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Hadrian and the Greek East
HADRIAN AND THE GREEK EAST: IMPERIAL POLICY AND COMMUNICATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Demetrios Kritsotakis, B.A, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Fritz Graf, Adviser Professor Tom Hawkins ____________________________ Professor Anthony Kaldellis Adviser Greek and Latin Graduate Program Copyright by Demetrios Kritsotakis 2008 ABSTRACT The Roman Emperor Hadrian pursued a policy of unification of the vast Empire. After his accession, he abandoned the expansionist policy of his predecessor Trajan and focused on securing the frontiers of the empire and on maintaining its stability. Of the utmost importance was the further integration and participation in his program of the peoples of the Greek East, especially of the Greek mainland and Asia Minor. Hadrian now invited them to become active members of the empire. By his lengthy travels and benefactions to the people of the region and by the creation of the Panhellenion, Hadrian attempted to create a second center of the Empire. Rome, in the West, was the first center; now a second one, in the East, would draw together the Greek people on both sides of the Aegean Sea. Thus he could accelerate the unification of the empire by focusing on its two most important elements, Romans and Greeks. Hadrian channeled his intentions in a number of ways, including the use of specific iconographical types on the coinage of his reign and religious language and themes in his interactions with the Greeks. In both cases it becomes evident that the Greeks not only understood his messages, but they also reacted in a positive way. -
Teachers' Pay in Ancient Greece
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Papers from the University Studies series (The University of Nebraska) University Studies of the University of Nebraska 5-1942 Teachers' Pay In Ancient Greece Clarence A. Forbes Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/univstudiespapers Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University Studies of the University of Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers from the University Studies series (The University of Nebraska) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Teachers' Pay In Ancient Greece * * * * * CLARENCE A. FORBES UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA STUDIES Ma y 1942 STUDIES IN THE HUMANITIES NO.2 Note to Cataloger UNDER a new plan the volume number as well as the copy number of the University of Nebraska Studies was discontinued and only the numbering of the subseries carried on, distinguished by the month and the year of pu blica tion. Thus the present paper continues the subseries "Studies in the Humanities" begun with "University of Nebraska Studies, Volume 41, Number 2, August 1941." The other subseries of the University of Nebraska Studies, "Studies in Science and Technology," and "Studies in Social Science," are continued according to the above plan. Publications in all three subseries will be supplied to recipients of the "University Studies" series. Corre spondence and orders should be addressed to the Uni versity Editor, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Studies May 1942 TEACHERS' PAY IN ANCIENT GREECE * * * CLARENCE A. -
Three Main Groups of People Settled on Or Near the Italian Peninsula and Influenced Roman Civilization
Three main groups of people settled on or near the Italian peninsula and influenced Roman civilization. The Latins settled west of the Apennine Mountains and south of the Tiber River around 1000 B.C.E. While there were many advantages to their location near the river, frequent flooding also created problems. The Latin’s’ settlements were small villages built on the “Seven Hills of Rome”. These settlements were known as Latium. The people were farmers and raised livestock. They spoke their own language which became known as Latin. Eventually groups of these people united and formed the city of Rome. Latin became its official language. The Etruscans About 400 years later, another group of people, the Etruscans, settled west of the Apennines just north of the Tiber River. Archaeologists believe that these people came from the eastern Mediterranean region known as Asia Minor (present day Turkey). By 600 B.C.E., the Etruscans ruled much of northern and central Italy, including the town of Rome. The Etruscans were excellent builders and engineers. Two important structures the Romans adapted from the Etruscans were the arch and the cuniculus. The Etruscan arch rested on two pillars that supported a half circle of wedge-shaped stones. The keystone, or center stone, held the other stones in place. A cuniculus was a long underground trench. Vertical shafts connected it to the ground above. Etruscans used these trenches to irrigate land, drain swamps, and to carry water to their cities. The Romans adapted both of these structures and in time became better engineers than the Etruscans. -
The Burial of the Urban Poor in Italy in the Late Republic and Early Empire
Death, disposal and the destitute: The burial of the urban poor in Italy in the late Republic and early Empire Emma-Jayne Graham Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Archaeology University of Sheffield December 2004 IMAGING SERVICES NORTH Boston Spa, Wetherby West Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ www.bl.uk The following have been excluded from this digital copy at the request of the university: Fig 12 on page 24 Fig 16 on page 61 Fig 24 on page 162 Fig 25 on page 163 Fig 26 on page 164 Fig 28 on page 168 Fig 30on page 170 Fig 31 on page 173 Abstract Recent studies of Roman funerary practices have demonstrated that these activities were a vital component of urban social and religious processes. These investigations have, however, largely privileged the importance of these activities to the upper levels of society. Attempts to examine the responses of the lower classes to death, and its consequent demands for disposal and commemoration, have focused on the activities of freedmen and slaves anxious to establish or maintain their social position. The free poor, living on the edge of subsistence, are often disregarded and believed to have been unceremoniously discarded within anonymous mass graves (puticuli) such as those discovered at Rome by Lanciani in the late nineteenth century. This thesis re-examines the archaeological and historical evidence for the funerary practices of the urban poor in Italy within their appropriate social, legal and religious context. The thesis attempts to demonstrate that the desire for commemoration and the need to provide legitimate burial were strong at all social levels and linked to several factors common to all social strata. -
Santamariaprrojadobe.Pdf
From: Virtual Reality in Archaeology, British Archaeological Reports International Series S 843, ed. J. A. Barcelo, M. Forte, and D. H. Sanders (ArcheoPress, Oxford 2000) 155-162. Virtual Reality and Ancient Rome: The UCLA Cultural VR Lab's Santa Maria Maggiore Project Prof. Bernard Frischer (UCLA Department of Classics; Director, UCLA Cultural VR Lab) Prof. Diane Favro (UCLA Department of Architecture and Urban Design) Dr. Paolo Liverani (Vatican Museums, Department of Classical Antiquities) Prof. Sible De Blaauw (Istituto Olandese di Roma) Dean Abernathy, Architect and Doctoral Student (UCLA Department of Architecture and Urban Design) (1) Introduction Since the fall of 1995, professors of Classics, Architecture, Education, and Information Science at UCLA, in conjunction with colleagues in the United States, Britain, and Italy, have been developing virtual reality (VR) models of buildings and monuments in ancient Rome (cf. fig. 1). This collaborative research effort is called the Rome Reborn Project in honor of the first systematic study of Roman topography, Flavio Biondo's mid-fifteenth century Roma Instaurata (de Grummond 1996: 160-61). Since January, 1998 the project has been housed in the UCLA Cultural VR Lab, which was created with support from Intel, the Creative Kids Education Foundation, Mr. Kirk Mathews, the UCLA Division of Humanities, the UCLA Humanities Computing Facility, the UCLA Center for Digital Innovation, the UCLA Graduate Division, the UCLA Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, and the UCLA College of Letters and Science. The Lab's mission is to provide technology support for projects like Rome Reborn that strive to recreate authenticated three-dimensional computer models of sites of great historic and cultural interest around the world. -
Religion and Culture in Ancient Rome
SOCIAL FORMATIONS AND CULTURAL PATTERNS OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD TDC 2ND SEMESTER (MAJOR) CBCS CHAP.IV (RELIGION AND CULTURE IN ANCIENT ROME) BY : DR. BIMAN HAZARIKA HO.D & ASSOCATE PROF., DEPT.OF HISTORY DHING COLLEGE 04-05-2020 [WEBSITE AND CONTACT DETAILS] RELIGION AND CULTURE IN ANCIENT ROME : Augustus brought to an end of the Roman Republic Republic. He had estblioshed unity and good government which the Mediterranean world had never known before. For the protecytion of the frontier of his country he made legions composed of Roman citizens and also auxiliary forces composed of men from the provinces. He took special care to protect the frontier on the Rhine and the Danube to check the incursions of the Barbarians. Reforms: Important reforms were introduced in the government to make it more efficient. He established an imp[erail civil service. It included the government officials chosen mostly from the misddle class and these officials were paid by the state. In the inner provinces senators wer allowed to stay on as governors.They were paid salaries and were under the personal supervision of Augustus so that they were not able to overtax the people for ttheir personal gains. Owing to peace and good government, the whole of Mediterranean which had become just like Roman lake, was having thousands sailining across it.There was flowing a brisk trade throughout the empire. As the ruins of Pompi and other cities show, they were full of wealth and prosperity. Age of Augustus why its called Golden Age ? Like Periclean age in ancient Greece the Augustan age in the Roman empire called a golden age because it was characteriseed by conditions of peace and prosperity.and development of artand literature.Virgil, Aeoneid Hoarce were well known literary figure for their lyrics. -
A Sarc O P Hagu S F Rom T H E Family of Herodes Atticus
HESPERIA 70 (200I) ICONOG RAPHY Pages46z-492 AND THE DYNAMIGS O F PATRO NAG E A SARCO P HAGU S FROM T H E FAMILYOF HERODESATTICUS ABSTRACT A sarcophagusfiom the estateof HerodesAtticus in Kephisiacommemo- ratesthe intimate connections ofthe familywiththe cityof Sparta,the Battle of Marathon,and the cultstatue of Nemesisat Rhamnous.Theiconographic allusionsto Marathonalso reflect the prioritiesof the SecondSophistic, an intellectualmovement that appealed to the pastto establishcultural and po- liticalsuperiority. The unusualand meaningfill decorative program suggests thatthe family commissioned this sarcophagus. The earlierview that the more unusualAttic sarcophagiwere prefabricated, but that theirthemes simply provedunpopular, should be modifiedin lightof this study. INTRODUCTION In Septemberof 1866,during the construction of a housein the Kephisia suburbof Athens,workers discovered a marbleburial chamber, roughly squarein plan.1Robbers had long since plundered the chamber, removing thedeceased and most ofthe portable possessions. In 1866,the significant remainingartifacts included four carved marble sarcophagi and only a handfillof smallobjects.2 Otto Benndorf,who wrotethe firstcomplete descriptionof the chamberand its contents,was also the firstto suggest 1. I thankthe Universityof Mich- andNeel Smithfor discussing with me this study,still stand in the tomb iganfor support that allowed me to someof the ideaspresented here. Photo- today.Cramped space in the tomb undertakepreliminary research in graphswere kindly provided byJan San- makesit difficultto providea complete Athensfor this article;and the College ders;the BritishMuseum; the Deutsches photographicrecord. I thereforerefer of the Holy Crossboth for funds to ArchaologischesInstitut, Rome; the in manyinstances to the line drawings purchasephotographs and for a leaveof GreekArchaeological Service; and the of the Ledasarcophagus produced by absencethat allowed me to continue KunsthistorischesMuseum, Vienna. -
The Via Appia Southwards to Via Di Tor Carbone
The Via Appia southwards to via di Tor Carbone Via Appia Antica The Appian Way up to via di Tor Carbone has a timeless feel, which still amazes visitors today as it did in the past. Southwards, after the Capo di Bove Complex, you come to one of the most evocative stretches of the ancient Roman road. The monuments lining this stretch of the road are the result of the restoration work carried out by the architect Luigi Canina, in the mid-19th century, commissioned by the papal POI Distance government, who created an “open-air museum”. Canina created walls near the ruined 21 2.23 Km monuments, incorporating fragments of sculptures, reliefs and inscriptions found littered in the countryside, forming an evocative and uninterrupted sequence of ancient remains, against the natural backdrop of centuries-old pine trees. Poi 1 The Via Appia Antica 2 Capo di Bove Site - Cederna Archive 3 Tower Tomb 4 Tomb of the Equinoxes Scan the QrCode to access the navigable 5 The "flint core" tomb mobile version of the itinerary 6 Casale Torlonia 7 The Cecchignola Water Tower 8 The Appia Fort 9 High relief with a male figure 10 Tomb of Servilius Quartus 11 Tomb of Seneca 12 The Round Tomb 13 Tomb of the children of Sextus Pompey 14 Tomb of St. Urban 15 Doric Tomb - Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus - Tomb of Gens Licinia 16 The Horseshoe Columbarium 17 Tomb of Tiberius Claudius Secundus Philippianus 18 Temple-shaped tomb 19 Tomb of Rabirii 20 Tombs of the Garlands and Tombs the Frontspiece 21 Via Appia Antica – Tor Carbone (South) Poi 1 The Via Appia Antica Roma / Place to visit - Ancient streets The long story of the Via Appia unfolds in space and time. -
Percorsi Bici Depliant
The bicycle represents an excel- lent alternative to mobility-based travel and sustainable tourism. The www.turismoroma.it Eternal City is still unique, even by some bicycle. There are a total of 240 km INFO 060608 of cycle paths in Rome, 110 km of useful info which are routed through green areas, while the remainder follow public roads. The paths follow the courses of the Tiber and Aniene rivers and along the line of the coast at Ostia. Bicycle rental: Bike sharing www.gobeebike.it www.o.bike/it Casa del Parco Vigna Cardinali Viale della Caffarella Access from Largo Tacchi Venturi for information and reservations, call +39 347 8424087 Appia Antica Service Centre Via Appia Antica 58/60 stampa: Gemmagraf Srl - copie 5.000 10/07/2018 For information and reservations, call +39 06 5135316 www.infopointappia.it Rome by bike communication Valley of the Caffarella The main path of the Valley of the Caffarella, scene of myths and legends intertwined with the history of Rome, features a wide range of biodiversity as well as important historical heritage, such as a part of the Triopius of Herod Atticus. Entering the park via the Via Latina entrance in correspondence with Largo Tacchi e Venturi, head right up to Via della Caffarella and follow the path to the Appia Antica, approxima- tely 6 km away. Along the way you'll encounter: the Casale della Vaccareccia, consisting of a medieval tower and a sixteenth century farmhouse, built by Caffarelli who, in the sixteenth century, reclaimed the area; the Sepolcro di Annia Regilla, a sepulchral monument shaped like a small temple, and the meandering Almone river, a small tributary of the Tiber, thought to be sacred by the ancient Romans. -
The Via Appia, from Via Di Tor Carbone to Capo Di Bove
The Via Appia, from Via di Tor Carbone to Capo di Bove Via Appia Antica This itinerary runs between the 5th and 4th milestones of the Appian Way, from the junction with Via di Tor Carbone to the complex of Capo di Bove. This is one of the most evocative sections of the ancient road, the result of the restoration of many archaeological remains by the architect Luigi Canina, in the mid-19th century, as part of a grandiose renovation project spearheaded by the pope. In what is, to all intents and purposes, a magnificent open-air museum, you can admire POI Distance numerous tombs, statues, inscriptions and architectures carefully restored by Canina, in an 18 2.07 Km attempt to restore the road to a part, at least, of its ancient splendour, highlighting its historical and archaeological importance. Unlike in other areas of the Roman countryside, here the names of most of the owners of the tombs lining the road are known: Marcus Servilius Quartus, Hilarus Fuscus, the sons of Poi Sextus Pompeius Justus, Tiberius Claudius Philippianus, Quintus Apuleius, the Licinii and Rabirii families. Lacking the name of the owners, the tombs are imaginatively called based on 1 Tombs of the Garlands certain architectural features, such as the Doric tomb, the tomb of the Garlands and of the and Tombs the Frontispiece. Frontspiece Walking along this section of the Way you really do feel that you are retracing the steps of the 2 Tomb of Rabirii 3 Tomb of Tiberius many people, armies and popes who passed here through the centuries, like pope Pius IX, Claudius Secundus who stayed at the Torlonia farmhouse nearby on his way back from Terracina, which even Philippianus features a plaque commemorating the first telegraph transmission experiments conducted 4 The Horseshoe here. -
From the Via Appia Antica to the Park of the Via Latina
From the Via Appia Antica to the Park of the Via Latina Caffarella Valley / Park of the Via Latina / Via Appia Antica This itinerary crosses the Caffarella Valley, the backdrop of many of the myths and legends of Ancient Rome. Tradition had it that this was the home of the water nymph Egeria, a divine consort and counsellor of one of the kings of Rome, Numa Pompilius, to whom the Egeria spring is dedicated. From here you can visit the Valley, dotted with ancient, medieval and modern buildings, surrounded by an immensely evocative natural environment. The highlights of the Valley are the Valca Tower, a medieval watchtower built to defend a bridge across the POI Distance river Almone, a small affluent of the Tiber that crosses the Valley, and the so-called 9 3.28 Km Columbarium of Constantine. From Via dell’Almone, just north of the junction with Via Appia Nuova, you can reach the Park of the Via Latina, which preserves a long stretch of the Roman road lined with tombs, some of which feature marvellous interior decorations. Poi The itinerary enters the Caffarella Valley via the underpass of the Fonte Egeria mineral water plant, which is subject to opening times, as follows: Monday to Saturday, 9 am to 5 pm; 1 The Via Appia Antica Sunday and Holidays, 9 am to 1.30 pm. These hours, however, may change at the discretion 2 The Appia Pignatelli Artillery Fort of the plant. 3 Egeria Spring 4 Roman cistern 5 The Sacred Grove 6 Costantine's Colombarium 7 The Valca Tower 8 River Almone (South) Scan the QrCode to 9 The Archeological park of access the navigable the Tombs of the Via mobile version of the Latina itinerary Poi 1 The Via Appia Antica Roma / Place to visit - Ancient streets The long story of the Via Appia unfolds in space and time. -
Seutonius: Lives of the Twelve Caesars 1
Seutonius: Lives of the Twelve Caesars 1 application on behalf of his friend to the emperor THE LIVES OF THE TWELVE CAESARS Trajan, for a mark of favor, he speaks of him as "a By C. Suetonius Tranquillus most excellent, honorable, and learned man, whom he had the pleasure of entertaining under The Translation of Alexander Thomson, M.D. his own roof, and with whom the nearer he was brought into communion, the more he loved Revised and corrected by T. Forester, Esq., A.M. 1 him." CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR. ................................................. 2 The plan adopted by Suetonius in his Lives of the Twelve Caesars, led him to be more diffuse on OCTAVIUS CAESAR AUGUSTUS. .................................. 38 their personal conduct and habits than on public TIBERIUS NERO CAESAR. ............................................ 98 events. He writes Memoirs rather than History. CAIUS CAESAR CALIGULA. ........................................ 126 He neither dwells on the civil wars which sealed TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS CAESAR. ..................... 146 the fall of the Republic, nor on the military NERO CLAUDIUS CAESAR. ........................................ 165 expeditions which extended the frontiers of the SERGIUS SULPICIUS GALBA. ..................................... 194 empire; nor does he attempt to develop the causes of the great political changes which A. SALVIUS OTHO. .................................................... 201 marked the period of which he treats. AULUS VITELLIUS. ..................................................... 206 When we stop to gaze in a museum or gallery on T. FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS AUGUSTUS. ..................... 212 the antique busts of the Caesars, we perhaps TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS AUGUSTUS. ............... 222 endeavor to trace in their sculptured TITUS FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS. .................................. 229 physiognomy the characteristics of those princes, who, for good or evil, were in their times masters of the destinies of a large portion of the PREFACE human race.