to look elsewhere for their high energy needs. Well, if we don't use fossil fuels, what options do we have? Right now, besides solar, wind, hydro, hydrogen fuel cells, and nuclear, not very much. But all that is going to change in the near future. I'm sure you have all heard of "cold fusion" and "superconductivity" in the past 10 years. These are just some of the areas that scientists are working on in the field of energy. And some of them are getting very close to a breakthrough... the "holy grail" of energy - FREE ENERGY. What exactly is free energy? It's basically any device that produces more energy than is put into it. Theoretically this is impossible, but we all once thought the world was flat too! And those that thought anything else were ridiculed and sometimes even thrown in jail. So at least keep an open mind.

WARNING: I'll admit there are a lot of crackpots out there who are hocking all kinds of perpetual motion machines and free energy devices. Most of them are scam artists. To my knowledge, no free energy device exists today. So be careful if you go looking on the internet for a free energy device. I recently received a direct mail piece that wanted me to register for the "free" installation of a free energy generator. The promoter would make his money by staking his claim on the excess energy that would be sold back to the electric company. He plans on installing millions of these devices all over the USA. I don't understand this because if he did have a device like this, he could set himself up as an electricity wholesaler or even a retailer and make more money than what the electricity companies will pay to an independent power generator. It sounds like a scam to me and the BBB and several state Attorney Generals think so too. Just don't spend any money on their video or anything else and don't get your hopes up too high and you should be OK. As a rule of thumb... don’t ever spend money on any kind of “future” promise of a free energy device. If they can’t deliver it now, they don’t have it and probably never will. There are some people who seem to be legitimate and have been working on finding a free energy device for many years now. One of them is Tom Bearden. Put simply, his theory is you can charge a capacitor from a dipole such as a battery without ever extracting any power from the battery. You can then disconnect the charged capacitor from the battery and then connect it to a load like a motor and use the stored power in the capacitor to run the load. This is an extreme oversimplification of his theory and he would probably want to shoot me for describing it in this way, but I really don't have the room in this book to give you all the information. You can get it directly from his web site at www.cheniere.org.The reading is a little on the technical side, but it is very interesting.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 35 Another person who has been working on a free energy motor for many years now is Joseph Newman. Here is an over simplified description of how his motor works... basically, he has devised a way to create an electromagnetic field using low current and high voltage. As you know, all motors use an electromagnetic field to turn the motor's rotor and all of today's motors use inefficient high current and low voltage. In Joseph's energy machine, the externally applied high voltage is not "consumed" by the system - - it operates in the same manner as the hydraulic system in an automobile. The reservoir of brake fluid is not "used up" but supplies a continual hydraulic pressure to the automobile's brake system. In a similar fashion the high input voltage (and low current) acts as an electrical 'hydraulic' pressure to continually realign the atoms within the motor's copper coil. The continual collapse and expansion of the copper coil's magnetic field creates the mechanical torque of the motor. The special commutator system achieves this continual collapse and expansion of the magnetic field. To read more about this machine and Joseph Newman, go to his web site at www.josephnewman.com. I'm telling you about Tom Beardon and Joseph Newman just to show you that there are people that are working on this problem and have been for many, many years now. Have you ever heard of Henry Moray? In the early 1900's, Dr Moray of Salt Lake City produced his first device to tap energy from the metafrequency oscillations of empty space itself. Eventually Moray was able to produce a free energy device weighing sixty pounds and producing 50,000 watts of electricity for several hours. Ironically, although he demonstrated his device repeatedly to scientists and engineers, Moray was unable to obtain funding to develop the device further into a usable power station that would furnish electrical power on a mass scale. This was almost 100 years ago! And to this date, nobody has developed this technology?! Well I say it's going to happen and it's going to happen soon. The timing is excellent for something like this. A lot of people including your local ESP will not like it very much. They may even try to suppress the technology - or maybe they already have?! Technology like this would put entire countries out of business practically overnight. And it will screw with countries like the US in a major way. Just think... all our tanks, ships, jets, cars, trucks, and a lot of other stuff will become obsolete in a matter of months. Would that compromise our national security? You bet it would... so the government might do a little suppressing itself - you never know. A practical free energy device would revolutionize the world. You thought the internet was a revolutionary concept? The internet will be nothing, absolutely nothing compared to how a free energy device would change our world. A free energy device would be bigger than the wheel, the automobile, the telephone, the TV, the airplane, the internet, and all past inventions added together.

Nikola Tesla once said, "One day man will connect his apparatus to the very wheelwork of the universe... and the very forces that motivate the planets in their orbits and cause them to rotate will rotate his own machinery." Who is Nikola Tesla you ask? He's one of the greatest inventors of all time. Everybody talks about Thomas Edison and his inventions, but Tesla's inventions rivaled Edison's and some would say even overshadowed them. Did you know that Tesla discovered alternating current and invented all the AC generators, motors, transformers, etc that we use to this very day? Every time you flip on a switch, you use one of Tesla's inventions.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 36 Tesla knew back in the late 1800's that you could tap the "free energy" of the universe just by putting up a small, square, metal antenna. The atmosphere is full of positively charged ions that strike the antenna thus producing a positive charge - day or night. Tesla also knew very well that the earth was a huge reservoir of negative charge. So just drive a metal stake in the ground and coupled with the antenna, you have your "free energy". If you put a capacitor between the positive antenna and the negative stake, you can charge and discharge that capacitor as often as you wish - producing power in unlimited supplies. True, it's a small amount of power, but with today's amplification and electronic technology, somebody will figure out how to harness it. And I think it will happen sooner than you think. Supposedly, Tesla made a device to harness this free energy, but somehow the technology was never developed or got "lost" when he died. After all, his biggest financial backers were big power companies like Westinghouse - I guarantee they would want to suppress technology that would provide free power to everyone! See the Tesla section in the Free Energy Notes volume for more information. Remember the Ponds Fleishman cold fusion claims many years ago? That didn't really pan out too well, but it just goes to show you how fast this new technology can pop up. It's a hard technology to keep up with because of all the scam artists and UFO chasers out there. But believe me, it will happen sooner or later. This world can not continue to rely on fossil fuels for much longer.

Permanent Magnet Electric Motors We all know that motors run many of the devices we use on a daily basis... fans, washing machines, VCRs, dish washers, and electric cars to name a few. But the basic technology behind the motors we use today has not changed in over 100 years! And we all know that electric motors use up more power than they put out in the form of mechanical work. This is caused by friction and the necessity to constantly provide power to the motor's electromagnets. Most electric motors basically contain a stator which does not move and a rotor which does move in a circular motion thus producing work. In very simple terms, the stator is usually a permanent magnet with a north and south pole. The rotor is an electromagnet with a north and south pole that dynamically switches polarity via a commutator on the rotating shaft. As we all know, likes repel and opposites attract. We've all experienced this when putting two magnets together. So... in typical electric motors, the north pole of the rotor is repelled by the north pole of the stator and at the same time is attracted to the south pole of the stator. When the north pole of the rotor reaches the south pole of the stator, the commutator automatically switches the polarity of the rotor's electromagnet so you instantly get those repelling and attracting forces again to produce the rotary motion of the shaft. Needless to say, you need to constantly provide power to the rotor's electromagnet for it to work. A permanent magnetic motor is one in which the magnets on the rotor are permanent instead of electromagnetic. There are some permanent magnets on the stator positioned tangentially in such a way as to produce the necessary attracting force that produces rotary motion, but then reduces the attracting force or backdrag as the rotor passes the stator's permanent magnet. This can be accomplished with spiral positioning of the stator's magnets or with an increase of distance between the rotor and stator as the rotor passes the stator's permanent magnets.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 37 The stator may also have one or more electromagnets that are switched off at just the right time to eliminate the backdrag and provide an extra boost to the rotary motion. Some stators, instead of switching off, just reverse the polarity of the electromagnet to provide a push or repelling force as the rotor's permanent magnets move past the point of attraction. Since most of the work is done by the more abundant permanent magnets that require no power to operate, these PMMs or Permanent Magnet Motors can produce more power than they use. There are two engines that are talked about the most. The magnetic Wankel engine uses electromagnets on the stator to produce an attracting force, then switches and produces an accelerating boost. The Kawai engine uses electromagnets on the stator to produce an attracting force and then shuts off the electromagnet to eliminate the decelerating backdrag. Theoretically, since these engines produce more power than they use, they can be started from an ordinary battery and then disconnected from the battery. Once disconnected, they can produce enough power to not only power their own electromagnets, but recharge the battery and power a load as well. Supposedly these engines already exist, but are in the process of overcoming technical difficulties like expensive cobalt permanent magnets, balancing problems, and mass production. You may have heard rumors of a Japanese scooter being powered by one of these engines. Look for them in a mass produced Japanese car or scooter in the near future.

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© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 38 Resources www.network6000.biz - Our store where we sell energy related books like... From the Fryer to the Fuel Tank Tesla’s Engine Living Without Electricity (Amish Book) www.hardydiesel.com - Diesel generators, complete systems, Trace inverters, and more. www.ebay.com - great site for new and used generators and other components. www.traceengineering.com or www.xantrex.com- Inverters and other components. www.polarpowerinc.com - Micro Cogeneration unit. www.harborfreight.com - Gas & Diesel Generators and tools (1-800-423-2567) www.surplusrecord.com - Used & Surplus machinery and equipment. www.gopower.com - Generators (as of April 2002, they had a nice 5kw genset with sound enclosure priced at $1995) www.generac.com - Gas, Natural Gas, LP powered generators and transfer switches. www.guardiangenerators.com - Emergency standby systems (a Generac product). www.dsireusa.org - Database of State Incentives for renewable Energy (rebates, loans, grants, net metering info, etc) www.crest.org - Center for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technology. www.biodiesel.com - "green" fuel for diesel engines. www.biodieselamerica.org - more information on biodiesel fuel. www.windstreampower.com - good source for wind generators. www.whispergen.com - WhisperGen Stirling engine powered generator. www.cheniere.org - Tom Bearden free energy site. www.josephnewman.com - Joseph Newman free energy site. www.microgy.com - Installs large methane digesters on farms.

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As with generating electricity, determining the size of your methane digester depends on your needs or on the amount of organic matter you have available. Manure works best, but plant matter will actually produce more methane per pound of input. Where do you get the material?... try your local hog farm, chicken farm, egg farm, dairy, or cattle farm. Animal waste is a big problem for these farms and a huge expense. They may even pay you to haul it away! At the very least, they should let you have it for free. The size of your digester can range from small and simple to huge facilities built to generate methane from the waste of entire cities like this one... "Across town from the high-tech darlings of Kanata is the ultimate low-tech invention: Two million watts of cheap electricity made in Gloucester from Ottawa-Carleton's sewage. The new addition to the Robert O. Pickard Environment Centre (that's the sewage plant at Green's Creek) burns methane gas in a method that helps the environment and saves money. The gas is free. It's produced in vast quantities by the bacteria that digest sewage and break it down. And burning it does three good things: It saves millions of dollars on fuel; it reduces the risk of a dangerous methane explosion; and it destroys a powerful "greenhouse gas," since methane is one of the chemicals blamed for global warming. The power-from-sewage plant is just a start. The region would like to build a similar project at its Trail Road garbage dump, fired by methane that is also produced by bacteria chewing up organic waste. One expert estimate is that the dump could produce a steady stream of five to 10 megawatts. (A megawatt is a million watts.)"

Here's an few of examples of digesters built on farms... "For instance, Fairgrove Farms in Sturgis, Michigan, milks 720 head. The manure from this herd is conveyed to a digester. The biogas produced fuels a caterpillar generator. The generator produces for the power grid in excess of $140.00 worth of electricity every 24 hours. So the farm receives from the local electrical utility a check in excess of $4,000.00 each month." "MILWAUKEE - Wisconsin Electric has reached an agreement with Ag Environmental Solutions, LLC to purchase renewable electricity generated from a manure digester facility located at Tinedale Farms, of Wrightstown, Wis. The facility is already under construction and will be owned and operated by Ag Environmental Solutions, LLC. The farm has about 1,800 dairy cows. As the waste from the cows decomposes, it releases methane biogas. The manure digester will capture the gas and use it to fuel a small power plant that will produce 750 kilowatts; enough to power about 150 homes."

Entrepreneurial farmer uses manure to make electricity Published Mar 12, 2001 As Minnesota edges closer to a potential electricity shortage, farmer Dennis Haubenschild is testing a new source of power: cows. At his family's dairy near Princeton, the Haubenschilds are converting manure to electricity and simultaneously reducing odor in an experiment they say will improve air quality near feedlots. In January, the coldest month of the year, the Haubenschild farm produced enough methane from its 850 cows to power the dairy operation and 78 homes. The farm -- the only one in Minnesota with a fully operational anaerobic digester -- demonstrates how farmers can help the state become more energy self-reliant, Haubenschild said. Manure is heated to 95 to 105 degrees to speed up its digestion by bacteria. The process produces "biogas" that contains 55 to 70 percent methane. Alternative energy isn't the only benefit.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 40 Haubenschild and others say the digester process greatly reduces the manure's stink, greenhouse gases and pathogens, while boosting the fertilizing value of manure. State officials are looking for a hog farm where the same kind of experiment can be conducted to biologically treat manure while improving air, soil and water quality near feedlots. "In farming, you have to work with Mother Nature," Haubenschild said. "If you're not an environmentalist, you're not going to be successful." He recently testified in support of a state bill to create a $10 million revolving loan fund for manure-processing and odor-control projects. Under the legislation sponsored by Sen. Dan Stevens, R-Mora, and Rep. Howard Swenson, R- Nicollet, a farmer could seek an interest-free loan for up to $200,000. Haubenschild testified that his digester process enabled him to save 35 tons of coal and 1,200 gallons of propane that he otherwise would have used in January. During spring planting, he won't have to use 34 gallons of propane or natural gas per acre to make anhydrous ammonia, he said.

How it works... Every day, about 20,000 gallons of manure are pumped to collection flumes beneath two barns and then into the digester, a 400,000-gallon tank that looks like a small, oblong Metrodome. The anaerobic digestion of the manure is accelerated by heating it for 20 days before it moves into a lagoon for later application as field fertilizer. Before the Haubenschilds began using the digester in 1999, the smell of freshly mixed and spread manure would drift 2 or 3 miles and last four days. Now, a much milder smell from the digested effluent disappears overnight after spreading, said Marsha Haubenschild. She and husband Dennis own the 1,000-acre farm with their sons, Bryan and Tom. In the silvery-colored digester, biogas builds up. It's routed to an engine and generator, which convert it to electricity and hot water. The electricity flows to a transformer and the water heats the digester and barn floors. A third of the electricity returns to the farm to power the milking parlor and other operations. Two-thirds is sold to East Central Energy, a cooperative serving about 43,000 customers in east-central Minnesota. In January, the Haubenschilds earned $4,380 selling electricity. Electric cooperatives are excited about the project, which is exceeding expectations, said Henry Fischer, business and community development manager for East Central Energy. He serves on an advisory task force that prepared a report on the digester project. "It's an excellent example of sustainable agriculture," Fischer said. "By using the digester, the Haubenschilds not only end up with high-quality compost -- a liquid slurry that they can use for fertilizer -- but from an environmental perspective, it eliminates all the odors associated with the fertilizer. The electricity is a bonus."

Cow's life... Everything at the farm is designed for the cows' comfort, Tom Haubenschild said. They are milked three times a day, fed constantly and bedded on 5-inch mattresses covered with rubber liners and recycled newspaper. Keeping each 1,400-pound Holstein contented leads to high production, the Haubenschilds say. "That cow is producing our milk and our electricity and enough manure to do it all over again," Dennis Haubenschild said. "That's a real conversion." He began researching digesters 25 years ago while studying microbiology in college. After years of trying, he received state and federal financing for the $355,000 construction of the digester and generator system. It began operating in September 1999. The Haubenschilds now have 30 employees working three shifts, running electric milkers and maintaining the farm. Dennis Haubenschild figures the system will pay for itself in five years.

European 'digesters'... Today, he and Marsha Haubenschild are headed to Uppsala, Sweden, where the city's buses are powered by methane. More than 450 farm-based digesters are used in Europe. About a © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 41 million small-scale digesters have been used in China and India for decades. In the United States, at least 32 digesters are operating on swine and dairy farms. "I would love to see people using digesters on all sizes and types of waste,' said John Lamb of the Minnesota Project. That nonprofit organization worked with the advisory group to report on the Haubenschild farm, the only one of its kind this far north in the nation. Its methodology has proved successful in disposing of cow manure, controlling odor and generating electricity in a cold climate, said Janet Streff, manager of the Energy Office of the Minnesota Department of Commerce. The Haubenschild operation was selected as one of the nation's 13 charter farms of AgSTAR, a joint program of the Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy and U.S. Department of Agriculture. AgSTAR provided the Haubenschilds with $40,000 in technical assistance. The Minnesota Department of Agriculture offered a $150,000 no-interest loan. The state Department of Commerce and Office of Environmental Assistance granted $87,500 for construction. The family paid $77,500. University of Minnesota economists are evaluating the digester's feasibility. Some experts say dairy farms need at least 400 cows and must earn at least six cents a kilowatt hour to operate digesters profitably. This spring, scientists will begin researching whether plants can more easily absorb nutrients from the farm's digested manure than from conventional dung or commercial fertilizer. "The belief is that the nitrogen in the digested manure is more available to plants, eliminating the need for starter fertilizers for forage crops, so it saves money on fertilizer," Lamb said. Beginning next year, farmers will be invited to field days at the farm to see how the digester operates, how crops respond to the digested manure and if weed seeds survive. They also will see a comparative financial analysis. Remember that this is a biogas and as such is considered "green". Since generator motors can be run with methane, the electricity produced from burning this "green" fuel can easily be sold or net metered back to the electric company. In addition to running generators, this fuel can be used for heating, cooking, lighting, etc. Here's a small system description...

A Simple design description... "A basic design of a digester has been developed by the UN and is merely a "trough" (that looks suspiciously like a piece of galvanized pipe used to exhaust gas heater fumes through the roof) that has ends with a hole in the top (of the end pieces). This is filled with equal amounts of cow dung and water (mixed enough to 'dissolve' the solid into the water) and a truck tire inner tube is cut cross wise and the "trough" is placed in the tube and bands (like hose clamps) secured. The tube is the reservoir for the gas. Supposedly this will produce enough gas for people to cook 1 meal a day for 2 people. It's that simple... but it can also be complicated if you wish to produce larger quantities of gas and improve the quality of the gas and improve the quality of the fertilizer."

Here's a more advanced design description... "Find an empty 55 gallon drum and another drum just a little smaller (but more than 3" or 4" smaller will make it very inefficient) that will fit inside of it. Cut the end with the holes off of the larger barrel. Cut the end without the hole off the smaller one. Fit the hole on the small drum with a water spigot and a garden hose. Fill the big drum about half full of manure. Add water to about 6" below the top. Use a 2X4 to stir. Then if any straw floats to the top remove it. Leave the "seeds" that have passed through the horse or cow. Open the spigot. Place the smaller barrel inside the larger barrel to serve as a collection "bell" allowing it to sink as far as it can to squeeze out as much air as possible. Slowly though or you will overflow the slurry, allow the air to escape as the barrel is lowered. Be prepared, you will loose some of the juice because of the displacement of the metal in the collector. If the weather is cool it might be advisable to place in the sun before filling, if during the day it gets too hot you can shade the barrel. The "germs" will

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 42 work form 60 degrees to about 120 degrees but best between 80 and 90 degrees. Close the valve. Just let it sit. In a week or two (if not sooner) the smaller barrel should start to rise. After it has risen about 18" place the hose in a bucket of water (a makeshift safety anti flashback method) and open the valve and bleed all the gas out. Do this twice returning the collector to it's lowest position both times. This has bled the remaining air out of the system. NOTE: as long as there is any air in the system you are literally playing with a stick of dynamite, anything could set it off. Now when the collector starts to rise you have gas to do with as you please. If you don't use it you will see it bubbling out around the edge of the collector after it reaches it's maximum containment. By the way the gas as comes from the digester can be used to run an engine but the average engine uses at least 15 to 20 cu ft per horsepower per hour." Another type of digester can be constructed out of a 55 gallon drum or a series of 55 gallon drums welded together. The drum(s) are laid horizontally or set in a wooden stand. Paint them black so as to absorb more solar heat. The "slurry" mixture can be pumped in the top of one side and when used up, it can be pumped out the bottom of the other end. The slurry can be mixed in a separate drum and then pumped in the digester using a common 12 volt macerator type pump that you can pick up at any good marine store. The same type of pump can be used to pump out the used slurry. Used slurry makes great fertilizer by the way. An ordinary thermometer can be mounted on the bottom of one of the drums to maintain the desired temperature. A gas fitting can be installed in the top of one of the drums so that the methane can be piped off into a scrubber and then a holding tank. A scrubber is simply a closed tank of water. A fitting in the top of the scrubber has two holes through which run two hoses or pipes. The input hose comes from the digester and runs below the water line in the scrubber. The output pipe is above the water line

and leads to a storage tank. This scrubber removes some of the carbon dioxide from the methane. The holding tank should be pressure tested to about 15 psi and should be something like a 200 gallon fuel oil tank. A psi meter can be mounted on or near the output valve and distribution hose that leads to your appliance. Also... an automatic pressure release valve on the storage tank might © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 43 be a good idea. I have even heard of people storing their methane in old tractor tire inner tubes. You can even stack them together and connect their stems with rubber hoses. Remember these hints when running your digester... • Use only organic material like manure and plant matter to feed your digester. It should be a mixture of 30 parts carbon and 1 part nitrogen. On average, manure is 15 parts carbon to 1 part nitrogen, so more carbon needs to be added. Anything that becomes soft when soaked in water for a while is good; therefore, grass clippings and hay are not good, but some types of straw is good. Newspaper, believe it or not, is a good source for carbon. • Some manure is better performing than others... Manure Type Cubic Feet of Gas per Pound of Manure Chicken 5 Chicken & Paper shreds 8 Hog 4 Cow 1.5 Cow manure & Grass clippings 4.5 • The average household uses 200 cubic feet of gas per day. • The basic principle working in a digester is anaerobic fermentation or digestion by bacteria. That means no oxygen, so keep the system air tight. • Keep the slurry between 80 and 90 degrees F for best results. And when pumping in new slurry, don't pump in so much cold slurry as to make the digester temperature drop. This will kill the bacteria. Also... the new slurry should be pre-checked and adjusted to the proper pH. • The proper temperature can be maintained in several ways. The digester can be painted black so it absorbs solar heat during the day. A water bath and thermosiphon system can be set up to partially immerse the digester in warm water bath. Use black hoses on a black background to absorb the solar heat. The heat will be stored in the water bath and keep it warm overnight (see chapter on solar water heating). The digester can also be installed in a greenhouse to maintain the proper temperature.

• Put a broom stick under the digester and gently rock it once or twice a day to stir things up. Don’t kick or bang on the digester - the organisms don’t like this and will stop producing for a while. The gentle stirring action gets more material to the organism so it can be digested. If you want to get more sophisticated, you can install some kind of paddle stirring mechanism. But remember - no air! • Also... you want to keep some of the old slurry in the digester as a "starter". If you pump out all the old slurry and just refill it, you are also pumping out all of your good bacteria and it will take 1-2 weeks for the system to restart. • The pH of the system should stay between 7.5 and 8.5. If the acid level gets too high, add some ammonia or lime or baking soda a little at a time to bring it down to an acceptable level. You should be able to get litmus paper for Ph testing at your local drug store. • The most gas is produced within a 40 day period of time. In the case of a sewage treatment

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 44 plant, most pathogens are removed after 90 days. For just methane production and fertilizer use, 40 days is enough. • Do you need a regulator? A regulator is used on high pressure propane systems to convert from a high pressure tank to a low pressure appliance. It all depends on the pressure in your storage tank. Usually you can just get away with using a flow controlling valve like a needle valve. • Can I use a propane appliance? Propane contains about 2x as many BTU’s as methane or natural gas, so sometimes burners have to be re-jetted to allow more methane to flow to the burner. Also... you may or may not need a natural gas regulator - some local ordinances require one.

• WARNING: Methane is explosive, especially when mixed with oxygen, so be careful and always use an anti-flashback device or regulator between your holding tank and appliance. Most appliances already come with their own regulator. A pressure pop-off valve on your holding tank would be a good idea too. As you can see, there are many, many ways to design and operate your methane digester. And there are many uses for the generated methane. Diesel generators can even be converted to burn methane if you know how to do it. It is much easier to get a gas engine to burn methane though. I encourage you to look into your needs and your organic material supply more thoroughly. Also look into system design in more detail. Some larger systems employ automatic mixers and slurry heaters to make things more automatic. Look into it! The internet is a great source of information and there are many books on the subject of building methane digesters.

Here’s a page from Microgy’s web site www.microgy.com...

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 45 Microgy employs the principle of anaerobic digestion in the facilities we develop on behalf of agricultural interests. Anaerobic digestion is a biochemical process in which microbes break down organic material into inorganic compounds in an environment devoid of oxygen. Within a digestion "tank," with appropriate control of chemistry, animal wastes decompose over time into a variety of products, including methane (i.e., natural gas). This renewable-sourced methane can then be burned in a generator to produce electricity for sale into the local power grid. Other by-products from the digestion process, including fertilizer, bedding and mulches, can be sold into their respective local markets. Microgy holds the exclusive North American license to a European anaerobic digestion technology that has been shown to generate up to five times more biogas for a given amount of input waste. This technology has been proven in more than 20 facilities in Europe over the past 15 years.

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Edward Leedskalnin is the man who built the famous Coral Castle down in Florida. He did it single handedly and it is widely believed that he knew some “secret” to levitate huge blocks of coral that weighed many, many tons. Some people believe that he knew the secret of anti-gravity. I don’t know about all that, but he did spend a lot of time studying magnetic currents. I’m no electrical engineering expert or anything like that, but my hobby is studying free energy devices and Edward is very interesting to say the least. I like his theories on magnetism and I think he may be right when it comes to electricity and magnetism. After all, even the teachers and electricity experts today can’t really explain what “electricity” is. Same thing with “gravity”. My theory is that Ed used a series of pulleys and big tripods to do his moving and lifting maybe with a little help from a homemade generator (or motor). Take a good look at the device he built back in the 1940's... I think that this is either a motor or a generator. As you may know, motors and generators are very similar - as a matter of fact, an AC motor can be used as a generator. This is the only place you’ll find this explanation of how the device works. I could not find it anywhere else on the internet. Nobody seems to be able to figure out exactly how the thing works. I may be wrong, buy here it goes... note in the picture how there are 24 columns of magnets. 24 does not make much sense in today’s 60Hz electrical world, but 12 does! The magnets alternate between North and South orientation. That means there are 12 “sets” of magnets not 24. 12 is evenly divisible into 60 (5 times) which means that one revolution of this thing will give us 12 full AC cycles. To get 60Hz or 60 cycles per second, one would have to spin it 5 times per second or 300 rpm. It’s hard to tell from the pictures, but of course you would need some kind of pickup coil that the “current” would be induced into if it is a generator. If it is a motor, the coil would simply have a 60Hz current running through it. This would create the necessary electromagnetic field to turn the rotor with the permanent magnets on it. If it is a generator, I suspect he would simply run © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 47 an AC motor with it which he would have used to pull his system of chains and pulleys or block and tackle. If it is a motor, maybe he would have used it directly to run his block and tackle system. Here’s another thought... if the coil he used to run this motor were part of a parallel LC circuit, then he may indeed be able to run that thing with little power being used from the AC supply. There’s a whole chapter below on LC circuits, but basically they are a capacitor and coil hooked up in parallel. Depending on the capacitance or the capacitor and the inductance of the coil, each LC circuit has it’s own resonant frequency. If he had a resonant LC circuit that resonated at 60Hz, then the line current would go down to zero, but the LC circuit would still resonate at 60Hz to power the motor. I’ll admit, it’s just a theory, it may or may not work. Here’s a description of magnetic currents from Edward Leedskalnin in his own words. It’s a little hard to read, but if you take it slowly and digest it and maybe even try some of the experiments, you’ll find it very interesting. The first part is an ad he used to run in the Miami Herald and the second part is the actual Magnetic Currents book... MAGNETIC CURRENT (advertisement) Researchers: Read about magnetic current, what it is, how it is made, what makes it, and the way it runs in the wire. Then you will know what the north and south pole individual magnets can do, and then you will know what electricity is. Send a dollar by return mail and you will get an eight thousand word booklet, postpaid, and in addition you will get a folder describing what is mineral, vegetable and animal life, and a drawing of a perpetual motion holder. The reading is not intended for the general public. Only those who want to experiment should order the booklet. The other people should save their money. Send no check Address to... Before my research work I knew nothing about electricity. The only thing I knew was that nobody knows what electricity is. So I thought I am going to find out why they do not know. I thought that if electricity could be made and managed for over a hundred years, then the makers do not know what it is, there is something wrong about it. I found out that the researchers were misled by wrong instruction books, and by one-sided instruments. Voltmeters and ampere meters are one-sided. They only show what is called by instruction books, positive electricity, but never show negative electricity. Now you can see that one-half of the electricity escaped their notice. If the researchers had used the same kind of equipment I use to demonstrate what magnetic current is, they would have found out a long time ago what electricity is. The positive electricity is composed of streams of north pole individual magnets, and negative electricity is composed of streams of south pole individual magnets. They are running one stream of magnets against the other stream in whirling right hand twist, and with high speed. Protons and electrons--Are you sure they are not the north and south pole individual magnets? If we have anything we have to show that we have it. Show the base where it came from, and show how the thing functions. We can find concentrated north and south pole individual magnets in the earth, in a metal. With the metal we can demonstrate that the free north and south pole individual magnets are circulating in the earth. In the North Hemisphere the south pole individual magnets are going up, and the north pole individual magnets are coming down.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 48 Those free circulating north and south individual magnets are the building material for the magnet metal we find in the earth. This should show that the north and south pole individual magnets are the real atom builders, and not the protons and electrons. I think the north and south pole individual magnets are running in an orbit around a common core in an atom the same way as they run in an orbit around a common core in the perpetual motion holder that I made. The only difference is that an atom has a small orbit, but the perpetual motion holder has a big orbit. I have never seen an atom, but I think the atom drawings are wrong. They should be drawn to fit the earth on account of the fact that the atom is a part of the earth. The earth has two magnet poles. This means that each pole has an equal pull and push to hold the earth together, and so each atom should be built as it could have two poles. In that case both forces that make magnet poles should run around a common core (the core could be a particle of sunlight). If one-half of the force that makes up the atom is in the core, and the other half of the force run around the core, then in that case the atom could not join the other atoms to make a metal that could hold two magnet poles. I believe that if some enterprising man would analyze the magnet metal which comes straight from the earth he would find that the metal is not built up by protons and electrons, but by north and south pole individual magnets. I think anyone who excludes magnets and calculations about things that this earth contains, he is wrong. Those who want to know how North and South pole individual magnets contract the muscles. Connect each end of a fresh terrapin muscle with each terminal of a battery, then you will see how the muscles are contracted. This is for biologists. I can see chromosomes without a microscope. To see I close my eyes and then I open one eye just a little to look at the blue sky. Then I can see chains of beads floating in the liquid in my eye. Some chains of beads are longer than others. Most of the chains are folded over in irregular shapes and between several beads in a chain there is a bigger bead and sometimes there is one, two or more beads hanging outside the chain, and sometimes I can see one, two or more beads floating separately. Each bead's center is light, and the outside rim dark, If I open my eye a little more and look sharper, then I can see round shining things running in every direction in jumpy paths. Some leave shiny wave like a path before they disappear. Each shiny thing is many times smaller than each smallest bead. They are not crowded, they all use the same speed, but the speed is a little too fast for good observation. To see finer things yet I look in a gray cloud with the eye open until I see a darker spot. When the spot begins to boil in the middle, then I can see tiny multi-colored streaks running out of the middle. The scene lasts about a minute and when it is gone then nobody can know when the next scene will come around. Matter: Every form of existence, whether it be rock tree or animal, has a beginning and an end, but the three things that all matter is constructed from has no beginning and no end. They are the North and South poles individual magnets, and the neutral particles of matter. These three different things are the construction blocks of everything. To begin, a meteor rock falls in the sun, the sun dissolves the rock to the final division of matter, the North and South pole individual magnets, and the sunlight then sends them out here. © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 49 The vegetation absorbs some of the magnets and the sunlight, and then grows. We eat the vegetation products and build up our body, and then when we die and our body is cremated, the ashes can be made into a rock, and then the rock can be sent to the sun to be dissolved again. The North and South pole magnets can be detected while they are coming down from the sun by radio. The radio waves are made by the North and South pole magnets. They spread around the earth, and the North and South pole. Magnets that are coming down from the sun are hitting the radio waves across, and so disturbing their paths. That is the reason why we cannot hear the radio as well in the day time as we do at night. At night time we only get those magnets that are coming down from other suns or stars, but in the day time we get them all. Today, yesterday's sunlight is neutral particles of matter. If you had been high up above the earth yesterday there would not have been as much light there as there was on the ground. There you would have seen stars the same as at night time down here. In the empty space between the stars there is not much light, so the stars can be seen. Sunlight is light when it passes through some obstruction like the air, by going through an empty space it is not much of a light. ELECTRONS Millions of people all over the world are being fooled by the non-existing electrons. Here is how the electrons came into existence. Thomson invented an imaginary baby and called it an electron. Rutherford adopted it and now the men with the long hair are nursing it. The electron has a brother and its name is proton, but it is heavy and lazy. It remains stationary in the middle, but the electron has to run around it. To the electrical engineers the positive electricity is everything, the negative electricity is nothing, but to the physicists the negative electricity is everything, and the positive electricity is nothing. Looking from a neutral standpoint they cancel each other, so we have no electricity, but we have something. If we do not know how to handle the thing that comes through a wire from a generator or a battery, we will get badly shocked. Read the booklet "Magnetic Current" then you will know what the thing is, and the way it runs through a wire. The invention of an electron came by a tricky method in using electricity in a vacuum tube. Normally whether it be a generator or a battery, the positive terminal will have to be connected to the negative terminal, but in the vacuum tube two batteries with different strength were used, the smaller battery was connected normally, but the larger battery's negative terminal was connected to the smaller battery's negative terminal, and the positive terminal was left alone. That connection gave the negative terminal a double dose of strength, and so it became hotter and could push more. It was called cathode and the positive terminal anode, and the electricity that passed from the cathode to the anode was called electrons. In case the inventor had used normally direct methods to find out what the electricity was he would have found out that the positive and negative electricity is in equal strength, and are running positive electricity against the negative electricity. That can be seen by connecting each of two pieces of soft iron wire with each terminal of a car battery and then by putting together and pulling away each loose end of the soft iron wire. More sparks can be seen coming out of the positive terminal than from the negative terminal. This direct method is more reliable than the tricky method in the vacuum tube.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 50 The trouble with the physicists is they use indirect and ultra- indirect methods to come to their conclusions. If the inventor of electrons had a vacuum tube in which his electrons could run close to the top of the vacuum tube from the west side of the cathode to the east side of the anode and then would hang a vertically hanging magnet that is made from three- inch long hard steel fishing wire, and then hang one magnet pole at one time right on top in the middle of his stream of electrons, then he would have seen the north pole magnet swinging north, and the south pole magnet swinging south. The same thing will happen if the magnets are held above any wire where the electricity is running through. Those two vertically hanging magnets prove that the electricity is composed of two different and equal forces. Another way to prove this is to connect a flexible wire loop east end of the wire with positive battery's terminal, west end with negative terminal, raise the loop one inch above the floor. Put U shape magnet one inch from loop, north pole south side of the loop. The north pole magnet will pull in the loop. Put the south pole magnet in the same place. It will push the loop away. Put the south pole magnet north side of the loop, this time it will pull the loop in. Put the north pole magnet in the same place, it will push the loop away. This indicates that electricity the same as a magnet bar is composed of two equal forces, and each force is running one against the other in whirling right hand twist, but those forces in the wire have higher speed, and both forces are coming out across from the same wire. One of the forces is north pole magnets and the other is south pole magnets. They are the cosmic forces. Your electric motor is turned around on its axis by north and south pole magnets. Even you could not start your car without the north and south pole magnets. If electricity is made with north and south pole magnets and the electric motor is turned around on its axis by the north and south pole magnets as is the fact, then this will bring up a question, where then are those Thomson electrons. They are not around the electric motor. The plain answer is they are non-existing. Rays: When I reduce the material from which comes out the alpha, beta and gamma rays, so small when it is magnified one hundred times and appearing the same size as an average salt crystal, then there is no more rays, but has flashes the same as when a connected wire end is tapped on the battery's terminal, but without the red sparks. Depending on the size sometimes, I have to wait five minutes before I can see a flash. I think the flashes are caused by North and South pole magnets which are hitting and breaking the atom orbit, while the magnets are circulating in and around the earth. In the Northern Hemisphere, the North pole magnets are coming down, and the South pole magnets are going up. Wherever each kind of magnets are running in their way, they are hitting their own kind of magnets and are pushing them in the same direction. This can be demonstrated by a foot long magnetized hard steel fishing wire which hangs on a fine thread horizontally, and level. All that will have to be done is to re-magnetize the wire by changing the magnet poles. Then the wire will lie in a slanting position, the South magnet pole will stay higher. By using a coil and micro-ampere meter it can be seen in which direction the magnets are running the most. When I break the orbit of the perpetual motion holder which I made, then I get a flash of light from it, but that flash of light is made by the North and South pole magnets, and so I think the atom is built up by the North and South pole magnets, and when the orbit is broken, then the flash is made and the magnets are liberated to go somewhere else. The natural path to the North pole magnets in the Northern Hemisphere is to go down, © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 51 and the South pole magnets to go up. I think it would be a good idea if the physicists while testing radium on the photographic film for alpha rays, would put the radium on top of the film, and for beta rays the radium under the film, and then watch the results, or go to the Southern Hemisphere and experiment in the some way as they are doing now, and then notice if there is an difference. The gamma rays must be the same as the sun light, but stronger because they are used very close to their source. We have North and South pole magnets, positive and negative electricity, protons, and electrons, positrons and mesons and alpha, beta and gamma rays. Now why such a confusion? Does nature really need so many things in the perpetual transformation of things, on building up the matter and again taking it into parts? I think all that nature needs is three things, the North and South pole magnets and the neutral particles. Each kind of those three things can act differently with different speed and different combinations, and so they can accomplish different results. I believe the prospective physicists first should learn what magnets and electricity are, then they will have a sound base for their experiments and their calculations. COSMIC FORCE Here is additional information for those who read my advertisement in The Miami Daily News, February 3rd, 1946. The North and South pole individual magnets are the cosmic force. They are the building blocks of nature's perpetual transformation of matter, and they are so small that they can pass through everything. They pass through the earth from pole to pole, and around the earth. If the North and South pole individual magnets could not pass through a vacuum tube the same as the Thomson’s electrons cannot, then they could not be the building blocks. The Thomson electrons are very small parts of matter which come out of the cathode while the cathode is burned up or consumed in the vacuum tube. Without the general circulation of the building blocks there would be no change. Everything would remain in the same way as it is now. The building blocks from a matter that go to pieces could not get in the general circulation for the new construction. I think the Radium and Uranium were built up inside the earth with high pressure, and heat, while the North and South pole individual magnets were circulating through the earth. During the time the Radium and Uranium were inside the earth they absorbed more of the individual North and South pole magnets than they normally could hold, and so now while they are on top of the earth they let the magnets go so they can become normal again. Gravitation must be caused by the matter in the middle of the earth, and more concentrated than Uranium. When Uranium atoms burst they release the North and South pole individual magnets that held the atom together, then the magnets scatter all around, but when the atoms burst in the middle of the earth, and many burst at the same time, they can only run from the middle to the outside. When the North and South pole magnets are running alongside each other and in the same direction, they have no attraction for the other kind. They only attract if they are running one kind against the other kind. When the magnets are running out of the middle of the earth, as soon as they meet an object they attract it, on account of the fact that in any object there is both kinds of magnets in it. It can be seen by rubbing hard rubber or glass until they get hot, then they will attract sand, iron filings, salt, and other things. To see how it functions, move a salt crystal a little, if it happens to get on a different magnet pole, then it will jump away. Another way is to rub hard rubber until it gets hot, then it will be a temporary magnet.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 52 The difference between the rubber magnet and the steel magnet is that the magnet in the rubber comes from the magnets that hold together the rubber, and both North and South poles are in the same side of the rubber and the magnet poles are small and there are many of them close together, but in the steel bar the attracting magnet is not the magnet that holds together the steel, but the surplus magnets the circulating magnet that was put in it. Attract the iron filings with the rubber magnet, then approach with the steel magnet. Change the poles, then you will see some of the filings jump away. This means the steel magnet changed the magnet poles in the iron filings, and so they jumped away. Magnetic Currents (actual book)...

This writing is lined up so when you read it you look East, and all the description you will read about magnetic current, it will be just as good for your electricity. Following is the result of my two years experiment with magnets at Rock Gate, seventeen miles Southwest from Miami, Florida. Between Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Latitude and Eightieth and Eighty-first Longitude West. First I will describe what a magnet is. You have seen straight bar magnets, U shape magnets, sphere or ball magnets and Alnico magnets in many shapes, and usually a hole in the middle. In all magnets one end of the metal is North Pole and the other South Pole, and those which have no end one side is North Pole and the other South Pole. Now about the sphere magnet. if you have a strong magnet you can change the poles in the sphere in any side you want or take the poles out so the sphere will not be a magnet any more. From this you can see that the magnet can be shifted and concentrated and also you can see that the metal is not the real magnet. The real magnet is the substance that is circulating in the metal. Each particle in the substance is an individual magnet by itself, and both North and South Pole individual magnets. They are so small that they can pass through anything.. In fact they can pass through metal easier than through the air. They are in constant motion, they are running one kind of magnets against the other kind, and if guided in the right channels they possess perpetual power. The North and South Pole magnets they ore cosmic force, they hold together this earth and everything on it. Each North and South Pole magnet is equal in strength, but the strength of each individual magnet doesn't amount to anything. To be of practical use they will have to be in great numbers. In permanent magnets they are circulating in the metal in great numbers, and they circulate in the following way: Each kind of the magnets are coming out of their own end of the pole and are running around, and are running in the other end of the pole and back to its own end, and then over and over again. All the individual magnets do not run around. Some run away and never come back, but new ones take their place. The earth itself is a great big magnet. In general these North and South Pole individual magnets are circulating in the same way as in the permanent magnet metal. The North Pole individual magnets are coming out of the earth's South Pole and are running around in the earth's North Pole and back to its own pole, and South Pole individual magnets are coming out of the earth's North Pole and are running around, and in earth South Pole and back to its own end. Then both North and South Pole individual magnets start to run over and over again. In a permanent magnet bar between the poles there is a semi-neutral part where there is not much going in or out, but on the earth there is no place where the magnets are not going in or out, but the magnets are running in and out at pole ends more than at the Equator. Now you get the equipment and I will tell you so you can see for yourself that it is in the way I have told, Get a

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 53 permanent magnet bar four inches long. A U shape magnet that is strong enough to lift from ten to twenty pounds. An Alnico magnet about three inches long,two and one-half inches wide, one-inch thick, Hole in the middle and poles in each end, several feet in length of hard steel fishing line. Line when it is not in coil it stays straight and a soft steel welding rod one-eighth of an inch thick and three feet long. From the fishing wire and the welding rod you will make magnets or compasses, and if you hang them up in fine threads by middle and keep them there they will be permanent magnets. When you are making a magnet pole in the welding rod use U shape magnet. South Pole magnet to make North Pole magnet in the rod and use U shape North Pole magnet to make South Pole magnet in the rod. You can drag the magnet over the rod from end to end, but never stop in middle. If you stop in middle there will be an extra pole so it will disturb the magnet's circulation. Use iron filings to test the rod if there is any magnets in the middle, and if there is the filings will cling to it. Then drag the permanent magnet over the rod and it will take it out. To take the magnet out from rod ends approach or touch the rod end with the same kind of magnet that is in the rod, by dipping the rod ends in iron filings, you will see how it works. Break three pieces of the steel fishing line just long enough to go in between the two poles of U shape permanent magnet. Put them endwise between the two poles, and take them out. Hang one by middle with fine thread, and hang it up in East side of the room where there is no other magnet or metal around. Now you will have a permanent magnet or compass to test the polarity in other magnets. For more delicate use hang the magnet in spider web. To test the strength of a magnet use iron filings. Put the U shape permanent magnet two feet West from the hanging magnet. Hold the North Pole magnet in `level with the hanging magnet, then you will see that the South pole of the hanging magnet is turning to you and the North Pole magnet away from you. Now put the South Pole permanent magnet pole in the same level, this time North Pole magnet will turn to you and South Pole magnet away from you. This experiment shows two things, one that the magnets can he sent out in straight streams, and the other whatever kind of magnets you are sending out the other kind of magnets are coming back to you. Take two pieces of steel fishing line wire, put them in U shape magnet, hold a little while, take them out, bend a little back in one end and hang them up, and make it so that one magnet's lower end is North Pole magnet and the other South Pole magnet - Make it so that they hang three inches apart. Put North Pole North side, and South Pole South side. Now take the four-inch long permanent magnet bar, hold North Pole in North side and South Pole in South side. Raise slowly up to the two hanging magnets, then you will see that the hanging magnets are closing up. Now reverse, put North Pole of bar magnet South side and South Pole North side. This time when bar magnet approaches the hanging magnets will spread out. This experiment shows that North and South Pole magnets are equal in strength and that the streams of individual magnets are running one kind of magnets against the other kind. Cut a strip of a tin can about two inches wide and a foot long. Put the North Pole of the U shape magnet on top of the strip, and dip the lower end in iron filings, and see how much it lifts. Now put the South Pole on top and see how much it lifts. Change several times, then you will see that the North Pole lifts more than the South Pole Now put the North Pole magnet under the iron filing box, and see how much it pushes up. Now change. put South Pole magnet under the box and see how much it pushes up. Do this several times, then you will see that the South Pole magnet pushes up more than North Pole magnet. This experiment shows again that on level ground the magnets are in equal strength. © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 54 Now take the three-foot long soft steel welding rod. It is already magnetized as a permanent magnet. hang it in a fine thread so it is in level. Now measure each and you will see that the South end is longer. In my location at Rock Gate, between Twenty-fifth and Twenty- sixth Latitude and Eightieth and Eighty- first Longitude West, in three-foot long magnet the South Pole end is about a sixteenth of an inch longer. Farther North it should be longer yet, but at Equator both ends of the magnet should be equal in length. In earth's South hemisphere the North Pole end of magnet should be longer. All my hanging magnets or compasses they never point to the earth's magnetic pole, neither to the geographical pole. They point a little Northeast. The only reason I can figure out why they point in that way is, looking from the same geographical meridian the North magnetic pole is on, the South magnetic pole is one hundred and fifteen longitudes West from it. In rough estimation the earth's South magnetic pole is two hundred and sixty miles West from the same meridian the earth's North magnetic pole is on. That causes the North and South Pole magnets to run in Northeast and Southwest direction My location is too far away from the magnetic poles so all my magnets are guided by the general stream of individual North and South Pole magnets that are passing by. Now I will tell you what magnetic current is. Magnetic current is the same as electric current is a wrong expression. Really it is not one current, they are two currents, one current is composed of North Pole individual magnets in concentrated streams and the other is composed of South Pole individual magnets in concentrated streams, and they are running one stream against the other stream in whirling, screwlike fashion, and with high speed. One current alone if it be North Pole magnet current or South Pole magnet current it cannot run alone. To run one current will have to run against the other. Now I will tell you how the currents are running when they come out of a car battery, and what they can do. Now get the equipment. First put a wooden box on floor, open side up, cut two notches in middle so you can put a one-eigth of an inch thick and eighteen-inch long copper wire across the box. Put the wire one end East, the other West. Stay yourself West, put car battery South side of the box positive terminal East, negative terminal West, get two flexible leads and four clips to fit the battery and the bare copper wire, connect the East end of the copper wire with positive terminal, clip the West end of the copper wire with the West side flexible lead, leave the connection with negative terminal open. Break two pieces of the steel fishing line one inch long, put each piece by middle across the copper wire, one on top of the copper wire and the other under, hold with your fingers, now touch the negative terminal with the loose clip, hold until the copper wire gets hot. Take them off, now you have two magnets, hang them up by middle in fine thread. The upper magnet will hang the way it is now, but the one below will turn around. Break five inches long piece of the fishing line, put the middle of the wire across and on top of the copper wire, touch the battery, hold until the copper wire gets hot, dip the middle of the wire in iron filings, then you will see how long a magnet can be made with this equipment. Break or cut several pieces of the hard steel fishing wire as long as to go between the poles of the U shape magnet, now hold two pieces of the steel wire ends up and down, one wire South side of the copper wire, and the other North side, the lower ends just below the copper wire. Hold tight and touch the battery, hold until the copper wire gets hot, now hang them up by upper end just above the copper wire, touch battery, the South side magnet will swing South, and the North side magnet will swing North. Put two pieces on top of the copper wire, the ends just a little over the copper wire. Those ends lying on copper wire, one pointing South and the other North, hold tight, touch battery, hold until the copper wire gets hot. take off the one pointing South is South Pole magnet and the one pointing North is North pole magnet. Put one wire on top of the copper wire pointing South, other below pointing North. Magnetize, hang up by tail ends on the copper wire, touch battery they both will swing South. © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 55 Put one wire on top of the copper wire pointing North, the other below pointing South, magnetize, hang up by tail end above the copper wire, touch the battery, both magnets will swing North. Cut six pieces of fishing wire one inch long, put them by middle on top and across the copper wire. Hold tight, touch battery, hold until copper wire gets hot. Take off, now put glass over the copper wire, put those six pieces of magnets on glass, on top of the copper wire lengthwise just so the ends don't touch each other, touch the battery, they all will turn across the copper wire, now pull three to South side and three to North side in the same way, they lie now but about one-half of an inch away from the copper wire, touch battery, they all will jump on the copper wire. Now roll all six together, let loose, and you will see that they won't stay together. Magnetize one piece in U shape magnet, put North Pole end East on the copper wire, and South Pole West, touch the battery, the magnet will swing left. Now put South Pole East side and North Pole West side, this time the magnet will turn right, take glass off. Take one piece of hard steel fishing wire, dip in iron filings and see there is no magnet in it. This time hold the wire up, and down, the lower end on middle of the copper wire, hold tight. Touch the battery, hold until the copper wire gets hot. Take it off. Dip the wire in iron filings and you will see that it is no magnet. Why? To make magnets with currents from batteries and dynamos with a single wire the metal will have to be put on the wire in such a way so that the magnets which are coming out of the wire will be running in the metal starting from the middle of the metal and run to the end and not from end to middle and across as they did this last time. You have read that to make a South Pole in a coil end that is pointing to you, you will have to run positive electricity in the coil in clockwise direction. I can tell you that the positive electricity has nothing to do with making a South magnet pole in the coil. Each pole South or North is made by their own magnets in the way they are running in the wire. This magnet-making with a single wire, it illustrates how all magnets are made. In a car battery the North Pole magnets run out of positive terminal and South Pole magnets run out of negative terminal. Both kinds of magnets are running, one kind of magnets against the other kind, and are running in the same right- hand screw fashion. By using the same whirling motion and running one kind of magnets against the other kind, they throw their own magnets from the wire in opposite directions. That is why if you put a magnet metal across the copper wire the one end is North Pole and the other end South Pole. Get four pieces of wire size sixteen, six inches long, two copper and two soft iron, bend one end of each wire back so the clips can hold it better. Use copper wire first. Put both wires in clips, connect with battery, have the wire ends square, now put the loose ends together, and pull them away. Then you will notice that something is holding you back. What is it? They are magnets. When you put the ends together, the North and South Pole magnets are passing from one wire to the other, and in doing it they pull the wire ends together. Now put the soft iron wire in the clips, put the loose ends together, and pull them away. This time the passing magnets hold the wire ends together stronger. Put the ends together many times, then you `will see which wire end gets red first, and which will make the bigger bubble in the end, and watch the little sparks coming out from the bubbles. Stretch the bubbles out while they are in liquid form, then you will see in the bubble that something is whirling around. © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 56 Those little sparks you see coming out of the bubble, they are not the magnets, but the magnets are the ones which throw the sparks out of the bubbles. When all the magnets that are in the wire, if they cannot pass over to the other wire, they ore expending the bubble and running out of it and carrying the metal sparks with them. When the bubble is cool, break it up, then you will see the space left where the magnets were in. Get two pieces of lumber, one by six inches, a foot long, nail them together so that one lies flat on floor and the other on top the edges up and down. Out a notch in end in upper piece, four inches deep and as high as to hold a piece of wood or brass that would hold needle points in ends and have a hole in middle to hold the three-foot magnet. Balance the magnet good so it would stop on its right magnetic position. Now put the car battery South side positive terminal East and negative terminal West. Connect the East end of the copper wire with positive terminal and connect the West end of the copper wire with the West side lead, hold the copper wire just above the magnet a quarter of an inch North of magnet's end, hold in level and square. Touch the battery, then you will see the magnet swinging East. Now put the' battery North side, positive terminal East, negative terminal West,connect West end of the copper wire with negative terminal, connect East end of copper wire with East side lead. put the copper wire on top of the magnet a quarter of an inch South of magnet's end, hold the copper wire just above in square and level, touch the positive terminal, then you will see the magnet swinging West. If the battery is right, magnet strong enough, and the magnet rod balanced good it will repeat the same thing every time. I think the batteries are not made right. Sometimes there is more of North Pole magnets than there is South Pole magnets. They should be equal. the same as from generators which do not run the South Pole magnets in frame or base, but run directly away the same as they run the North Pole magnets. From the following experiment you will see that the battery is not balanced right. Put the copper wire across the box, one end East, the other end West, connect one lead a foot West from East end and the other lead with West end, hang a magnet in spider web, put the magnet in same level with the copper wire. Keep the copper wire end a little away from magnet's North Pole, connect East lead with positive terminal, tap the negative terminal several times with the loose clip. and see what the magnet is doing. Change the terminal, change the tapping, move the box and copper wire to the South Pole end, repeat - the same thing. Then you will notice sometimes the copper wire end pushes away the North Pole magnet, and sometimes it pulls it in and the same thing happens with South Pole magnet, and sometimes it does nothing. So it shows the battery is irregular. Connect the leads with battery's terminals to make a loop, keep the leads on the same level with battery, drag a hanging magnet over the loop and the connections between the battery's terminals. You will see that one end of the magnet keeps inside the loop, and the other outside, and the same thing happens when the magnet crosses the connection between the terminals. This experiment indicates that the North and South Pole magnet currents we not only running from one terminal to the other, but are running around in an orbit and are not only running one time around, but are running many times wound until the North and South Pole individual magnets get thrown out of the wire by cen- trifugal force, and by crowding. While the North and South Pole magnets were in their own terminals they only possessed pushing power, the pulling power they acquire only if the other kind of magnets are in front of them, like the permanent magnets if you put the opposite magnet in front of it, then they will hold together The same way you have done with the six inches long pieces of copper and soft iron wire. From the experiment with the car battery you can see the principle how permanent © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 57 magnets are made by North and South Pole individual magnet currents running in a single wire from battery. How did the magnets get in there? As I said in the beginning. the North and South Pole magnets they are the cosmic force, they hold together this earth and everything on it. Some metals and non-metals have more of the magnets than others. The North and South Pole magnets have the power to build up and take down, for instance in welding the magnets take the Welding rod down and put it on the welding, in electroplating they put one metal on the other, and if you burn a metal too much in an electric furnace the metal will disappear in air. The North and South Pole magnets were put in the car battery by a generator. When the North and South Pole magnets went in the battery they built up a charge that held the magnets themselves. Later on the acid takes the matter in parts and separates the magnets and sends them to their own terminals, and from there they come out. In other batteries the acid takes the zinc in parts and sends the North Pole magnets to positive terminal and holds the South Pole magnets by itself for negative terminal. When the connections are made the magnets will come out of the battery and will come out until the zinc will last. When the zinc is gone the magnets are gone, too. The same is true if you put iron in acid and some other metals, for the other terminal and when the connections are made the magnets will come out of the battery, but when the iron is gone the magnets are gone, too. This should be sufficient to see that the North and South Pole magnets are holding together everything. You saw how magnetic currents are made in battery from metal by acid. Next I will tell you how magnetic currents are made by permanent and electric magnets, and then without either. This time you will make an equipment that can he used for four purposes. Electric magnet, transformer, generator and holder of perpetual motion. Bend iron or soft steel bar one and one half inch in diameter, bend in a U shape each prong a foot long, and three inches between the prongs, make two spools from brass or aluminum six inches long and big enough for the bar to go in. Wind fifteen hundred turns of insulated copper wire, size sixteen, on each spool. On as close to the bend as it will go. Connect the battery with the coils so that each current is running in both coils at the same time, and so that one end of the bar is North Pole and the other South Pole, you now an electric magnet. This time the same thing will be a transformer. It will not be economical, it is only to show how a transformer works. Wind a coil of fifteen hundred turns with insulated copper wire, size eighteen, on a spool less than three inches long, so that one inch and a half square iron rod can go in easy, get two rods, one three, the other six inches long. If possible have them from laminated iron. Get two radio blue bead, six to eight-volt light bulbs. Now connect one light bulb with the three-inch coil, put the coil without a core between the loose ends of the iron prongs, connect the six-inch coils with battery, leave negative terminal open. Tap the negative terminal, then you will see the wire inside the light bulb turn red. Put iron core in the coil's hole, tap the battery, this time it will make light. Why did it not make just as much light the first time? The battery put just as much magnet in those iron prongs the first time as it did the last time, but as you see the coil did not get the magnets. Now you see the soft iron has a lot to do to make magnetic currents. Magnetic currents, or if you want to call it electric current, make no light. We only get light if we put obstructions in the light bulbs. In the light bulbs the wire is so small that all magnets cannot pass through easily, so they heat the wire up and burn and make light. If the wire in the light bulb had been as large inside as it is outside then there would be no light. Then those individual magnets which are in the coil would dissipate in air. © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 58 Both North and South Pole individual magnet currents which came out of the car battery and went in the transformer were direct currents. but the light in the bulb was caused by alternating currents. (Have in mind that always there are two currents, one current alone cannot run. To run they have to run one against the other.) You transformed currents in kind. Now I will tell you how to transform currents in strength. To make higher voltage you wind the coil with smaller wire and more turns and to have less voltage wind the coil with bigger wire and less turns. The difference now is that this transformer makes alternating currents from direct currents and the power line transformers use alternating currents to make alternating currents in this transformer, the iron prong ends remain the same magnet pole, but in power line transformers the magnet poles alternate. In power line transformers the currents only are in motion and in this transformer the currents are in motion and you are, too. Now about the generator. In the first place all currents are alternating. To get direct currents we have to use a commutator. Transformers and generators of any description are making the currents in the same way by filling the coil's iron core with magnets and letting the iron core push them out and into the coil. Connect the battery with the electric magnet. It will be a field magnet now. Put the three-inch coil between the iron prongs and take it out, do it fast, repeat it, then you will have a steady light in the light bulb. Now you and the field magnet are a generator. Suppose you had a wheel and many coils around the wheel turning, then you would be making all kinds of light. Do not make the machine, I already have the application for patent in the Patent Office. I made ten different machines to make magnetic currents, but I found this combination between field magnets and coils the most efficient. Put the coil in slowly and take it out slowly, then you will have no light. That will show, to make magnetic currents, the time is important. Put the six-inch long square rod on top of the two iron prongs, fit good so it lies even. Connect the battery with electric magnet for a little while, now disconnect the battery, connect the light bulb with the electric magnet the same way it was connected with the battery, now pull off the six-inch long bar, do it quickly, then you will see light in the bulb, connect the battery up again with the electric magnet, put the bar across the iron prongs, hold awhile, disconnect the battery. Now the electric magnet holds perpetual motion. If not disturbed it will last indefinitely. I held it in this position for six months, and when I pulled off the six-inch bar I got just as much light out of it as I got in the first time. This experiment shows that if you start the North and South Pole individual magnets in an orbit, then they will never stop. The hanging magnets that hang up and down, they show that there is motion inside the bar. Hold the perpetual motion holder North Pole magnet or pole end East and South Pole magnet terminal or pole end West, now raise it up slowly to the South Pole hanging magnet, then you will see the South Pole hanging magnet swinging South. Now put the perpetual motion holder under the North Pole hanging magnet, raise up slowly, then you will see the North Pole hanging magnet swinging North. This experiment shows without any doubt that the North and South Pole individual magnets are running in the same direction as those in the copper wire, which came out of the car battery, and in both instances while the magnets are running ahead in whirling motion they used the right-hand twist. Get that Alnico magnet, and make it so you can turn it wound if possible more than two thousand revolutions a minute. Connect the light bulb with the perpetual motion holder, put it on © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 59 the spinning Alnico magnet in the hole between prongs and the square iron bar, now spin the Alnico magnet around and see how much of the light you get. Now take the iron bar off, then you will get more of the light. It shows that if it is closed. Some of the magnets which we in the iron prongs will run around in an orbit, and will not come out, but when the orbit is broken then they will run in the coil, and the result will be more light. Put a paper box with plenty of Iron filings in it on the horizontally spinning Alnico magnet, then you will see how the spinning magnet builds up ridges and ditches. Now put the magnet so that it can be turned vertically. Spin the magnet, then you will see the filings running against the motion and building up ridges and ditches. Put on finer filings, then there will be finer ridges and ditches. Spin one way and then the other way, then you will have some rough idea how magnets build up the matter. You made magnetic currents in three different ways, but in principle they all ware made exactly in the same way. Magnetic currents are made by concentrating. then dividing and then shifting the existing North and South Pole individual magnets from one place to another. Now I will illustrate how my best machine is doing it. I will use only one coil, and one U shape permanent magnet without using the winding that the machine uses to increase the permanent magnet strength. If you had a permanent magnet that the coil you use in the electric magnet would go in between the prongs of it, then that would be good to demonstrate, but if you have not, then use the same one you have. Get an iron core the same dimensions as in the three-inch coil, but long enough to go between the permanent magnet prongs. Wind the same number of turns and connect with the light bulb. Fasten the U shape permanent magnet very good, bend up, prongs down, North Pole North. South Pole South. Now push the coil through the prongs from West to East. Do it fast, then there will be light in the bulb, now push the coil and stop in middle, and then push again, this time you will have two lights while the coil went through the magnet prongs only once. You had two lights the first time also, but you did not notice they came in quick succession, When you pushed the coil's middle up to field magnet's middle the currents ran in one direction, and when you pushed the coil away from the field magnet's middle, then the currents reversed, then ran in the other direction. That is why you got two light flashes while the coil passed through the field magnet only one time. Here is the way in which the North and South Pole individual magnet currents ran while you pushed the coil from West to East through the field magnet. Take the core out of the coil, wind one layer of wire on the core and make it so that the North side of the winding wire's end points East and South side of the winding wire's end points West. When you pushed the coil to the middle of the field magnet, the North Pole magnet current came out of the wire end that is pointing East, and the South Pole magnet current came out of the wire end that is pointing West, but when you pushed the coil away from the middle of the field magnet the currents reversed, then North Pole magnet current came out of the coil's wire end that is pointing West and South Pole magnet current came out of the coil's wire end that is pointing East. With the same winding if the North Pole field magnet had been southside, and South pole © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 60 field magnet northside, then the running of the currents would be reversed. When currents reverse they reverse the magnet poles in the coil. Every time when the coil is approaching the field magnets, the currents which are made in the coil during that time are making magnet poles in the coil's core ends, the same as those field magnet poles they are approaching, but during the time the coil is receding those currents are making the coil's magnet poles opposite to the field magnets they are receding from. While you have the small coil handy I will tell more about magnets. Run South Pole magnet current in the wire end that points West, and North Pole magnet current in the wire end that points East. Now North end of the coil is South Pole and South end of the coil is North Pole. Now run North Pole magnet current in West end of the wire, and South Pole magnet in East end of the wire. This time the North end of the coil will be North Pole, and South end of the coil the South Pole. You made the one-inch long magnets with a single wire, but if you had the same size of wire in a coil you now have and would put a bigger steel bar in the coil then you would have a bigger and stronger magnet, but to make a stronger magnet yet, you would have to wind more layers on top of the coil that you have now. When you were making the small magnets with a single copper wire you wasted too many North and South Pole individual magnets. You only got in the steel wire very small part of the magnets that came out of the copper wire. You are still wasting the North and South Pole magnets. You do not get one- half of the magnets in the steel or iron bar from those which are in the coil. To get more magnet out of a coil put the coil in steel or iron tube, then the tube outside the coil will be a magnet the same as the coil's core, but the magnet poles will be opposite. It means at the same coil end if the core end is North Pole the tube end will be South Pole. In this way you will get almost again as much magnet out of the coil and in the core and tube. You can do better yet, join one end of the coil's core end with the same metal, joining core with tube. make two holes in end of metal for the coil wire ends to go out, fasten a ring on top, now you have the most effigy client electric magnet for lifting purposes. It wastes no magnets that come from your battery or dynamo. Take the coil out of the electric magnet, run the currents in the coil, put a hard steel bar one end to the coil's North Pole, hold awhile, take away, now the bar is a permanent magnet. That end at coil's side is South Pole magnet, and the other North Pole magnet. Now this permanent magnet can make other hard steel bars in permanent magnets but every magnet that it makes will be a weaker magnet than itself. The coil made this permanent magnet in the same way that the permanent magnets are making other permanent magnets. Put this permanent magnet in the coil's hole. Reverse it. Put bar's North Pole end in coil's South Pole end, run current in the coil for awhile, take the bar out, now you have a stronger permanent magnet, but the poles are reversed. This shows that the stronger magnet can change the weaker magnet. When you were pushing the coil through the U shaped magnet you got two flashes in the light bulb with one passage through the U shape magnet, and I showed you from which ends of coil's wire the currents came out while they made the flashes. Now I will make so you can actually see that it is in the way I told you. Take the light bulb off the coil, put the core in it, connect the coil with a loop that would reach six feet East from the U shape magnet. © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 61 Keep the loop end a foot apart, stretch South side wire straight, make it so it cannot move. Get those little hanging magnets which hang one end up, the other down, hang the South Pole magnet on the loop wire, now push the coil through the U shape magnet and watch the hanging magnet. First it will swing South, then North. Now hang North Pole magnet on the wire, watch again while you are pushing the coil through the U shape magnet, this time first it will swing North, then South, Hang both magnets, Watch again and you will see that both magnets at the same time first they swing to their own side and then to the other side. If the hanging magnets do not swing while you are pushing the coil through the U shape magnet, then the U shape magnet is not strong enough. The U shape magnet should be strong enough to lift twenty pounds. You can put two magnets together or use electric magnet, and still better you can put the coil in electric magnet, then you won't have to push it. Then you can sit down and tap the battery and see the hanging magnets swinging. All currents are made in the same way by filling the coil and iron core with North and South Pole individual magnets and then giving enough time for the magnets to get out and then start over again. If you want to use the electric magnet be sure that the North Pole is in North side, and the South Pole in South side, and put the coil in the prongs in the same way as it is now. Now I will tell you what happened to the U shape magnet while you pushed the coil through it from West to East. Set up the three-foot magnet so it can turn, put the coil with core in it in the U shape magnet, now approach the three-foot magnet's South Pole with the U shape magnet's South Pole. As soon as the three-foot magnet begins to move you stop and mark the distance. Take the coil away, approach again as soon as - the three-foot magnet begins to move away, then stop and mark the distance, then you will see how much strength the U shape magnet lost while you were pushing the coil in and halfway out, of the U shape magnet. The U shape magnet was losing its strength up to the time it began to break away from the iron core, but during the time the U shape magnet broke away it regained its strength. The breaking away from the iron core recharged the U shape magnet, then it became normal again and ready for the next start. During the recharging the new supply of magnets came from the air or the earth's magnetic field. Now we see how the magnetic currents are made by the U shape magnet. You already know that before the coil got in between the U shape magnet prongs those little individual magnets were running out of the U shape magnet prongs in all directions, but as soon as the coil's core came in effective distance from the U shape magnet's prongs then these little individual magnets began to run in the core and coil and kept running until the core broke away from the U shape magnet prongs. Now you see those little individual magnets ran out of the U shape magnet and ran in the soft iron core, but the soft iron core never held the magnets, it pushed them out. To prove it you put five or six thin iron strips on edge, slant just so they will not flop over, now approach to the ends of those strips with a magnet and you will see they flop over, hold the strips a little loose by the ends, then they will spread out. I think this is enough to show that the soft iron never held those magnets. It pushed them out. As soon as those little individual magnets get pushed out of the soft iron core then they run in the coil. When they run in the coil they are in bulk form. The coil's part is to divide those little individual magnets from bulk form in small paths. The coil is not necessary to make magnetic currents. © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 62 Currents can be made with a single wire. The coil is necessary to increase the amount and strength of the currents. The coil is similar to any cell battery. One cell alone does not amount to anything. To be good, many cells have to be in a battery. The same in a coil to be good many turns have to be in a coil. When the magnets that are in bulk form enter the coil then the coil divides them in small paths. It is done in this way. When the bulk magnets enter the coil they fill the coil's wire with North and South Pole individual magnets. North Pole magnets pointing toward South Pole U shape magnet and South Pole pointing toward North Pole U shape magnet. Now the wire in the coil is one continuous magnet. One side of the wire is South Pole and the other North Pole. Now we have those little North and South Pole individual magnets in the wire, but they are not running in the way we want. They are running across the wire. We want the magnets to run through the wire lengthwise, but there is only one way to do it, we have to increase the number of those North and South Pole individual magnets. To do it the coil will have to approach and enter the U shape magnet, but when the coil reaches the middle of the U shape magnet the limit is there so the running of the currents stop. In the core and the coil there is plenty of those little magnets, but they stopped to run through the wire length wise, now they run only across the coil's wire, to make the magnets run in the wire lengthwise again the coil will have to get away from the U shape magnet. As soon as the coil begins to move away from the U shape magnet. then those little North and South Pole individual magnets begin to run again through the wire length-wise, but in opposite direction until the magnets in the iron core are gone. I told you that the coil is a magnet during the time the currents are made. now I will show you. Get a small paper box to go in between the prongs of the U shape magnet, put iron filings in it. Wrap six-inch long soft iron wire with paper. put the wire in box in iron filings, now put the box between the U shape magnet prongs. Raise the wire up, then you will see filing strands clinging to the insulated iron wire. Raise the wire up slowly, then the filing strands will sag and fail, take the box out. put the wire in the filings again, raise up and you will see that the wire is no magnet, but during the time it was between the U shape magnet prongs it was a magnet. This shows that during the time the coil moves through the U shape magnet the coil becomes a magnet, but its function is double. Some individual North and South Pole magnets run through the coil's wire crosswise, and some run through the coil's wire lengthwise. Maybe you think that it is not fair to use iron wire to demonstrate how magnetic currents are made, but I can tell you that if I do not use iron core in the coil I can make more of the magnetic currents with soft iron wire coil than I can with copper wire coil, so you see it is perfectly good to use iron wire to demonstrate how magnetic currents are made. You can do the same thing with the copper wire in using iron filings, but only on a smaller scale. You saw how the magnets are running through a wire crosswise. Now I will tell you how they are running through the wire lengthwise. Before the magnets start to run through the wire lengthwise they are lined up in a square across the wire, one side of the wire is North Pole magnet side and the other side is South Pole magnet side. When the coil begins to approach the middle of the U shape magnet and the currents © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 63 begin to run then the magnets which are in the wire begin to slant, North Pole magnets pointing East the same as the coil's wire end, where the North Pole magnet current came out and South Pole magnets pointing West the same as the coil's wire end where the South Pole magnet current came out. When the coil reaches the middle of the U shape magnet then the currents stop to run. Now the North and South Pole magnets are pointing across the wire again. When the coil begins to move away from the middle of the U shape magnet and the currents begin to run then the magnets which are in the wire begin to slant, but this time the North Pole magnets are pointing West the same as the coil's wire end where the North Pole magnet current come out and South Pole magnets pointing East the same as the coil's wire end where the South Pole magnet current came out. When the coil moves out of the U shape magnet's effective distance the currents running stop. This is the way the alternating currents are made. When the individual North and South pole magnets are running through a wire lengthwise they are running in slant and whirling around while running ahead. You can see the slant by watching the sparks when you are putting together and pulling away soft iron wire ends which are connected to the battery by their other ends. To see how the currents are running out of the coil's wire watch those six one-inch long magnets which lie on the glass. Put those magnets together with ends even, then let them loose, then you will see that they will roll away and if the magnets be stronger then they will roll away farther. This is the way the North and South Pole individual magnets are running out of the coil's wire lengthwise. The reason the North and South Pole individual magnets do not run across through the coil's wire as fast out as they run in while the coil is between the U shape magnet, the coil's wire is insulated, there is an air space around every wire and as it is known that the dry air is the best obstruction for the magnets to go through and as you know the coil is well insulated so the damp air does not get in. It is well known that it is many times easier for the magnets to run in metal than in air, now you see when the magnets run in the wire they hesitate to run out of the wire across the same way as they came in, so more of the new magnets are coming in the wire crosswise, then they can get out crosswise, so they get pushed out through the wire lengthwise. Now you know how the alternating magnetic currents are made. You have been wondering why alternating currents can run so far away from their generators. One reason is between every time the currents start and stop there is no pressure in the wire so the magnets from the air run in the wire and when the run starts there already are magnets in the wire which do not have to come from the generator, so the power line itself is a small generator which assists the big generator to furnish the magnets for the currents to run with. I have a generator that generates currents on a small scale from the air without using any - magnets around it. Another thing, you have been wondering how a U shape permanent magnet can keep its normal strength indefinitely. You know the soft iron does not hold magnets, but you already have one that holds it. It is the perpetual motion holder. It illustrates the principle how permanent magnets are- made. All that has to be done is to start the magnets to run in on orbit, then they will never stop. Hard steel U shape magnets have a broken orbit, but under proper conditions it is permanent. I think the structure of the metal is the answer. I have two U shape magnets. © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 64 They look alike, but one is a little harder than the other. The harder one can lift three pounds more than the softer one. I have been tempering the other steel magnets, and have noticed that the harder the steel gets the smaller it becomes. That shows that the metal is more packed and has less holes in it so the magnets cannot pass through it in full speed, so they dam up in the prong ends. They come in faster than they can get out. I think the ability for the soft steel welding rod to hold magnets is in the metal's fine structure. The reason I call the results of North and South Pole magnet's functions magnetic currents and not electric currents or electricity is the electricity is connected too much with those non-existing electrons. If it had been called magneticity then I would accept it. Magneticity would indicate that it has a magnetic base and so it would be all right. As I said in the beginning, the North and South Pole magnets they are the cosmic force. They hold together this earth and everything on it, and they hold together the moon, too. The moon's North end holds South Pole magnets the same as the earth's North end. The moon's South end holds North Pole magnets the same as the earth's South end. Those people who have been wondering why the moon does not come down all they have to do is to give the moon one- half of a turn so that the North end would be in South side, and South end in the North side, and then the moon would come down. At present the earth and the moon have like magnet poles in the same sides so their own magnet poles keep themselves apart, but when the poles are reversed, then they will pull together. Here is a good tip to the rocket people. Make the rocket's head strong North Pole magnet, and the tail end strong South Pole magnet, and then shut to on the moon's North end, then you will have better success. North and South Pole magnets are not only holding together the earth and moon, but they are turning the earth around on its axis. Those magnets which are coming down from the sun they are hitting their own kind of magnets which are circulating around the earth and they hit more on the East side than on the West side, and that is what makes the earth turn around. North and South Pole magnets make the lightning, in earth's North hemisphere the South Pole magnets are going up and the North pole magnets are coming down in the same flash. In the earth's South hemisphere the North Pole magnets are going up and the South Pole magnets are coming down in the same flash. The North lights are caused by the North and South Pole magnets passing in concentrated streams, but the streams are not as much concentrated as they are in the lightning. The radio waves are made by the North and South Pole magnets. Now about the magnet size. You know sunlight can go through glass, paper and leaves, but it cannot go through wood, rock and iron, but the magnets can go through everything. This shows that each magnet is smaller than each particle of light.

"I have discovered the secrets of the pyramids, and have found out how the Egyptians and the ancient builders in Peru, Yucatan, and Asia, with only primitive tools, raised and set in place blocks of stone weighing many tons!" Edward Leedskalnin, builder of Coral Castle!

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I really don’t know where to start when talking about Nikola Tesla because he accomplished so very much. Every time you flip a switch to turn on a light, you are using several of Tesla’s inventions. Most people don’t know it, but he invented the AC (alternating current) generator and AC motor. He also invented the complete system of transformers and power transmission that is still in use today. Thomas Edison was his rival and if left up to Edison, we would be using DC current instead of AC current. Tesla was also the first to patent radio communications - not Marconi. Tesla was also the first to invent robotics. Life would be much different without Nikola Tesla indeed! I like Tesla because he was an electrical (and mechanical) resonance genius. He is probably best known for his Tesla coils. This is due to the fact that Westinghouse duped him into selling his extremely valuable patents for pennies on the dollar. Tesla was much more interested in helping mankind with his inventions than he was in making money. Tesla was way ahead of his time and I believe his most important ideas were not understood back then and still are not fully understood today. I truly believe that resonance is the key to overunity or free energy - and Tesla was and still is the Master of resonance. This book is not about history lessons. It is designed to give you only the most useful information on a subject and eliminate all the useless clutter. So... I’ll give you some information on what I think are Tesla’s most important patents and how to access them for free and then I’ll list some books and web page links for further reading followed by a short biography of Tesla. A word of warning: Tesla was hundreds of years ahead of his time and I don’t think even today’s scientists understand fully Tesla’s ideas. So don’t feel bad if you can’t figure him out either. The other problem with Tesla is I’m pretty sure he kept his most important discoveries in his head and never put them to paper. Tesla had this very unique ability to work out and actually construct and even test run inventions completely in his mind before actually attempting to build it. Today’s most powerful computers and computer simulations and CAD software could barely keep up with Tesla’s powerful mind.

Accessing the USPTO (US Patent and Trademark Office) Patent Image Database To access a patent, just click on this link... http://patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.htm and then simply enter the patent# in the box on the screen. All the older patents are images only so click on “Images” and the first page of the patent should show up. These images are in TIFF format so your system has to be able to view TIFF files. If nothing shows up on your screen or some other problem occurs, then your system probably does not have the ability to view TIFF images. Don’t worry - there is a free download called AlternaTIFF that is available on the USPTO website. Just click on the “Help” box at the top of any USPTO screen and then click on “How to access Patent Full-page images”. Follow the directions to install AlternaTIFF and then retry the process by clicking on the link above and reentering the patent#. If you can view the TIFF images but you can’t print them, then install AlternaTIFF and use AlternaTIFF’s print icon instead of using your browser’s print function or Ctrl P. Here is a list of a few of Tesla’s more interesting patents. Note that Tesla had over 100 patents and the entire list can be found at one of the web links provided below. The ones listed here are the ones I think are most pertinent to revealing his “secret” to free energy...

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 66 Patent # 1,119,732 - December 1, 1914 - Apparatus for transmitting electrical energy. This is his famous Wardenclyffe project on Long Island and he probably had a smaller version at his Colorado Springs site. The important thing to understand is that Tesla favored “scalar” (or longitudinal or standing) waves as opposed to what he called “hertzian” (or transverse) waves or the normal radio waves we still use today. Tesla thought scalar waves were akin to sound waves. Tesla’s scalar waves were transmitted through the Earth and did not degrade and were transmitted as through a single wire (no closed circuit). Tesla’s scalar waves could be used for radio communications and/or wireless energy transmission. For a better explanation in Tesla’s own words, read the article below entitled “The disturbing influence of solar radiation on the wireless transmission of energy.”

Patent # 454,622 - June 23, 1891 - System of electric lighting. I include this patent because it is a “one wire” system of electrical energy transmission. Tesla may not have even realized at the time that he would use this simple idea for his attempt to transmit free energy to the entire world through the Earth.

Patent # 593,138 - November 2, 1897 - Electrical transformer. This is only one of his patents for an electrical transformer. Note that while this patent was probably meant for converting power to a high potential (voltage) for transmitting purposes, it is very similar to his methods used to transmit communication signals utilizing a transmitter and receiver.

Patent # 512,340 - January 9, 1894 - Coil for electro magnets (shown in figure 2 to left) . This is a fascinating bifilar wound coil. I admit it - I am not nearly smart enough to figure out all the ramifications of this special coil. I know that it neutralizes self- induction and the coil will also have a higher capacitance which would eliminate the need for a capacitor (or condenser as he called them).

Patent # 685,012 - October 22, 1901 - Means for increasing the intensity of electrical oscillations. Tesla was a smart guy indeed... this patent shows he knew something about superconductivity at low temperatures almost a hundred years before anybody else.

Patent # 514,168 - February 6, 1894 - Means for generating electric current. I believe this is one version of his famous Tesla Coil. It’s an interesting device and is the basis of many of his other inventions including his magnifying transmitter and wireless communications.

Patent # 1,061,142 - May 6, 1913 - Fluid propulsion (shown to right). This is an ingenious device that can be used as a pump or motor. It is his “bladeless turbine”. They say this thing is very efficient. Note

Here’s a great article from an old magazine or newspaper in which the writer is actually interviewing Tesla on the subject of this new “engine”... The first announcement of the discovery of his new mechanical principle was made in a technical periodical in mid-September, 1911. Immediately it became the principal topic of discussions wherever engineers met. "It is the greatest invention in a century," wrote one of the foremost American engineers, a man whose name stands close to the top of the list of those who have achieved scientific fame and greatness. "No invention of such importance in the automobile trade has yet been made," declared the editor of one of the leading engineering publications. Experts in other engineering lines pointed out other applications of the new principle and letters asking for further information poured in on Dr. Tesla from the four quarters of the globe. "Oh, I've had too much publicity," he said, when I telephoned to him to ask for an interview in order to explain his new discovery to the non-technical public. It took a good deal of persuasion before he reluctantly fixed an hour when he would see me, and a good bit more after that before he talked at all freely. When he did speak, however, he opened up vistas of possible applications of the new engine that staggered the imagination of the interviewer. Looking out over the city from the windows of his office, on the twentieth floor of the Metropolitan Tower, his face lit up as he told of his life dream and its approaching realization, and the listener's fancy could almost see the air full of strange flying craft, while huge steamships propelled at unheard of speeds ploughed the waters of the North River, automobiles climbed the very face of the Palisades, locomotives of incredible power whisked wheeled palaces many miles a minute and all the discomforts of summer heat vanished as marvelous refrigerating plants reduced the temperature of the whole city to a comfortable maximum--for these were only a few of the suggestions of the limitless possibilities of the latest Tesla discovery. "Just what is your new invention?" I asked. "I have accomplished what mechanical engineers have been dreaming about ever since the invention of steam power," replied Dr. Tesla. "That is the perfect rotary engine. It happens that I have also produced an engine which will give at least twenty-five times as much power to a pound of weight as the lightest weight engine of any kind that has yet been produced. "In doing this I have made use of two properties which have always been known to be possessed by all fluids, but which have not heretofore been utilized. These properties are adhesion and viscosity. "Put a drop of water on a metal plate. The drop will roll off, but a certain amount of the water will remain on the plate until it evaporates or is removed by some absorptive means. The metal does not absorb any of the water, but the water adheres to it. "The drop of water may change its shape, but until its particles are separated by some external power it remains intact. This tendency of all fluids to resist molecular separation is viscosity. It is especially noticeable in the heavier oils. "It is these properties of adhesion and viscosity that cause the 'skin friction' that impedes a ship in its progress through the water or an aeroplane in going through the air. All fluids have these qualities--and you must keep in mind that air is a fluid, all gases are fluids, steam is fluid. Every known means of transmitting or developing mechanical power is through a fluid medium. "Now, suppose we make this metal plate that I have spoken of circular in shape and mount it at its centre on a shaft so that it can be revolved. Apply power to rotate the shaft and what happens? Why, whatever fluid the disk happens to be revolving in is agitated and dragged along in the direction of rotation, because the fluid tends to adhere to the disk and the viscosity causes the motion given to the adhering particles of the fluid to be transmitted to the whole mass. Here, I can show you better than tell you. Dr. Tesla led the way into an adjoining room. On a desk was a small electric motor and mounted on the shaft were half a dozen flat disks, separated by perhaps a sixteenth of an inch from one another, each disk being less than that in thickness. He turned a switch and the motor began to buzz. A wave of cool air was immediately felt. "There we have a disk, or rather a series of disks, revolving in a fluid--the air," said the

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 68 inventor. "You need no proof to tell you that the air is being agitated and propelled violently. If you will hold your hand over the centre of these disks--you see the centres have been cut away--you will feel the suction as air is drawn in to be expelled from the peripheries of the disks. "Now, suppose these revolving disks were enclosed in an air tight case, so constructed that the air could enter only at one point and be expelled only at another--what would we have?" "You'd have an air pump," I suggested. "Exactly--an air pump or blower," said Dr. Tesla. "There is one now in operation delivering ten thousand cubic feet of air a minute. "Now, come over here. He stepped across the hall and into another room, where three or four draughtsmen were at work and various mechanical and electrical contrivances were scattered about. At one side of the room was what appeared to be a zinc or aluminum tank, divided into two sections, one above the other, while a pipe that ran along the wall above the upper division of the tank was connected with a little aluminum case about the size and shape of a small alarm clock. A tiny electric motor was attached to a shaft that protruded from one side of the aluminum case. The lower division of the tank was filled with water. "Inside of this aluminum case are several disks mounted on a shaft and immersed in a fluid, water," said Dr. Tesla. "From this lower tank the water has free access to the case enclosing the disks. This pipe leads from the periphery of the case. I turn the current on, the motor turns the disks and as I open this valve in the pipe the water flows. He turned the valve and the water certainly did flow. Instantly a stream that would have filled a barrel in a very few minutes began to run out of the pipe into the upper part of the tank and thence into the lower tank. "This is only a toy," said Dr. Tesla. "There are only half a dozen disks--'runners,' I call them--each less than three inches in diameter, inside of that case. They are just like the disks you saw on the first motor--no vanes, blades or attachments of any kind. Just perfectly smooth, flat disks revolving in their own planes and pumping water because of the viscosity and adhesion of the fluid. One such pump now in operation, with eight disks, eighteen inches in diameter, pumps four thousand gallons a minute to a height of 360 feet. We went back into the big, well lighted office. I was beginning to grasp the new Tesla principle. "Suppose now we reversed the operation," continued the inventor. "You have seen the disks acting as a pump. Suppose we had water, or air under pressure, or steam under pressure, or gas under pressure, and let it run into the case in which the disks are contained--what would happen?" "The disks would revolve and any machinery attached to the shaft would be operated--you would convert the pump into an engine," I suggested. "That is exactly what would happen--what does happen," replied Dr. Tesla. "It is an engine that does all that engineers have ever dreamed of an engine doing, and more. Down at the Waterside power station of the New York Edison Company, through their courtesy, I have had a number of such engines in operation. In one of them the disks are only nine inches in diameter and the whole working part is two inches thick. With steam as the propulsive fluid it develops 110-horse power, and could do twice as much. "You have got what Professor Langley was trying to evolve for his flying machine--an engine that will give a horse power for a pound of weight," I suggested. Ten Horse Power to the Pound. "I have got more than that," replied Dr. Tesla. "I have an engine that will give ten horse power to the pound of weight. That is twenty-five times as powerful as the lightest weight engine in use today. The lightest gas engine used on aeroplanes weighs two and one-half pounds to the horse power. With two and one-half pounds of weight I can develop twenty-five horse power. "That means the solution of the problem of flying," I suggested. "Yes, and many more," was the reply. "The applications of this principle, both for imparting power to fluids, as in pumps, and for deriving power from fluids, as in turbine, are boundless. It costs almost nothing to make, there is nothing about it to get out of order, it is reversible--simply have two ports for the gas or steam, to enter by, one on each side, and let it into one side or other. There are no blades or vanes to get out of order--the steam turbine is a delicate thing. I remembered the bushels of broken blades that were gathered out of the turbine casings of the first turbine equipped steamship to cross the ocean, and realized the importance of this phase of the new engine. "Then, too," Dr. Tesla went on, "there are no delicate adjustments to be made. The distance between the disks is © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 69 not a matter of microscopic accuracy and there is no necessity for minute clearances between the disks and the case. All one needs is some disks mounted on a shaft, spaced a little distance apart and cased so that a fluid can enter at one point and go out at another. If the fluid enters at the centre and goes out at the periphery it is a pump. If it enters at the periphery and goes out at the center it is a motor. "Coupling these engines in series, one can do away with gearing in machinery. Factories can be equipped without shafting. The motor is especially adapted to automobiles, for it will run on gas explosions as well as on steam. The gas or steam can be let into a dozen ports all around the rim of the case if desired. It is possible to run it as a gas engine with a continuous flow of gas, gasoline and air being mixed and the continuous combustion causing expansion and pressure to operate the motor. The expansive power of steam, as well as its propulsive power, can be utilized as in a turbine or a reciprocating engine. By permitting the propelling fluid to move along the lines of least resistance a considerably larger proportion of the available power is utilized. "As an air compressor it is highly efficient. There is a large engine of this type now in practical operation as an air compressor and giving remarkable service. Refrigeration on a scale hitherto never attempted will be practical, through the use of this engine in compressing air, and the manufacture of liquid air commercially is now entirely feasible. "With a thousand horse power engine, weighing only one hundred pounds, imagine the possibilities in automobiles, locomotives and steamships. In the space now occupied by the engines of the Lusitania twenty-five times her 80,000 horse power could be developed, were it possible to provide boiler capacity sufficient to furnish the necessary steam. "And it makes the aeroplane practical," I suggested. "Not the aeroplane, the flying machine," responded Dr. Tesla. "Now you have struck the point in which I am most deeply interested--the object toward which I have been devoting my energies for more than twenty years--the dream of my life. It was in seeking the means of making the perfect flying machine that I developed this engine. "Twenty years ago I believed that I would be the first man to fly; that I was on the track of accomplishing what no one else was anywhere near reaching. I was working entirely in electricity then and did not realize that the gasoline engine was approaching a perfection that was going to make the aeroplane feasible. There is nothing new about the aeroplane but its engine, you know. "What I was working on twenty years ago was the wireless transmission of electric power. My idea was a flying machine propelled by an electric motor, with power supplied from stations on the earth. I have not accomplished this as yet, but am confident that I will in time. "When I found that I had been anticipated as to the flying machine, by men working in a different field I began to study the problem from other angles, to regard it as a mechanical rather than an electrical problem. I felt certain there must be some means of obtaining power that was better than any now in use, and by vigorous use of my gray matter for a number of years I grasped the possibilities of the principle of the viscosity and adhesion of fluids and conceived the mechanism of my engine. Now that I have it, my next step will be the perfect flying machine. "An aeroplane driven by your engine?" I asked. "Not at all," said Dr. Tesla. "The aeroplane is fatally defective. It is merely a toy--a sporting play-thing. It can never become commercially practical. It has fatal defects. One is the fact that when it encounters a downward current of air it is helpless. The 'hole in the air' of which aviators speak is simply a downward current, and unless the aeroplane is high enough above the earth to move laterally but can do nothing but fall. "There is no way of detecting these downward currents, no way of avoiding them, and therefore the aeroplane must always be subject to chance and its operator to the risk of fatal accident. Sportsmen will always take these chances, but as a business proposition the risk is too great. "The flying machine of the future--my flying machine--will be heavier than air, but it will not be an aeroplane. It will have no wings. It will be substantial, solid, stable. You cannot have a stable airplane. The gyroscope can never be successfully applied to the airplane, for it would give a stability that would result in the machine being torn to pieces by the wind, just as the unprotected aeroplane on the ground is torn to pieces by a high wind. "My flying machine will have neither wings nor propellers. You might see it on the ground and you would never guess that it was a flying machine. Yet it will be © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 70 able to move at will through the air in any direction with perfect safety, higher speeds than have yet been reached, regardless of weather and oblivious of 'holes in the air' or downward currents. It will ascend in such currents if desired. It can remain absolutely stationary in the air even in a wind for great length of time. Its lifting power will not depend upon any such delicate devices as the bird has to employ, but upon positive mechanical action. "You will get stability through gyroscopes?" I asked. "Through gyroscopic action of my engine, assisted by some devices I am not yet prepared to talk about," he replied. "Powerful air currents that may be deflected at will, if produced by engines and compressors sufficiently light and powerful, might lift a heavy body off the ground and propel it through the air," I ventured, wondering if I had grasped the inventor's secret. Dr. Tesla smiled an inscrutable smile. "All I have to say on that point is that my airship will have neither gas bag, wings nor propellers," he said. "It is the child of my dreams, the product of years of intense and painful toil and research. I am not going to talk about it any further. But whatever my airship may be, here at least is an engine that will do things that no other engine ever has done, and that is something tangible. ______

Patent # 685,957 - November 5, 1901 - Apparatus for utilization of radiant energy. This is a very interesting patent showing the concept of photovoltaic cells in 1901. His device was different in one respect though - his radiant energy or cosmic rays as he called them were available day and night. So it was not a solar panel at all. I believe there’s a secret hidden somewhere in this patent because Tesla talked about getting much more power out of a device similar to this. It’s one of those things he took to his grave. Maybe it has something to do with tuning this device to be resonant with the cosmic rays or something like that. The picture below does show him “shining” some kind of artificial beam on the panel - maybe that is some sort of “jump start” to get it oscillating at the right frequency - like pushing a girl on a swing.

Patent # 1,655,114 - October 4, 1927 - Apparatus for aerial transportation. I include this for humor basically; although, it does show how smart Tesla was. This is a VTOL

In 1931 the editor of Science And Mechanics, Hugo Gernsback reported, it is believed by many scientists today that the force of gravitation is merely another manifestation of electromagnetic waves. Edward Farrow, a New York inventor, reported in 1911 an antigravity effect produced by a ring of spark gaps. When the gaps were fired, the device, called a condensing dynamo, lost one-sixth of its weight. T. Henry Moray wrote, Frequencies may be developed which will balance the force of gravity to a point of neutralization. Antigravity researcher Richard Lefors Clark places the frequency of gravity's vibrations right at Nature's neutral center in the radiant energy spectrum, above radar and below infrared, at l012 cycles per second. Here’s a “lost manuscript” of Nikola Tesla’s that explains some of his gravity and/or anti-gravity ideas. Some of the “style” was lost in translation, but it sure does sound like one of Tesla’s writings to me...

Nikola Tesla’s Lost Manuscript Part 1. You are wrong, Mr. Einstein – ether does exist! They say much about the Einstein’s theory now. According to Einstein the ether does not exist and many people agree with him. But it is a mistake in my opinion. Ether’s opponents refer to the experiments of Maykelson – Morli who made attempts to detect the Earth’s movement relative to the fixed-bed ether. These experiments failed, however it didn’t mean the ether’s non-existence. I always based as fact the existence of mechanical ether in my works and therefore I could achieve positive success. What is the ether and why is it so difficult to detect it? I reflected on this matter for a seriously long time and here are the outcomes I have been led to: I think that all the contradictions about whether the ether exists or not are the result of wrong interpretation of ether’s properties. The ether has always been presented as an aeroform environment. That was the essential mistake. The ether has a very strong density. It is known that of more dense a substance, the higher is the speed of wave propagation within it. When comparing acoustic speed in the air and the light speed I have drawn a conclusion that ether density is several thousand times higher than air density. It is not the ether that is aeroform but the material world is an aeroform to the ether! But as the ether is electrically neutral it very poorly interacts with the material world. Notwithstanding that poor interaction we still can feel the ether’s existence. A good example for such an interaction becomes apparent in gravitation, which should rather be named universal compression. I think the material bodies do not gravitate between each other but it is the ether that makes one material body to press to another. We wrongly call this phenomena gravitation. We can also feel ether’s reaction when sudden acceleration or braking. The stars, planets and all the universe appeared from the ether when some part of it, due to certain reasons, became less dense. It can be compared with formation of blebs in boiling water although such a comparison is only rough. The ether tries to return itself to its initial state by compressing our world, but intrinsic electric charge within material in the world substance obstructs this. It is similar to that when the water compresses blebs filled with hot water steam. Until the steam does get cold the water is unable to compress the bleb. With time, having lost the intrinsic electric charge, our world will be compressed with the ether and is going to turn into ether. Having come out of the ether once - so it will go back into the ether. Density of substance of the material world strongly differs from the density and physical properties of the ether. Therefore, the ether cannot remain in a fixed-bed state around material bodies and under certain circumstances there will be an ether whirlwind appearing around material bodies. Hence, we can explain the reason for failure of the Maykelson – Morli experiment.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 72 In order to understand it let’s carry the experiment over to a water environment. Try to imagine that our boat is twirled within a huge whirlpool. We will try to detect water motion relatively to the boat. We will not find any movement as the speed of the boat will be equal to the rate of water movement. In our imagination let’s replace the boat with the Earth, and the whirlpool – by ether whirlwind, which revolves around the Sun. The example shows clearly that when on the Earth one can not detect the Earth’s movement relatively to the ether as the rate of Earth’s movement will be equal to the rate of ether movement. In my researches I always adhere the principle that all nature's phenomena show themselves equally whichever physical environment they would happen in. The waves exist in the water, air, ... and radio–waves and the light is the waves in the ether. Einstein’s assertion of non-existence of the ether is erroneous. It is difficult to imagine radio-wave and light transmission without ether. Einstein says that there is no ether and at the same time, practically he proves its existence. For example, let’s consider the speed of the passage of light. Einstein states that the velocity of light does not depend on the rate of movement of the light source. It’s correct. But this principle can exist only when the light source is in a certain physical environment (ether), which cuts down velocity of light due to its properties. Ether’s substance cuts down the velocity of light in the same way as air substance cuts down the acoustic speed. If the ether did not exist then velocity of light would strongly depend on the rate of movement of the light source. Having clarified what is the ether is, I began to compare phenomena occurring in the water, air and ether. And here an opportunity occurred to help me in my researches. Once I saw a sailor who was smoking a pipe. He was exhaling smoke in the form of little rings. Smoke rings flew pretty far away before they got broken. Then I investigated this phenomena in the water. I took a metal jar and carved out a small vent on one side and pulled on thin leather on another side. I poured some ink into the jar and lowered it onto a pool. When harshly hit the leather ink-rings flew out of the jar crossing over the pool and got broken having bumped into its wall, producing substantial motions of water at the pool’s wall. At the same time, the water in the pool kept being quiet. - “This method can be used to transfer energy”, … I understand what is ball lightning and how to transfer energy long range without using wires. Einstein tries to explain light movement when no ether environment by Plank quantum hypothesis. Will Einstein be able to explain ball lightning phenomena when without the existence of ether? There is no possibility of explaining ball lightning phenomena without ether! Based on these investigations I have constructed a generator, which could generate ether vortical rings, which I called ether vortical objects. It was my achievement. I was in euphoria. It seemed to me like I could do everything. I promised the world not having completely studied this phenomena and took severe punishment for that. I was not financed any more but what the most unpleasant thing was that I was not trusted anymore. The Euphoria has changed to deep depression. And I dared to start my crazy experiment then.

Part 2. I will keep the secret of my invention until I die After my failures I became more self-restrained in making promises… During my work with ether vortical objects I understood that they behave not in the manner I thought before. It turned out that when vortical objects passed near metal objects they lost their energy and collapsed, sometimes exploding. Deep Earth layers have absorbed their energy as strongly as the metal did. So, I could transmit energy only within small distances. I paid attention to the Moon then. If ether vortical objects are sent to the Moon, they will return back to the Earth very far from the transmitter, having been reflected from electrostatic field. Due to the angle of reflection, the energy could be transmitted over very long distances, even to other parts of the Earth. I carried out several experiments transmitting energy towards the Moon. Through these experiments I discovered that the Earth is surrounded by an electric field. This field kept destroying faint ether vortical objects. Ether vortical objects possessing big energy, burst through

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 73 the electric field of the Earth and extended into interplanetary space. And right here, the idea came to my mind that if I can create a resonance system between the Earth and the Moon, then the power of the transmitter may be very small while the energy derived out of this system could be considerable. Having made the calculations on how much energy can be derived, I was surprised at it. The calculations showed that the energy derived from this system is enough to fully destroy a big city. For the first time, at that moment I realized that my system could represent a danger for the mankind. However, I still greatly wanted to carry out my experiment. Secretly, from everyone, I began to thoroughly prepare my crazy experiment. First of all, I needed to select the place for my experiment. The Arctic Zone was the best location for it. There were no people there and I would injure no-one. But the calculation showed that with the Moon being at its present position, the ether vortical object could strike Siberia, but people live there. I went to the library and began to study the information concerning Siberia. The information was very small but, however, I saw that there are almost no people in Siberia. I should keep my experiment a deep secret, otherwise the consequences could prove to be very unpleasant for me and for all mankind. I always worry about one question: 'Will my discoveries be for the good of the people?' Because it had been known for a long time that the people used all inventions to extirpate the similar ones. The fact that much of my equipment in my laboratory has been dismantled to that moment considerably contributed to keeping my secret. However, I could save the equipment I required for my experiment. I alone assembled a new transmitter out of this equipment and connected it up to the emitter. The experiment with such a big quantity of energy could be very dangerous. If I made a mistake in my calculations the energy of ether vortical object would strike astern. That’s why I was not in the laboratory but two miles outside it. The work of my installation had been operating by clockwork. The principle of the experiment was rather simple. In order to better understand its principle it is necessary to grasp first what are the ether vortical object and ball lightning. Basically, they are the same. The only difference is that the ball lightning is a visible ether object. Visibility of ball lightning is provided by fluorescence of charged air particles. It could be compared with ink coloring of water vortical particles in my experiment in the pool. In order to create a resonant Earth – Moon system it was necessary to create a concentration of charged particles between the Earth and the Moon. For that, I used a property of ether vortical objects to capture and transfer charged particles. The generator has emanated the ether vortical objects towards the Moon. When passing through the electric field of the Earth, ether vortical objects have captured charged particles within it. As an electrostatic field of the Moon has the same polarity as an electric field of the Earth, the ether vortical objects have been reflected from it and this time, again returned to the Earth at another angle. After returning to the Earth the ether vortical objects have been reflected again by electric field of the Earth back to the Moon… That was the way, by which the Earth – Moon resonant system has been occupied by charged particles. When the required concentration of charge particles in resonant Earth – Moon system was achieved it has been energized itself at its own resonant frequency. The energy million times assisted by resonance properties of the system was being changed into ether vortical object of a huge power within the electric field of the Earth. However, it was only my guesswork, and I didn’t know how it would be in reality. I remember very well the day of experiment. The estimated time came near. Minutes dragged on so slowly and seemed as if they were years. I thought I would go crazy of this waiting. At last, the estimated time came and … nothing happened! Another five minutes passed but nothing unusual took place. Various theories came into my head: maybe the clockwork hasn’t worked, or the system hasn’t snapped into action, and maybe nothing must happen at all. I was on the verge of insanity. And suddenly … It seemed to me that the light has grown dark for a moment and a strange feeling was being sensed throughout all my body - as if thousands of needles were piercing my body. Soon everything was over but there was an unpleasant metallic after-taste left in my mouth. All my muscles had become relaxed and there was a buzzing in my head. I felt totally worn out. © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 74 When I returned to my laboratory I found that it was practically intact, just there was a strong smell of burning in the air... And again, agonizing suspense had seized me, as I didn't know the results of my experiment. And only later on, having read about unusual phenomena in the newspapers, did I realize what a dreadful arm I have created. Of course, I expected that it would be a very heavy explosion. But, it has not been even an explosion - it has been a catastrophe! After that experiment I determined that I would keep the secret of my invention until I die. Of course, I knew that someone else could easily repeat this crazy experiment. But this would require the acknowledgement that the ether exists but our scientific world moves further and further away from the truth. I am even grateful to Einstein and others because through their erroneous theories they lead mankind away from that dangerous path I followed. And, probably, this is their only merit. Perhaps, in about one hundred years, when reason prevails over the brute, my invention will serve for welfare of people. Web links to descriptions of the 1908 Tunguska Siberian explision.... Description with eyewitness accounts and picture recreations http://www.psi.edu/projects/siberia/siberia.html Theories of the 1908 explosion http://www.straightdope.com/columns/030228.html

Part 3. Flying machine My hypothesis that gravitation is a compression of material bodies by ether has recently been confirmed experimentally. When working with the generator of ether vortical objects I observed one very odd phenomena. When it's turned on I could feel a wind blowing towards the generator. I decided to investigate this phenomena. I rolled up several newspapers before igniting and immediately extinguishing them. There was a thick smoke coming from newspapers. With these reeky newspapers I went around the generator. The smoke came to the generator from any spot of the laboratory. And the smoke disappeared near to the generator. At first, I thought the reason relates to electrostatics. But having considered this phenomena I concluded: electrostatics could not be able to cause these phenomena at such a long distance from the generator. Then I supposed: - the Generator lessens the compression of ether through impact to the ether (gravity)! I constructed big scales to make sure of it. One side of the scales was positioned over the generator. In order to exclude any electromagnetic influence of the generator the scales were made out of highly dried wood. In order to protect against electrostatic field of the generator the scales were worked up by graphite powder. After I accurately balanced the scales I turned on the generator. The side of scales that was over the generator began rapidly to go up. I turned on the generator. The scales went down. I turned off the generator. The scales went down and began to swing until it was fully balanced out. I loaded the scales with the ballast and changed its capacity and operating mode striving for its balance. After these experiments I planned to build a flying machine, which could fly not only in the air but within interplanetary space. The principle of operation of the flying machine is as follows: towards the flight direction, compression of the ether is to become weaker by the generator installed in the flying machine. As the ether keeps pressing with prior intensity from all other sides, then the flying machine began moving. Being within this flying machine you will not feel its speeding-up as the ether is not to hamper your movement. I had to abandon my plans to create the flying machine. There were two reasons for it: first, I have no money to work in secret. But the main reason is that the great war began in Europe and I wouldn’t like my inventions used to kill! When on earth will these madmen stop?

Electrical Review and Western Electrician, July 6, 1912 The disturbing influence of solar radiation on the wireless transmission of energy When Heinrich Hertz announced the results of his famous experiments in confirmation of the Maxwellian electromagnetic theory of light, the scientific mind at once leaped to the conclusion that the newly discovered dark rays might be used as a means for transmitting intelligible messages through space. It was an obvious inference, for heliography, or signaling by beams of light, was a well recognized wireless art. There was no departure in principle, but the actual demonstration of a cherished scientific idea surrounded the novel suggestion with a nimbus of originality and atmosphere of potent achievement. I also caught the fire of enthusiasm but was not long deceived in regard to the practical possibilities of this method of conveying intelligence. Granted even that all difficulties were successfully overcome, the field of application was manifestly circumscribed. Heliographic signals had been flashed to a distance of 200 miles, but to produce Hertzian rays of such penetrating power as those of light appeared next to impossible, the frequencies obtainable through electrical discharges being necessarily of a much lower order. The rectilinear propagation would limit the action on the receiver to the extent of the horizon and entail interference of obstacles in a straight line joining the stations. The transmission would be subject to the caprices of the air and, chief of all drawbacks, the intensity of disturbances of this character would rapidly diminish with distance. But a few tests with apparatus, far ahead of the art of that time, satisfied me that the solution lay in a different direction, and after a careful study of the problem I evolved a new plan which was fully described in my addresses before the Franklin Institute and National Electric Light Association in February and March, 1893. It was an extension of the transmission through a single wire without return, the practicability of which I had already demonstrated. If my ideas were rational, distance was of no consequence and energy could be conveyed from one to any point of the globe, and in any desired amount. The task was begun under the inspiration of these great possibilities. While scientific investigation had laid bare all the essential facts relating to Hertz-wave telegraphy, little knowledge was available bearing on the system proposed by me. The very first requirement, of course, was the production of powerful electrical vibrations. To impart these to the earth in an efficient manner, to construct proper receiving apparatus, and develop other technical details could be confidently undertaken. But the all important question was, how would the planet be affected by the oscillations impressed upon it? Would not the capacity of the terrestrial system, composed of the earth and its conducting envelope, be too great? As to this, the theoretical prospect was for a long time discouraging. I found that currents of high frequency and potential, such as had to be necessarily employed for the purpose, passed freely through air moderately rarefied. Judging from these experiences, the dielectric stratum separating the two conducting spherical surfaces could be scarcely more than 20 kilometers thick and, consequently, the capacity would be over 220,000 microfarads, altogether too great to permit economic transmission of power to distances of commercial importance. Another observation was that these currents cause considerable loss of energy in the air around the wire. That such waste might also occur in the earth's atmosphere was but a logical inference. A number of years passed in efforts to improve the apparatus and to study the electrical phenomena produced. Finally my labors were rewarded and the truth was positively established; the globe did not act like a conductor of immense capacity and the loss of energy, due to absorption in the air, was insignificant. The exact mode of propagation of the currents from the source and the laws governing the electrical movement had still to be ascertained. Until this was

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 76 accomplished the new art could not be placed on the plane of scientific engineering. One could bridge the greatest distance by sheer force, there being virtually no limit to the intensity of the vibrations developed by such a transmitter, but the installment of economic plants and the predetermination of the effects, as required in most practical applications, would be impossible. Such was the state of things in 1899 when I discovered a new difficulty which I had never thought of before. It was an obstacle which could not be overcome by any improvement devised by man and of such nature as to fill me with apprehension that transmission of power without wires might never be quite practicable. I think it useful, in the present phase of development, to acquaint the profession with my investigations. It is a well know fact that the action on a wireless receiver is appreciably weaker during the day than at night and this is attributed to the effect of sunlight on the elevated aerials, an explanation naturally suggested through an early observation of Heinrich Hertz. Another theory, ingenious but rather fine-spun, is that some of the energy of the waves is absorbed by ions or electrons, freed in sunlight and caused to move in the direction of propagation. The Electrical Review and Western Electrician of June 1, 1912, contains a report of a test, during the recent solar eclipse, between the station of the Royal Dock Yard in Copenhagen and the Blaavandshuk station on the coast of Jutland, in which it was demonstrated that the signals in that region became more distinct and reliable when the sunlight was partially cut off by the moon. The object of this communication is to show that in all the instances reported the weakening of the impulses was due to an entirely different cause. It is indispensable to first dispel a few errors under which electricians have labored for years, owing to the tremendous momentum imparted to the scientific mind through the work of Hertz which has hampered independent thought and experiment. To facilitate understanding, attention is called to the annexed diagrams in which Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 represent, respectively, the well known arrangements of circuits in the Hertz-wave system and my own. In the former the transmitting and receiving conductors are separated from the ground through spark gaps, choking coils, and high resistances. This is necessary, as a ground connection greatly reduces the intensity of the radiation by cutting off half of the oscillator and also by increasing the length of the waves from 40 to 100 percent, according to the distribution of capacity and inductance. In the system devised by me a connection to earth, either directly or through a condenser is essential. The receiver, in the first case, is affected only by rays transmitted through the air, conduction being excluded; in the latter instance there is no appreciable radiation and the receiver is energized through the earth while an equivalent electrical displacement occurs in the atmosphere.

Fig. 1 — Hertz Wave System © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 77 Fig. 2 — System Devised by Tesla Now, an error which should be the focus of investigation for experts is, that in the arrangement shown in Fig. 1 the Hertzian effect has been gradually reduced through the lowering of frequency, so as to be negligible when the usual wavelengths are employed. That the energy is transmitted chiefly, if not wholly, by conduction can be demonstrated in a number of ways. One is to replace the vertical transmitting wire by a horizontal one of the same effective capacity, when it will be found that the action on the receiver is as before. Another evidence is afforded by quantitative measurement which proves that the energy received does not diminish with the square of the distance, as it should, since the Hertzian radiation propagates in a hemisphere. One more experiment in support of this view may be suggested. When transmission through the ground is prevented or impeded, as by severing the connection or otherwise, the receiver fails to respond, at least when the distance is considerable. The plain fact is that the Hertz waves emitted from the aerial are just as much of a loss of power as the short radiations of heat due to frictional waste in the wire. It has been contended that radiation and conduction might both be utilized in actuating the receiver, but this view is untenable in the light of my discovery of the wonderful law governing the movement of electricity through the globe, which may be conveniently expressed by the statement that the projection of the wave-lengths (measured along the surface) on the earth's diameter or axis of symmetry of movement are all equal. Since the surfaces of the zones so defined are the same the law can also be expressed by stating that the current sweeps in equal times over equal terrestrial areas. (See among others "Handbook of Wireless Telegraph," by James Erskine-Murray.) Thus the velocity propagation through the superficial layers is variable, dependent on the distance from the transmitter, the mean value being n/2 times the velocity of light, while the ideal flow along the axis of propagation takes place with a speed of approximately 300,000 kilometers per second. To illustrate, the current from a transmitter situated at the Atlantic Coast will traverse that ocean—a distance of 4,800 kilometers—in less than 0.006 second with an average speed of 800,000 kilometers. If the signaling were done by Hertz waves the time required would be 0.016

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 78 second. Bearing, then, in mind, that the receiver is operated simply by currents conducted along the earth as through a wire, energy radiated playing no part, it will be at once evident that the weakening of the impulses could not be due to any changes in the air, making it turbid or conductive, but should be traced to an effect interfering with the transmission of the current through the superficial layers of the globe. The solar radiations are the primary cause, that is true, not those of light, but of heat. The loss of energy, I have found, is due to the evaporation of the water on that side of the earth which is turned toward the sun, the conducting particles carrying off more or less of the electrical charges imparted to the ground. This subject has been investigated by me for a number of years and on some future occasion I propose to dwell on it more extensively. At present it may be sufficient, for the guidance of experts, to state that the waste of energy is proportional to the product of the square of the electric density induced by the transmitter at the earth's surface and the frequency of the currents. Expressed in this manner it may not appear of very great practical significance. But remembering that the surface density increases with the frequency it may also be stated that the loss is proportional to the cube of the frequency. With waves 300 meters in length economic transmission of energy is out of the question, the loss being too great. When using wave-lengths of 6,000 meters it is still noticeable though not a serious drawback. With wave-lengths of 12,000 meters it becomes quite insignificant and on this fortunate fact rests the future of wireless transmission of energy. To assist investigation of this interesting and important subject, Fig. 3 has been added, showing the earth in the position of summer solstice with the transmitter just emerging from the shadow. Observation will bring out the fact that the weakening is not noticeable until the aerials have reached a position, with reference to the sun, in which the evaporation of the water is distinctly more rapid. The maximum will not be exactly when the angle of incidence of the suns rays is greatest, but some time after. It is noteworthy that the experimenters who watched the effect of the recent eclipse, above referred to, have observed the delay.

Fig. 3 — Illustrating Disturbing Effect of the Sun on Wireless Transmission.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 79 Here is a short Biography of Nikola Tesla... (born July 9/10, 1856, Smiljan, Croatia--died Jan. 7, 1943, New York City), Serbian-American inventor and researcher who discovered the rotating magnetic field, the basis of most alternating-current machinery. He emigrated to the United States in 1884 and sold the patent rights to his system of alternating-current dynamos, transformers, and motors to George Westinghouse the following year. In 1891 he invented the Tesla coil, an induction coil widely used in radio technology. Tesla was from a family of Serbian origin. His father was an Orthodox priest; his mother was unschooled but highly intelligent. A dreamer with a poetic touch, as he matured Tesla added to these earlier qualities those of self-discipline and a desire for precision. Training for an engineering career, he attended the Technical University at Graz, Austria, and the University of Prague. At Graz he first saw the Gramme dynamo, which operated as a generator and, when reversed, became an electric motor, and he conceived a way to use alternating current to advantage. Later, at Budapest, he visualized the principle of the rotating magnetic field and developed plans for an induction motor that would become his first step toward the successful utilization of alternating current. In 1882 Tesla went to work in Paris for the Continental Edison Company, and, while on assignment to Strassburg in 1883, he constructed, in after-work hours, his first induction motor. Tesla sailed for America in 1884, arriving in New York, with four cents in his pocket, a few of his own poems, and calculations for a flying machine. He first found employment with Thomas Edison, but the two inventors were far apart in background and methods, and their separation was inevitable. In May 1885, George Westinghouse, head of the Westinghouse Electric Company in Pittsburgh, bought the patent rights to Tesla's polyphase system of alternating-current dynamos, transformers, and motors. The transaction precipitated a titanic power struggle between Edison's direct-current systems and the Tesla-Westinghouse alternating-current approach, which eventually won out. Tesla soon established his own laboratory, where his inventive mind could be given free rein. He experimented with shadowgraphs similar to those that later were to be used by Wilhelm Röntgen when he discovered X-rays in 1895. Tesla's countless experiments included work on a carbon button lamp, on the power of electrical resonance, and on various types of lighting. Tesla gave exhibitions in his laboratory in which he lighted lamps without wires by allowing electricity to flow through his body, to allay fears of alternating current. He was often invited to lecture at home and abroad. The Tesla coil, which he invented in 1891, is widely used today in radio and television sets and other electronic equipment. That year also marked the date of Tesla's United States citizenship. Westinghouse used Tesla's system to light the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893. His success was a factor in winning him the contract to install the first power machinery at Niagara Falls, which bore Tesla's name and patent numbers. The project carried power to Buffalo by 1896. In 1898 Tesla announced his invention of a teleautomatic boat guided by remote control. When skepticism was voiced, Tesla proved his claims for it before a crowd in Madison Square Garden. In Colorado Springs, Colo., where he stayed from May 1899 until early 1900, Tesla made what he regarded as his most important discovery-- terrestrial stationary waves. By this discovery he proved that the Earth could be used as a conductor and would be as responsive as a tuning fork to electrical vibrations of a certain frequency. He also lighted 200 lamps without wires from a distance of 25 miles (40 kilometers) and created man-made lightning, producing flashes measuring 135 feet (41 meters). At one time he was certain he had received signals from another planet in his Colorado laboratory, a claim that was met with derision in some scientific journals. Returning to New York in 1900, Tesla began construction on Long Island of a wireless

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 80 world broadcasting tower, with $150,000 capital from the American financier J. Pierpont Morgan. Tesla claimed he secured the loan by assigning 51 percent of his patent rights of telephony and telegraphy to Morgan. He expected to provide worldwide communication and to furnish facilities for sending pictures, messages, weather warnings, and stock reports. The project was abandoned because of a financial panic, labour troubles, and Morgan's withdrawal of support. Morgan’s real reason for withdrawing support is because he found out that the true reason Tesla was constructing Wardenclyffe was not communications, but wireless transmission of free energy to everyone. Needless to say, Morgan was not interested in giving away free energy to anyone. It was Tesla's greatest defeat. Tesla's work then shifted to turbines and other projects. Because of a lack of funds, his ideas remained in his notebooks, which are still examined by engineers for unexploited clues. In 1915 he was severely disappointed when a report that he and Edison were to share the Nobel Prize proved erroneous. Tesla was the recipient of the Edison Medal in 1917, the highest honor that the American Institute of Electrical Engineers could bestow. Tesla allowed himself only a few close friends. Among them were the writers Robert Underwood Johnson, Mark Twain, and Francis Marion Crawford. He was quite impractical in financial matters and an eccentric, driven by compulsions and a progressive germ phobia. But he had a way of intuitively sensing hidden scientific secrets and employing his inventive talent to prove his hypotheses. Tesla was a godsend to reporters who sought sensational copy but a problem to editors who were uncertain how seriously his futuristic prophecies should be regarded. Caustic criticism greeted his speculations concerning communication with other planets, his assertions that he could split the Earth like an apple, and his claim of having invented a death ray capable of destroying 10,000 airplanes at a distance of 250 miles (400 kilometers). After Tesla's death the custodian of alien property impounded his trunks, which held his papers, his diplomas and other honors, his letters, and his laboratory notes. These were eventually inherited by Tesla's nephew, Sava Kosanovich, and later housed in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade. Hundreds filed into New York City's Cathedral of St. John the Divine for his funeral services, and a flood of messages acknowledged the loss of a great genius. Three Nobel Prize recipients addressed their tribute to "one of the outstanding intellects of the world who paved the way for many of the technological developments of modern times."

Books on Nikola Tesla A lot of these books can also be found at your local library... Tesla: Man Out of Time -- by Margaret Cheney (available at www.network6000.biz ) Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla: Biography of a Genius by Marc J. Seifer My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla by Ben Johnston The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla by Nikola Tesla, David Hatcher Childress Experiments With Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency by Nikola Tesla Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla by John Jacob O'Neill Tesla’s Engine available at www.network6000.biz

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 81 Good Web Page links on Nikola Tesla Herb’s Tesla Coil Page http://home.wtal.de/herbs_teslapage/theory.html Pepe’s Tesla Pages (some foreign language stuff) http://www.tesla.hu/ Site containing Tesla FBI files in PDF format http://www.vicnliz.madasafish.com/ Bruce Harvey’s theory on Magnetic Fields and Electric Charges http://users.powernet.co.uk/bearsoft/MagF2.html Known publications of Nikola Tesla http://www.tesla-coil-builder.com/known_tesla_publications.htm List of Patents http://www.fact-index.com/t/te/tesla_patents.html “My Inventions” - Online Book http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96jul/teslaautobio.html Bill Beaty’s crackpot theory http://www.eskimo.com/~billb/freenrg/a-vectFE.html Bill Beaty’s Tesla Page - Everything you ever wanted to know... http://www.eskimo.com/~billb/tesla/tesla.html

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If anyone ever discovers a “free energy” machine, I’m pretty sure it is going to be a resonant system. Just exactly what is a resonant system? Well... Tesla’s favorite example was a little girl on a swing. After a few hard pushes, you can keep her going very easily with just a simple well timed effortless push. And that’s the common factor in all resonant or harmonic systems - after you get it going it takes very little effort, work, or power to keep it going. Some examples of harmonic systems include tornados, whirlpools, waves, hurricanes, springs, pendulums, transmitters & receivers, Tesla coils, guitar strings, flywheels, and tuning forks. Just about everything has it’s own resonant frequency. I’m sure you have seen someone break a glass with just their voice. They simply found the right pitch that matched the resonant frequency of the glass and CRASH - the glass shatters because the sound waves make the glass vibrate violently and each successive sound wave that hits it just adds and adds to the vibration until it finally breaks apart under the stress. It is this “magnifying” characteristic that is important and I think is the key to free energy. I’ll admit it up front... I’m no electrical or physics expert - I’m just trying to present ideas here. Maybe one of my readers who is smarter than me can figure out a way to take one of my ideas and turn it into a free energy device. Some of my ideas may even be flat out wrong, but I’ll throw them out at you anyways because I sure do find them interesting...

Parallel Resonant Electrical LC Circuits These circuits consisting of a capacitor and an inductor (or coil) are often called “tank twangers” because of the humming sound they make when vibrating with their resonant frequency. They are also called LC circuits or RLC circuits (with resistance). These circuits are used in radios to tune it to pick up a specific frequency and exclude all others. Basically the way the circuit works is the inductor is charged up. The current creates a magnetic field “choke” which opposes the current flow and actually reverses it along with a collapsing magnetic field. The capacitor is then charged up. Then the process happens again, but in the opposite direction. This process bounces back and forth and would continue forever if it were not for the resistance in the wires. What is interesting to me is that you can charge the inductor with just one half of an AC cycle or even a DC source just once and remove the power source or line current and the LC circuit will oscillate until the resistance in the wire dampens the oscillations. I have a hard time believing that the oscillations after the line power is removed does not add up to more power than what was used to charge the system in the first place. Here’s another interesting thing about parallel LC circuits... lets’ suppose that you apply an AC line current with a matching resonant frequency to a parallel LC circuit. A circuit like this has maximum impedance which means minimum current from the source. The current in the circuit goes to maximum while the voltage stays the same as the line voltage. So here you have this parallel LC circuit with maximum current but it is drawing minimum current from the source! Does anybody else think this is crazy? It’s just like pushing a girl on a swing with one finger after she gets going. There’s got to be some way to suck some of that power out of the circuit with a pickup

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 83 coil or something without disturbing the current circulating in the circuit. I know! I know! The current in the capacitor and the inductor are 180° out of phase and cancel each other to zero and all that. But I still say, there’s some real power there to be used somehow. Somebody smarter than me is going to have to figure this one out. One idea I had was to introduce a resistance like a heater element to a parallel LC circuit and make the current in the tank circuit usable in the form of heat. Another idea I found on the internet stems from the concept that somehow, power can be transferred from the primary side of a transformer to the secondary side even though the secondary circuit is “open”. This is not all that crazy of an idea since Tesla used the same technique in his “one wire” system of lighting (see Tesla chapter). Transformers are strange and complicated things. The magnetic field induced in the secondary interacts with the primary’s magnetic field and current starts to flow in the secondary. Keep in mind that when the secondary circuit is open in a transformer, no (or very little) current flows in the primary - it’s basically just a choke. Current only flows when the secondary circuit is closed. But if you hold a screwdriver close to one end of an open secondary, supposedly you’ll get sparks hot enough to heat up the screwdriver. Another idea is called “Avramenko’s Plug”. This famous circuit basically uses two diodes positioned as in the diagram below. Supposedly, current will flow in the circuit and power the load. Keep in mind, that this idea and the previous one with the screwdriver do not necessarily need a parallel LC circuit to operate - they just require the transformer part. I was just trying to

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 84 give you ideas on how you can put the two ideas together to take advantage of the magnifying resonant properties of the parallel LC circuit and suck off useful power at the same time. Some points to remember about parallel LC circuits at resonance are... • Impedance is maximum • Line current is minimum • Tank current is maximum • Voltage is same as line current • For resonance, resistance must be R=2*sqr(L/C) or less • Frequency: f=1/(2 * pi * sqr(LC)) • Capacitance: C=1/((2 * pi * f)2 * L) • Inductance: L=1/((2 * pi * f)2 * C)

Series Resonant Electrical LC Circuits Series LC circuits work slightly different than parallel circuits. Impedance is minimum in a series LC circuit, so the line current is maximum instead of minimum as in a parallel circuit. So the current is equal to the line current but the voltage goes to maximum because of the low impedance. The voltage angle between the capacitor and inductor is 180°. I don’t know much about these things, but I like the parallel LC circuits better than the series LC circuits because there seems to be a magnification of current in parallel circuits and the line current is minimum. I just can’t get over the idea of the parallel tank current being at maximum while the line current is at minimum - just like pushing a girl on a swing, that’s what resonance is all about. And... current seems to be the thing that does most of the work in motors, heaters, lights, etc. I still am confused by the question - what’s the difference between 10 amps of current at 1 volt and 10 amps at 1,000,000 volts? But anyway... Tesla was a whole lt smarter than me and he preferred the series LC circuit. And he used it all the time in his Tesla coils as shown in the diagram below...

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 85 I guess you could try to suck the power off a series LC circuit using some of the same methods I suggested for parallel LC circuits. Who knows - it might just work! For a great explanation of exactly how a Tesla coil works, click on the link below... Here’s a great site with an explanation of how a Tesla Coil works http://www.richieburnett.co.uk/operation.html#operation

Some points to remember about series LC circuits at resonance are... • Impedance is minimum • Line current is maximum • Tank current is equal to line current • Voltage is maximum • For resonance, resistance must be R=2*sqr(L/C) or less • Frequency: f=1/(2 * pi * sqr(LC)) • Capacitance: C=1/((2 * pi * f)2 * L) • Inductance: L=1/((2 * pi * f)2 * C)

The Clem Engine Back around 1972, a guy named Richard Clem thought of a way to build an engine that used cooking oil which ran through a conical shaped rotary device with spiral grooves in it and directional jets at the rim. As you know, I try to give you only ideas in this book that are workable. The Clem engine has some very interesting aspects. It is initially started with a high pressure pump and once it gets up to speed, it becomes self-running. Richard originally got the idea by watching an asphalt sprayer after it was turned off - he found it curious that it kept spinning for up to an hour after it was turned off! I think it just might work because of the resonant properties I see in the spinning conical shaped “flywheel”. It also has vortex properties and heat properties (the vegetable oil heats up due to friction while it is running). From here, I’ll refer you to Keelynet where there is a good description with pictures of this engine. Watch out if you go poking around on Keelynet and the internet in general though... there is a lot of good information out there and a lot of “UFO” type stuff too. I think Keelynet tries to sort out some of this, but the trick is to be able to recognize the good and ignore the bad. If any of my readers know how this Clem Engine works or if you have ever seen an old asphalt sprayer that runs after turning it off, send me an email at [email protected]. Here are the links... http://www.keelynet.com/energy/clem1.htm http://www.keelynet.com/energy/clem2.htm http://www.keelynet.com/energy/clemcone.htm http://www.keelynet.com/energy/clemcar.htm

Victor Schauberger Victor Schauberger is included in this section because he is the “water wizard” and was an expert on vortex technology. And... vortexes are certainly resonant systems. Schauberger is to vortex theory as Tesla is to electrical resonance. He developed his methods simply by observing nature - mostly mountain streams and how the water moved around the rocks as it flowed downstream. Using his observations, he was able to develop a revolutionary method to transport logs using sluices that also utilized vortex technology. He also invented a turbine (pictured to right) that utilized his vortex theories. There are a couple of good books on his works entitled “Living Water” and “Living © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 86 Energies”. To read more about this man’s interesting work, visit the following web sites... http://www.frank.germano.com/viktorschauberger.htm

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Magnets and magnetism in general is a very fascinating subject. Of course, motors and generators use magnetism to run; however, that is not the focus of this chapter. This chapter deals with the possible uses of magnets to run a free energy or overunity device. I know a lot of you think that is impossible, but I’m going to throw some of these ideas at you anyway - maybe one of you can use an idea and build upon it to create something useful for everyone. It’s funny that no one really knows exactly what magnetism is. Same thing with fire, gravity, and electricity. Let’s perform a little experiment... get a 5 lb weight and hold it straight out to your side. Sooner or later you will feel the burn of your muscles working to hold it up. Would you admit that you are doing work? Now... get a strong magnet and attach it to a metal beam or some other metallic object and hook the 5 lb weight on the magnet. The magnet is now holding the weight up just as your arm was in the 1st part of the experiment. Is the magnet now doing work? That magnet will hold that weight up there just about forever - Is there “power” in that magnet? Some say yes, some say no. Who knows?! We all know that opposites attract and like poles repel when it comes to magnets. Other than that, I’m not going explain how magnets work in any great detail (see the chapter on Edward Leedskalnin for that info). What I am going to do is give you some information on several ideas and/or devices that I think are workable or interesting. Here we go...

John Searl - Searl is famous for his levitating disks and the SEG (Searl Effect Generator). I don’t have the slightest idea how these things work, but supposedly they produce anti-gravity properties (or artificial gravity) and can generate electricity. From John’s biography... “By 1952, the first generator had been constructed and was about three feet in diameter. It was tested in the open by Searl and a friend. The armature was set in motion by a small engine. The device produced the expected electrical power, but at an unexpectedly high potential. At relatively low armature speeds, a potential of the order of 10.5 volts was produced, as indicated by static effects on nearby objects. The really unexpected then occurred. While still speeding up, the generator lifted and rose to a height of about 50 feet above the ground, breaking the union between itself and the engine. Here it stayed for a while, still speeding up and surrounding itself with a pink glow. This indicated ionization of air at a much higher pressure of about 10.3 mm Hg. More interesting was the side-effect, causing local radio receivers to go on by themselves. Finally, the whole generator accelerated at a fantastic rate and is thought to have gone off into space.” You can read more about his levity disks and electricity generators at... http://www.rexresearch.com/searl/searl.htm http://www.rexresearch.com/searl2/searl3.htm

The Lutec 1000 - I’ve known about this magnetic electricity generating device for a couple of years now. I don’t know if it is for real or not. There is definitely the characteristic “delay” involved with all free electricity scams. If it is a scam, let’s just say it’s one of the best I’ve ever seen. Never, never, never give your money to anyone unless they have a working model that you can put your hands on in exchange for your money. Anything that involves a “future” delivery if you pay “now” is definitely a scam in my opinion. They never pan out. You can read all about this device, their patent applications, and the reasons for their delay at... http://www.lutec.com.au/index.htm

Kawai Japanese Motor - Here’s another magnetic motor. This one actually has a US Patent # 5,436,518 (see the chapter on Nikola Tesla for instructions on accessing the USPTO

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 88 patent image database). The patent (pictured to right) makes it seem a little bit more legitimate than others, but just because they have a patent does not mean it is a free energy device or overunity device or even works at all for that matter. Supposedly, the Japanese mafia squelched this project... it’s always something with these “free energy” devices isn’t it?! While we’re on the subject of Japanese magnetic motors, here’s another patent you may want to look at - The Minato Motor Patent # 5,436,518. Patent # lookup: http://patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.htm

TOMI - This stands for Theory of Magnetic Instability discovered by Stuart Harris. Basically it is a way to configure magnets into two rails and a runner. The idea is to overcome the “magnetic lock” or equilibrium that usually occurs at some point in magnetic systems. And, of course, you would want to configure your rails in a circular pattern so as to produce rotary motion. I actually went out and bought a bunch of magnets from Radio Shack and constructed one of these things. I found that it did indeed work to some degree, but you had to be very, very precise with the positioning of the magnets. And it would produce very little power unless it was scaled up to an enormous size. The best you could hope for was a perpetual motion toy. That’s not so bad of a goal though since that is something nobody else has accomplished to my knowledge. Something like that could be sold as a curious toy to make a lot of money. Here are some links to read more about this interesting idea... http://www.keelynet.com/ohsako/ohsako.htm http://www.geocities.com/k_pullo/PM3.htm

Permeability - This might be a good place to discuss “magnetic shielding”. Magnetic fields can not be shielded or blocked or stopped in any way. The flux lines will always go from the south pole of the magnet to the north pole. One thing you can do is bend and concentrate the flux lines. This is accomplished with a metallic material... the flux lines tending to run through the metallic material rather than through the air. It’s basically the path of least resistance. The more permeable a material, the better it is at redirecting the flux lines through itself rather than the air. I always thought that if you could move the flux lines closer to one end of a bar magnet and not the other end, you could create some kind of perpetual motion by creating a form of semi-monopole where one side of a magnet is more powerful than the other. The more I think about this, the more confused I get. So I’ll leave it up to you to figure this one out. I think air has a permeability of 1 and ferrite iron around 5000 depending on it’s properties. Then there is Mumetal which is an 80% nickel alloy and it has a permeability of 400,000. And I found a source for something called Metglas which has a permeability of 1,000,000+. It is a cobalt based alloy and is available in a 1 inch wide thin ribbon. You can get it at www.lessemf.com.

SMOT - This stands for Simple Magnetic Overunity Toy. This device is similar to the TOMI contraption but it uses a steel ball for the “runner” instead of another magnet. I have tried this too and it does work as stated. But, again, the trick is to take this idea from a linear toy to something rotary that can be useful to everyone. There is an interesting patent on a device very

Howard Johnson - This guy has a few patents that are interesting. Supposedly, his motor ran by itself without any kind of external energy whatsoever. This patent’s title is a Permanent Magnet Motor (pat# 4,151,431). The second is a Magnetic Force Generating Method and Apparatus (pat# 4,877,983). And the third (pictured below) looks a whole lot like a TOMI device to me. It is titled Magnetic Propulsion System (pat# 5,402,021). Again, go to the USPTO image database and look at these patents for free. In the spring of 1980, Science and Mechanics magazine did a complete article on Howard Johnson’s motor. You can read the actual scanned in article at http://www.newebmasters.com/freeenergy/sm-pg45.html. It is very interesting reading.

The Adams Motor - Here’s another one of those “suppressed technology” inventions. Robert Adams was formerly chairman of the prestigious Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, Inc. New Zealand section. In 1978 Mr. Adams discovered that inventors of machines or devices of high energy efficiency capability ("Free" Energy) are not only refused patents, but that in most cases, their inventions are classified under the "Military Use Clause", which is, of course, international. Inventors are prohibited from publishing details of their devices or promoting them in any manner if their invention is classified under this clause. In other words, their devices automatically become the sole property of the "establishment". I don’t know if this is a scam or not, but you can read more about the conspiracy at the link below. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/1287/adams/adamsall.htm

Hans Coler - This German inventor supposedly was captured by the British during World War II. He had invented two devices he called Magnetstromapparat und Stromerzeuger. During the years 1923 to 1926 Hans developed an apparatus for generating electrical energy, which delivered a considerably higher electrical output than was necessary to excite the primary fields of the apparatus. The thing I find interesting about Coler’s work is it does not have any moving parts. Somehow it uses the resonant magnetic fields of permanent magnets to generate an electric current. The British Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee investigated Hans Coler and produced the famous BIOS report which was later declassified and is now available on the web

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 90 (link 2 below). Here is a link for you to read which explain the device in detail... http://www.rexresearch.com/coler/coler2.htm http://www.rexresearch.com/coler/colerb~1.htm

10 Year Old Girl’s science fair project - Just for your amusement and to show you what you can do by yourself, here’s a story about a 10 year old girl who built a motor or at least a rotating wheel and it also recharged a 9 volt battery as it ran. There’s lots of pictures with explanations, diagrams, and even a video of the thing running at the web links below. I really can’t confirm whether or not this is legitimate, but it’s interesting reading anyways... http://www.keelynet.com/bedmot/bedmot.htm http://www.keelynet.com/bedmot/callow1.htm

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Nitinol is a strange metal indeed... Nitinol stands for Nickel Titanium Naval Ordinance Laboratory. It was discovered by William Beuhler and Dr. Frederick Wang around 1961. There are different alloys that exhibit the same properties as Nitinol and as a group they are called Shape Memory Alloys or SMA’s for short. There are two phases to Nitinol... the martensite phase is the low temperature phase and the weaker phase. That is, it can be easily deformed in this phase. The other phase is called austenite. When martensite Nitinol is heated through its transformation temperature, it changes from martensite to austenite and recovers its previous shape with great force. In simple terms, you can take a piece of martensite Nitinol, bend it, and then heat it and it will return to it’s austenite shape. Nitinol needs to be “trained” before it is used for a particular application. This is accomplished by constraining the Nitinol on a fixture of the desired shape and applying a heat treatment usually at 500° C for 5 minutes and then cooling it rapidly with a water wash. The “transformation temperature” can be adjusted by varying the heat treatment and/or using differing amounts of Nickel and Titanium when making the alloy. The transition temperature can be set in memory anywhere from +100° C to - 100° C. The shape recovery process occurs over a range of just a few degrees and the start or finish of the transformation can be controlled to within a degree or two if necessary. Some current uses for Nitinol include medical stents, medical guidewires, medical hooks, surgical instruments, eyeglass frames, bra underwires, orthodontics, cell phone antennas, robotic muscles (muscle wire), and actuators. Everybody has seen the eyeglass frames that you can crumble up and they return right back to normal - those are made out of Nitinol. This property is called “superelasticity”. Superelasticity is a unique property of Nitinol... if the Nitinol is deformed at a temperature slightly above its transition temperature, it springs right back into shape. Eyeglass frames simply have a transformation temperature somewhere around room temperature. Nitinol is fascinating because it can perform this transition cycle many, many times without much metal fatigue at all. You know if you bend a copper tube a few times it will break. You can bend Nitinol as much as you want and it will not break. Also... upon heating, it returns to it’s memorized shape with great force. Surely your imagination can come up with ways to use Nitinol in some kind of Nitinol engine which takes advantage of the temperature differences found in nature like... air/water, above ground/underground, attic/air conditioned room, sun/shade, etc. As an example, here’s a picture of a device called a thermobile. It basically consists of a Nitinol wire on two pulleys with a difference of temperature on the two sides....

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 92 There is another cool alloy that is related to SMA’s and that is MSM’s or Magnetic Shape Metals. MSM’s change shape when they encounter a magnetic field. By the way, SMA’s can be caused to change shape with an electric current too. This is due to the heating effect. MSM’s could be useful in designing a free energy motor that uses permanent magnets for power. The MSM being activated whenever it passes through a magnetic field. There is a link below specifically for MSM’s. A guy named Ridgeway Banks at the Lawrence Berkley Laboratory of the University of California invented a heat engine using Nitinol wire around 1973. This picture shows Mr. Banks and his machinist, Hap Hagopian, working on a prototype of the heat engine... The picture below shows an offset hub connected to a rim with Nitinol wire. One side is immersed in hot water, the other side in cold water. As the Nitinol spokes expand and contract a rotational motion is created. This prototype ran at about 70 rpm.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 93 Here are some links for more Nitinol information: Source for Nitinol and SMA info http://www.robotstore.com/shapememoryalloys.asp?afid=home Nitinol Toys and Source for Wire http://www.imagesco.com/

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Biodiesel is a fuel that can be used directly in any diesel engine generally without modification. It’s viscosity is twice that of regular diesel fuel which means it is better at lubricating your diesel engine than regular diesel. And... emissions are cut dramatically vs using standard diesel fuel. You can buy Biodiesel already made. You can find a source by visiting www.biodiesel.com. Your other option is to make it yourself using your own homemade equipment or by purchasing a Fuelmeister at www.biodieselamerica.org. It costs $2995, but it comes with everything you need to make many, many gallons of biodiesel fuel.

WARNING!!!! - Methanol is flammable and toxic. Do not let it touch your skin or get in your eyes. Wear proper protective gloves, clothing, and eyewear at all times. Same thing with ethanol. Lye is also very caustic - do not allow it to touch your skin or clothing. When you mix the lye with the alcohol, it creates an even more toxic substance and toxic fumes which you should be very careful with - do not come into contact with it in any way. Always be in a well ventilated area. Also... you are 100% responsible for your own safety. The author is not responsible in any way whatsoever for personal injury or damage to your engine. Here is a general description of how to make your own biodiesel fuel using methanol, lye, and used cooking oil. This process is called transesterification You can buy methanol from your local racetrack or chemical supply store. You can buy granulated Red Devil lye (sodium hydroxide) from your local grocery store or hardware store. Make sure you filter the used cooking oil before using it and it must be warmed up so it is not solid or lumpy or thick. You can use the sun to heat it or some kind of water heating element or a electric or gas burner of some sort. The ideal temperature is 120° F. If you are using flames, remember that the methanol is extremely flammable and you should turn your burner off before getting the methanol mixture anywhere near it. Of course, this should all be done in a well ventilated area too. Hint: to determine the amount of lye needed to start the transesterification process, do a small test batch first. You don’t want to mix up a large batch only to find out that you did not use enough lye. Some used cooking oils may contain different amounts of animal fats. The more animal fat in the vegetable oil, the more lye you need to start the process. Start with just 1 liter of oil and 200 milliliters (1/5th of a liter) of methanol and 4.5 grams of lye. First, mix the lye in with the methanol until dissolved (this creates sodium methoxide - very, very caustic - be careful). Then mix the sodium methoxide with the vegetable oil and mix for 1 hour. After mixing, let it settle for an hour or two and it should form two distinct layers of biodiesel (top) and glycerin (bottom). If there are not two distinct layers, repeat the whole process with 5.5 grams of lye. So, let’s assume 5.5 grams of lye produced the desired distinct two layers. We now want to scale it up to a 10 liter batch. So we need 10 liters of used cooking oil, heated. 2 liters of methanol and 55 grams of lye. Mix the lye with the methanol until dissolved and then pour the sodium methoxide mixture into the vegetable oil. Stir for one hour. The mixer can be a sump pump setup or some sort of mechanical electric mixer. After mixing, let it settle for 8 hours. After settling, you can siphon or pump the biodiesel from the top. After washing, run it through a Racor fuel filter before burning it in your engine. The bottom part after settling is glycerin. A valve at the bottom of your barrel or container is useful to drain off just the glycerin. If you allow it to sit in the sun for a week to evaporate all the methanol, you can use it as a degreaser or to clean your hands. Washing your biodiesel... after the above process is completed, you should “wash” your

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 95 biodiesel fuel to remove any residual soaps suspended in your fuel. The easiest way to get rid of the unwanted soap is to simply add water. The water will emulsify with the glycerin soap and settle to the bottom. So to perform the wash, simply spray an equal amount of water on top of your biodiesel and let it settle to the bottom for 12 hours. Drain the water off the bottom of your container with a valve and then repeat the process 2-3 times until the water drained off is clear. Heat your biodiesel up to 130° F for 20 minutes to evaporate any residual water and you are literally ready to go! Remember to filter it in a 5-10 micron filter before burning it in your engine. Other ingredients - Instead of using methanol, you can use ethanol. Ethanol is less toxic than methanol and is considered a “greener” fuel than methanol. Ethanol is “grain alcohol” and is usually made from corn which makes it a renewable fuel. Methanol is highly toxic and is made from fossil fuels or it can be distilled from fermented wood. That’s why it’s often called “wood alcohol”. Also... you can use potassium hydroxide instead of sodium hydroxide. I believe you’ll have to use twice as much potassium hydroxide as sodium hydroxide though. Make sure you do your “test batch” first! Two more things.... 1) Some of you have asked what kind of engine I need to use biodiesel... basically, biodiesel will run in any diesel engine unmodified. Biodiesel is a solvent, so if you put it in an old tank or use it with a diesel engine that has been running regular diesel, it may clean and dissolve some "residues" and then the residues will clog your fuel filter. Changing the filter often when you first start using biodiesel usually fixes this problem. Usually, manufacturers warranties are not voided when biodiesel is used, but check with your manufacturer to make sure. Sometimes a blend line B20 is required (20% biodiesel). Now if you are running straight vegetable oil (SVO), then you need to make modifications to pre-heat the oil to increase it’s viscosity. 2) The only other problem you might have is with natural rubber gaskets and hoses in vehicles made prior to 1992. The biodiesel may degrade these types of rubber and they may need replacing after a while. Newer engines have been modified (synthetic rubber) to stand up to the newer blends of diesel fuel that have been in use since 1992 and these engines will work fine with biodiesel Biodiesel Facts

Biodiesel is becoming more and more popular these days. It’s good to see an alternative fuel move it’s way closer and closer to the mainstream. Even Willie Nelson is using and promoting biodiesel because it is more environmentally friendly than regular diesel and it will help the farmers out. And we all know that Willie loves the farmers as we all do! Here’s a picture of Willie’s tour bus along with a biodiesel refueling tank... Here’s a few facts about biodiesel.... Compared to petroleum diesel, biodiesel -- made from soybeans or even used cooking oil -- reduces carbon monoxide emissions, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, benzene and particulate matter that causes respiratory damage. It also eliminates the cloud of smoke associated with diesel vehicles and the exhaust

Here’s a recent article about Mr. Nelson’s new business venture... MATT CURRY, ASSOCIATED PRESS January 16, 2005: "On the Road Again" means something new for Willie Nelson these days --- a chance for truckers to fill their tanks with clean-burning biodiesel fuel. Nelson and three business partners recently formed a company called Willie Nelson's Biodiesel that is marketing the fuel to truck stops. The product --- called BioWillie --- is made from vegetable oils, mainly soybeans, and can be burned without modification to diesel engines. It may be difficult to picture the 71-year-old hair-braided Texas rebel as an energy company executive, but the singer's new gig is in many ways about social responsibility --- and that is classic Nelson. "There is really no need going around starting wars over oil. We have it here at home. We have the necessary product, the farmers can grow it," said Nelson, who organized Farm Aid two decades ago to draw attention to the plight of American agriculture. In an interview last week, Nelson said he began learning about the product a few years ago after his wife purchased a biodiesel-burning car in Hawaii, where the star has a home. "I got on the computer and punched in biodiesel and found out this could be the future," said Nelson, who now uses the fuel for his cars and tour buses. Peter Bell, a Texas biodiesel supplier, struck up a friendship with Nelson after filling up one of the tour buses, and the business partnership came together just before Christmas. Bell said Nelson's name will help the largely unknown fuel --- typically purchased by government agencies to promote environmental awareness --- gain wider national acceptance. The fuel's average U.S. price per gallon is $1.79. "What Willie brings to this is the ability to communicate directly with a truck driver. That kind of community is hard for people to get to," Bell said. "When he starts talking, these folks really listen to him. ... It's like having Tiger Woods talk about golf clubs." Still, a driver can cover many miles without spotting a biodiesel pump. A map on the National Biodiesel Board's Web site shows a heavy concentration of distributors in the Midwest, but very few in other parts of the country. Nelson's group is currently negotiating with Oklahoma City-based Love's Travel Stops & Country Stores to carry the fuel at its 169 locations nationwide. Dan Gilligan, president of the Petroleum Marketers Association of America, expects commercial expansion for biodiesel, but says that supplies are still limited and that making the fuel available in northern states is a challenge. "For terminals to store biodiesel, they have to store it in heated tanks to avoid gelling problems. That's a challenge for the industry to overcome," he said. January 16, 2005

I know all of you are wondering why I am writing about a little known plant called "Jatropha Curcas". Well... it all has to do with making biodiesel and the production of electricity using biodiesel as a fuel. This is to inform you of a source of vegetable oil that is relatively unknown in the United States and North America. The European community has already seen the light as have some Asian, African, Indian, and South American countries. Running engines on vegetable oil is nothing new... did you know that Rudolf Diesel originally designed his engine to run on peanut oil? Maybe the US has not seen the light yet because we are mostly engaged in the growing of food crops and oils like soybean oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, and peanut oil. All these oils are edible and thus fetch high prices. After all, why should US farmers grow a completely inedible plant!? Used cooking oil is great for the "do it yourself" enthusiast, but there is not enough supply of used cooking oil to supply a whole nation.

This is where Jatropha comes in... Jatropha has the following benefits when looked at from the fuel production angle: • it costs almost nothing to grow • it is drought resistant • it can be grown almost anywhere - even in sandy, saline, or otherwise infertile soil • it is easy to propagate (a cutting simply pushed into the ground will take root) • it is not invasive, or spreading, or damaging like kudzu • it is capable of stabilizing sand dunes, acting as a windbreak, and combating desertification • it naturally repels both animals and insects • it lives for over 50 years producing seeds all the time • it is frost hardy (does not like hard freezes) • it does not exhaust the nutrients in the land • it does not require expensive crop rotation • it does not require fertilizers • it grows quickly and establishes itself easily • it has a high yield (Jatropha can yield about 1,000 barrels of oil per year per square mile - oil content of the seed is 55-60%)

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 98 • no displacement of food crops is necessary • it is great for developing countries in terms of energy and jobs • the biodiesel byproduct, glycerine, is profitable in itself • the waste plant mass after oil extraction can be used as a fertilizer • the plant itself recycles 100% of the CO2 emissions produced by burning the biodiesel That's a whole lot of benefit with little or no disadvantages! The European Union biofuels directive requires a minimum level of biofuels as a proportion of fuels sold in the European Union of 2% by 2005, 5.75% by 2010 and 20% by 2020. Of course, as the President stated recently on TV, we don't have any such energy program yet. And I doubt we will anytime soon. The main green fuels will be ethanol and biodiesel, and demand for biodiesel is expected to be up to 10.5 billion litres just in European countries by 2010. Folks... this "biodiesel" thing is going to happen whether you like it or not! I know there are a lot of farmers, entrepreneurs, and investors reading this who can cash in on this biodiesl craze. They are already doing it big time in Europe so it's just a matter of time before it happens here. And by "it", I mean using Jatropha to make biodiesel. This industry will grow very quickly - start planting Jatropha TODAY and then start making biodiesel to generate your own electricity!

Here are some useful links for more information... http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_make.html http://www.kelseyville.com/biodsl/ http://www.biodieselnow.com/ www.biodiesel.org www.biodiesel.com www.biodieselamerica.org www.jatropha.de Willie Nelson Biodiesel (a lot of great biodiesel facts) - www.wnbiodiesel.com Company investing heavily in Jatropha - the also have a modular biodiesel plant - www.d1plc.com Great study on biodiesel made from algae oil by the Univ of New Hampshire- www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html To get the eBooks “From the Fryer to the Fuel Tank” and “Making Algae Biodiesel at Home” please visit our store at www.network6000.biz Add this simple liquid to your gas tank and increase your MGP and reduce harmful emissions (gas & diesel) - MPGreen www.network6000.biz On my web site, I offer a free biodiesel book (same info as contained here) and I have several government sponsored reports/studies on biodiesel that are very informative... www.electricitybook.com/bio0113003

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One area of alternative fuels that has gained a lot of interest over the last year or two is algae biodiesel. This is probably because it will produce 10-30 times what the best oil producing crops in America will produce. Here are some of the gallon per acre figures in this chart (note that the gpa figure varies greatly depending on who you ask, where it is grown, how it is planted, the strain used, how many harvests per year, etc)....

Oil Crop Gallons of Oil per Acre ------Soybeans 48 Rapeseed 127 Jatropha 435-2000 Algae 5000-15,000

As you can see, algae produces a lot more oil per acre than all the other oil crops put together. And this is why algae biodiesel is gaining more and more interest.

Here are some other points to consider... • Algae consumes carbon dioxide, thus reducing harmful greenhouse gases. Most algae farms are being built right next to coal fired electricity plants so they have a steady supply of CO2. • I don't know much about it, but those "carbon credits" are very valuable. Total estimated carbon credit trading this year is about $72 billion dollars. And is expected to reach $32 Trillion by 2020. • The byproduct left over after extracting the oil can be used in cattle feed, vitamins, pigments, cosmetics, etc. • Algae can also be used to clean up waste water. • I'm sure you have all heard of the blue green algae vitamin supplements. This business sector has been cultivating algae for many years now in huge quantities. So this technology is not exactly new. • From Wikipedia - "Anastasios Melis a researcher at the University of California at Berkeley discovered that if the algae culture medium is deprived of sulfur it will switch from the production of oxygen (normal photosynthesis), to the production of hydrogen. He found that the enzyme responsible for this reaction is hydrogenase, but that the hydrogenase lost this function in the presence of oxygen. Melis found that depleting the amount of sulfur available to the algae interrupted its internal oxygen flow, allowing the hydrogenase an environment in which it can react, causing the algae to produce hydrogen." • If algae biodiesel farms could also produce valuable hydrogen, this sure would make the economics of the algae farms more feasible. The hydrogen could be used to power the new fuel cell cars or cars that burn hydrogen directly in an internal combustion engine. Right now, most hydrogen is produced using expensive electrolysis. • Ethanol - As you all are painfully aware of, producing ethanol has it's drawbacks. The price of crops has risen drastically over the past year. The ethanol people say it should not be so because the byproduct of ethanol is a high protein animal feedcake. They say no animal feed is lost in the process and the price of corn should not go up because of

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 100 that. All I know is that everything is more expensive and that's a fact. It's probably due to the fact that more oil crops/animal feed crops are being planted than people food crops. • Oil Crops - Here too, prices are skyrocketing and probably for the same reason... more crops are being planted for biodiesel than for human consumption. The biggest problem with oil crops is that there is only so much land out there and in today's environment, we can not replace food crops with oil crops. That's why I like Jatropha so much... it can be grown where food crops will not grow. The same can be said for algae biodiesel - it can be produced without using up valuable food crop land. Another problem with jatropha has been the cutting down of irreplaceable rain forests to plant jatropha. This just needs to be stopped. There are many companies out there who are developing their algae biodiesel technologies as we speak. Just four of them are GreenFuel Technologies, PetroSun, Valcent, and Shell. For more information on these companies and what they are doing in the algae biodiesel arena, just visit their web sites at... http://www.greenfuelonline.com/ http://www.petrosuninc.com/ http://www.valcent.net/ Did you know you can start an algae biodiesel farm in your own back yard? No? Then maybe you should get the new eBook "Making Algae Biodiesel at Home". I am quite surprised at the amount of detailed information in this informative eBook. Did you know?... • There are many different strains of algae that you can use. The book tells you all about them and even where to buy them. • You can cultivate aglae in salt water and fresh water. • You can grow algae in cold weather and hot weather. • You may not even need to buy algae strains - you probably have them already in your area. • Algae complete an entire growing cycle every few days compared to most of a year for most crops. • One quad (7.5 billion gal.) of biodiesel could be produced on 500,000 acres. To produce one quad from a rapeseed crop would require 58 million acres. There's much, much more info in the eBook, so just click on the title below to read all the fine details and get your downloadable copy today! Making Algae Biodiesel at Home... Also available at www.network6000.biz

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As you probably know by now, I am not a big fan of solar panels. I think they are way too expensive for the little amount of power they put out even on a sunny day. If you insist on buying solar panels because you have so much money you don’t know what to do with it all, then read Volume I and use all that information replacing the generator/battery charger combination with a solar panels/charge controller combination. Every thing else stays the same. Don’t forget to look for state grants or co-payments... you’re gonna need them! And... you can find cheap solar panels on eBay too. Now just because I hate solar panels, doesn’t mean I hate solar “energy”. There are passive and active ways of utilizing solar energy without using inefficient photovoltaic (PV) cells to convert the sun into electricity first. Passive solar would be simply using building techniques to take advantage of the sun for heating or cooling and active solar is utilizing a mechanical means for taking advantage of the sun. For instance, solar water heating is usually considered active solar. I grew up in Savannah, GA... let me tell you something - it gets down right hot in the deep south sometimes. Yesterday, June 19th, it was 101° outside. We also have the greatest concentration of historic homes in the world. As you can see from the picture, they knew how to keep cool in the summer (before central air conditioning was invented) utilizing the shade of majestic oaks, breeze ways, shady porches, thermal chimneys, etc. That pointy thing at the top of the house is vented to let the hot air escape through the roof at the same time pulling cooler air in through the many windows opening out onto the shaded porch. The overhangs were often very wide and surrounded the entire house to provide the maximum amount of shade and cool air entering the home. Many of these features are still in use today but probably are more of a aesthetic design than functional. Here are just a few ways you can use the sun’s energy... building orientation, shading, overhangs, proper use of windows for heating and lighting and insulating, thermal mass, thermal chimney, daylighting, trombe wall, solar ovens, and hot water heating. Most people use the most electricity on cooking, water heating, home heating, air conditioning and refrigerating. So the next sections deal with solar ovens, solar water heating, solar home heating, and cooling techniques that can be used for cooling your home or refrigerating or even freezing. Read on....

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Everyone should have one of these in their back yard. These things get up to 350° F. Every time you turn on your electric stove or oven your electric meter starts spinning like a frisbee. Even if you’re using gas... that isn’t cheap anymore either. And just think of all that heat you are introducing into your home that the air conditioner as to pump out. That’s more electricity wasted. A solar oven is as simple as finding a box, slapping some insulation on the sides, throwing a glass over the top and setting a reflector on top of the glass. Here are the steps involved... 1) Find an appropriate box. It can be anything from an old cardboard box to a nice metal or wood or plastic box. Something like an old ice chest with a broken lid would do nicely. Remember - all your materials have to be able to withstand temperatures up to 350° F. 2) Paint the inside of the box with flat black paint. You can buy paint that is non-toxic when dry. 3) Get some of that “peel and stick” weather stripping from your local hardware store and put it around the top edge of the box so there is a tight seal between the box and the glass. Make sure the box is airtight. 4) Insulate the box somehow. You can use old styrofoam, old foam rubber like that used in a mattress, or regular fiberglass pink insulation. Just insulate the outsides and bottom. Again - nothing that melts too easily. 5) Lay a sheet of glass on top of the box. 6) Make a “triptik” style three panel reflector. You know the kind... the kids use them for science fair projects. You can even buy the presentation triptiks in Office Depot these days. We used to make our own in the “old days” with cardboard. You can also make a more durable one out of plywood and hinges (plywood will be less apt to blow over in the wind). Cover the panels with aluminum foil (shiny side out of course). Then just set the triptik on top of the glass. 7) Hang an oven thermometer on the inside and you’re ready to go! Solar ovens work on the principle of the “greenhouse effect”. Basically what is going on is the shorter wavelength light energy from the sun passes through the glass with no problem. When the light energy hits a dark surface inside the oven, it gets converted to longer wavelength heat energy. The longer wavelength heat energy can not pass back through the glass so it gets trapped. Some people suggest that you line the inner walls of the box with aluminum foil and use a black “hot plate” on the bottom of the box combined with using a dark, lightweight pot or pan to cook in . This way, the light is not converted to heat until it hits the hot plate or dark pot. So instead of heating up your walls, you heat up the pot instead. I really don’t think it matters too much one way or the other though - as you’ll find out, there are many different ways to build a solar oven. The picture to the left is a simple design with one reflector which just folds up and down and doubles as a lid when not in use. Those lightweight black speckled pots and pans (Graniteware) are best for use in solar ovens. Shiny aluminum is

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 103 not good - neither is cast iron pots since they take longer to heat up. Your solar oven will probably not get up to 350° F consistently. It will probably be between 200° F and 250° F. That’s just fine though since you can just cook your food a little longer. Generally it takes twice as long to cook something in a solar oven than a conventional oven. But the good news is your food will not burn in a solar oven. That’s the funny thing about these things... you can put your food in and just forget it. Once it is done, it will just stay warm and will not scorch or burn. The only real work you have to do is keep the oven and it’s reflectors pointed toward the sun. You don’t even have to stir soups and stews.

Here are a couple of links for more information and construction plans... www.solarcooking.org Doug Edwards site - www.cookwiththesun.com

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This is actually one of the most common forms of taking advantage of solar energy. A friend and I actually built one of these systems out at a Boy Scout camp one summer when I was a teenager. It basically consisted of a big holding tank and a black rubber hose wound back and forth on a piece of plywood painted black. It used the thermosiphon principle to circulate the water through the hose and back into the holding tank. Let me tell you... the Scouts loved us after it warmed up enough to take warm showers instead of ice cold showers. And the camp smelled a little better after that too! There’s a lake up in the Smokey Mountains, Lake Fontana, where houseboats are popular. They are more like houses build on pontoons or 50 gallon drums than they are “boats”. They are towed to their summer location and anchored out and left there while people spend their summer vacation on them. Of course, they have no electrical hookups. Some have solar panels and possibly generators, but they all have these big coils of black plastic tubing on their roof. The coils consist of many turns about 4 feet in diameter. They are simple solar water heaters that store the hot water in the drum. Some of them don’t even have the drum since just running the water through these long, black tubes is enough to produce scorching hot water on demand. I’m sure you all have felt how hot water is when you first turn on a garden hose that has been sitting in the hot sun. Well... it’s the same thing. Why use electricity or gas to heat water when the sun can do it very nicely for free?! Here’s a simple description of a typical system... first of all, in order for the thermosiphon to work properly, your holding tank must be higher than your collector. When the water gets heated in the collector, it becomes less dense and lighter and rises into the holding tank. The cold, dense water from the holding tank will fall into the collector. If your holding tank is below your collector, you will need a circulating pump which defeats the whole purpose of a “free from electricity” device. The hot water output from the holding tank is usually fed into your home hot water heater so you have hot water even on cold nights and shady weeks. Just hook it up to what would normally be your cold water “in” connection. Cold water goes into the holding tank to refill what is used up. A pressure release valve that you can get at any hardware store should be installed on your holding tank. The holding tank can be installed in your attic or outside your home. It’s a lot hotter in your attic though which will help keep the water hot. If you install it outside, make sure it is painted black to absorb more solar heat. The collector can be any sort of black hose or pipe running back and forth on a black surface like a piece of plywood. You can use a black garden hose, copper tubing & solder, or

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 105 PVC pipe. Just make sure you paint it black if it is not already black. Also make sure it can withstand the hot water temperatures. Make a shallow wall on the edges of the plywood with 2x4's and put a glass on the top for even better efficiency - sort of like a solar oven. Of course keep it airtight. I can assure you, that an open piece of plywood painted black will do just fine though if you want to keep it simple and cheap. Be careful though... that water will come out the hot end scalding hot. Make sure the cold water goes in the bottom of the collector and the hot water exits at the top as in the diagram below...

Just a quick note on two other ideas that are being used on a larger scale today. Maybe someone can figure out a way to make a smaller unit to power a home. It’s not exactly the right chapter, but here are the ideas anyway... One is a small micro-turbine powered by steam. Of course the steam being generated by solar means - maybe using a fresnel lens, magnifying lens, parabolic dish, or solar trough. Of course, the turbine would power a DC generator that would charge a bank of batteries and you would use an inverter to convert the DC to usable AC current. The second idea is to use solar heat to power a small sterling engine which would then power a DC generator, etc, etc. This has actually just started to be used over the last year to generate electricity on a large scale for power distribution. The large scale version uses a huge parabolic dish to concentrate the sun’s rays on the sterling engine. Well I got news for you... almost everybody has sun shining on their property - why can’t someone build a smaller unit for home use?

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There are many ways to take advantage of the sun’s heat to warm up your home. The first step is simple - orienting your home correctly to take full advantage of the sun’s rays. Passive solar orientation places a home on the building site in such a way that the home takes full advantage of the sun's natural heat. By facing the long side of a home to the south and the short sides to the east and west, the building will capture solar heat in the winter and block solar gain in the summer. Although it is best to face the home directly into the sun, it can be oriented up to 30 degrees away from due south and lose only 5 percent of the potential savings. Proper use of windows is essential... in cold regions, you want windows to admit the most heat and insulate against the cold. Another way to utilize solar heat is to use some of the techniques described in the last section on solar hot water heating. Since you have a solar collector installed already - why not take advantage of it? You have all that heat stored in the holding tank so all you need is a heat exchanger system similar to the one show in the picture...

Note in the picture above that you are heating your hot water and your home using the same source of stored heat energy gathered from your collector. Those collectors are so easy to make, if you need more heat, just add another collector. Or maybe you can make it more efficient by adding glass plates and/or reflectors. Instead of an air heat exchange system as shown in the picture above, you can also use the radiator type system that a lot of homes already make use of.

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 107 Another simple home design that takes advantage of solar heat is adding a greenhouse or sun room to your home. You already know how a greenhouse works. All you need is a small electric fan to move the heat into your home. Of course a greenhouse would work better than a sunroom since a sunroom typically has a roof that does not allow sunlight to shine through it. I guess it all depends on whether you want to grow plants or watch TV in your “extra room”. A more extensive building design or modification is something called a trombe wall. A typical trombe wall consists of an 8 to 16 inch thick masonry wall coated with a dark, heat-absorbing material or paint and faced with a single or double layer of glass. The glass is placed from ¾ inch to 2 inches from the masonry wall to create a small airspace. Heat from sunlight passing through the glass is absorbed by the dark surface, stored in the wall, and conducted slowly inward through the masonry. Here’s a simple diagram of a trombe wall...

The fundamental principle behind the trombe wall is the idea of thermal mass. Thermal mass in the form of concrete, masonry or water has a much better storage capacity for heating and cooling than does the surrounding air. That's why thermal mass acts to prevent large changes of indoor temperature as the outdoor temperatures rise or fall. In fact, a well designed solar home can hold an interior temperature between 68 and 70 degrees, balancing the square footage of glass (solar collectors) and the right amount of effective thermal storage mass. In winter, thermal mass absorbs heat by direct sunlight. At night the process is reversed as thermal mass gives up heat, warming the room by radiation, convection and conduction. In the © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 108 summer, thermal mass should be shaded so it draws the warmth from the surrounding air and cools the room. The greater the area of thermal mass, the greater its ability to store heat and maintain a uniform temperature. How thermal mass is used in a passively designed home is the owner's choice. Thermal mass can take numerous forms such as brick, tile, or thick concrete floors called a solar slab. It can also be a large brick or stone internal fireplace or an interior wall made of adobe or brick. Here are some links for further reading... http://www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/PassiveSol.html http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/designing_remodeling/index.cfm/mytopic=10250

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This is probably the “coolest” section of this book (no pun intended). Really... I mean it! I promise you, that your air conditioner probably uses almost more power than all your other appliances put together on a hot summer day. And... I’m about to tell you how you can cool your home without using any electricity at all which means you can cut your power bill in half. These are simple ideas and the principles have been around for 200 years or more, but the reader with the right resources, deep pockets, and motivation can use these ideas to invent something to replace our current system of electricity hungry heat pumps, air conditioners with compressors, refrigerators, and even freezers. Can you image how easy an air conditioner that uses NO electricity will sell? The market for this idea is huge and ripe for commercialization! If someone accomplishes this, they will make billions. And I’m giving you what I believe is my most valuable idea absolutely free... Listen folks... this is not some kind of UFO story or some other pie in the sky idea. These ideas have been around for many, many years. In the old days, before electricity even, these systems were used to make ice. Maybe you’ve heard of the idea of “making ice from fire”. It’s no big secret that evaporation transfers heat from the liquid (or solid) to the vapor. It’s how our bodies keep cool. You don’t realize it every day, but there are people out there whose sweat glands do not work and they have to take great care not to get overheated - some even wear “cool suits” to keep them cool. It’s a very powerful cooling technique and most cooling devices use it in some form or another. There are many different ways to use evaporation to cool things but most of them involve either absorption (with a b) or adsorption (with a d). From here on out, pay attention to whether I use a B or a D with these two similar words. What’s the difference?... absorb refers to a situation where something is taken into a medium (usually liquid), and disappears as a result. Adsorb refers to a situation where something gets stuck onto the surface of a medium (usually solid). So lets first talk about the evaporation cooling technique and then we’ll talk about absorption systems and finally adsorption systems.

The Cryophorous This peculiar device was first invented by W. H. Wollaston, a great English scientific man and investigntor (1766-1828), who first commercialized platinum and was credited by some to have anticipated Faraday to the discovery of electromagnetic rotation. He invented the cryophorous at the beginning of the 19th century. The cryophorous demonstrates the principle of evaporative cooling quite nicely. The device as shown in the picture consists of two bulbs connected by a hollow tube. One bulb is filled partially with water and the other is empty. When the empty bulb is cooled with ice or liquid nitrogen, the water filled bulb on the other end of the tube freezes! No... the “cold” does not transfer through the tube and freeze the water. What happens is the cold applied to the empty bulb makes the air in the empty bulb more dense thereby effectively reducing the pressure inside the whole apparatus. At reduced pressure, the water starts to evaporate rapidly. The evaporation process transfers heat from the water and surrounding environment to the vapor thus freezing the water. Did you know that it’s hard or impossible to hard boil an egg on top of a tall mountain? What does this have to do with solar cooling you ask? Everything! Water boils (and evaporates)

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 110 at a lower temperature at lower pressures and the air pressure is much lower on top of a mountain. Once you get water boiling, it does not get any hotter due to the heat being transferred via evaporation. As you can see from the chart below, water can very easily boil at a low temperature in a reduced pressure environment. You can even make water boil or evaporate at room temperature if you reduce the pressure enough. Take a look at the graph... the horizontal line represents 1 atmosphere which is usually the normal air pressure at sea level. The first vertical line represents freezing and the second vertical line represents the boiling point of water at 1 atmosphere. As you can see, by reducing the pressure you can make water evaporate very easily. And when water evaporates, it transfers heat. And when it transfers heat, the water gets very cold very quickly.

An Absorption System... You’ve all probably seen those refrigerators on campers and RVs that work on gas or electricity or 12v DC. Well, those are a system of absorption that uses ammonia liquid and ammonia gas. The nice thing about this system is it is a continuous cycle. Here’s how it works... The continuous absorption type of cooling unit is operated by the application of a limited amount of heat usually furnished by gas, electricity, kerosene, or 12v DC. But I propose that solar heat can be used just as well in a system like this. You may need auxiliary heat for night use and for home cooling, it would have to be scaled way up. Maybe you could use a heat exchanger hooked into your solar hot water heating system to provide the heat. There is also heat produced by this system that can be recycled to partially power itself. There are all kinds of ways someone with the right resources can make this idea work. These things are not that big (4-5 foot tall), so stringing a few of these together to produce more cooling power should be no problem. It does not take much heat to run one of these things either. I own an RV and the flame that runs my Norcold in propane gas mode comes out of a pinhole and is about one inch high. No moving parts are employed. The unit consists of four main parts - the boiler, condenser, evaporator and absorber (see picture on next page). When run on gas, the heat is supplied by a burner which is fitted underneath the central tube (A) and when the unit operates © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 111 on electricity the heat is supplied by a heating element inserted in the pocket (B). The unit charge consists of a quantity of ammonia, water and hydrogen at a sufficient pressure to condense ammonia at the room temperature for which the unit is designed. When heat is supplied to the boiler system, bubbles of ammonia gas are produced which rise and carry with them quantities of weak ammonia solution through the siphon pump (C). This weak solution passes into the tube (D), while the ammonia vapor passes into the vapor pipe (E) and on to the water separator. Here any water vapor is condensed and runs back into the boiler system leaving the dry ammonia vapor to pass to the condenser. Air circulating over the fins of the condenser removes heat from the ammonia vapor to cause it to condense to liquid ammonia in which state it flows into the evaporator. This is one source of recyclable heat. The evaporator is supplied with hydrogen. The hydrogen passes across the surface of the ammonia and lowers the ammonia vapor pressure sufficiently to allow the liquid ammonia to evaporate. The evaporation of the ammonia extracts heat from the food storage space, thereby lowering the temperature inside the refrigerator. The mixture of ammonia and hydrogen vapor passes from the evaporator to the absorber. Entering the upper portion of the absorber is a continuous trickle of weak ammonia solution fed by gravity from the tube (D). This weak solution, flowing down through the absorber comes into contact with the mixed ammonia and hydrogen gases which readily absorbs the ammonia from the mixture, leaving the hydrogen free to rise through the absorber coil and to © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 112 return to the evaporator. The hydrogen thus circulates continuously between the absorber and the evaporator. The strong ammonia solution produced in the absorber flows down to the absorber vessel and thence to the boiler system, thus completing the full cycle of operation. The liquid circulation of the unit is purely gravitational. Heat is generated in the absorber by the process of absorption. This heat must be dissipated into the surrounding air (or recycled for reuse in the boiler).

Heat Sources The heat to run these solar cooling systems can be obtained very easily from the sun. Have you ever played with a magnifying glass to start fires or burn ants? If you have, then you know there is tremendous heat available for use simply by concentrating it. You can use a large magnifying glass or something called a fresnel lens (pronounced fra-nel). A fresnel lens is just a flat magnifying glass. Be careful with these things though as the concentrated solar beams can reach 3000° F+. You can buy those “sheet magnifiers” at your local Office Depot. Two other types of concentrators are the parabolic type and the trough type pictured below. The trough type has the advantage that it requires less tracking...

The Adsorption System Adsorption type systems basically utilize three cycles. First is the evaporation cycle in which the refrigerant is evaporated and is adsorbed into the adsorbant material. This process cools the evaporation chamber. The second cycle is the generation phase where heat is usually applied to the adsorbant material to release the refrigerant. Thirdly, there is a condensing cycle where the gaseous refrigerant is condensed back into a liquid to prepare it for the first cycle again. The condensing usually employs some kind of cooling coil. There are many combinations of refrigerants/adsorbers that are utilized, but the most popular these days are ammonia/calcium chloride and water/zeolite. Ammonia gas is very poisonous and is not easy to obtain. Calcium chloride can be purchased at your local hardware store - it is the salts you throw on the ground used for deicing. Zeolite is a natural or synthetic mineral that adsorbs water like it is going out of style. I believe it is used in things like kitty litter, dehumidifiers, and those little desiccant packets you see in vitamin bottles. I like the water/zeolite combination best since it is non-toxic and the materials are readily available.

The system as shown in the diagram is intermittent which means it uses the sun during the day to desorb the refrigerant from the adsorbant material and then it uses the cool night to evaporate the refrigerant. This will work just fine for ammonia since ammonia evaporates well at ambient temperatures. If you use water as the refrigerant, you will have to reduce the pressure in the system with a vacuum pump so that the water evaporates at ambient temperature. There are many wanys to configure a system of this nature... for instance, you could simply have two containers connected with a tube or pipe as in the figure to the right. One filled partially with water, one filled with zeolite. If the pressure is reduced in this system, the water will start to evaporate rapidly and freeze. The ice will continue to evaporate directly from a solid to a vapor. All the while transferring heat to the zeolite in the other container. Of course, you would want to dissipate that heat somehow. Remember... heat is energy, so that heat could be used to heat your home in the winter or heat your hot water. The system could be “recharged” simply by removing the saturated zeolite container and replacing it with a dried zeolite container, adding more water, and pumping the air out of the system again. The saturated zeolite could then be dried using a trough or parabolic solar concentrator. Source for zeolite... http://www.steelheadspecialtyminerals.com/ I don’t know how much power is necessary to pump the air out of a system like this, but it couldn’t possibly be as much power as is currently used in standard continuous cycle freon compressor type systems in use today. Here’s an idea... what if we eliminate the zeolite altogether and go back to the simple cryophorous principle. Just use a bigger container on one side to hold all the water vapor and use a vacuum pump instead of ice to lower the pressure in the © 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 114 system. Then when all the water has evaporated, condense it again by opening a valve an raising the pressure back to the normal one atmosphere. To start the cycle over again, just add some more water if necessary and pump the air out. The cooling starts all over again. Of course, some of the heat would have to be dissipated from the water vapor container before allowing the water vapor to re-condense back into the water container. You wouldn’t want all that heat to go back into your “cool box”. Here’s an interesting thought for all you perpetual motion/chicken before the egg type people... what if you could get the pressure and temperature combination just right in the system to automatically re-condense the water vapor in the hot side. Of course, you would have to cool it down enough for the condensation to take place. Once you have all the water evaporated and re- condensed in the other container, you could just reverse the process and have a continuous cycle going without changing the vacuum pressure. Take a look at the water vapor/pressure chart again and see if you can figure it out... If you do, don’t forget to send me my royalty check! Here’s a description of how a system called Isaac works... During the day the solar collector focuses the energy of the sun onto the ammonia generator in the collector trough. Solar heat distills pure ammonia vapor from the water-ammonia solution in the generator. The vapor condenses in the cooling coils and collects as liquid ammonia in the receiving tank in the evaporator. At the end of the day, the user switches three valves from the Day to Night position to allow the ammonia to evaporate in the ice compartment, providing the refrigeration to freeze the water. The resulting vapor is absorbed back in the generator. Critical to the operation of Isaac is a passive thermosyphon that operates in the Night mode to remove the heat from the generator and allow the ammonia vapor to absorb into the solution at lower pressure and temperature. Here’s an interesting diagram showing the typical flow of energy in one of these adsorption or absorbtion systems...

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 115 The University of Florida System Just to show you that these systems are not just pie-in-the sky UFO type crazy thinking, here is a news release from the University of Florida which describes a system similar to a adsorbtion system, but it also incorporates a turbine which is turned by the steam generated from evaporation... GAINESVILLE, Fla. --- A network of steel pipes and tanks tucked behind a small building at the University of Florida could lead to a new method of creating two seemingly unrelated products -- electricity and refrigeration -- by tapping into the power of the sun. The pipes and tanks are the guts of a just-launched experiment to test what Yogi Goswami, a UF professor of mechanical engineering, describes as a novel solar- or geothermal-powered thermodynamic cycle. "We’ve seen that it works in theory, and we’ve set up this experimental system to prove that it works in practice," said Goswami, a specialist in solar energy who also is director of UF’s Solar Energy & Energy Conversion Laboratory. The system, first described in the Journal of Solar Energy Engineering last year, will attempt to verify what Goswami describes as a new combination of two classic thermodynamic cycles: the Rankine, or steam cycle, and the absorption-refrigeration cycle. Both cycles are standard fare in engineering textbooks. The Rankine cycle, typically found in large power plants, uses heat to boil water and create pressurized steam, spinning a turbine and producing electricity. The absorption-refrigeration cycle, seen in large commercial refrigeration units, chills air through boiling and condensing ammonia. In Goswami’s experimental set-up, hot water is used to heat pressurized ammonia past its boiling point, generating ammonia steam. This is possible because ammonia maintained at the pressure required to spin the turbine boils at a far lower temperature, around 212 degrees Fahrenheit, than water in the same circumstances, which requires temperatures of at 400 to 500 degrees. In theory, the hot water would come from deep underground or solar collectors, although for the purposes of the experiment a household hot-water heater is used. The next step is for the pressurized ammonia vapor to spin a turbine and produce electricity (a process simulated in the experiment through using a heat exchanger and expansion valve). The unique part is what happens next. As the ammonia spins the turbine, it actually falls below room temperature, reaching lows of 32 degrees or lower -- cold enough to make ice. The result can be used for refrigeration or air conditioning. "The unique thing we’re doing is that we can remove so much of the energy from the ammonia in the turbine that it actually becomes very cold," Goswami said. "We can then use that cold gas to our advantage for air conditioning or to create ice." The system is not the first to attempt to use solar or geothermal power to drive a turbine, Goswami said. The Solar Energy Generating System, a mammoth facility in the Mojave desert in Southern California, has used specially designed hot water collectors to produce as much as 354 megawatts of power -- enough for 70,000 homes. But the collectors are extremely expensive, making the power more costly than electricity produced with fossil fuel technology. "The problem has been that the capital cost is about $3,500 per kilowatt of capacity," he

© 2004-2009, Network 6000, Inc. All Rights Reserved - Page 116 said. "To make it competitive, we really need to bring that cost to less than $2,000." Goswami said his system is more economical because it can use off-the-shelf collectors. Although it could be used on a large scale, the system would be ideal for homes that could easily take advantage of both the electricity and the refrigeration, he said. "What we’re looking at is we can have a power plant to give you as low as five kilowatts, so a power plant is good enough for a household," he said. Another application for the technology is to milk additional energy from the hot waste water produced by conventional power plants. Even the most efficient power plants today capture only 30 to 40 percent of the energy in the fuel, releasing the bulk of the remainder in the form of heat -- much of it as hot water with sometimes damaging environmental consequences. Goswami said his system, installed on the outlet pipes for the hot water, could leach 20 to 30 percent more energy from the system while also cooling down the water. As a result, the plant could generate extra electricity while gaining cooling capability for on-site refrigeration or air conditioning needs, he said. The research is funded with a $175,000 grant from the U.S. Department of Energy, which is interested in developing the geothermal application of the technology.

And don’t forget about all the “passive solar” techniques to keep your home cool in the summer. Like... taking advantage of shading, overhangs, proper use of windows to admit light and reject heat, and taking advantage of cool breezes and thermal chimney techniques like the one shown in the picture...

Here is a web link for further reading... http://www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/PassSolGuide3.html

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