Chentao Yang ( 杨辰涛)∗
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Is the Universe Expanding?: an Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 6-1996 Is the Universe Expanding?: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew David A. Vlosak Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Cosmology, Relativity, and Gravity Commons Recommended Citation Vlosak, David A., "Is the Universe Expanding?: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew" (1996). Master's Theses. 3474. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3474 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IS THEUN IVERSE EXPANDING?: AN HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR COSMOLOGISTS STAR TING ANEW by David A Vlasak A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements forthe Degree of Master of Arts Department of Philosophy Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan June 1996 IS THE UNIVERSE EXPANDING?: AN HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR COSMOLOGISTS STARTING ANEW David A Vlasak, M.A. Western Michigan University, 1996 This study addresses the problem of how scientists ought to go about resolving the current crisis in big bang cosmology. Although this problem can be addressed by scientists themselves at the level of their own practice, this study addresses it at the meta level by using the resources offered by philosophy of science. There are two ways to resolve the current crisis. -
Part I Officers in Institutions Placed Under the Supervision of the General Board
2 OFFICERS NUMBER–MICHAELMAS TERM 2009 [SPECIAL NO.7 PART I Chancellor: H.R.H. The Prince PHILIP, Duke of Edinburgh, T Vice-Chancellor: 2003, Prof. ALISON FETTES RICHARD, N, 2010 Deputy Vice-Chancellors for 2009–2010: Dame SANDRA DAWSON, SID,ATHENE DONALD, R,GORDON JOHNSON, W,STUART LAING, CC,DAVID DUNCAN ROBINSON, M,JEREMY KEITH MORRIS SANDERS, SE, SARAH LAETITIA SQUIRE, HH, the Pro-Vice-Chancellors Pro-Vice-Chancellors: 2004, ANDREW DAVID CLIFF, CHR, 31 Dec. 2009 2004, IAN MALCOLM LESLIE, CHR, 31 Dec. 2009 2008, JOHN MARTIN RALLISON, T, 30 Sept. 2011 2004, KATHARINE BRIDGET PRETTY, HO, 31 Dec. 2009 2009, STEPHEN JOHN YOUNG, EM, 31 July 2012 High Steward: 2001, Dame BRIDGET OGILVIE, G Deputy High Steward: 2009, ANNE MARY LONSDALE, NH Commissary: 2002, The Rt Hon. Lord MACKAY OF CLASHFERN, T Proctors for 2009–2010: JEREMY LLOYD CADDICK, EM LINDSAY ANNE YATES, JN Deputy Proctors for MARGARET ANN GUITE, G 2009–2010: PAUL DUNCAN BEATTIE, CC Orator: 2008, RUPERT THOMPSON, SE Registrary: 2007, JONATHAN WILLIAM NICHOLLS, EM Librarian: 2009, ANNE JARVIS, W Acting Deputy Librarian: 2009, SUSANNE MEHRER Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum and Marlay Curator: 2008, TIMOTHY FAULKNER POTTS, CL Director of Development and Alumni Relations: 2002, PETER LAWSON AGAR, SE Esquire Bedells: 2003, NICOLA HARDY, JE 2009, ROGER DERRICK GREEVES, CL University Advocate: 2004, PHILIPPA JANE ROGERSON, CAI, 2010 Deputy University Advocates: 2007, ROSAMUND ELLEN THORNTON, EM, 2010 2006, CHRISTOPHER FORBES FORSYTH, R, 2010 OFFICERS IN INSTITUTIONS PLACED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE GENERAL BOARD PROFESSORS Accounting 2003 GEOFFREY MEEKS, DAR Active Tectonics 2002 JAMES ANTHONY JACKSON, Q Aeronautical Engineering, Francis Mond 1996 WILLIAM NICHOLAS DAWES, CHU Aerothermal Technology 2000 HOWARD PETER HODSON, G Algebra 2003 JAN SAXL, CAI Algebraic Geometry (2000) 2000 NICHOLAS IAN SHEPHERD-BARRON, T Algebraic Geometry (2001) 2001 PELHAM MARK HEDLEY WILSON, T American History, Paul Mellon 1992 ANTHONY JOHN BADGER, CL American History and Institutions, Pitt 2009 NANCY A. -
An Unprecedented Global Communications Campaign for the Event Horizon Telescope First Black Hole Image
An Unprecedented Global Communications Campaign Best for the Event Horizon Telescope First Black Hole Image Practice Lars Lindberg Christensen Colin Hunter Eduardo Ros European Southern Observatory Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Max-Planck Institute für Radioastronomie [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Mislav Baloković Katharina Königstein Oana Sandu Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Radboud University European Southern Observatory Smithsonian [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Sarah Leach Calum Turner Mei-Yin Chou European Southern Observatory European Southern Observatory Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and [email protected] [email protected] Astrophysics [email protected] Nicolás Lira Megan Watzke Joint ALMA Observatory Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Suanna Crowley [email protected] Smithsonian HeadFort Consulting, LLC [email protected] [email protected] Mariya Lyubenova European Southern Observatory Karin Zacher Peter Edmonds [email protected] Institut de Radioastronomie de Millimétrique Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & [email protected] Smithsonian Satoki Matsushita [email protected] Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics Valeria Foncea [email protected] Joint ALMA Observatory [email protected] Harriet Parsons East Asian Observatory Masaaki Hiramatsu [email protected] Keywords National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Event Horizon Telescope, media relations, [email protected] black holes An unprecedented coordinated campaign for the promotion and dissemination of the first black hole image obtained by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration was prepared in a period spanning more than six months prior to the publication of this result on 10 April 2019. -
Heterodyn Receiver for the Origins Space Telescope Concept 2
PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE SPIEDigitalLibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie Heterodyn receiver for the Origins Space Telescope concept 2 M. C. Wiedner, Susanne Aalto, Edward G. Amatucci, Andrey Baryshev, Cara Battersby, et al. M. C. Wiedner, Susanne Aalto, Edward G. Amatucci, Andrey Baryshev, Cara Battersby, Victor Belitsky, Edwin A. Bergin, Bruno Borgo, Ruth C. Carter, Asantha Cooray, James A. Corsetti, Elvire De Beck, Yan Delorme, Michael J. Dipirro, Vincent Desmaris, Brian Ellison, Juan-Daniel Gallego, Anna Maria Di Giorgio, Martin Eggens, Maryvonne Gerin, Paul F. Goldsmith, Christophe Goldstein, Frank Helmich, Fabrice Herpin, Richard E. Hills, Michiel R. Hogerheijde, Jean-Michel Huet, Leslie K. Hunt, Willem Jellema, Geert Keizer, Jean-Michel Krieg, Gabby Kroes, Philippe Laporte, André Laurens, David T. Leisawitz, Darek Lis, Gregory E. Martins, Imran Mehdi, Margaret Meixner, Gary Melnick, Stefanie N. Milam, David A. Neufeld, Napoléon Nguyen Tuong, René Plume, Klaus M. Pontoppidan, Benjamin Quertier-Dagorn, Christophe Risacher, Johannes G. Staguhn, Serena Viti, Friedrich Wyrowski, "Heterodyn receiver for the Origins Space Telescope concept 2," Proc. SPIE 10698, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2018: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave, 106981B (30 July 2018); doi: 10.1117/12.2313384 Event: SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, 2018, Austin, Texas, United States Downloaded From: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie on 10/29/2018 Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use Heterodyne Receiver for the Origins Space Telescope Concept 2 M.C. Wiedner*a, Susanne Aaltob, Edward G. Amatuccic, Andrey Baryshevd, Cara Battersbye, Victor Belitskyf, Edwin A. Berging, Bruno Borgoh, Ruth C. Carterc, Asantha Coorayi, James A. Corsettic, Elvire De Beckb, Yan Delormea, Michael J. -
New Illinois Institute Focuses Expertise On
Electrical and Computer Engineering Alumni News ECE Alum ni As so ci a tion newsletter University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign New Illinois institute focuses Spring 2005 Volume XXXIX expertise on “trust” By Jamie Hutchinson member, who rep re sent ed ITI at a homeland Inside this issue security conference on campus last spring. One of the newest interdisciplinary initia- According to Nicol, a massive failure of U. DEPARTMENT HEAD’S tives at the University of Illinois addresses S. fi nancial computer networks—whether MES SAGE the threats of a networked world—from caused by ma li cious at tack, faulty internal 2 spyware and automated computer attacks, design, or a com bi na tion of factors—could to identity theft and information warfare, to have horrifi c eff ects on the economy. The ERROR CORRECTING CODES power black outs, and more. And like so many same goes for the power grid and national RE SEARCH other such en ter pris es on campus, this one defense, both of which rely heavi ly on big, puts ECE facul ty, students, and facilities at com plex computer networks. (ECE power 4 the center of the action. engineering fac ul ty Pete Sauer and Tom New Illinois institute, continued on page 30 VERMILION RIVER Engineering Dean David Daniel estab - OBSERVATORY lished the Information Trust Institute (ITI) in 2004 and appointed ECE Professor Bill 6 Sanders as director. Seventeen ECE faculty are listed among the 40 ITI faculty and senior re search ers. The institute brings together un der one banner such diverse areas of Il- linois engi neer ing expertise as information pro tec tion; au then ti ca tion protocols; secure com pil er tech nol o gies; intrusion-tolerant middleware; reliability, security, and depend- ability as sess ment; val i da tion technologies; TV-B-GONE and security policy analysis. -
Heterodyne Receiver for Origins
Heterodyne Receiver for Origins a, b c Martina C. Wiedner , * Susanne Aalto, Edward G. Amatucci , d e f g Andrey Baryshev, Cara Battersby , Victor Belitsky, Edwin A. Bergin, h c i j Bruno Borgo, Ruth C. Carter, Emmanuel Caux , Asantha Cooray, c b a f James A. Corsetti, Elvire De Beck , Yan Delorme, Vincent Desmaris, c k l Michael J. DiPirro, Brian Ellison , Anna M. Di Giorgio, m n a Martin Eggens , Juan-Daniel Gallego , Maryvonne Gerin , o p m,q Paul F. Goldsmith , Christophe Goldstein, Frank Helmich , r s t,u Fabrice Herpin , Richard E. Hills , Michiel R. Hogerheijde , v m m a Leslie K. Hunt , Willem Jellema , Geert Keizer, Jean-Michel Krieg, w x p c Gabby Kroes, Philippe Laporte, André Laurens, David T. Leisawitz , a,o c o Dariusz C. Lis , Gregory E. Martins, Imran Mehdi, c,y,z aa c Margaret Meixner, Gary Melnick, Stefanie N. Milam , z h ab David A. Neufeld, Napoléon Nguyen Tuong, René Plume, y r Klaus M. Pontoppidan , Benjamin Quertier-Dagorn, ac,ad c,z aa Christophe Risacher , Johannes G. Staguhn , Edward Tong, ae ac Serena Viti, Friedrich Wyrowski, and † The Origins Space Telescope Mission Concept Study Team aLaboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères (LERMA), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France bChalmers University of Technology, Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden cNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, United -
Making the Invisible Visible: a History of the Spitzer Infrared Telescope Facility (1971–2003)/ by Renee M
MAKING THE INVISIBLE A History of the Spitzer Infrared Telescope Facility (1971–2003) MONOGRAPHS IN AEROSPACE HISTORY, NO. 47 Renee M. Rottner MAKING THE INVISIBLE VISIBLE A History of the Spitzer Infrared Telescope Facility (1971–2003) MONOGRAPHS IN AEROSPACE HISTORY, NO. 47 Renee M. Rottner National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Communications NASA History Division Washington, DC 20546 NASA SP-2017-4547 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Rottner, Renee M., 1967– Title: Making the invisible visible: a history of the Spitzer Infrared Telescope Facility (1971–2003)/ by Renee M. Rottner. Other titles: History of the Spitzer Infrared Telescope Facility (1971–2003) Description: | Series: Monographs in aerospace history; #47 | Series: NASA SP; 2017-4547 | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2012013847 Subjects: LCSH: Spitzer Space Telescope (Spacecraft) | Infrared astronomy. | Orbiting astronomical observatories. | Space telescopes. Classification: LCC QB470 .R68 2012 | DDC 522/.2919—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2012013847 ON THE COVER Front: Giant star Zeta Ophiuchi and its effects on the surrounding dust clouds Back (top left to bottom right): Orion, the Whirlpool Galaxy, galaxy NGC 1292, RCW 49 nebula, the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, “yellow balls” in the W33 Star forming region, Helix Nebula, spiral galaxy NGC 2841 This publication is available as a free download at http://www.nasa.gov/ebooks. ISBN 9781626830363 90000 > 9 781626 830363 Contents v Acknowledgments -
Space Resources for Teachers, Space Science, a Guide Outlining Understandings, Fundamental Concepts, and Activities
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 040 047 SE 008 196 !,,ITHOR Thompson, Malcolm TTI,Lr Space Resources for Teachers,Space Science, A Guide Outlining Understandings, FundamentalConcepts, and Activities. INSTITUTION Columbia Univ., New York,N.Y.; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NewYork, N. Y. Goddard Inst. for Space Studies. PUB DATE 69 NOTE 145p. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents,U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D.C. 20402 (0-358-779, $2.00) 'DRS PRICE EDRS Price MF -$0.75 HC Not Availablefrom EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Technology, AnnotatedBibliographies, *Astronomy, *College Science,*Instructional Materials, Physical Sciences,Science Activities, *Secondary School Science, TeachingGuides ABSTRACT This instructional andresource guide is designedso that it may be used in thesecondary school or in the firsttwo years of college to presenta series of units in space science,or to supplement existing science andmathematics courses. The guide consists of six units:(1) mea.surement, distance, andsize in astronomy,(2) atoms, spectra, andstars,(3) atomic nuclei and stars,(4) the solar system, (5) the originand evaluation of life, and (6) motion, rockets and gravity.Each unit is divided into the following parts: (a) a list of understandings thata student should have after completing study ofthe unit, (b) a topical outline of the material in the unit, withexpositions, tables, demonstrations,and activities inserted when appropriate,(0 a list of sample questions, (d) problems and projects forfurther exploration,(e) audiovisual aids, (f) an annotated teacher bibliography and (g) an annotated student bibliography. Each of theunits is basically self-contained. However, in general they require additionalknowledge which may be obtained by a study of the earlierunits, from the context of another course, or by a study of the material listedin the bibliographies. -
Measuring the Hubble Constant with Observations of Water-Vapor Megamasers
Advancing the Physics of Cosmic Distances Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 289, 2012 c International Astronomical Union 2013 Richard de Grijs, ed. doi:10.1017/S1743921312021515 Measuring the Hubble constant with observations of water-vapor megamasers James Braatz,1 Mark Reid,2 Cheng-Yu Kuo,3 Violette Impellizzeri,1 James Condon,1 Christian Henkel,4,5 K. Y. Lo,1 Jenny Greene,6 Feng Gao, 1,7 and Wei Zhao1,7 1 National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA 2 Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA 3 Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan 4 Max-Planck-Institut f¨ur Radioastronomie, Auf dem H¨ugel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany 5 Astronomy Department, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 6 Department of Astrophysics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA 7 Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200030 Shanghai, China Abstract. To constrain models of dark energy, a precise measurement of the Hubble constant, H0 , provides a powerful complement to observations of the cosmic microwave background. Re- cent, precise measurements of H0 have been based on the ‘extragalactic distance ladder,’ pri- marily using observations of Cepheid variables and Type Ia supernovae as standard candles. In the past, these methods have been limited by systematic errors, so independent methods of measuring H0 are of high value. Direct geometric distance measurements to circumnuclear H2 O megamasers in the Hubble flow provide a promising new method to determine H0 .The Megamaser Cosmology Project (MCP) is a systematic effort to discover suitable H2 O mega- masers and determine their distances, with the aim of measuring H0 to a few percent. -
Here in Puerto Varas, Chile, to Investigate the Many Faces of AGN Obscuration
J. DEXTER J. GALLIMORE K. WADA J. KROLIK T. ALMEYDA M. STALEVSKI E. STURM S. LAMASSA B. VOLLMER S. KAMENO T. STORCHI-BERGMAN C. RAMOS ALMEIDA S. GARCIA-BURILLO A. DORODNITSYN WWW.TORUS2018.ORG C. RICCI M. BALOKOVIC C.-H. CHAN J. BRAATZ S. MATEOS R. MORGANTI R. DAVIES TORUSACES 2018 V. IMPELLIZZERI. STORCHI BERGMANN . HÖNIG • THE MANY F K. TRISTRAM • T . COMBES • S . PACKHAM • ALO • F. BAUER. LIRA • • F C OF AGN OBSCURATION. ARÉV . KROLIK • N. LEVENSON • P SOC: A. ALONSO HERRERO • P M. KISHIMOTO • J Sponsors: CONICYT, NRAO, ESO, MAS TORUS 2018: The many faces of the AGN obscuration Puerto Varas, Chile 10-14 December 2018 For the past 30 years, a toroidal structure in the equatorial plane around active galactic nu- clei (AGN), the so-called dusty and molecular torus, has been considered a cornerstone of unified schemes of quasars and Seyfert galaxies. However, this picture has recently been challenged through high spatial resolution infrared observations by the discovery of polar elongated dust structures, rather than doughnut shaped distributions. Similarly, recent spatially unresolved X-ray obser- vations have provided critical new insights into the toroidal obscurer and scatterer, potentially requiring a reinterpretation of long-established concepts. The first ALMA observations, for their part, have led to contradicting interpretations: either the submm emission is indeed dominated by a rotating torus structure, or it is dominated by an outflow, which would be more compatible with the elongated dust shapes seen in the infrared. Together with a dramatic increase in computational power, these observations have triggered a renaissance in modelling of the nuclear material, with models for the first time trying to not only explain the SEDs but also the spatial distribution of the dusty and molecular material. -
Event Horizon Telescope: the Black Hole Seen Round the World
EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE: THE BLACK HOLE SEEN ROUND THE WORLD HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION MAY 16, 2019 Serial No. 116–19 Printed for the use of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://science.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 36–301PDF WASHINGTON : 2019 COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HON. EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas, Chairwoman ZOE LOFGREN, California FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma, DANIEL LIPINSKI, Illinois Ranking Member SUZANNE BONAMICI, Oregon MO BROOKS, Alabama AMI BERA, California, BILL POSEY, Florida Vice Chair RANDY WEBER, Texas CONOR LAMB, Pennsylvania BRIAN BABIN, Texas LIZZIE FLETCHER, Texas ANDY BIGGS, Arizona HALEY STEVENS, Michigan ROGER MARSHALL, Kansas KENDRA HORN, Oklahoma RALPH NORMAN, South Carolina MIKIE SHERRILL, New Jersey MICHAEL CLOUD, Texas BRAD SHERMAN, California TROY BALDERSON, Ohio STEVE COHEN, Tennessee PETE OLSON, Texas JERRY MCNERNEY, California ANTHONY GONZALEZ, Ohio ED PERLMUTTER, Colorado MICHAEL WALTZ, Florida PAUL TONKO, New York JIM BAIRD, Indiana BILL FOSTER, Illinois JAIME HERRERA BEUTLER, Washington DON BEYER, Virginia JENNIFFER GONZA´ LEZ-COLO´ N, Puerto CHARLIE CRIST, Florida Rico SEAN CASTEN, Illinois VACANCY KATIE HILL, California BEN MCADAMS, Utah JENNIFER WEXTON, Virginia (II) CONTENTS May 16, 2019 Page Hearing Charter ..................................................................................................... -
Download the Science Case for ALMA Phasing Below
DRAFT — SEPTEMBER 11, 2013 TRANSFORMATIONAL HIGH ANGULAR RESOLUTION AND HIGH SENSITIVITY SCIENCE WITH A BEAMFORMED ALMA VINCENT FISH1 , WALTER ALEF,JAMES ANDERSON, KEIICHI ASADA1 , ALAIN BAUDRY, AVERY BRODERICK1 ,CHRIS CARILLI1 , FRANCISCO COLOMER,JOHN CONWAY1 ,JASON DEXTER,SHEPERD DOELEMAN1 ,RALPH EATOUGH, HEINO FALCKE1 ,SÁNDOR FREY, KRISZTINA GABÁNYI,ROBERTO GÁLVAN-MADRID,CHARLES GAMMIE,MARCELLO GIROLETTI,CIRIACO GODDI,JOSE GÓMEZ, KAZUHIRO HADA,MAREKI HONMA1 ,ELIZABETH HUMPHREYS, VIOLETTE IMPELLIZZERI,TIM JOHANNSEN,SVETLANA JORSTAD, MOTOKI KINO,ELMAR KÖRDING,MICHAEL KRAMER,THOMAS KRICHBAUM1 , NADIA KUDRYAVTSEVA,ROBERT LAING1 ,JOSEPH LAZIO, ABRAHAM LOEB,RU-SEN LU,THOMAS MACCARONE, ALAN MARSCHER1 ,IVÁN MARTÍ-VIDAL,CARLOS MARTINS,LYNN MATTHEWS, KARL MENTEN,JON MILLER,JAMES MILLER-JONES,FÉLIX MIRABEL,SEBASTIEN MULLER, HIROSHI NAGAI, NEIL NAGAR1 ,MASANORI NAKAMURA,ZSOLT PARAGI, NICOLAS PRADEL, DIMITRIOS PSALTIS1 ,SCOTT RANSOM,LUIS RODRÍGUEZ, HELGE ROTTMANN, ANTHONY RUSHTON,ZHI-QIANG SHEN1 , DAVID SMITH,BENJAMIN STAPPERS,ROHTA TAKAHASHI1 , ANDREA TARCHI,REMO TILANUS,JORIS VERBIEST, WOUTER VLEMMINGS,R.CRAIG WALKER,JOHN WARDLE, KAJ WIIK,ERIK ZACKRISSON,&J.ANTON ZENSUS ABSTRACT An international consortium is presently constructing a beamformer for the Atacama Large Millime- ter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile that will be available as a facility instrument. The beamformer will aggregate the entire collecting area of the array into a single, very large aperture. The extraordinary sen- sitivity of phased ALMA, combined with the extremely fine