DOCSLIB.ORG

Pig Husbandry in New Guinea a Literature Review and Bibliography

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pig Husbandry in New Guinea a Literature Review and Bibliography Pig Husbandry in New Guinea A Literature Review and Bibliography Robin Hide Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Canberra 2003 The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. Its mandate is to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries and to commission collaborative research between Australian and developing country researchers in field where Australia has a special competence. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research 2003 Hide, R. 2003. Pig husbandry in New Guinea. A literature review and bibliography. ACIAR Monograph No. 108, xvi + 291 p. ISBN 1 86320 348 6 (print version) 1 86320 398 2 (electronic version) Cover photo by Robin Hide shows large pigs assembled for display before slaughter at a pig festival at Gena Nogar, Simbu Province, 1968. Technical editing: Biotext Pty Ltd, Canberra Production and cover design: Clarus Design Pty Ltd, Canberra Printing: Elect Printing, Canberra C o n t e n t s Preface........................................................................................................................ viii Acknowledgments......................................................................................................... ix About the author............................................................................................................ x Definitions ..................................................................................................................... xi Abbreviations and acronyms....................................................................................... xv 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Summary................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Background............................................................................................ 1 1.3 Purpose................................................................................................... 1 1.4 The scope of the bibliography ................................................................ 2 1.5 The literature review................................................................................ 2 2 Historical overview of major research projects and themes .............................. 8 2.1 Government livestock policy and pig research......................................... 8 2.2 Anthropological and other research themes and topics, 1960–2000........................................................................................... 11 3 Pigs in New Guinea: origins and breeds.......................................................... 12 3.1 Origins and prehistory .......................................................................... 12 3.2 Feral and domesticated pigs .................................................................. 13 3.3 Genetics and physical characteristics ..................................................... 15 3.4 The historical introduction of imported exotic stock ............................. 17 3.5 Comparative studies of indigenous and exotic pigs................................ 20 4Pig husbandry systems in New Guinea ............................................................ 22 4.1 Classifications of pig husbandry............................................................ 22 4.2 Village husbandry systems.................................................................... 23 4.2.1 Overview................................................................................... 23 4.2.2 Community-wide changes in pig husbandry systems................. 25 4.2.3 Adoption and intensification of pig husbandry ......................... 26 4.2.4 Absence and abandonment of pig husbandry............................ 27 5 Pig numbers, distributions and ownership ....................................................... 30 5.1 Data sources on pig numbers ................................................................ 30 5.2 The PNG agricultural censuses of 1950 and 1961................................. 30 5.3 The FAO Production Yearbook............................................................. 31 5.4 Consultancy reports and other records .................................................. 31 5.5 The 1996 PNG Household Survey ........................................................ 32 5.6 Pig raising information from the 1980 and 1990 population censuses................................................................................................ 33 5.7 Official Indonesian statistics for Irian Jaya ............................................ 33 5.8 Other parts of the Pacific: a comparative note........................................ 35 5.9 Community-level data on relative pig numbers...................................... 36 5.10 Trends in pig numbers.......................................................................... 48 5.11 Microdifferentiation in pig numbers within regions or localities............ 49 5.12 Distributions within communities: the sociology of pig ownership......... 51 5.13 Pig ownership: rights and claims ........................................................... 52 iii 6 Pig production under village husbandry ......................................................... 54 6.1 Pig housing........................................................................................... 54 6.2 Pig feeding: fodder and forage ............................................................. 55 6.2.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 55 6.2.2 Lowlands .................................................................................. 58 6.2.3 Midaltitude zone....................................................................... 62 6.2.4 Highlands ................................................................................. 63 6.2.5 Sweet potato fodder in the highlands......................................... 70 6.2.6 Forage foods............................................................................. 71 6.2.7 Feeding and survival of pigs under emergency conditions......... 75 6.2.8 Nursing piglets.......................................................................... 76 6.2.9 Tonics and other ritual foods .................................................... 77 6.3 Pig growth ............................................................................................ 78 6.3.1 Customary size classes and measurement................................... 78 6.3.2 Field methods for estimating pig weights................................... 79 6.3.3 Growth rates of indigenous pigs under village husbandry conditions................................................................................. 80 6.3.4 Growth rates of indigenous pigs under improved (or trial) husbandry conditions................................................................ 82 6.4 Reproduction........................................................................................ 83 6.4.1 Males........................................................................................ 83 6.4.2 Females..................................................................................... 86 6.5 Mortality............................................................................................... 91 6.5.1 Highlands ................................................................................. 91 6.5.2 Midaltitude zone....................................................................... 92 6.5.3 Lowlands .................................................................................. 92 6.5.4 Disease...................................................................................... 93 6.5.5 Summary.................................................................................. 93 6.6 Labour and other costs.......................................................................... 93 6.6.1 Fodder provisioning.................................................................. 94 6.6.2 Time allocation......................................................................... 95 6.7 Demographic dynamics ........................................................................ 97 7Transfers of live pigs and pork: trade and exchange..................................... 102 7.1 Live pigs............................................................................................. 103 7.1.1 Trade...................................................................................... 103 7.1.2 Exchange transfers.................................................................. 105 7.1.3 Pig trade as a source of cash income ....................................... 106 7.2 Pork.................................................................................................... 107 7.2.1 Pork distribution in the rural sector......................................... 107 7.2.2 Pork sales................................................................................ 107 7.2.3 Pork in exchange transactions................................................. 108 8 Commercial and project smallholder pig production .................................... 111 8.1 The commercial pig industry .............................................................. 111 8.2 Smallholder pig projects ..................................................................... 112 8.2.1 Highlands ..............................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gnathostoma Spinigerum Was Positive
    Department Medicine Diagnostic Centre Swiss TPH Winter Symposium 2017 Helminth Infection – from Transmission to Control Sushi Worms – Diagnostic Challenges Beatrice Nickel Fish-borne helminth infections Consumption of raw or undercooked fish - Anisakis spp. infections - Gnathostoma spp. infections Case 1 • 32 year old man • Admitted to hospital with severe gastric pain • Abdominal pain below ribs since a week, vomiting • Low-grade fever • Physical examination: moderate abdominal tenderness • Laboratory results: mild leucocytosis • Patient revealed to have eaten sushi recently • Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed Carmo J, et al. BMJ Case Rep 2017. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-218857 Case 1 Endoscopy revealed 2-3 cm long helminth Nematode firmly attached to / Endoscopic removal of larva with penetrating gastric mucosa a Roth net Carmo J, et al. BMJ Case Rep 2017. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-218857 Anisakiasis Human parasitic infection of gastrointestinal tract by • herring worm, Anisakis spp. (A.simplex, A.physeteris) • cod worm, Pseudoterranova spp. (P. decipiens) Consumption of raw or undercooked seafood containing infectious larvae Highest incidence in countries where consumption of raw or marinated fish dishes are common: • Japan (sashimi, sushi) • Scandinavia (cod liver) • Netherlands (maatjes herrings) • Spain (anchovies) • South America (ceviche) Source: http://parasitewonders.blogspot.ch Life Cycle of Anisakis simplex (L1-L2 larvae) L3 larvae L2 larvae L3 larvae Source: Adapted to Audicana et al, TRENDS in Parasitology Vol.18 No. 1 January 2002 Symptoms Within few hours of ingestion, the larvae try to penetrate the gastric/intestinal wall • acute gastric pain or abdominal pain • low-grade fever • nausea, vomiting • allergic reaction possible, urticaria • local inflammation Invasion of the third-stage larvae into gut wall can lead to eosinophilic granuloma, ulcer or even perforation.
    [Show full text]
  • Singh - Prelims 17/9/02 12:00 Pm Page I
    Singh - Prelims 17/9/02 12:00 pm Page i Taenia solium Cysticercosis From Basic to Clinical Science Singh - Prelims 17/9/02 12:00 pm Page ii Singh - Prelims 17/9/02 12:00 pm Page iii Taenia solium Cysticercosis From Basic to Clinical Science Edited by Gagandeep Singh Dayanand Medical College & Hospital Ludhiana Punjab, India and Sudesh Prabhakar Department of Neurology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India CABI Publishing Singh - Prelims 17/9/02 12:00 pm Page iv CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 10 E 40th Street Wallingford Suite 3203 Oxon OX10 8DE New York, NY 10016 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org © CAB International 2002. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Singh, G. (Gagandeep) Taenia solium cysticercosis : from basic to clinical science / edited by G. Singh and S. Prabhakar. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-628-0 1. Cysticercosis. 2. Taenia. I. Prabhakar, S. (Sudesh) II. Title. RC136.7 .S545 2002 616.9’64--dc21 2002001332 ISBN 0 85199 628 0 Typeset in Palatino by Columns Design Ltd, Reading, UK Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and Kings Lynn.
    [Show full text]
  • The Megapode Action Plan 1995 - 1999 Halfway Down the Road
    ZV-327-13 (pp 151-158) 02-01-2007 15:24 Pagina 151 The megapode action plan 1995 - 1999 halfway down the road R.W.R.J. Dekker Dekker, R.W.R.J. The megapode action plan 1995 - 1999 halfway down the road. René W.R.J. Dekker, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] Key words: Megapodiidae; megapodes; action plan; conservation; current projects; IUCN threat cate- gories. Megapodes: an action plan for their conservation 1995 - 1999, a collaborative effort of members of the Megapode Specialist Group and the World Pheasant Association, was published in 1995. It summa- rizes the conservation status of all megapode taxa and indicates the needs of those species under threat. The Action Plan was intended to be a stimulus for conservation orientated studies and to gen- erate funds more easily. An overview is given of studies (1990 - present) in which these threatened taxa were involved. The status of these and other taxa are reassessed according to the finalized IUCN threat categories (which supercede the Mace-Lande threat categories originally used in the Action Plan) as a preparation for the megapode action plan 2000 - 2004. Introduction Megapodes: an action plan for their conservation 1995 - 1999 (Dekker & McGowan, 1995) was published by the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1995 following a Conservation Assessment Management Plan (CAMP) meeting on galliforms held in Antwerp, Bel- gium, in February 1993. The megapode action plan, soon followed by action plans for partridges, quails, francolins, snowcocks and guineafowl (McGowan et al., 1995) and pheasants (McGowan & Garson, 1995), was the first avian action plan published by the IUCN in their series of conservation action plans.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Identification of the Etiological Agent of Human
    Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 73, 44–50, 2020 Original Article Molecular Identification of the Etiological Agent of Human Gnathostomiasis in an Endemic Area of Mexico Sylvia Paz Díaz-Camacho1, Jesús Ricardo Parra-Unda2, Julián Ríos-Sicairos2, and Francisco Delgado-Vargas2* 1Research Unit in Environment and Health, Autonomous University of Occident, Sinaloa; and 2Public Health Research Unit "Dra. Kaethe Willms", School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, University city, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico SUMMARY: Human gnathostomiasis, which is endemic in Mexico, is a worldwide health concern. It is mainly caused by the consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked fish containing the advanced third-stage larvae (AL3A) of Gnathostoma species. The diagnosis of gnathostomiasis is based on epidemiological surveys and immunological diagnostic tests. When a larva is recovered, the species can be identified by molecular techniques. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the second internal transcription spacer (ITS-2) is useful to identify nematode species, including Gnathostoma species. This study aims to develop a duplex-PCR amplification method of the ITS-2 region to differentiate between the Gnathostoma binucleatum and G. turgidum parasites that coexist in the same endemic area, as well as to identify the Gnathostoma larvae recovered from the biopsies of two gnathostomiasis patients from Sinaloa, Mexico. The duplex PCR established based on the ITS- 2 sequence showed that the length of the amplicons was 321 bp for G. binucleatum and 226 bp for G. turgidum. The amplicons from the AL3A of both patients were 321 bp. Furthermore, the length and composition of these amplicons were identical to those deposited in GenBank as G.
    [Show full text]
  • List​​Of​​Birds​​On​​Warimak​​And​​Waifoi
    LIST​ ​OF​ ​BIRDS​ ​ON​ ​WARIMAK​ ​AND​ ​WAIFOI​ ​TREKKING​ ​ROUTE N Species Latin​ ​Name Status o 1 HERONS,​ ​​ ​EGRETS,​ ​​ ​AND​ ​​ ​BITTERNS 1 Great-billed​ ​Heron Ardea​ ​Sumatrana Difficult 2 Pacific​ ​Heron Ardea​ ​pacifica Rare 3 Rufous​ ​Night-Heron Egretta​ ​caledonicus Rare 4 Striated​ ​Heron Ardeola​ ​striata Rare 5 Cattle​ ​Egret Egretta​ ​ibis Difficult 6 Little​ ​Egret Egretta​ ​garzatta Common 7 Intermediate​ ​Egret Egretta​ ​intermedia Rare 8 Great​ ​Egret Egretta​ ​alba Rare 2 CORMORANTS 1 Little​ ​Pied​ ​Cormorant Phalacrocorax​ ​melanoleucos Common 3 IBISES 1 Sacred​ ​Ibis Threskiornis​ ​aethiopicus Common 2 Glossy​ ​​ ​Ibis Plegadis​ ​falcinellus Common 4 DUCKS 1 White-headed​ ​Shelduck Tadorna​ ​radjah Common 5 PLOVERS,​ ​HALAROPES,​ ​CURLEWS​ ​&​ ​SANDPIPERS 1 Lesser​ ​Golden​ ​Plover Pluvialis​ ​dominica Common 2 Red-necked​ ​Phalarope Phalaropus​ ​lobatus Rare 3 Whimbrel Numenius​ ​phaeopus Rare 4 Ret-necket​ ​stint Calidris​ ​ruficollis Rare 5 Grey-tailed​ ​Tattler Tringa​ ​brevipes Rare 6 Common​ ​Sandpiper Tringa​ ​hypoleuc Rare 6 TERNS 1 Bridled​ ​Tern Sterna​ ​anaethetus Common 2 Whiskered​ ​Tern Chlidonias​ ​hybridus Common 3 Black-naped​ ​Tern Sterna​ ​sumatrana Common 4 Common​ ​Tern sterna​ ​hirundo Common 5 Crested​ ​Tern Sterna​ ​begii Common 7 FRIGATEBIRD 1 Lesser​ ​Frigatebird Fregata​ ​ariel Rare 8 GOSHAWKS,​ ​EAGLES 1 Collared​ ​Sparrowhawk Accipiter​ ​cirrhocephalus Rare 2 Chinese​ ​Goshawk Accipiter​ ​soloensis Rare 3 Grey-headed​ ​Goshawk Accipiter​ ​poliocephalus Common 4 Grey​ ​Goshawk Accipiter​
    [Show full text]
  • Mission: New Guinea]
    1 Bibliography 1. L. [Letter]. Annalen van onze lieve vrouw van het heilig hart. 1896; 14: 139-140. Note: [mission: New Guinea]. 2. L., M. [Letter]. Annalen van onze lieve vrouw van het heilig hart. 1891; 9: 139, 142. Note: [mission: Inawi]. 3. L., M. [Letter]. Annalen van onze lieve vrouw van het heilig hart. 1891; 9: 203. Note: [mission: Inawi]. 4. L., M. [Letter]. Annalen van onze lieve vrouw van het heilig hart. 1891; 9: 345, 348, 359-363. Note: [mission: Inawi]. 5. La Fontaine, Jean. Descent in New Guinea: An Africanist View. In: Goody, Jack, Editor. The Character of Kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1973: 35-51. Note: [from lit: Kuma, Bena Bena, Chimbu, Siane, Daribi]. 6. Laade, Wolfgang. Der Jahresablauf auf den Inseln der Torrestraße. Anthropos. 1971; 66: 936-938. Note: [fw: Saibai, Dauan, Boigu]. 7. Laade, Wolfgang. Ethnographic Notes on the Murray Islanders, Torres Strait. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. 1969; 94: 33-46. Note: [fw 1963-1965 (2 1/2 mos): Mer]. 8. Laade, Wolfgang. Examples of the Language of Saibai Island, Torres Straits. Anthropos. 1970; 65: 271-277. Note: [fw 1963-1965: Saibai]. 9. Laade, Wolfgang. Further Material on Kuiam, Legendary Hero of Mabuiag, Torres Strait Islands. Ethnos. 1969; 34: 70-96. Note: [fw: Mabuiag]. 10. Laade, Wolfgang. The Islands of Torres Strait. Bulletin of the International Committee on Urgent Anthropological and Ethnological Research. 1966; 8: 111-114. Note: [fw 1963-1965: Saibai, Dauan, Boigu]. 11. Laade, Wolfgang. Namen und Gebrauch einiger Seemuscheln und -schnecken auf den Murray Islands. Tribus. 1969; 18: 111-123. Note: [fw: Murray Is].
    [Show full text]
  • Materials Towards a Revision of the Genus Pseudoliparis (Orchidaceae, Malaxidinae)
    Ann. Bot. Fennici 42: 267–291 ISSN 0003-3847 Helsinki 30 August 2005 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2005 Materials towards a revision of the genus Pseudoliparis (Orchidaceae, Malaxidinae). 3. Section Pseudoliparis Hanna B. Margońska Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Gdańsk University, Al. Legionów 9, PL- 80-441 Gdańsk, Poland (e-mail: [email protected]) Received 7 Sep. 2004, revised version received 18 Dec. 2004, accepted 22 Feb. 2005 Margońska, H. B. 2005: Materials towards a revision of the genus Pseudoliparis (Orchidaceae, Malaxidinae). 3. Section Pseudoliparis. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 42: 267–291. This paper is the first part of a taxonomic revision of the type section of the genus Pseudoliparis (Orchidaceae, Malaxidinae). One new species is described. Lectotypes are selected for Pseudoliparis laevis (Schltr.) Szlach. & Marg. and Pseudoliparis undulata (Schltr.) Szlach. & Marg. Key words: Malaxidinae, nomenclature, Orchidaceae, Pseudoliparis, taxonomy This paper is the first part of a taxonomic revision Pseudoliparis Finet of the type section of the genus Pseudoliparis (Orchidaceae, Malaxidinae). It treats 17 species emend. Szlach. & Marg., Adansonia ser. 3, 21(2): 275–282. and contains a description of one new species. 1999. I examined herbarium specimens and spirit Pseudoliparis Finet, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54: 536. 1907. — Crepidium Bl. emend. Szlach. subg. Pseudoliparis materials kept at AMES, B, BM, BO, C, K, (Finet) Szlach., Fragm. Flor. Geobot., Suppl. 3: 123. 1995. L, SING and US. All available published and — Generitype: Pseudoliparis epiphytica (Schltr.) Finet. unpublished illustrations and literature were studied by me as well. Key to the sections of Pseudoliparis At present, the genus Pseudoliparis has 41 species, of which 33 belong in the type section.
    [Show full text]
  • Papua JOHN BRAITHWAITE, MICHAEL COOKSON, VALERIE BRAITHWAITE and LEAH DUNN1
    2. Papua JOHN BRAITHWAITE, MICHAEL COOKSON, VALERIE BRAITHWAITE AND LEAH DUNN1 Papua is interpreted here as a case with both high risks of escalation to more serious conflict and prospects for harnessing a ‘Papua Land of Peace’ campaign led by the churches. The interaction between the politics of the Freeport mine and the politics of military domination of Papua, and military enrichment through Papua, are crucial to understanding this conflict. Replacing the top- down dynamics of military-political domination with a genuine bottom-up dynamism of village leadership and development is seen as holding the key to realising a Papua that is a ‘land of peace’ (see Widjojo et al. 2008). Papuans have less access to legitimate economic opportunities than any group in Indonesia and have experienced more violence and torture since the late 1960s in projects of the military to block their political aspirations than any other group in Indonesia today. Institutions established with the intent of listening to Papuan voices have in practice been deaf to those voices. Calls for truth and reconciliation are among the pleas that have fallen on deaf ears, which is an acute problem when so many Papuans see Indonesian policy in Papua as genocide. Anomie in the sense of withdrawal of commitment to the Indonesian normative order by citizens, and in the sense of gaming that order by the military, is entrenched in Papua. Background to the conflict Troubled jewels of cultural and biological diversity The island of New Guinea and the smaller islands along its coast are home to nearly 1000 languages (267 on the Indonesian side) and one-sixth of the world’s ethnicities (Ruth-Hefferbower 2002:228).
    [Show full text]
  • A Distinctive Voice in the Antipodes: Essays in Honour of Stephen A. Wild
    ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF STEPHEN A. WILD Stephen A. Wild Source: Kim Woo, 2015 ESSAYS IN HONOUR OF STEPHEN A. WILD EDITED BY KIRSTY GILLESPIE, SALLY TRELOYN AND DON NILES Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: A distinctive voice in the antipodes : essays in honour of Stephen A. Wild / editors: Kirsty Gillespie ; Sally Treloyn ; Don Niles. ISBN: 9781760461119 (paperback) 9781760461126 (ebook) Subjects: Wild, Stephen. Essays. Festschriften. Music--Oceania. Dance--Oceania. Aboriginal Australian--Songs and music. Other Creators/Contributors: Gillespie, Kirsty, editor. Treloyn, Sally, editor. Niles, Don, editor. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover photograph: ‘Stephen making a presentation to Anbarra people at a rom ceremony in Canberra, 1995’ (Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies). This edition © 2017 ANU Press A publication of the International Council for Traditional Music Study Group on Music and Dance of Oceania. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are advised that this book contains images and names of deceased persons. Care should be taken while reading and viewing. Contents Acknowledgements . vii Foreword . xi Svanibor Pettan Preface . xv Brian Diettrich Stephen A . Wild: A Distinctive Voice in the Antipodes . 1 Kirsty Gillespie, Sally Treloyn, Kim Woo and Don Niles Festschrift Background and Contents .
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Cartography in Papua New Guinea
    12 · Traditional Cartography in Papua New Guinea ERIC KLINE SILVERMAN SOCIAL LIFE, COSMOLOGY, AND rather of social conventions such as gift exchanges that POLITICS IN MELANESIA enable people to continually forge and negotiate rela­ tionships and alliances. Gift exchange, first studied by The cultural diversity of Melanesia in the southwestern Marcel Mauss, is the basis for the constitution of tradi­ Pacific Ocean is astounding. Regional generalizations are tional or prestate societies in particular. 1 Guided by the bound to falter: some sociocultural exception to any principle of reciprocity, gift exchange refers to the moral posited rule will almost assuredly exist. Nevertheless, it is obligation to give, to receive, and to give back various ob­ possible at least to sketch some common, nearly pan­ jects such as food, tobacco, and valuables as well as labor Melanesian social and cultural parameters. Since all in­ and services. As a result, people are enmeshed in a web of digenous representations of space in Melanesia are the obligations whereby they are constantly giving and re­ product or the reflection of social life, this brief discus­ ceiving, thus holding the society together. All societies in sion will provide a necessary context for understanding Melanesia are at some level a group of people who speak the social generation of local modes of cartography. a common language, share the same culture, and form a The peoples of the first migration from Southeast Asia moral community united by gift exchange. spread into New Guinea, the larger islands off New However, there are other foundations of societies in Guinea, and Australia, which at that time were connected Melanesia, and although these vary greatly, they can be by a land bridge (fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Music and Change in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea
    7. Creativity and preservation no ken wari, no ken surik don’t be concerned, don’t back away traim na wokim tasol just try and do it The previous three chapters have been concerned with illuminating the continuity of theme, text and function between Duna songs of ancestral and foreign origin, or the endogenous and the exogenous. This chapter will be concerned first with the creative process itself, as it applies to Duna song creation. Both ancestral and introduced song styles display a similar approach to composition, in particular the recycling of melodic material in songs of the same genre, and this compositional process can be seen as another form of continuity. This in turn reveals continuity in what is regarded as a key element of Duna song form: textual innovation. Consequences of this creative approach for the preservation endeavour are considered, before the chapter then turns to the views of the Duna themselves on the maintenance of their own traditions and some of the ways in which they have sought to do this.1 Continuity in creativity: ‘traim na wokim tasol’ The process of creativity is epitomised in the words of one popular song, ‘traim na wokim tasol’ (‘just try and do it’), cited above.2 One must acknowledge, however, that creativity does not start from nothing. Liep (2001:1) describes creativity as something that ‘bursts forth when elements, which were already known but apart, are brought together by inventive people in a novel way’. He goes on to define it as the process whereby ‘something new is produced through the recombination and transformation of existing cultural practices or forms’ (Liep 2001:2) and declares that ‘[e]very creative effort must emanate from familiar forms and methods of production’ (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Papua New Guinea Trans-Island Highway Construction Project (I) (II) Report Date: February 2003 Field Survey: October – November 2002 1
    Papua New Guinea Trans-Island Highway Construction Project (I) (II) Report Date: February 2003 Field Survey: October – November 2002 1. Project Profile and Japan’s ODA Loan Wewack Indonesia Papua New Guinea Lae Project site Port Moresby Australia Project site Section of the Bereina-Malalaua Road 1.1 Background In Papua New Guinea (PNG), the absence of road links between its capital, Port Moresby, the second city, Lae, and the Highland Province, home to vigorous mining and agricultural production activity, meant a sole reliance on marine and air transport, a situation that was highly inefficient both in economic and social terms. To address this, the government formulated plans to construct a road linking the cities of Port Moresby and Lae that would pass through the Owen Stanley mountains, and in 1979, the Australian government supported the implementation of a feasibility study (F/S) for this route. The plan for the trans-island Port Moresby – Lae highway comprised a stretch spanning 575 kilometers, and included construction of a new 80 kilometer road between Bereina and Malalaua, detailed designs for the 135 kilometer section between Malalaua and Aseki, and widening of the existing 90 kilometer stretch between Aseki and Latep (all distances are approximate). Other sections were excluded from the plan. In the southern Bereina-Malalaua section that was covered by this project, local residents were dependent upon marine transport, a situation that was, in fact, akin to living on an isolated inland islands. It was anticipated that the construction of a new road linking the area with the capital Port Moresby, would make a substantial contribution to economic development and to improving the services like health and education.
    [Show full text]