DOCSLIB.ORG

Broschüre Über Das Max-Planck-Institut Für

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Broschüre Über Das Max-Planck-Institut Für Impressum: Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung Max-Planck-Straße 2 37191 Katlenburg-Lindau Tel.: + 49 (0) 55 56 9 79 - 0 Fax: + 49 (0) 55 56 9 79 - 2 40 http://www.mps.mpg.de E-Mail: [email protected] Verantwortlich für den Inhalt: Peter Czechowsky, Patrick Daly, Grit Koch, Birgit Krummheuer, Norbert Krupp, Andreas Lagg, Dieter Schmitt, Thorsten Stahn, Johannes Wicht Bildnachweis: J. Herting, Göttingen EADS Astrium GmbH, Friedrichshafen IPS, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Schweden Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA MPS, Katlenburg-Lindau ESA NASA Konzept und Graphik-Design: Airbrushdesign J. Herting, Göttingen Druck: Max-Planck-Institut für Goltze Druck, Göttingen Sonnensystemforschung August 2009, Auflage: 5000 Diese Broschüre und weitergehendes Informationsmaterial, Katlenburg-Lindau ein Videofilm und Tätigkeitsberichte über die Arbeit am Institut können gegen Selbstkostenpreis vom Institut bezogen werden. Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research Das Institut The Institute Die Erforschung unseres Sonnensystems steht im Abteilung / Nachwuchsgruppe The exploration of our solar system is the central Mittelpunkt der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten des Department: Helio- und Astero- theme for the scientific research done at this Instituts. Es gliedert sich in zwei Abteilungen: Sonne und seismologie / Institute. It is organised in two departments: one for Sonne und Heliosphäre sowie Planeten und Heliosphäre / Max Planck the Sun and Heliosphere and the other for Planets Kometen. Zusätzlich bestehen seit 2002 eine Sun and Heliosphere Research Group and Comets. In addition, since 2002 there is also an International Max Planck Research School and International Max Planck Research School und Schwingungen der Sonne und Sterne; seit 2005 die Nachwuchsgruppe Helio- und Forschungsschwerpunkte: since 2005 a Max Planck Research Group for Helio- Sonnenatmosphäre; solares Magnetfeld; Sonneninneres; Aufbau von Sonnen- Asteroseismologie. and Asteroseismology. Heliosphäre; interplanetares Medium; flecken und aktiven Gebieten ■ Gegenstand der Forschung am Institut sind die Strahlung und energiereiche Teilchen Solar and stellar oscillations; solar ■ Subjects of research at the Institute are the various verschiedenen Objekte des Sonnensystems. Ein von der Sonne; kosmische Strahlung interior; subsurface structure of sunspots objects within the solar system. A major area of großes Arbeitsgebiet betrifft die Sonne, ihre Main Areas of Research: and active regions study concerns the Sun, its atmosphere, the interpla- netary medium as influenced by the solar wind, as Atmosphäre, das vom Sonnenwind beeinflusste Solar atmosphere; solar magnetic field; Leiter / Head interplanetare Medium sowie den Einfluss der sola- heliosphere; interplanetary medium; Prof. Dr. Laurent Gizon well as the impact of solar particles and radiation on ren Partikel- und Wellenstrahlung auf die Planeten. radiation and energetic particles from the the planets. The second area of research involves the Das zweite Forschungsthema befasst sich mit dem Sun; cosmic radiation interiors, surfaces, atmospheres, ionospheres, and Inneren, den Oberflächen, Atmosphären, Iono- magnetospheres of the planets and their moons, as sphären und Magnetosphären der Planeten und ihrer Direktor / Director: IMPRS well as of comets and asteroids. Monde sowie der Kometen und Asteroiden. Prof. Dr. Sami K. Solanki Solar System ■ School A further essential part of the activities at the ■ Ein weiterer wesentlicher Teil der Arbeiten bein- Institute is the development and construction of haltet die Entwicklung und den Bau von Instru- instruments for space missions. The Institute, as the menten für Weltraummissionen. Das Institut, International Max Planck Research successor to the Max Planck Institute for hervorgegangen aus dem Max-Planck-Institut für School on Physical Processes in the Solar Aeronomy, is in an excellent position to meet these Aeronomie, ist für diese technologisch anspruchs- Abteilung / technologically demanding tasks. Highly qualified Department: System and Beyond at the Universities of vollen Aufgaben hervorragend ausgestattet. Erfah- Braunschweig and Göttingen and experienced specialists work in well-equipped rene und hoch qualifizierte Fachkräfte arbeiten in Planeten und workshops, in electronic and optics labs as well as gut ausgerüsteten Werkstätten und Laboratorien für Kometen / with special facilities such as clean rooms, thermal Elektronik und Optik sowie in Spezialeinrichtungen Planets and Comets vacuum chambers, and vibration test stands. wie Reinräumen, an Thermal-Vakuum-Kammern Forschungsschwerpunkte: Technische ■ The analysis and interpretation of the acquired und an Vibrationstest-Anlagen. Planeten, ihr Inneres, ihre Oberflächen, Einrichtungen / datasets are accompanied by intensive theoretical ■ Die Auswertung und Interpretation der gewonne- Atmosphären, Ionosphären und Mag- Technology work. Physical models are proposed and then tested nen Messdaten wird intensiv von theoretischen netosphären, ihre Ringe und Monde; and further developed with the aid of computer Arbeiten begleitet. Physikalische Modelle werden Kometen und Asteroiden simulations. Konstruktion, mechanische Werkstätten, erstellt und mit Hilfe numerischer Simulations- Main Areas of Research: ■ elektronische und CCD-Labors, Reinräume, Junior scientists learn up-to-date research rechnungen überprüft und weiterentwickelt. Planets, their interiors, surfaces, atmo- methods in the “International Max Planck Research spheres, ionospheres and magneto- Thermal-Vakuum-Kammern, Vibrations- ■ Nachwuchswissenschaftler erlernen modernste test-Anlagen, Lasereinrichtungen, EDV- School on Physical Processes in the Solar System Forschungsmethoden in der „International Max spheres, their rings and moons; comets and Beyond”, which has been established at the and asteroids Zentrum Planck Research School on Physical Processes in Institute in collaboration with the Universities of Braunschweig and Göttingen. the Solar System and Beyond“, die in Zusammen- Direktor / Director: Mechanical design and workshops, electro- arbeit mit den Universitäten in Braunschweig und Prof. Dr. Ulrich R. Christensen nics and CCD-laboratories, clean rooms, Göttingen am Institut eingerichtet wurde. thermal-vacuum chambers, vibration test facilities, laser equipment, computer centre. 2 3 Sonne und Heliosphäre Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research Sun and Heliosphere Die Sonne – ein Gigant aus Gas Ein Blick ins Innere der Sonne: Die im Kern erzeugte Energie wird mittels Strahlung und The Sun – the gaseous giant Strömungen an die Sonnenoberfläche transportiert. Dort erzeugen starke Magnetfelder Die Sonne ist ein Gasball mit einem Durchmesser Sonnenflecken (vergrößerter Ausschnitt, links), deren dreidimensionale Struktur mittels aufwändi- The Sun is a huge ball of gas 1.4 million kilometers von 1,4 Millionen Kilometern, der hauptsächlich ger Computersimulationen erforscht wird – hier zum Beispiel die Sonnentemperatur von der in diameter, consisting primarily of hydrogen and aus Wasserstoff und Helium besteht und 99,8 Oberfläche bis zu einer Tiefe von 2000 km (unten). helium, and taking up 99.8 percent of the entire Prozent der Masse des Sonnensystems in sich A glimpse into the Sun’s interior: the energy generated at the center is transported by radiation and mass of the solar system. At its center, with a tempe- vereint. Im 15 Millionen Grad Celsius heißen currents to the surface. There, strong magnetic fields produce sunspots (enlargement left) whose rature of 15 million degrees Celsius, hydrogen Zentrum der Sonne verschmelzen Kerne von three-dimensional structures are studied by powerful computer simulations – the example below nuclei combine to form helium. The resulting ener- Wasserstoffatomen zu Helium. Die dabei frei wer- represents the temperature from the surface down to a gy released in this process is transported by radia- dende Energie wird durch Strahlung und Strö- depth of 2000 km. tion and currents to the visible surface, at 6000 mungen bis zur sichtbaren, 6000 Grad heißen degrees, from where it is radiated into space. Sonnenoberfläche transportiert und dort in den ■ In the extremely extensive solar atmosphere Weltraum abgegeben. (corona), which is only visible with the naked eye ■ In der weit ausgedehnten Sonnenatmosphäre during times of a total eclipse, the temperature once (Korona), die ohne besondere Hilfsmittel nur more increases, to over a million degrees. The hot während einer totalen Sonnenfinsternis sichtbar ist, coronal gas is predominantly trapped by the Sun’s nimmt die Temperatur wieder auf mehr als eine magnetic field, as if in a cage. However, some of this Million Grad zu. Das heiße Gas der Korona bleibt gas can indeed escape and streams outwards as the überwiegend im Magnetfeld der Sonne wie in solar wind into interplanetary space, with a speed of einem Käfig gefangen. Ein Teil des Gases entweicht up to three million kilometers per hour. jedoch und strömt als Sonnenwind mit einer ■ The researchers at the MPS are studying the Geschwindigkeit von bis zu drei Millionen Kilo- complete range of dynamic and often spectacular metern pro Stunde durch den interplanetaren Raum. processes occurring on the Sun – from the interior to ■ Die Forscher am MPS studieren die ganze Vielfalt the outer heliosphere. At the heart of this research is der
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Émigré Psychiatrists, Psychologists, and Cognitive Scientists in North America Since the Second World War
    MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 2018 PREPRINT 490 Frank W. Stahnisch (Ed.) Émigré Psychiatrists, Psychologists, and Cognitive Scientists in North America since the Second World War Dieses Preprint ist in einer überarbeiteten Form zur Publikation angenommen in: History of Intellectual Culture, Band 12/1 (2017–18): https://www.ucalgary.ca/hic/issues. Accessed 5 July 2018. [Themenheft 2017–18: Émigré Psychiatrists, Psychologists, and Cognitive Scientists in North America since the Second World War, Guest Editor: Frank W. Stahnisch]. Der vorliegende Preprint erscheint mit freundlicher Erlaubnis des geschäftsführenden Herausgebers, Herrn Professor Paul J. Stortz an der Universität von Calgary, Alberta, in Kanada. Frank W. Stahnisch e-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] Émigré Psychiatrists, Psychologists, and Cognitive Scientists in North America since WWII Émigré Psychiatrists, Psychologists, and Cognitive Scientists in North America since the Second World War Frank W. Stahnisch (Guest Editor)1 Abstract: The processes of long-term migration of physicians and scholars affect both the academic migrants and their receiving environments in often dramatic ways. On the one side, their encounter confronts two different knowledge traditions and personal values. On the other side, migrating scientists and academics are also confronted with foreign institutional, political, economic, and cultural frameworks when trying to establish their own ways of professional knowledge and cultural adjustments. The twentieth century has been called the century of war and forced migration: it witnessed two devastating World Wars, which led to an exodus of physicians, scientists, and academics. Nazism and Fascism in the 1930s and 1940s, forced thousands of scientists and physicians away from their home institutions based in Central and Eastern Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research
    Bretislav Friedrich · Dieter Hoffmann Jürgen Renn · Florian Schmaltz · Martin Wolf Editors One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences Bretislav Friedrich • Dieter Hoffmann Jürgen Renn • Florian Schmaltz Martin Wolf Editors One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences Editors Bretislav Friedrich Florian Schmaltz Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Max Planck Institute for the History of Society Science Berlin Berlin Germany Germany Dieter Hoffmann Martin Wolf Max Planck Institute for the History of Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Science Society Berlin Berlin Germany Germany Jürgen Renn Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Berlin Germany ISBN 978-3-319-51663-9 ISBN 978-3-319-51664-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-51664-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017941064 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/), which permits any noncom- mercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Quantum Chemistry
    1 Quantum Chemistry qua Physics: The Promises and Deadlocks of Using First Principles In the opening paragraph of his 1929 paper “ Quantum Mechanics of Many-Electron Systems, ” Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac announced that: The general theory of quantum mechanics is now almost complete, the imperfections that still remain being in connection with the exact fi tting in of the theory with relativity ideas. These give rise to diffi culties only when high-speed particles are involved, and are therefore of no importance in the consideration of atomic and molecular structure and ordinary chemical reac- tions, in which it is, indeed, usually suffi ciently accurate if one neglects relativity variation of mass with velocity and assumes only Coulomb forces between the various electrons and atomic nuclei. The underlying physical laws necessary for the mathematical theory of a large part of physics and the whole of chemistry are thus completely known, and the diffi culty is only that the exact applica- tion of these laws leads to equations much too complicated to be soluble. It therefore becomes desirable that approximate practical methods of applying quantum mechanics should be developed, which can lead to an explanation of the main features of complex atomic systems without too much computation. (Dirac 1929, 714, emphasis ours) For most members of the community of physicists, it appeared that the solution of chemical problems amounted to no more than quantum-mechanical calculations. Physicists came under the spell of Dirac ’ s reductionist program, and quantum chem- istry came to be usually regarded as a success story of quantum mechanics.
    [Show full text]
  • James, Steinhauser, Hoffmann, Friedrich One Hundred Years at The
    James, Steinhauser, Hoffmann, Friedrich One Hundred Years at the Intersection of Chemistry and Physics Published under the auspices of the Board of Directors of the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society: Hans-Joachim Freund Gerard Meijer Matthias Scheffler Robert Schlögl Martin Wolf Jeremiah James · Thomas Steinhauser · Dieter Hoffmann · Bretislav Friedrich One Hundred Years at the Intersection of Chemistry and Physics The Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society 1911–2011 De Gruyter An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Aut ho rs: Dr. Jeremiah James Prof. Dr. Dieter Hoffmann Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Institute for the Max Planck Society History of Science Faradayweg 4–6 Boltzmannstr. 22 14195 Berlin 14195 Berlin [email protected] [email protected] Dr. Thomas Steinhauser Prof. Dr. Bretislav Friedrich Fritz Haber Institute of the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Max Planck Society Faradayweg 4–6 Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin 14195 Berlin [email protected] [email protected] Cover images: Front cover: Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, 1913. From left to right, “factory” building, main building, director’s villa, known today as Haber Villa. Back cover: Campus of the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 2011. The Institute’s his- toric buildings, contiguous with the “Röntgenbau” on their right, house the Departments of Physical Chemistry and Molecular Physics.
    [Show full text]
  • Neither Physics Nor Chemistry Transformations: Studies in the History of Science and Technology Jed Z
    Neither Physics nor Chemistry Transformations: Studies in the History of Science and Technology Jed Z. Buchwald, general editor Red Prometheus: Engineering and Dictatorship in East Germany, 1945– 1990 , Dolores L. Augustine A Nuclear Winter ’ s Tale: Science and Politics in the 1980s , Lawrence Badash Jesuit Science and the Republic of Letters , Mordechai Feingold, editor Ships and Science: The Birth of Naval Architecture in the Scientifi c Revolution, 1600 – 1800 , Larrie D. Ferreiro Neither Physics nor Chemistry: A History of Quantum Chemistry , Kostas Gavroglu and Ana Sim õ es H.G. Bronn, Ernst Haeckel, and the Origins of German Darwinism: A Study in Translation and Trans- formation , Sander Gliboff Isaac Newton on Mathematical Certainty and Method , Niccol ò Guicciardini Weather by the Numbers: The Genesis of Modern Meteorology , Kristine Harper Wireless: From Marconi ’ s Black-Box to the Audion , Sungook Hong The Path Not Taken: French Industrialization in the Age of Revolution, 1750 – 1830 , Jeff Horn Harmonious Triads: Physicists, Musicians, and Instrument Makers in Nineteenth-Century Germany , Myles W. Jackson Spectrum of Belief: Joseph von Fraunhofer and the Craft of Precision Optics , Myles W. Jackson Lenin’s Laureate: Zhores Alferov ’ s Life in Communist Science , Paul R. Josephson Affi nity, That Elusive Dream: A Genealogy of the Chemical Revolution , Mi Gyung Kim Materials in Eighteenth-Century Science: A Historical Ontology , Ursula Klein and Wolfgang Lef è vre American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe , John Krige Conserving the Enlightenment: French Military Engineering from Vauban to the Revolution , Janis Langins Picturing Machines 1400 – 1700 , Wolfgang Lef è vre, editor Heredity Produced: At the Crossroads of Biology, Politics, and Culture, 1500– 1870 , Staffan M ü ller-Wille and Hans-J ö rg Rheinberger, editors Secrets of Nature: Astrology and Alchemy in Early Modern Europe , William R.
    [Show full text]
  • Hans GA Hellmann
    1 Translated from Bunsen - Magazin 1999 (1) 10-21, (2) 60-70 by Mark Smith* and W.H.E. Schwarz**, with revisions by J. Hinzea) and A. Karachaliose) Hans G.A. Hellmann (1903-1938) 1) Part I. A Pioneer of Quantum Chemistry W.H.E. Schwarz*** and D. Andraea), S.R. Arnoldb), J. Heidbergc), H. Hellmann jr.d), J. Hinzea), A. Karachaliose), M.A. Kovnerf), P.C. Schmidtg), L. Zülickeh) The history of great scientific discovery is the story of the disappearance of human prejudice under the weight of experimental evidence [...] The incorruptible guardian of the progress of our knowledge is testing our experience against statements established by mathematical theory. Hans Hellmann [H30] Hellmann was a theoretical physicist with an excellent knowledge of chemistry. His most important, lasting achievements are: 1. Pioneering contributions to the physical significance of covalent bonding 2. The molecular virial theorem and description of its consequences 3. The quantum mechanical force theorem (Hellmann-Feynman Theorem) 4. The "combined approximation method", today's pseudopotential or effective core potential method 5. The formalism of diabatic and adiabatic elementary reactions 6. The textbooks on "Quantum Chemistry" ) 1 A "Hellmann-Archive" was created in Siegen in commemoration of Hans Hellmann. This is where documents on the biographical details can be found. Correspondence with further details and materials are welcome at the correspondence address below. We should be most grateful to receive comments from our readers, especially with regard to Hellmann's scientific effect, and also for additions to our Hellmann archives, particularly as we are presently engaged in a complete biography incorporating also historic and socio-political details.
    [Show full text]
  • The Century of Space Science
    1 JOHAN A.M. BLEEKER*, JOHANNES GEISS** AND MARTIN C.E. HUBER*** The century of space science In the course of its brilliant evolution through the twentieth of our Universe have changed the perception of the world century, space science brought spectacular results and led around us, for scientists as well as for the general public. to fundamental scientific findings. In the early quest for For about a quarter of a century after the end of World higher altitude, cosmic rays were discovered by Viktor Hess War II, in what we might call the early epoch of space sci- during a balloon flight in 1912. Following the second ence, experiments in space were regarded as daring but World War, sounding rockets were used, starting in 1946, rather extravagant. But in the course of the 1970s, the meth- to study the structure of the terrestrial atmosphere – the ods and techniques of space science began to enter the threshold of space. Two landmarks of the space age stand mainstream of science, and by the end of the century, space out: the launch in 1957 of the first satellite, Sputnik 1, science had become a natural complement, and often an which sensed the near-Earth environment at orbital altitude, integral part of study in many fields of science. and in 1969 the first landing by humans on an extraterres- The present two volumes of The Century of Space trial body, the Moon. Today, sophisticated space probes Science tell the story of space science as it evolved during explore distant worlds, and space telescopes look back in the twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Two Evils Mikhail Shifman
    INFERENCE / Vol. 5, No. 3 Between Two Evils Mikhail Shifman his we know: any number of great scientists were exiled to Siberia, where they were left to die during the forced to flee Nazi Germany: Albert Einstein, John Siberian winter. Collectivization resulted in the massive von Neumann, Kurt Gödel, Hans Bethe, Felix famine that struck the Ukraine and other areas of the TBloch, Max Born, James Franck, Otto Frisch, Fritz London, USSR in 1932 –1933. Indirect data provide evidence that Lise Meitner, Erwin Schrödinger, Otto Stern, Leo Szilard, the Holodomor, as it is now known, killed two to three mil- Edward Teller, Victor Weisskopf, and Eugene Wigner, a lion victims. few at first and then a flood. Most chose the UK or the USA The Holodomor, although terrible, was limited; and as their refuge. A few preferred the Soviet Union. Among Soviet citizens living beyond the Ukraine could regard the the latter were Fritz Noether, a famous mathematician and unfolding catastrophe with a sense that, if they had little to the brother of Emmy Noether, and Hans Hellmann, one of eat, they had, at least, little to fear. the founding fathers of quantum chemistry. The situation changed dramatically in the summer of Their destinations became their destinies. 1937. The Great Terror had begun. Arrests, executions, By the fall of 1932, the Nazi Party had entered fully into and the Gulag began to affect virtually every family in the German political mainstream, receiving, in the Novem- the Soviet Union. In 1937 and 1938, the slaughter grew to ber elections, 196 seats in the Reichstag.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender, Politics, and Radioactivity Research in Vienna, 1910-1938
    GENDER, POLITICS, AND RADIOACTIVITY RESEARCH IN VIENNA, 1910-1938 by Maria Rentetzi Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Science and Technology Studies Richard M. Burian, committee chair Aristides Baltas Gary L. Downey Peter L. Galison Bernice L. Hausman Joseph C. Pitt March 25, 2003 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: gender and science, history of radioactivity, 20th century physics, architecture of the physics laboratory, women’s lived experiences in science, Institute for Radium Research in Vienna Copyright 2003, Maria Rentetzi GENDER, POLITICS, AND RADIOACTIVITY RESEARCH IN VIENNA, 1910-1938 Maria Rentetzi ABSTRACT What could it mean to be a physicist specialized in radioactivity in the early 20th century Vienna? More specifically, what could it mean to be a woman experimenter in radioactivity during that time? This dissertation focuses on the lived experiences of the women experimenters of the Institut für Radiumforschung in Vienna between 1910 and 1938. As one of three leading European Institutes specializing in radioactivity, the Institute had a very strong staff. At a time when there were few women in physics, one third of the Institute’s researchers were women. Furthermore, they were not just technicians but were independent researchers who published at about the same rate as their male colleagues. This study accounts for the exceptional constellation of factors that contributed to the unique position of women in Vienna as active experimenters. Three main threads structure this study. One is the role of the civic culture of Vienna and the spatial arrangements specific to the Mediziner-Viertel in establishing the context of the intellectual work of the physicists.
    [Show full text]
  • Erich Regener and the Ionisation Maximum of the Atmosphere
    Hist. Geo Space Sci., 5, 175–182, 2014 www.hist-geo-space-sci.net/5/175/2014/ doi:10.5194/hgss-5-175-2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Erich Regener and the ionisation maximum of the atmosphere P. Carlson1 and A. A. Watson2 1KTH and the Oscar Klein Centre, Stockholm, Sweden 2School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Correspondence to: A. A. Watson ([email protected]) Received: 4 June 2014 – Revised: 4 November 2014 – Accepted: 10 November 2014 – Published: 18 December 2014 Abstract. In the 1930s the German physicist Erich Regener (1881–1955) did important work on the measure- ment of the rate of production of ionisation deep under water and in the atmosphere. Along with one of his stu- dents, Georg Pfotzer, he discovered the altitude at which the production of ionisation in the atmosphere reaches a maximum, often, but misleadingly, called the Pfotzer maximum. Regener was one of the first to estimate the energy density of cosmic rays, an estimate that was used by Baade and Zwicky to bolster their postulate that supernovae might be their source. Yet Regener’s name is less recognised by present-day cosmic ray physicists than it should be, largely because in 1937 he was forced to take early retirement by the National Socialists as his wife had Jewish ancestors. In this paper we briefly review his work on cosmic rays and recommend an alternative naming of the ionisation maximum. The influence that Regener had on the field through his son, his son-in-law, his grandsons and his students, and through his links with Rutherford’s group in Cambridge, is discussed in an appendix.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Final Version to History of Geophysics and Space Science
    Final Version to History of Geophysics and Space Science Version: 18 November 2014 Erich Regener and the maximum in ionisation of the atmosphere P.Carlsona and A.A.Watsonb aKTH and the Oscar Klein Centre, Stockholm, Sweden, [email protected] bSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK, [email protected] Abstract In the 1930s the German physicist Erich Regener (1881-1955) did important work on the measurement of the rate of production of ionisation deep under-water and in the atmosphere. He discovered, along with one of his students, Georg Pfotzer, the altitude at which the production of ionisation in the atmosphere reaches a maximum, often, but misleadingly, called the Pfotzer maximum. Regener was one of the first to estimate the energy density of cosmic rays, an estimate that was used by Baade and Zwicky to bolster their postulate that supernovae might be their source. Yet Regener’s name is less recognised by present-day cosmic ray physicists than it should be largely because in 1937 he was forced to take early retirement by the National Socialists as his wife had Jewish ancestors. In this paper we briefly review his work on cosmic rays and recommend an alternative naming of the ionisation maximum. The influence that Regener had on the field through his son, his son-in-law, his grandsons and his students and through his links with Rutherford’s group in Cambridge is discussed in an appendix. Regener was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics by Schrödinger in 1938. He died in 1955 at the age of 73.
    [Show full text]
  • Karl Scheel, Ernst Bruche Und Die Publikationsorgane
    Karl Scheel, Ernst Bruche und die Publikationsorgane Ernst Dreisigacker und Helmut Rechenberg Die Geschichte der Publikationen der Deutschen Physikalischen Karl Scheel: Ein Leben fur die physikalische Literatur Gesellschaft ist so alt wie die Gesellschaft selbst. So wird bereits 1845 mit der Physikalischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin auch deren Die Geschichte der Publikationen der Physikalischen Gesell- Referateorgan ,,Fortschritte der Physik” gegrundet, 1882 kom- schaft beginnt, bereits mit deren Griindung als Physikalische men die ,,Verhandlungen” rnit Berichten iiber das wissenschaft- Gesellschaft zu Berlin im Jahre 1845. Damals beschlossen die liche Leben der Gesellschaft hinzu, nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg ersten Mitglieder, ab sofort die ,,Fortschritte der Physik” heraus- das neue Referateorgan ,,Physikalische Berichte” und die ,,Zeit- zugeben, eine Reihe von Banden, in denen die wichtigsten schrift fur Physik”. Brillanter Organisator des Publikationswe- Arbeiten und Biicher eines Jahrgangs iiber Themen der Physik, sens, Herausgeber und Redakteur der ersten drei Jahrzehnte aber auch der angrenzenden Gebiete - besonders Chemie, Phy- unseres Jahrhunderts ist Karl Scheel. - In der Zeit nach 1945 siologie und Meteorologie - referiert wurden: Der erste Band kennzeichnen zwei Aspekte die Entwicklung: Angelsachsische fur das Jahr 1845 erschien 1847. Obwohl dieses Publikationsor- Zeitschriften iibernehmen die fuhrende Rolle, und in Deutsch- gan 1893 in (finanzielle) Schwierigkeiten geriet, wie schon land organisieren praktisch nur noch private Verlage das wis- 1891 die ebenfalls von der Physikalischen Gesellschaft heraus- senschaftliche Zeitschriftenwesen. Die DPG beschrankt sich auf gegebenen ,,Verhandlungen” - der alte Verlag von Georg Rei- die Herausgabe der ,,Verhandlungen” (mit gewandelter Aufga- mer hatte den Vertrag gekiindigt -, wurden beide Zeitschriften be), der ,,Physikalischen Berichte” und ab 1977 der ,,Physikali- fortgefiihrt und 1899 in die Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft schen Blatter”.
    [Show full text]