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Christian-Muslim Relations a Bibliographical History History of Christian-Muslim Relations Christian-Muslim Relations A Bibliographical History History of Christian-Muslim Relations Editorial Board David Thomas University of Birmingham Tarif Khalidi American University of Beirut Gerrit Jan Reinink University of Groningen Mark Swanson Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago Volume 14 Christian-Muslim Relations A Bibliographical History Volume 2 (900-1050) Edited by David Thomas and Alex Mallett with Juan Pedro Monferrer Sala, Johannes Pahlitzsch, Mark Swanson, Herman Teule, John Tolan LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 This project is supported by a grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Council. front cover illustration: This shows a detail from one of the doorways into the Great Mosque at Cordova, known as La Mezquita. Built on the site of a Visigoth chapel, it was begun in 785 and continued to be expanded in the 9th and 10th centuries. After the Christian conquest of Cordova in the 13th century it was converted into a church, and become the cathedral of the city. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Christians and Muslims have been involved in exchanges over matters of faith and morality since the founding of Islam. Attitudes between the faiths today are deeply coloured by the legacy of past encounters, and often preserve centuries-old negative views. The History of Christian-Muslim Relations, Texts and Studies presents the surviving record of past encounters in authoritative, fully introduced text editions and annotated translations, and also monograph and collected studies. It illustrates the development in mutual perceptions as these are contained in surviving Christian and Muslim writings, and makes available the arguments and rhetorical strategies that, for good or for ill, have left their mark on attitudes today. The series casts light on a history marked by intellectual creativity and occasional breakthroughs in communication, although on the whole beset by misunderstanding and misrepresentation. By making this history better known, the series seeks to contribute to improved recognition between Christians and Muslims in the future. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Christian Muslim relations : a bibliographical history / edited by David Thomas & Alex Mallett; with Juan Pedro Monferrer Sala . [et al.]. p. cm. — (The history of Christian-Muslim relations, ISSN 1570-7350 ; v. 14) Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-169760 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Christianity and other religions—Islam. 2. Islam—Relations—Christianity. 3. Christianity and other religions—Islam—Bibliography. 4. Islam—Relations—Christianity—Bibliography. I. Thomas, David. II. Mallett, Alex. III. Monferrer Sala, Juan Pedro. IV. Title. V. Series. BP172.C4196 2009 016.2612’7—dc22 2009029184 ISSN 1570-7350 ISBN- 9789004169760 Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS Foreword .......................................................................................... vii Abbreviations ................................................................................... xi John Tolan, Introduction ................................................................. 1 David Thomas, Muslim regard for Christians and Christianity 15 Nicholas Drocourt, Christian-Muslim diplomatic relations. An overview of the main sources and themes of encounter (600-1000) .................................................................................... 29 Works on Christian-Muslim relations 900-1050 ........................ 73 Index of names ................................................................................ 753 Index of works ................................................................................. 761 FOREWORD David Thomas Christian-Muslim Relations, a Bibliographical History 2 (CMR 2) is the second volume of a general history of relations between Christians and Muslims as this is recorded in written sources. Volume 1 covers the years 600 to 900, this volume carries the history from 900 to 1050, volume 3 takes it on to 1200, and volume 4, which is currently in preparation, takes it further from 1200 to 1500. It is hoped to continue the history through the five hundred years from 1500 to 2000 in further volumes in the series. This and the other two volumes up to 1500 cover the geographical area of what can loosely be called the extended Mediterranean basin, while the other volumes will follow Muslims and Christians through all parts of the world as they have recorded their attitudes about one another and their mutual encounters in a multitude of new circumstances. The intention of this project is to include within its scope documented accounts of all the known works written by Christians and Muslims about one another and against one another. These accounts are designed to provide a starting point for scholarly investigation into the works and their authors, and into whatever relationships exist between them, paving the way for a full and detailed history of Christian-Muslim relations and all the currents and influences comprised within it. Of course, it is more than a single individual or group could accomplish, and the project leaders have drawn upon the expertise of the wider scholarly community, which has been readily and generously given, and have been assisted by leading authorities in bringing together entries that hopefully reflect the latest scholarship, and in some instances take it forward. Naturally, this scholarship does not stand still, and so updates on details of the entries are invited, together with additions and corrections where, despite all best efforts, there are omissions and mistakes. In this volume, like its predecessor and the others that are planned, there is an initial introductory essay that surveys relations between the faiths in the period, followed by a series of essays on works that are of main importance to Christian-Muslim relations but do not fit easily into the format adopted for entries on individual works. While viii foreword the topics covered in these essays include information of fundamental importance for the attitudes of Muslims and Christians towards one another, the individual elements of which they are made up – scattered mentions in historical and geographical works, single clauses in treaties and commercial agreements, and isolated legal statements amid large bodies of rulings and regulations – each presents a tiny part of a picture that only becomes more complete and comprehensible when they are all brought together. Following these essays come the entries that make up the bulk of the work. Something should be said about the principles that have been used to determine what has and has not been included in the bibliographical history. As is mentioned above, the basic criterion was that a work is written substantially about or against the other faith, or contains significant information or judgements that cast light on attitudes of one faith towards the other. Thus, by their very nature apologetic and polemical works are included, while, with some notable exceptions, large historical and geographical works are usually not, even though they may refer to the other in passing. Only works that contribute in a major way towards building the picture of the one as seen by the other and of attitudes between them are included. These principle criteria are easily applicable in many cases, but they prove difficult in a significant minority of instances. An inclusive approach has therefore been adopted, especially with respect to works that may contain only small though insightful details or only appear to touch obliquely on relations, and also to works that are no longer extant and whose contents can only be inferred from a title or a reference by a later author. It is possible that future discoveries will either confirm these decisions or show that they have been too broad. Another criterion that should be explained is that inclusion of a work was decided according to the date of its author’s death, not according to the date when it appeared. This is because so many works from this period have no indication of a date, though it has led to evident anomalies at either end, where authors are mainly or almost entirely active in one century but have died at the beginning of the next: to cite a glaring example, the historian al-Yaʿqūbī, who gives a most instructive account of the life of Christ in his Tārīkh, is included in this volume because he (probably) died after 900, even though his history was complete before 880. If this seems arbitrary, it is balanced by the consideration that any other criterion would also involve decisions that might easily be challenged. foreword ix Each entry is divided into two main parts. The first is concerned with the author, and it contains basic biographical details, an account of his main intellectual activities and writings, the main primary sources of information about him, and
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