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'Baptism, No Wall to Division': Seventeenth-Century Particular Baptists and Dynamics of Toleration

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'Baptism, No Wall to Division': Seventeenth-Century Particular Baptists and Dynamics of Toleration ‘BAPTISM, NO WALL OF DIVISION’: SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY PARTICULAR BAPTISTS AND DYNAMICS OF TOLERATION by MATTHEW JAMES GRAY BComn, Monash University MDiv, Australian College of Theology ThM, Regent College, Canada A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History, Faculty of Arts, University of Adelaide. October 2018 DECLARATION I certify that this work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in my name, in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. In addition, I certify that no part of this work will, in the future, be used in a submission in my name, for any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution without the prior approval of the University of Adelaide. I acknowledge that copyright of published works contained within this thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of those works. I also give permission for the digital version of my thesis to be made available on the web, via the University’s digital research repository, the Library Search and also through web search engines, unless permission has been granted by the University to restrict access for a period of time. I acknowledge the support I have received for my research through the provision of an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship. Signed Date 10/08/2018 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thesis is on toleration, so it seems apt to acknowledge how tolerant all those listed here have been to me, throughout my candidature. Above all, I thank Dr. Claire I. Walker for her immeasurable patience, and the part she has played in developing me as a scholar and a person. Words cannot convey how much I appreciate her encouragement, insight, and generosity in sharing her vast historical knowledge. The same can be said for Dr. Katie Barclay, whose wisdom, kindness and clear advice have been instrumental in me completing this project. I also recognise the valuable suggestions made by Frank McGregor in the early stages of this endeavour. I would particularly like to acknowledge the tremendous encouragement I have received from Dr. Alexia Moncrieff and Dr. Sarah Dingle. I am also forever grateful to my colleagues at Tabor College in Adelaide, especially Dr. Stephen Spence, Dr. Melinda Cousins, Dr. Aaron Chalmers, and Dr. Johan Roux. Finally, I would like to thank my family, for their loving support throughout this process, especially my wife Leanne. She has been all I could have asked her to be, and more. ii ABSTRACT This thesis examines religious toleration dynamics from the perspective of a religious minority, the Particular Baptists in seventeenth-century England. Religious toleration has most commonly been analysed ‘from above’. Scholars have ably discussed how the state responded to Nonconformist communities in society, and the philosophical reasons given for tolerating them. Recent scholarship has highlighted the more pragmatic dimensions of toleration, exploring how toleration dynamics were at play among the wider English populace. This thesis continues such work, by examining how the Particular Baptists experienced, and engaged in toleration dynamics. While the civil and intellectual contexts are important to recognise, they were not the only contexts in which religious toleration took place. Rather, toleration was multi-dimensional. Particular Baptist congregations showed toleration and intolerance of those among their flock. The various Nonconformist denominations constantly engaged in toleration dynamics with each other, as well. Moreover, not only did King Charles II wrestle with whether to tolerate the Particular Baptists, but at times they deliberated whether to tolerate him. Indeed, ultimately some chose not to do so, resulting in the Rye House Plot and the Monmouth Rebellion. This thesis chronologically charts how the Particular Baptists engaged in dynamics of toleration, from their inception in the late 1630s, through the Civil War, the Interregnum, the Restoration, the reign of James II, to the Glorious Revolution. This reveals how religious minorities often have greater agency in how toleration takes place, than might be expected. It also highlights the distinct contributions those seeking toleration can provide to our understanding of religious tolerance and intolerance. iii ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTES B.A.R. Association Records of the Particular Baptists of England, Wales and Ireland to 1660 O.D.N.B Oxford Dictionary of National Biography C.S.P.D. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic For biblical references throughout this thesis, I cite Théodore de Bèze, ed., The Bible: That Is, the Holy Scriptures Contained in the Olde and Newe Testament (London: Christopher Barker, 1587), more commonly known as The Geneva Bible. This was the most widely used Bible translation by Dissenters throughout the seventeenth century. For more information, see Alister E. McGrath, In the Beginning: The Story of the King James Bible and How It Changed a Nation, a Language, and a Culture, 1st edition (New York, NY: Anchor, 2002), 129. Unless otherwise stated, all italic and capitalised emphases within quotations are from the original. I have also retained the original spelling and grammar. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION....................................................................................................................II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................................III ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................IV ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTES.............................................................................................V TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................VI INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................1 1. Particular Baptists in English Protestantism.............................................................2 2. Toleration and its Alternatives..................................................................................7 3. Contexts for Toleration...........................................................................................12 4. Method: Chronological Contextualisation..............................................................24 5. Limitations..............................................................................................................30 6. Chapters..................................................................................................................31 Conclusion..................................................................................................................33 CHAPTER 1: THE PARTICULAR BAPTISTS TO THE INTERREGNUM....................................36 1. Toleration in the Particular Origins.........................................................................41 2. Internal Particular Toleration..................................................................................49 3. Wider Intolerance against the Particulars...............................................................60 4. Particular responses to Intolerance.........................................................................68 Conclusion..................................................................................................................78 CHAPTER 2: THE PARTICULAR BAPTISTS IN THE INTERREGNUM.....................................80 1. The Particulars and the Cromwellian State.............................................................85 2. Particular ‘Unity of Charity’ Internally.................................................................106 3. The Particulars in the National Church.................................................................114 Conclusion................................................................................................................125 v CHAPTER 3: THE PARTICULAR BAPTISTS IN THE RESTORATION....................................127 1. Toleration Dynamics in Restoration Society........................................................133 2. The Particulars’ Response.....................................................................................147 3. Particular Debates on Closed Communion...........................................................161 Conclusion................................................................................................................174 CHAPTER 4: THE PARTICULAR BAPTISTS IN SEDITION..................................................176 1. The Particulars Involved in Sedition.....................................................................181 2. Cycles of Inter-denominational Intolerance..........................................................189 3. Dynamics of Particular Sedition...........................................................................200 Conclusion................................................................................................................222 CHAPTER 5: THE PARTICULAR BAPTISTS IN REVOLUTION............................................224 1. The Particulars in the Bloody Assizes..................................................................229 2. Particulars
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