District Environment Management Plan

DISTRICT ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

PREAMBLE This District Environment Plan is an outcome of the order passed by the Hon’ble National Green Tribunal in O.A. No-360/2018, dated 26/09/2019, regarding constitution of District Committee (as part of District Planning Committee under Article 243 ZD) under Articles 243 G, 243 W, 243 ZD read with Schedules 11 and 12 and Rule 15 of the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016. In the above said order, it is stated that among others ‘Chief Secretaries may personally monitor compliance of environmental norms (Including BMW Rules) with the District Magistrate once every month. The District Magistrates may conduct such monitoring twice every month. We find in necessary to add that in view of Constitutional Provisions under Articles 243 G, 243 W, 243 ZD read with Schedules 11 and 12 and Rule 15 of the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 it is necessary to have a District Environment Plan to be operated by a District committee (as a part of District Planning Committee under Article 243 ZD) with representatives from Panchayats, Local Bodies, Regional Officers, State PCB and a suitable officer representing the administration, which may in turn be chaired and monitored by the District Magistrate. Such District Environment Plans and Constitution of District Committee may be placed on the website of Districts concerned.” This order was re-stressed by Hon’ble NGT in O.A. No. 360/2018, order dated 26.09.2019, where Hon’ble Tribunal said, “Compliance of this direction may also be seen by the Chief Secretaries of the States/UTs. This may not only comply with mandate of law but provide an institutional mechanism for effective monitoring of environment norms” In this regard, Department of Forest, Environment and Climate Change re-constituted the District Environment Committee as advised vide letter number 4869, dated 26.12.2019; under the chairmanship of the District Magistrate. The District Environment Committee held several meetings to get an overall view of current scenario of environmental condition of Jamtara district, and evolved out with the District Environment Plan. The District Environment Plan has integrated a concept of Circular Economy and has linked the waste with the concept of circular economy. District Environment Committee constituted of the following members: 1. District Collector, Jamtara Chairman 2. Chairperson, Jamtara Zilla Parishad Member 3. Deputy Development Commissioner (DDC), Jamtara Member 4. Superintendent of Police, Jamtara Member 5. Divisional Forest Officer, Jamtara Secretary 6. Civil Surgeon, Jamtara Member 7. Executive Engineer, PHED, Jamtara Member 8. District Mining Officer, Jamtara Member 9. District Transport Officer, Jamtara Member 10. Chief Inspector of Factories (or Representative) Member 2

11. Regional Officer, Pollution Control Board, Jharkhand, Dumka Member 12. General Manager, District Industry Center, Jamtara Member 13. Executive Engineer, Water Resource department, Jamtara Member 14. Expert Environment – Prof S N Singh retired Member

Data has been extracted according to the standard format prescribed by CPCB from different agencies and departments and includes the following thematic areas: 1. Waste Management Plan Solid Waste Management Plastic Waste Management Construction and Debris (C&D) Waste Management Biomedical Waste Management Hazardous Waste Management E-Waste Management 2. Water Quality Management Plan 3. Domestic Sewage Management Plan 4. Industrial Wastewater Management Plan 5. Air Quality Management Plan 6. Mining Activity Management plan 7. Noise Pollution Management Plan

FOREWARD Hon'ble National Green Tribunal, New Delhi has passed an order on 26-09-2019 in O.A. No. 360/218 in the case Shri Nath Sharma Versus Union of India and Others that it is necessary to have a District Environment Plan (DEP) to be operated by the District Committee. District Environment Plan in respect of Jamtara district covers 7 thematic areas by capturing basic information on 64 action areas which are essential part of this plan. Apart from providing the current status and action plan of the waste (7 thematic areas), a separate chapter in the District Environment Plan, Jamtara has been dedicated to the emerging concept of circular economy. Circular economy focuses on moving away from today’s ‘take-make-waste’ linear model towards an economy that is regenerative by design. In such an economy natural system are regenerated, energy is from renewable sources, materials are safe and increasingly from renewable sources, and waste is avoided. A circular economy offers a positive way forward by redefining value creation to focus on society- wide benefits. It addresses the shortcomings of the current system, while creating new opportunities for businesses and society. Circular economy principles present unique opportunities to help tackle the climate crisis by reducing GHG emissions along supply chains; preserving the embodied energy of products and materials; and increasing carbon sequestration through the regeneration of natural systems. Practice of circular economy with the wastes will help in mitigating the negative impacts on the environment. The execution of this management plan will require the integration and co-operation of the people, private and public stakeholders of Jamtara. This plan aims at reducing the risk on the human health and environment.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preamble ...... 2 Foreward...... 4 Introduction ...... 10 District Profile ...... 10 District boundaries ...... 10 Administrative setup…………………………………………………………………………………...10 Demography……………………………………………………………………………………………11 Green Cover……………………………………………………………………………………………15 Waste Management…………………………………………………………………………………...16 Solid Waste Management………………………………………………………………………………18 Current Scenario………………………………………………………………………………………..19 Action Plan……………………………………………………………………………………………..22 Plastic Waste Management…………………………………………………………………….………23 Current Scenario……………………………………………………………………………………….24 Action Plan…………………………………………………………………………………………….26 Construction & Demolition Waste……………………………………………………………………..28 Current Scenario……………………………………………………………………………………….29 Action Plan…………………………………………………………………………………………….29 Biomedical Waste Management……………………………………………………………………….30 Current Scenario…………………………………………………………………………………….....31 Action Plan…………………………………………………………………………………………....33 Hazardous Waste Management……………………………………………………………………...... 34 Current Scenario…………………………………………………………………………………...... 35 Action Plan……………………………………………………………………………………………35 E-waste Management………………………………………………………………………………...36 Current Scenario………………………………………………………………………………………36 Action Plan…………………………………………………………………………………………….37 Water Quality Management Plan………………………………………………………………………37 Current Scenario…………………………………………………………………………………...... 50 Action Plan………………………………………………………………………………………...…52 Domestic Sewage Management Plan………………………………………………………………...52 Current Scenario……………………………………………………………………………………...53 Action Plan…………………………………………………………………………………………...54 Industrial Wastewater Management Plan………………………………………………………….....56 Current Scenario……………………………………………………………………………………...56 Action Plan…………………………………………………………………………………………...57 Air Quality Management Plan…………………………………………………………………….....57 Current Scenario……………………………………………………………………………………..58 Action Plan………………………………………………………………………………...... 61 Mining Activity Management Plan……………………………………………………………...... 62 Current Scenario…………………………………………………………………...... 66 Action Plan…………………………………………………………………………...... 66 Noise Pollution Management Plan……………………………………………………………...... 68 Current Scenario…………………………………………………………………………...... 72 Action Plan………………………………………………………………………………...... 73 Circular Economy………………………………………………………………………….…...... 74 Municipal waste………………………………………………………………………...... 75 Plastic waste…………………………………………………………………………………...... 82 Construction & Demolition waste……………………………………………………………...... 89

Biomedical waste………………………………………………………………………………...... 93 E- waste…………………………………………………………………………………………...... 94 Water Management………………………………………………………………………………...100 Air Pollution……………………………………………………………………………………….109 Mining Waste………………………………………………………………………………………112

References……………………………………………………………………………………………118 Annexure 01: Stakeholders and their responsibilities for waste management plan...... 119 Annexure 02: List of machines required as a part of action point for the District Environment Plan..125 Annexure 03: List of industries in Jamtara as reported by DIC, Jamtara…………………………….126

LIST OF TABLES

Overview of the district…………………………………………………………………….....11 Block wise population details as per Census 2011……………………………………………12 Details of forest cover range- wise……………………………………………………………15 Inventory of solid waste as reported by Mihijam Nagar Parishad…………………………….19 Inventory of solid waste as reported by Jamtara Nagar Panchayat………………………...... 21 Inventory of plastic waste as reported by Mihijam Nagar Parishad…………………………..24 Inventory of plastic waste as reported by Jamtara Nagar Panchayat………………………….25 Inventory of biomedical waste as reported by Mihijam Nagar Parishad and CMO, Jamtara....31 Inventory of bio-medical waste as reported by Jamtara Nagar Panchayat and CMO, Jamtara..32 Inventory of hazardous waste as reported by the Mihijam Nagar Parishad……………...... 35 Tabulation of status of facilitating authorized collection of E-Waste in Jamtara………….....36 Block wise domestic water demand in Jamtara……………………………………………....42 Block wise water requirement and water gap in Jamtara from 2015 to 2020………………….43 Block wise water requirement and water gap in Jamtara in 2020…………………………….43 Block wise crop water demand in Jamtara…………………………………………………....44 Block wise livestock water demand…………………………………………………………..46 Block wise livestock water demand and gap between 2015 and 2020 data In BCM………….46 Block wise industrial water demand………………………………………………………….47 Details of the IWMP programme at Jamtara………………………………………………....50 Number of activities undertaken by MGNREGA in Jamtara during the FY 20-21……….....51 Data received from the Executive Engineer-PHED, Jamtara……………………………...... 51 Inventory of sewage management as reported by Mihijam Nagar Parishad………...... 53 Inventory of sewage management as reported by Jamtara Nagar Panchayat…………...... 54 Inventory of industrial wastewater as reported by DIC, Jamtara…………………………….56 Inventory of air pollution in Jamtara...... 58 Data related to vehicles in Jamtara...... 59 Inventory of mining activities in Jamtara...... 66 Inventory of Noise Pollution of Jamtara…………………………………...... 73 Characteristics of the indicator related to municipal waste management……………...... 79 Recommended circular economy actions based on ReSOLVE...... 81

LIST OF FIGURES

Index map of Jamtara District……………………………………………………………...... 11 Block and gender wise population details………………………………………………...... 13 Community dynamics at Jamtara………………………………………………………...... 13 Block wise population dynamics…………………………………………………………...... 14 Sex Ration at Jamtara……………………………………………………………………...... 14 Relationship of resource and waste management...... 17 Elements of solid waste management...... 18 Flowchart depicting the segregation of construction and demolition waste……………...... 29 Flowchart depicting the categories of biomedical waste………………………………………..…...31 Gap in domestic water demand in Jamtara………………………………………………...... 44 Water demand in agriculture in Jamtara…………………………………………………...... 45 Water demand in livestock sector…………………………………………………………...... 46 Industrial water requirement………………………………………………………………...... 47 Strategic plan to meet water demand……………………………………………………...... 50 Air Quality Management Cycle...... 57 Types and number of vehicles registered in Jamtara...... 60 Number of vehicles registered from 2007 to 2020...... 61 Map of the stone mines in the Jamtara District (Source- District survey report)…………...... 65 Process involved in a linear economy model………………………………………………...... 75 Process involved in circular economy………………………………………………………...... 75 STEP, circular economy...... 77 Generation and disposition of wastes through business value chain…………………….…...... 78 Conventional two stage biological wastewater treatment……………………………………...... 108 Use of metals in energy production over the time period…………………………………...... 114

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

AQM: AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT. BWG: BULK WASTE GENERATOR. BMWM: BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT. BDO: BLOCK DEVELOPMENT OFFICER CAAQMS: CENTRAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. CPCB: CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD. CO: CIRCLE OFFICER. C&D: CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION. CBMWTF: COMMON BIO-MEDICAL WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL FACILITY. CETP: COMMON EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT. CAPEX: CAPITAL EXPENDITURES. DC: DEPUTY COMMISSIONER. DEP: DISTRICT ENVIRONMENT PLAN. DFO: DISTRICT FOREST OFFICER. DHW: DOMESTIC HAZARDOUS WASTE. EWM: ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT. ETP: EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT. HCF: HEALTH CARE FACILITES HWM: HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT HW: HAZARDOUS WASTE. ICT: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY. IWW: INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER.

INTRODUCTION

1. District Profile Jamtara is an administrative district, created on 26th April, 2001. The district is bounded on the east by Deoghar district in the north, Dumka and West Bengal in the east, Dhanbad and West Bengal in the south and Giridih in the west. The district headquarter is located at Jamtara town which is situated at 250 kilometres from Ranchi, the State capital. The Jamtara district was created from Dumka district. The district is located at a lower altitude of Chhotanagpur plateau and its latitude and longitude vary from 23010’ to 240-5’ North and 86030’ to 87015’ East. As per the Census of India, 2011, it has an area of 1811 sq. km and a total population of 7,91,042 with 261509 male and 249888 female along with 279645 children and sex ratio of 956.It is the 13th densely populated district in the state with 437 persons per sq. km as against the state’s 414. Jamtara ranks 10th in terms of sex ratio 954 against the state’s 949. The overall literacy rate of the district stands to be 64.59% against the state’s 66.41%. 30.40% of the total population belongs to Schedule Tribes and 9.21% of the total population belongs to Schedule Caste. Majority of the population can speak Santhali, Hindi and Urdu. There are 79 unhabituated villages out of 1,161 villages in the district. District receives an annual rainfall of 1339 mm with 65 to 70 number of rainy days spread across four months with August month receiving most of the rain fall. Based on the rainfall and area of the district it receives a total volume of 0.7236 bcm water, currently district is able to store only 0.20 bcm water in the existing water storage structures and rest 0.5236 bcm flows through the rivers and rivulets. 2. District boundaries North: Deoghar East: Dumka and West Bengal South: West Bengal West: Giridih 3. Administrative Setup (with the administrative map) The overall district administration in the district is headed by the Deputy Commissioner cum District Magistrate. Jamtara belongs to the Santhal Pargana divison. (Jharkhand Stateconstitutes of five divisons, i.e., North Chotanagpur, South Chotanagpur, Santhal Pargana, Palamu and Kolhan ). The district of Jamtara possesses one subdivision- Jamtara; six community development blocks- Narayanpur, Karma Tanr Vidyasagar, Jamtara, Nala, Fatehpur and Kundhit; two statutory towns namely Jamtara and Mihijam and one census town named Karma Tanr. It has a total number of 118 panchayats and 1161 villages.

Table 01: Overview of the district District Jamtara Total number 1- (Jamtara) of Sub divisions Total number 3-(Jamtara, Mihijam and of Towns Karma Tanr (CT)) Total number 6- (Narayanpur, Karma Tanr of Community Vidyasagar, Jamtara, Nala, Development Fatehpur and Kundhit) Blocks Total number 118 of Panchayats Total number 1161 of Villages

Figure 01: Index map of Jamtara district

4. Demography According to the Census of India, 2011; the total population of Jamtara district is 7, 91, 042 which comprises of 4,04,830 males and 3,86,212 females. The total population of rural area of Jamtara district is 7,15,296 which comprises of 3,65,043 males and 3,50, 253 females. The above number clearly depicts the percentage of population residing in rural area. 30.40% of the total population belongs to the Schedule Tribes. The population growth has been marked at almost 20% over the last decade which means it requires more infrastructure support, more health services and accordingly more resources for the same. It will also have implications on a number of important issues in the area of urbanization, migration and development, and on some important variables which impact on their interrelationships. Mostly women members head family when male guardian is not there. It some cases it is also because of greater awareness among the women members especially who have been members of the SHGs. The district is dominated by the people from OBC and general category but tribals and scheduled caste people also have sizable population. Population of the other communities stands at 60.44% followed by tribals whose population is at 30.29% and SCs at 9.26%. SC / St Population is close to 55% in Fatehpur and Jamtara, Lowest at 26% in Karmatanr and is 17% at Mihijam NP. Gender ratio of the district stands at 956. Gender ratio is best at Fatehpur which is at 968 ad worst at Mihijam NP standing at 890. Average family size of the district is close to five with Narayanpur having family size close to six and Kundahit having a family size close to four.

Table 02: Block wise population details as per Census 2011

Population SC ST Others Total

Block/NP Male Female Total HH Population HH Population HH Population No. HH Population

Jamtara 63195 60939 123978 1702 8746 11006 56563 11416 58669 24124 123978 Fatehpur 45546 44099 89645 1417 6920 8619 42090 8322 40635 18358 89645

Kundahit 43437 41470 84907 2991 13002 5822 25309 10719 46596 19532 84907

Nala 68771 66009 134780 3500 16718 10181 48626 14537 69436 28218 134780

Karmatanr 58937 56329 115266 1380 7737 2885 21767 16307 85762 20572 115266

Narayanpur 83977 79989 163966 1677 9501 6970 39485 20295 114980 28942 163966

NP Mihijam 21401 19062 40463 1165 5791 411 2042 6563 32630 8139 40463

NP- Jamtara 15372 14043 29415 788 4034 227 1162 4728 24219 5743 29415

Total 400636 381940 782420 14620 72449 46121 237044 92887 472927 153628 782420

Figure 02: Block and gender wise population details

Figure 03: Community dynamics at Jamtara

Figure 04: Block wise population dynamics

Figure 05: Sex ratio at Jamtara

5. Green Cover The district comprises of 1811 sq. kms of geographical area, out of which 100.64 sq. kms is covered with forest. 20.97 sq. kms are moderate dense forest and 79.67 sq. kms are open forest (as per the India State of Forest Report, 2019). Study conducted by institutions reveals that the naturally dominant tree species in forest of Jharkhand are Shorearobusta, Madhuca indica, Madhuca latifolia, Semicarpus anacardium, Buchnanialanzen where as in the Trees outside forest (TOF) Anacardium occidentale, Eucalyptus spp, Pongania piñata and Acacia spp dominate. Estimation in Jamtara district for tree species was found to be at 67.56 ton/ha. On the basis of individual tree species contribution of carbon sequestration Madhuca indica (0.207t/tree) supersedes Shorearobusta (0.140 t/tree) in forests where as in TOF Eucalyptus (0.407t/tree) and Mangifera indica (0.294t/tree) contributes maximum. The different ranges covered under Jamtara Forest Divison are Narayanpur, Nala, Kundhit, Jamtara Table 03: Details of forest cover range- wise Range Forest Area (in hectares) Narayanpur 1667.37 Jamtara 365.40 Nala 1434.91 Kundhit 4410.65

Waste Management

1. Waste Management: The rise in the global population continues to contribute to the generation of waste, especially in urban areas. This makes the issue of waste management to become one of the priorities for government and private entities. Waste is explained as most unwanted materials according to the Environmental Protection Act 1990. Waste includes any scrap material, effluent or unwanted extra substance or article that needs disposal because it is broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise polluted. Wastes are 'those substances or objects which fall out of the business cycle or chain of utility' such as glass bottles that are returned or reused in their original form are not waste, whereas glass bottles banked by the public and dispatched for remoulding are waste 'until they have been recovered'. The Department of the Environment recognized four broad categories of potential waste. First is worn but functioning substances or objects that are still useable (albeit after repair) for the purpose they were made. Secondly, substances or objects that can be put to immediate use otherwise than by a specialised waste recovery establishment or undertaking for example ash from a power station used as a raw material in building blocks. Third category is degenerated substances or objects that can be put to use only by establishments or undertakings specialised in waste recovery. These are always wastes even if transferred for recovery for value for example polluted solvents or scrap. Such substances only cease to be waste when they have been recovered. Fourth are the substances which the holder does not want and which he has to pay to have taken away. Speedy economic development has increased the living standard of the populace around the globe. This has directly converted into more material utilization and more waste production. Solid waste material, generated particularly in the urban areas is as follows. 1. Organic waste 2. Plastic waste 3. Metal waste material 4. Glass waste material 5. Paper waste material, and 6. Electronic waste 7. Others (Ash, Sand, Grit, etc.) Process of Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials. The notion generally associated with materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to lessen their effect on health, the environment. Waste management is also done to recuperate resources from it. Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each. It has been shown in reports that Waste management practices vary for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial, producers. Management for non- hazardous residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, whereas management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is generally the responsibility of the generator.

An efficient waste management system can assist in proper operation of the many interconnected systems on which a unit depends for waste containment, leachate management, and other important functions. If the constituents of an overall waste management system are not frequently examined, maintained, improved, and evaluated for effectiveness, even the best designed unit might not operate resourcefully. Good execution of waste management system can 16

also decrease long and short term costs, shield workers and local communities, and maintain good community relations. Successful waste management system also requires that procedures be in place to observe performance and determine improvement towards clearly articulated and well understood environmental goals. Major objective of waste management is to lessen the waste thus aiming at the ideal system. While the resource management intends to maximize the utilization of the resources. The goal of waste and resource management is same that is optimal utilization of available resources for increased efficiency and growth of the system but the approaches are different (Arora, 2004).

In order to attain this objective, it is imperative to:

Avoid the generation of waste Promote reuse of waste Promote biological recovery of waste and recycling of materials Promote energy use of waste not suited for recycling Ensure that the treatment and disposal of waste does not cause any harmful impacts It is established in management literature that resource and waste management are complementary to each other.

Figure 06: Relationship of resource and waste management (Source: Arora, 2004). : Resource and Waste Management

In waste management area, new concept of wastivity is proposed. It can serve as an adequate measure of performance of any system. Wastivity of any system is defined as ratio of waste to input.

Concept of Wastivity Depending upon the level of consideration, wastivity may be categorized as gross wastivity and net wastivity. Many studies have indicated that waste can indirectly serve as measure of productivity (Arora, 2004).

Waste management has become a multifaceted area of legal, technical and commercial ground. Only few organisations can rely on the waste collection services provided through local authorities as a solution to their waste management obligations. Thus many firms need to identify and contract one or more reputable, licensed, specialist companies for the disposal of their waste, or discharging their legal obligations. Main development in the field of waste management is to 17 concentrate on preventing the production of waste through waste minimisation and the re-use of waste materials through recycling. This links directly to procurement issues, where careful selection of materials, suppliers, process redesign for disassembly and reverse logistics can all reduce the amount of wastes produced or facilitate recycling and re-use. It is necessary that companies must adopt effective waste management procedure to get good financial returns. The efficient waste management comprises of quick identification of waste generated, economic reduction, efficient collection and handling, optimal sense and recycling, effective disposal of waste that do not create environmental problems. Waste management can be grouped in to five elements that include generation, reduction, collection, recycling and disposal (Arora, 2004).

1.1. Solid Waste Management Solid waste management refers to the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded or is no longer useful. Solid waste management is an important aspect of urban area management. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, which can lead to environmental pollution and the outbreak of vector-borne disease. The task of solid waste management presents complex technical challenges. They also pose various economic, administrative, and social problems which need urgent attention. The major sources of solid waste are households; agricultural fields; industries and mining, hotels and catering; roads and railways; hospitals and educational institutions; cultural centers and places of recreation and tourism, etc. Solid waste management may be defined as the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing and disposal of solid waste. The activities associated with the management of municipal solid waste from the point of generation to final disposal can be grouped into the six functional elements.

Figure 07: Elements of solid waste management There are many varities of municipal solid waste such as food waste, rubbish, commercial waste, institutional waste, street sweeping waste, industrial waste, construction waste and sanitation waste. It contains recyclable (paper, plastic, glass and metal etc.), toxic substances (paints, pesticides, used batteries, medicines etc.) Compostable organic matter (fruit and vegetable peels, food waste), soiled waste (sanitary napkins, etc.)

1.1.1. Current Scenario As per the data collected from the Municipal Corporation, Mihijam for the preparation of District Environment Plan of Jamtara, states that covering 20 wards in 2 ULB generates total solid waste

18 of 13.81 MT/day, with its segregation of dry waste, wet waste, C&D wate, Domestic Hazardous Waste and other wastes. It has one old dump site. Table 04: Inventory of solid waste as reported by Mihijam Nagar Parishad

Action Areas Details of Data Measurable Outcome Requirement Name of Urban Local Body (ULB) Mihijam Nagar Parishad No of ULBs in the District 2 Population 40463 Report on inventory of total solid Total solid waste Generation 13.83 waste Generation Qty. of Dry Waste 4.8 segregated Qty. of Wet Waste 6.8 segregated Qty. of C&D Waste 0.7 segregated Qty. of Street Sweeping Not estimated Qty. of Drain Silt Not estimated Qty. of Domestic Hazardous 0.001 Waste (DHW) collected Qty. of Other Waste Not estimated (Horticulture, sanitary waste, etc.) No. of Old dump sites 1 Qty. stored in dump sites Not estimated No. of Sanitary landfills None No. of wards 20 Compliance by Bulk Waste No. of BW Generators None Generators

No. of on-site facilities for None Wet Waste

Compliance in segregated waste Total generation 13.83 MT/day Collection SW Collection (MT per day)

Wet Waste 4.8 Dry Waste 6.8 C&D Waste 0.7 Waste Management Operations Door to Door Collection 100% Mechanical Road Sweeping Not initiated

Manual Sweeping 100% Segregated Waste Transport 50%

Digesters (Bio-methanation) Not initiated

Action Areas Details of Data Measurable Outcome Requirement Composting operation 25% MRF Operation Not installed Use of Sanitary Landfill No SLF Reclamation of old Initiated dumpsites

Linkage with Waste to Initiated with Cement Energy Boilers / Cement Plants Plants

Linkage with Recyclers Initiated Authorization of waste Initiated pickers

Linkage with TSDF / Not initiated CBMWTF

Involvement of NGOs Initiated Linkage with Producers / Not initiated Brand Owners

Authorization of Waste Initiated Pickers

Issuance of ID Cards Initiated Adequacy of Infrastructure Waste Collection Trolleys 6

Mini Collection Trucks 11 Segregated Transport 11 Bulk Waste Trucks Not Available Waste Transfer points Not Available Bio-methanation units Not Available Composting units 2 Material Recovery Facilities Not Available Waste to Energy (if Not Available applicable)

Waste to RDF Not Available Sanitary Landfills Not Available Capacity of sanitary landfills Not Available

Waste Deposit Centers Not Available (DHW)

Other facilities Not Available Notification and Implementation of Notification of By-laws Done By-Laws

Implementation of by-laws Done-in progress

Action Areas Details of Data Measurable Outcome Requirement Adequacy of Financial Status of CAPEX Required Required ULB

OPEX 60% Adequacy of OPEX Yes -Lumpsum

Table 05: Inventory of solid waste as reported by Jamtara Nagar Panchayat

Action Areas Details of Data Requirement Measurable Outcome Name of Urban Local Body (ULB) Jamtara Nagar Panchayat No of ULBs in the District 1 Population 29415 Report on inventory of total solid Total solid waste Generation 10.00 MT/day waste Generation

Qty. of Dry Waste segregated 4.5 MT/day Qty. of Wet Waste segregated 5.4 MT/day Qty. of C&D Waste segregated 0.50 MT/day Qty. of Street Sweeping Not estimated Qty. of Drain Silt Not estimated Qty. of Domestic Hazardous Waste No Facility (DHW) collected Qty. of Other Waste (Horticulture, Not estimated sanitary waste, etc.) No. of Old dump sites 1 Qty. stored in dump sites Not estimated No. of Sanitary landfills None No. of wards 16 Compliance by Bulk Waste No. of BW Generators 1 Generators

No. of on-site facilities for Wet 1 Waste Compliance in segregated waste Total generation 10.00 MT/day Collection SW Collection (MT per day) Wet Waste 5.4 MT/day Dry Waste 4.5 MT/day C&D Waste 0.50 MT/day Waste Management Operations Door to Door Collection 80% Mechanical Road Sweeping Not initiated Manual Sweeping 100% Segregated Waste Transport 75% Digesters (Bio-methanation) Not initiated Composting operation 50% MRF Operation Not installed Use of Sanitary Landfill No SLF Reclamation of old dumpsites Not Initiated Linkage with Waste to Energy Not Initiated Boilers / Cement Plants Linkage with Recyclers Initiated Authorization of waste pickers Initiated 21

Action Areas Details of Data Requirement Measurable Outcome Linkage with TSDF / CBMWTF Not initiated Involvement of NGOs Not initiated Linkage with Producers / Brand Not initiated Owners Authorization of Waste Pickers Initiated Issuance of ID Cards Not initiated Adequacy of Infrastructure Waste Collection Trolleys Mini Collection Trucks (5 Required)/(05 available) Segregated Transport (yes)/(75% area covered) Bulk Waste Trucks [03 Required] /[02 Available] Waste Transfer points [02 Required] / [01 Available] Bio-methanation units Not Available Composting units 01 Available Material Recovery Facilities Not Available Waste to Energy (if applicable) Not Available Waste to RDF Not Available Sanitary Landfills Not Available Capacity of sanitary landfills Not Available Waste Deposit Centers (DHW) Not Available Other facilities Not Applicable Notification and Implementation of Notification of By-laws [done] By-Laws Implementation of by-laws [in progress] Adequacy of Financial Status of CAPEX Required Required ULB OPEX Adequacy of OPEX [No]

1.1.2. Action Plan Solid waste comprises of biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. Bio-degradable wastes such as compostable organic matter (fruit and vegetable peels, food waste) can be defined as those household wastes that can be organically broken down into simpler substances by microorganisms without adding to pollution in the environment while non-biodegradable wastes are those wastes that cannot decompose naturally. Majorly half of the wastes produced from the household contains biodegradable products which can be treated either by composting or by anaerobic digestion. Composting is the easiest and simplest way to manage solid bio-degradable waste into something fruitful. Compost pits can be constructed at local levels and that can be used at households for kitchen garden or nutrition garden. Non-biodegradable wastes contains recyclable (paper, plastic, glass and metal etc.), toxic substances (paints, pesticides, used batteries, medicines etc.) and non-recyclable wastes that can in many ways pose huge threats to the environment by adding up to pollutants. Wastes such as plastics, glass, papers, cardboard, rubber, metal, paints, batteries, cans, medicinal wastes, sanitary wastes etc. fall into this category. Of about 50% of these wastes can be recycled and re-used and thus help in reducing the burden of dump yard landfills. The landfills are a cause of leaching chemicals and toxic substances into the water table and thus posing 22

huge threats to the biotic species. Most of the non-biodegradable wastes are plastics, which needs to be treated in all possible ways so as to reduce its ill-effects to the environment. People should be encouraged to establish small pit based composting units for reducing bio degradable waste reaching the dump sites. It can be used for putting as manure to the home stead land for growing vegetables and plants in the campus of the houses. From the data it is clear that from the two municipal corporations total wet waste generated amounts to 10.20 MT/day. 60% of this can be used for composting of which 75% will be compost and it will amount to 4.59 Mt/day. At the market rate of Rs.5.00/Kg, it will generate revenue of approximately Rs.22, 950/day. This compost can be used by the line departments for plantation works under various government schemes. 1.2. Plastic Waste Management Plastic waste remains one of the biggest headaches globally. Piles of plastic waste have become a common site in towns, and the menace is rapidly spreading to the countryside. Plastics have become an indispensable part of our daily life. But repeated reprocessing of plastic waste, and its disposal creates environmental problems, pose health hazards, although plastics pose a hazard to the environment because they do not decay, plastics are preferred because they are cheap and versatile. The unhygienic use and disposal of plastics and its effects on human health has become a matter of concern. Colored plastics are harmful as their pigment contains heavy metals that are highly toxic. Some of the harmful metals found in plastics are copper, lead, chromium, cobalt, selenium, and cadmium. In most industrialized countries, colour plastics have been legally banned. Until recently no legislation was framed to deal specifically with issues connected with plastic waste management. The Government of Himachal Pradesh was one of the earliest to introduce legislation prohibiting the throwing or disposing of plastic articles in public places. These rules require that carry bags or containers used for purposes of storing shall be made of virgin plastic and be in natural shade or white. These items when made of recycled plastic and used for purposes other than storing and packaging of foodstuffs shall use pigments and colorants as per Indian Standards. Recycling of plastics shall also be undertaken strictly in accordance with specifications prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards, and shall carry a mark that the product is manufactured out of recycled plastic. The thickness of carry bags shall not be less than 20 microns. Finally and most importantly, Rule 4 prohibits all vendors from using carry bags or containers made out of recycled plastics for storing, carrying, dispensing or packaging of foodstuffs. Plastics waste forms a wide range. Predominantly it is film packaging and polythene carry bags, followed by blow moulded containers, and broken and discarded moulded items. The range is wide and includes – - discarded PVC chappals/shoes in varied colors and grades of plastics material. - discarded PVC mineral water bottles/PET mineral water and liquor bottles and PS icecream/cold drink cups/disposable catering plates and grays and expanded PS and PE foam packagings - PE, PVC, PP films, packages, shopping bags, and medicine foils, used and discarded moulded items like containers and range of household non-durables, combs, ball point pens, tooth brushes etc.

1.2.1. Current Scenario The data collected from the Mihijam Municipal corporation states that the quantity of plastic waste generated in district has not been estimated yet. But collection of plastic waste through 9 authorized plastic waste pickers, with 100% door to door collection mechanism and 30% of segregated waste collection. 1 plastic waste recycling unit facility is available with the Mihijam Municipal Corporation. Table 06: Inventory of plastic waste as reported by Mihijam Nagar Parishad

Action Areas Details of Data Measurable Outcome Requirement

Name of ULB Mihijam Nagar Parishad Population 40463 Inventory of plastic waste generation Estimated Quantity of plastic Not Estimated waste generated in District

Implementation of Collection Door to Door collection 100%

Segregated Waste collection Partial 30%

Plastic waste collection at Not Installed Material Recovery Facility

Authorization of PW pickers 9

PW collection Centers Not Established Establishment of linkage with Established linkage with Not Established Stakeholders PROs of Producers

Established linkage with Not Established NGOs

Availability of facilities for Recycling No. of PW recyclers 1 or utilization of PW

No Manufacturers Not Available No of pyrolysis oil plants Not Available Plastic pyrolysis Not Available Use in road making Not Available Co-processing in Cement 0.47 Kiln

Implementation of PW Management Sealing of units producing No Action Rules, 2016 plastic bags

Prohibiting sale of carry bags Prohibited

Ban on Carry bags and other Implemented single use plastics as notified by State Government

Action Areas Details of Data Measurable Outcome Requirement

Implementation of Extended No of Producers associated None Producers Responsibility (EPR) with ULBs through Producers/Brand-owners

Financial support by None Producers / Brand owners to ULBs

Amount of PRO Support Not Available Infrastructure support by None Producers / Brand owners to ULBs

No of collection centers None established by Producers / Brand owners to ULBs

Table 07: Inventory of plastic waste as reported by Jamtara Nagar Panchayat

Action Areas Details of Data Requirement Measurable Outcome Name of ULB Jamtara Nagar Panchayat Population 29415 Inventory of plastic waste generation Estimated Quantity of plastic waste [0.5 MT / day] generated in District Implementation of Collection Door to Door collection 80% Segregated Waste collection 75% Plastic waste collection at Material N/A Recovery Facility

Authorization of PW pickers N/A PW collection Centres N/A Establishment of linkage with Established linkage with PROs of Not Established Stakeholders Producers Established linkage with NGOs Not Established Availability of facilities for No. of PW recyclers Recycling or utilization of PW No Manufacturers Not Available No of paralysis oil plants Not Available Plastic pyrolysis Not Available Use in road making Not Available Co-processing in Cement Kiln Implementation of PW Management Sealing of units producing plastic N/A Rules, 2016 bags Prohibiting sale of carry bags Prohibited Ban on Carry bags and other single Implemented use plastics as notified by State Government

Action Areas Details of Data Requirement Measurable Outcome Implementation of Extended No of Producers associated with None Producers Responsibility (EPR) ULBs through Producers/Brand-owners Financial support by Producers / None Brand owners to ULBs Amount of PRO Support Not Available Infrastructure support by Producers None / Brand owners to ULBs No of collection centers established None by Producers / Brand owners to ULBs

1.2.2. Plastic- Best out of the Waste  Plastic Mulching: Layer of shredded PET bottles in mulching aids in conservation of soil moisture, improves fertility and soil health. Mulch forms a layer between soil and the atmosphere preventing sunlight from reaching the soil surface, thus reducing evapo- transpiration.  Decorative items made up of plastic: Plastic materials such as bottles, plastic bags, packing wraps, bottle caps and other such single use plastic items can be creatively used by the women members for making decorative items. Such initiatives through NGOs, societies, women social groups must be encouraged as they can utilize the wastes that can be recycled to be used for income generating activities. Moreover, the display of these items can be done through Mela and fairs organised once or twice in a year which attracts large number of customers. The alternative way to encourage such groups is to increase the demand for the products (recycled usable decorative items) through marketing it online. This will increase the demand for the wastes that has to be re-cycled and also reduce the quantity of plastic waste that is dumped.  Plastic Fabric: The clothing industry is a consumer industry that by its nature encourages people to buy and discard clothing according to the fashion of the day rather than in terms of durability or environmental impact. With the help of advanced technology, there is a process that can convert plastic bottles into fabrics. The steps involved in converting plastic into fibres are as follows. First, of all the plastic bottles are collected, compressed, packed into bales and shipped to the processing factory. Then, the plastic bottles are chipped and melted into white round balls. These balls are again crushed and spun through shower like nozzle that results into viscose yarn. These yarns are used to weave fabrics and finally end up into a trendy piece of clothing. This process also consumes 30% less energy than garments which are made from conventionally manufactured polyester. Recycled bottles are used for various purposes. One such use of this recycled material is spinning it into thin fibres, which are used to make clothing such as T-shirts, jackets, shirts and garments for exercise usually made from polyester blends. Winter based clothing materials such as soft fleece is made from these bottles which are used for hats, blankets and jacket linings. There are brands that make warm, comfortable, weather resilient

and long-lasting clothing with recycled plastic bottles. These bottles also called PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) bottles are fully recyclable.

PLASTIC FACTS!

10 plastic bottles = 1 pound of polyester fibre 1-ton (2000) lbs of plastic bottles recycled saves 3.8 barrels of oil 1 million plastic bottles recycled saves 250 barrels of oil 1 million plastic bottles recycled eliminates 180 metric tons of CO2

emissions from being released into the atmosphere Recycling plastic bottles takes 8 times less energy than to produce an equivalent amount of new ones

 Plastic Road: Road constructed with plastic are sturdy and it is evident in the 7 states in India that have already witnessed roads built out of plastic wastes which is far more durable and utilises less amount of bitumen. Out of the 7 states in India, Jharkhand alone has seen the roads built of plastic in 5 places. Jamshedpur has a stretch of 12-15 kms of the road which is being utilised, Ranchi has a stretch of 500m each in Morabadi and Dhurwa, Chas and Jamtara has 3kms each and 500 m stretch in Giridih. The roads are built in Jamshedpur by Jamshedpur Utility & Service Company (JUSCO) who can be contacted for the collection of the segregated plastic waste materials for use in making the roads. Since large amount of plastic is required to build a small stretch of road so, this will not only reduce the amount of plastic waste to half that has to be dumped by the district but also the waste will be utilised for a good purpose. The entire process quite simple; the plastic is sterilised and then shredded into tiny materials using a machine shredder, these materials are then mixed with the hot mixing aggregate heated to a temperature of 165˚ C and then mixed with the bitumen heated to a temperature of 160˚ C for good binding. The material made now looks oily and can be used for road construction. The road laying temperature is between 110 to 120 degrees upon which the rollers can be used. Plastic waste helps increase the strength of the road. These roads have better resistance towards rain water and cold weather.

 Plastic decks and railings: Recycled plastic decks are made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastics which can be derived from the plastic bags, chips and candy wrappers, food covers and other such thin plastic materials which are used as wrapping materials. The plastics are collected, cleaned and heated in combination with other materials such as paints or pigments and wood fibres to make it solid composites before moulding it into items such as planks, posts and other such materials.

These materials can be used as railings or to give a finishing look for flooring. Despite being made of plastic this material is long lasting, is low maintenance and is made from recycled wastes. Unlike wooden flooring which requires constant polishing, staining and maintenance as they can sinvite pests and insects, these planks are light weight and easy to handle. The planks can be used to make other decorative furnishings such as chairs, stairs, furniture, etc.

1.3. C&D Waste Management Due to the increase in the economic growth after development and redevelopment projects in the country and subsequent increase in the urbanization in the cities has made construction sector to increase drastically, but also environmental impacts from construction and 27 demolition (C & D) waste are increasingly becoming a major issue in urban solid waste management. Environmental issues such as increase in the flood levels due to the illegal dumping of construction and demolition waste into the rivers, resource depletion, shortage of landfill and illegal dumping on hill slopes are evident in the metro cities. For the purpose of management of C&D Wastes in India, Construction and demolition waste has been defined as ‘waste which arises from construction, renovation and demolition activities. Also included within the definition are surplus and damaged products and materials arising in the course of construction work or used temporarily during the course of on-site activities. The various streams of wastes to be considered will include; • Excavated materials, • Concrete • Tiles, brick, ceramics, asphalt concrete, • Plaster, • Glass, • Metal and steel, • Plastics, • Wood, asphalt, and • Concrete rubbles, etc. Due to the increase in the economic growth after development and redevelopment projects in the country and subsequent increase in the urbanization in the cities has made construction sector to increase drastically, but also environmental impacts from construction and demolition (C & D) waste are increasingly becoming a major issue in urban solid waste management. The C& D Waste recycle will recycle, reuse the salvaged building materials, therefore, resulting in reduction in the cost of waste disposal costs and material expenses. Additionally, this will help reducing the building’s environmental impact; as it will reduce the reduction of natural resources, uses less energy compared to many fresh material products during the manufacturing process and reduce the emission of the greenhouse gases by using a lesser amount of energy for manufacturing.

Figure 08: Flowchart depicting the segregation of construction and demolition waste

1.3.1 Current Scenario As per the data collected from the Mihijam Municipal Corporation, the quantity of construction and demolition waste has not been estimated yet. Jamtara Nagar Panchayat states that C&D wate of 0.5 MT/day. The establishment of deposition centres has been initiated for the construction and demolition waste and the by-laws for construction and demolition waste has been implemented. However, no such recycling plant for C&D has been established. 1.3.2 Action Plan With the increase in number of populations, increase in number of houses has commenced. And increase numbers of houses have given rise to increase in number of construction waste materials. With the changing pattern and trends in the urban area, people are more inclined towards new and modern infrastructure which further leads to demolition waste of the old house and construction waste of the new house. The initial action is segregation of the waste on the basis of its capacity to be reused. Materials generated through the construction and demolition waste can be reused in some or the other purpose and reselling of these materials can be done for other purpose. For example, scrap of TATA steel is purchased by vendors who melt these scrap iron and use it in manufacturing new steel materials. These challenges are never-ending and in order to mitigate the impact of the waste generated through construction and demolition activities, dumping of these wastes in an appropriate way has to be done. Those wastes that are not in a position of being resold, can be dumped into the landfill sites of the mining pits and covered with thick layer of soil on the top. Later, plantation related activities can be taken up on the land, thus reducing the area of barren land and increasing the green cover in the district. Using species that grows faster and are non-palatable in nature will boost this activity. This activity will also increase the soil regenerative capacity.

1.4 Biomedical Waste Management Biomedical waste (BMW) is any waste produced during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human or animal research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biological or in health camps. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW. The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely, reduce, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent, reduce, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out. Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/or microbiological risk to the general population and health-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste. The waste generated in these health care units comprises of wastes from both medical units as well as households. This includes used needles, blades, blood soiled surgical cottons, gloves, bandages, clothes, body fluids, expired & discarded medicine, tissues, cans, implanted body parts, glassware, chemical liquids, etc. Other waste includes radioactive wastes, mercury containing instruments, PVC plastics etc. The consequences of the bio-medical wastes are beyond apprehension. It can be hazardous for humans, animals and environment as well. The open burning of the bio-medical wastes can release certain toxic materials which can be as destructive as giving a wrong medicine to the patient seems. The serious effects of the bio medical wastes being dumped in the seas can cause havoc in the normal food chain. The toxic materials when dumped in the sea can dilute the sea water with chemicals, moreover if the sea creatures consume the waste material, toxins would eventually get interjected in the food chain and reach humans who consume the sea-food. Once the toxins enter the human body through food chain, it can have serious health effects such as stunted growth and birth related irregularities. Urban local bodies should engage the common bio-medical waste treatment facilities (CBWTFs) to pick up such waste either directly from such houses or from identified collection points. The bio-medical wastes generated needs to be disposed off in secured landfills that do not allow contamination through drinking water, surface or ground water. For that to be made sure first the wastes need to be sterilized and then disposed off in secured landfills. Many health centres with the help of locals incinerate the wastes. Incineration of waste has been widely practised, but inadequate incineration or the incineration of unsuitable materials results in the release of pollutants into the air and in the generation of ash residue. Alternatives to incineration such as autoclaving, microwaving, steam treatment integrated with internal mixing, which minimize the formation and release of chemicals or hazardous emissions should be given consideration to settings where there are sufficient resources to operate and maintain such systems and dispose of the treated waste.

World Health Organisation states that 85% of hospital wastes are actually non-hazardous, whereas, 10% are infectious and 5% are non-infectious waste, but they are included in hazardous waste. About 15% to 35% of hospital waste is regulated as infectious waste. In India about 30 percent of the total injections administered each year were done using reused or improperly sterilized medical equipment, and about 10 percent of healthcare institutions sell these used syringes to the waste pickers.

Figure 09: Flowchart depicting the categories of biomedical waste 1.4.1. Current Scenario As per the data collected from Mihijam Nagar Parishad, regarding bio-medical waste, the list of the inventory of biomedical waste generation are as follows: Table 08: Inventory of biomedical waste as reported by Mihijam Nagar Parishad

Action Areas Details of Data Requirement Measurable Outcome Inventory of Biomedical Waste Total no. of Bedded Hospitals 4 Generation Total no. of non-bedded HCF 2

Total no. Clinics 15 No of Veterinary Hospitals 1 Path labs 2 Dental Clinics 0 Blood Banks 0 Animal Houses 0 Bio-research Labs 0 Others 0 Authorization of HCFs by SPCBs Bedded HCFs 3 / PCCs Non-bedded HCFs 1 Biomedical Waste Treatment and No of CBMWTFs 1 Disposal Facilities (CBMWTFs) Linkage with CBMWTFs Yes Capacity of CBMWTFs Adequate

Action Areas Details of Data Requirement Measurable Outcome Requirements of CBMWTFs Require

Captive Disposal Facilities of Not Available HCFs Compliance by CBMWTFs Compliance to standards Meeting Barcode tracking by HCFs / NA CBMWTFs Daily BMW lifting by CBMWTFs NA

Status of Compliance by Pre-segregation 50% Healthcare Facilities Linkage with CBMWTFs 50%

Table 09: Inventory of bio-medical waste as reported by Jamtara Nagar Panchayat

Action Areas Details of Data Requirement Measurable Outcome Inventory of Biomedical Waste Total no. of Bedded Hospitals 13 Generation Total no. of non-bedded HCF 5 Total no. Clinics 8 No of Veterinary Hospitals NA Path labs 6 Dental Clinics 4 Blood Banks 1 Animal Houses 1 Bio-research Labs 0 Others 0 Authorization of HCFs by SPCBs / Bedded HCFs N/A PCCs Non-bedded HCFs N/A Biomedical Waste Treatment and No of CBMWTFs N/A Disposal Facilities (CBMWTFs) Linkage with CBMWTFs N/A Capacity of CBMWTFs N/A Requirements of CBMWTFs N/A Captive Disposal Facilities of N/A HCFs Compliance by CBMWTFs Compliance to standards N/A Barcode tracking by HCFs / N/A CBMWTFs Daily BMW lifting by CBMWTFs None Status of Compliance by Healthcare Pre-segregation None Facilities Linkage with CBMWTFs None

1.4.2. Action Plan: Thermal processes, irradiation processes and mechanical processes are ways used for treating bio-medical waste. Incineration, autoclaving, microwave irradiation, solar disinfection and chemical methods are means of treating biomedical waste. Thermal processes-These processes utilise heat to disinfect and they operate depending on the temperature. This includes incineration, autoclaving, solar disinfection, 1. Incineration: This is a process of burning certain medical wastes such as wastes generated from veterinary facilities, medical research centres, pathological, trace chemotherapy and non- hazardous pharmaceutical wastes as it is considered the safest and most effective means of treatment and prevents harm to the environment. These wastes include both infectious and non- infectious and general housekeeping wastes. The only thing to be kept in mind is that the incinerated waste should be completely burned or else inadequately incinerated wastes can release pollutants that might be harmful. Researchers have shown that population living near the old incinerators have a risk of getting cancer by 3.5%. Easiest way to get rid of bio-medical wastes is to incinerate them. 2. Autoclaving: This is a thermal process in which waste comes in direct contact with steam in a controlled manner for disinfecting the waste for a sufficient duration. For easy treatment and for safety during operation, the horizontal system is preferred, specially designed for treatment purpose. According to a research, for effective inactivation of microorganisms and bacterial spores, for a small amount of waste, a 121C temperature is required for 60 minutes. But autoclaves allow treatment for only limited quantities of the waste and release harmful gases. 3. Solar Disinfection: This method uses the thermal effect of solar rays for disinfecting the biomedical waste. It can be used as a low cost technique for the countries which cannot afford costly treatment methods. It cannot be used for the treatment of cytotoxic, hazardous or radioactive waste. Irradiation processes-In these processes, wastes are exposed to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation in an enclosed chamber. These systems require post shredding to render the waste unrecognizable. 4. Microwave Irradiation: In microwave irradiation method, the inactivation of microbial infection is done by using the heating effect of electromagnet rays. The frequency of these rays lies between 300 and 300,000 MHz. Most of the microorganisms gets destroyed a frequency of about 2450 MHz. Chemical processes-In this process chemicals act as disinfectants. Chemicals such as Sodium hypochlorite, dissolved chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, dry inorganic chemical and ozone are examples of such chemicals. Most chemical processes are water-intensive and require neutralising agents. Mechanical processes- Mechanical process involves the breaking down or the distortion of the physical form of the wastes in order to further treat the residues by either disposing them off to the secured landfills and burying them 3-4 metres below ground level and later covering them with soil. The pit where the wastes are buried should be covered with lime within 50 cm of the surface, before filling the rest of the pit with soil. Multipurpose plants can then be planted over it

for the local people to use, such plants include those that have medicinal use. It is a must see that the secured landfills are not accessible to grazing animals. Each and every healthcare facilities which generates biomedical waste, needs to set up requisite treatment facilities to ensure proper treatment of wastes and its disposal so as to minimise risk of exposure to staff, patients, doctors and the community from biomedical hazards. Safe and effective management of biomedical waste is not only a legal necessity but also a social responsibility. Few measures are listed below:  Biomedical Waste marked vehicles must be increased.  Alternatives transport must be used to collect the waste in case the driver is not present or bad condition of vehicles.  Biomedical Waste vehicles should be covered properly to prevent the waste from leaking.  Biomedical Waste should not be mixed with other municipal waste.  Red/Yellow/Blue/Black Colour code for Biomedical Waste must be followed.  Regular training programme should be organised for the staff.  Biomedical Waste Management Board must be established in each district.

1.5. Hazardous Waste Management Hazardous waste disposal is a major challenge in a district. Almost every medium to large scale industry generates hazardous waste. From pharmaceutical waste in the medical industry to heavy metals and cyanide waste in the metal manufacturing industry, and acids, bases, radioactive waste or organic constituents in the chemical industry, the production of hazardous waste is inescapable. Equally, the need for efficient hazardous waste management (HWM) and disposal is also paramount in order to minimize the risks to lives and the environment. The essential element of characterizing hazardous waste management includes identification of hazardous waste generation sites; characterizationof the waste physically, chemically with properties like ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity and toxicity; identification of sites for disposal through conducting Environment Impact Assessment and seeking public acceptance for using the site for Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility. 1.5.1. Current Scenario As per the data collected, two hazardous waste generating industry is available in the district. The district follows the limit laid for only 2 Hazardous Waste industries as authorized by State Pollution Control Board. Mihijam Nagar Parishad reported 2 hazardous waste generating industry and Jamtara Nagar Panchayat reported no hazardous industry in their jurisdiction.

Table 10: Inventory of hazardous wasteas reported by the Mihijam Nagar Parishad

Action Points Required Data Measurable Outcome

Inventory of Hazardous Waste No of HW Generating 2 Industry Quantity of HW Not Available Quantity of Incinerable HW 0 Quantity of land-fillable Not Available HW Quantity of Recyclable / Not Available utilizable HW Contaminated Sites and illegal No of HW dumpsites None industrial hazardous waste dumpsites

Probable Contaminated Not Available Sites Authorization by SPCBs/PCCs No of industries 2 authorized Display Board of HW None Generation in front of Gate Availability of Common Common TSDF None Hazardous Waste TSDF Industries linkage with Not Available TSDF Linkage of ULBs in District with ULBs linked to Common No Common TSDF TSDFs for Domestic Hazardous Waste

1.5.2. Action Plan Hazardous waste can be in multiple forms. One out of many forms are paint cans, deodorant bottles, detergent water etc. Household waste also contributes to hazardous waste. Using these paint cans and deodorant bottles by recycling it can reduce the environmental impact of hazardous waste, adding to optimal utilisation of resources and also create an employment opportunity for the vendor who will be involved in purchasing these reusable materials. Hazardous waste that cannot be reused shall be dumped in landfill sites, provided the area should be away from habitation and shouldn’t impact the biotic species in and around the landfill site. It should be dumped 3 to 4 meters below ground. Dumping these will reduce the mortality count of biotic species in the district, thus conserving the ecosystem.

1.6 .E-waste Waste Management In India, the quantity of “e-waste” or electronic waste has now become a major problem. Disposal of e-waste is an emerging global environmental and public health issue, as this waste has become the most rapidly growing segment of the formal municipal waste stream in the world. E-waste or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) are loosely discarded, surplus, obsolete, broken, electrical or electronic devices. In India most of the waste electronic items are stored at households as people do not know how to discard them. This ever-increasing waste is very complex in nature and is also a rich source of metals such as gold, silver, and copper, which can be recovered and brought back into the production cycle. So e-waste trade and recycling alliances provide employment to many groups of people in India. India is the fifth biggest producer of e-waste in the world. In India e-waste collection, transportation, segregation, dismantling, recycling and disposal is done manually by untrained labors in informal sector. Electronic equipments contain many hazardous metallic contaminants such as lead, cadmium, and beryllium and brominated flame-retardants. The fraction including iron, copper, aluminum, gold, and other metals in e-waste is over 60%, while plastics account for about 30% and the hazardous pollutants comprise only about 2.70%. Of many toxic heavy metals, lead is the most widely used in electronic devices for various purposes, resulting in a variety of health hazards due to environmental contamination. Lead enters biological systems via food, water, air, and soil. Children are particularly vulnerable to lead poisoning because they absorb more lead from their environment and their nervous system and blood get affected. The E-waste (Management) Rules, 2016 states that it is the responsibility to dispose the waste generated at various stages of the manufacturer, producer, consumer, dealers, e-retailers, refurbishes, dismantler and recycler involved in manufacture, sale, transfer, purchase, collection, storage and its processing. 1.6.1. Current Scenario: As per the data collected from Mihijam Municipal Corporation and Jamtara Nagar Panchayat, no steps related to E-waste management has been taken up. Steps related to generating awareness about e-waste in the district, is yet to be done. Table 11: Tabulation of status of facilitating authorized collection of E-Waste in Jamtara Does the citizen are able to deposit or No provide E-Waste through Toll-free Numbers in the District Collection centres established by ULB in None District Collection centres established by None Producers or their PROs in the District Does the district have linkage with No authorized E-Waste recyclers / Dismantler No authorized E-Waste recyclers / None Dismantler

1.6.2. Action Plan The basic agenda of any waste management is to find the best out of the waste, such that ones that can be used shall be reused for further purpose shall be sold to the vendors who can resell it to those who can use these in manufacturing of the new products out of the waste. Thus, creating wealth from waste and creating optimum utilisation of the E-waste materials. For that, the first action in e-waste management is collection and its sorting by skilled and trained labors, as this e-waste has detrimental impacts on health due to the composition of lead, cadmium and beryllium in it. The rest of the E-waste materials which are not in a condition of being reused shall be dumped properly as these contain radio-active elements which are harmful for the living beings. The site for dumping these can be the mining pits created during excavation of stones or coals during quarrying. Relevant authority from Municipal Corporation can contact the vendor, named Deshwal Waste Management Private Limited, Deshwal Waste Management Private Limited has obtained authorizations from the appropriate governmental agency for their processing facilities. Deshwal Waste Management Pvt. Ltd who is our Authorized Recycler collects it and transports it to the collection centre. No fee is charged from the consumer for giving the goods for recycling and there is no monetary benefit included in the Recycling Program. The address of the nearest collection centre of the Deshwal Waste Management Private Limited is in Ranchi. The address is mentioned below: Reliable trans logistics, Mahadeo Munda, Near Kalimandir Chutia, Ranchi- 834001

The name of the contact person and its mobile number are as follows: Mr. Briju Kumar 9113728020 1800-102-9077

2. Water Quality Management Plan Universally, requirement for freshwater will continue to rise significantly over the coming decades to meet the needs of increasing populations, growing economies, changing lifestyles and evolving consumption patterns. This will greatly amplify the pressure on limited natural resources and ecosystems. Unsafe water and sanitation account for almost one tenth of the global burden of disease like typhoid, dysentery, cholera and other intestinal diseases. According to the World Commission on water for the 21st century, more than half of the world’s major rivers are depleted and contaminated to the extent that they threaten human health and poison the surrounding ecosystems. Anthropogenic activities have resulted in a significant decrease in surface water quality of aquatic systems in watersheds. Total 80% of the water in India has become polluted due to the discharge of untreated domestic sewage and partially-treated industrial effluents into the natural water source. High levels of pollutant input in river water systems cause an increase in biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS) etc. Water management plan will provide information about current water uses and charts a course for water efficiency improvements, conservation activities, and water-reduction goals. The plan 37 establishes the priorities and helps to allocate funding for water-efficiency projects that provides the biggest impact.

The proposed plan is in line with the-

 Policy statement that ties water management plan to the long-term need of the district  Will also help in planning of resource allocation to meet the water management plan.

Understanding the current water uses and costs is essential to a comprehensive plan. This step involves collecting water and cost data and determining a baseline that will be used to calculate cost savings and determine overall water reduction potential associated with water-efficiency opportunities.

At the facility level, this task includes the following sub steps:

 Determine the marginal per-unit cost of water and sewer service  Verify the appropriate rate structure is applied  Identify services the utility might provide to help manage water efficiently.

Utility information should include the following for potable and non potable water:

 Contact information for all water and wastewater utilities  Current rate schedules and alternative schedules that are appropriate for a particular use or facility type to ensure the best rate  Copies of water and sewer bills for the past two years to identify inaccuracies and ensure the appropriate rate structure is applied  Information about rebates or technical assistance from the utilities to help with facility water planning and implementing water-efficiency programs. Energy utilities often offer assistance with water-efficiency programs  Contact information for the federal agency or office that pays the water and sewer bills  Production information if the facility produces its water or treats its own wastewater, or both.

After collecting water use data, take the following sub steps:

 Determine a baseline annual water use for a specific year or an average water use over several years. If monthly data are available, plot the monthly use over time. Is water use increasing, decreasing, or steady?  Try to determine what caused the major trends. Is there a seasonal pattern to water use? This is often the case when irrigation water is used or cooling water demand increases in the summer months. Analyzing the data in this way will help the District Adminstration understand current water use trends.

At the agency level, this step involves collecting detailed water use and cost data and real property inventory from all sites. When collecting this information, consider that you need to separately

gather data about potable water use and industrial, landscaping, and agricultural water use (primarily nonpotable water) that is associated with reduction targets.

Use FEMP’s Water Evaluation Data Tool to collect the necessary data on water end-uses. This tool provides a method for collecting comprehensive water data during a building and campus walk- through survey to conduct a comprehensive water evaluation.

An important step in creating a water management plan is to establish a water balance for the facility or agency. A water balance compares the total water supply baseline (determined in Step 2) to water that is used by equipment and applications.

Estimate Water End Uses

Determining water use at the equipment or application level can be challenging. Most federal facilities have metered data for total water supply but may have limited or no submetering data about component uses. The following five steps outline the process for determining water use at the equipment level:

 Create an inventory of all water-using activities. Use the Federal Energy Management Program's (FEMP) best management practices (BMPs) lis as a starting place to identify major equipment types. Tap the expertise of others at the facility who have direct knowledge of building mechanical systems and process equipment to generate a complete inventory.  Perform a walk-through audit of the facility to identify all significant water-using processes and associated operating characteristics. As part of the walk-through audit, note the operating schedule, flow rate, model number, and condition for each piece of equipment. You can also use a bucket and stopwatch and make a quick, rough estimate of equipment flow rate (e.g., faucets, showerheads, and once-though cooling). During the walk-through, pay particular attention to drain lines that are plumbed to floor drains in building mechanical spaces and utility chases.

Trace these back to the originating equipment to make sure they are accounted for in the water balance.

 For all water uses in the inventory, obtain any available sub metered data to help quantify the particular uses  Evaluate any seasonal patterns and compare them to the inventory of uses. Are any uses seasonal, such as cooling tower use or irrigation? The seasonal pattern of water use (peak use) can help quantify these uses  For unmetered water end uses, create engineering estimates of water use. For example, estimate: o Water use from plumbing fixtures (toilets, urinals, faucets, and showerheads) based on the number of occupants and daily use per occupant o Cooling tower use based on cooling capacity and load factor (see BMP #10) o Irrigation water use based on irrigated area and inches of water applied o Operating equipment water use based on water use per cycle and frequency of cycles.

Develop the Water Balance

You can now create a water balance with the quantified water uses by major equipment type. Compare the sum of the end-use water consumption to the total supply. The difference between these two values represents the “losses” in the system. These losses may be a result of:

 Water leaks in the distribution system or equipment  Inaccuracies in the engineering estimates used to determine equipment water use  Accounting errors such as poorly calibrated meters or unit conversion problems. If the losses are more than 10% of the total water supply, further investigation is probably warranted to determine the cause of the imbalance. This may include a comprehensive leak detection program (see BMP #3).

This process will uncover the high-water-use activities, which will help you prioritize water-saving opportunities.

Based on the outcome of the water balance, the next step is to find ways to increase water efficiency and reduce water use. Use the FEMP BMPs for water efficiency as a starting point to identify operations and maintenance, retrofit, and replacement options for:

 Distribution System Audits, Leak Detection, and Repair  Water-Efficient Landscaping  Water-Efficient Irrigation  Toilets and Urinals  Faucets and Showerheads  Boiler and Steam Systems  Single-Pass Cooling Equipment  Cooling Tower Management  Commercial Kitchen Equipment  Laboratory and Medical Equipment  Other Water-Intensive Processes  Alternative Water Sources

After you identify the water efficiency opportunities, perform an economic analysis to determine if the projects are life cycle cost-effective. In this analysis, use the marginal water and sewer rates identified in step 2. Be sure to also include other related costs, such as energy and operations and maintenance changes, which resulted from the measure. For example, faucet and showerhead retrofits save energy by reducing hot water use.

Use the Building Life Cycle Cost Programs software to determine the economics of energy and water projects. Also, determine the annual escalation rate of the marginal cost of water to escalate water costs in the future. Learn more about water rate escalations across the United States.

Ensure water supply, wastewater, storm water issues, and water efficiency BMPs are taken into account at the earliest stages of planning and design for renovation and new construction. Consider developing equipment specifications that target water-efficient products so they are automatically purchased for retrofits, renovations, and new construction. As an example, NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center implemented a product specification for water-efficient plumbing products. 40

After identifying water efficiency projects you want to pursue, build an implementation plan. You may want to use this plan to:

 Assign teams to be responsible for implementation  Prioritize projects based on targeted end uses  Project a date for installing efficiency measures  Project annual water use based on implemented efficiency projects  Identify potential funding sources.

The implementation plan should predict if water goals can be met by the site or agency by implementing cost-effective water-efficiency measures. The plan should also include education and outreach efforts for the building occupants to help reduce water use.

Often, a major hurdle in the planning process is finding funding for projects. See Project Financing and Water Efficiency and ESPCs for ideas about financing mechanisms.

Regularly review the strategic plan to make sure measures are implemented and goals are realistic and are being accomplished.

A key element of good water management is tracking water use. Install submeters on water-intensive processes, such as cooling towers and irrigation systems, to help manage these processes better and meet annual reporting requirements. You should assign someone to be responsible for tracking ongoing water use. Continue to plot total water use as new water bills become available. Also plot any available submetered data. Evaluate trends and investigate and resolve any unexpected deviations in water use. Track water use reductions and publicize your success. See Prioritizing Building Water Meter Applications and Metering in Federal Buildings for more information.

Consider including water emergency and drought contingency plans that describe how your facility or agency will meet minimum water needs during emergency, drought, or other water shortages. Consider assessing the site for future water availability risks that are associated with climate change. At the agency level, this information can be used to target sites that have or may have water availability risks to help prioritize sites for funding water-efficiency projects.

Use the FEMP Water Vulnerability Assessment Tool (WaterVAT) to understand water supply trends and water vulnerabilities.

It is common for federal sites to work with contractors who deliver water management strategy services. To help with this process, FEMP developed the Template for a Comprehensive Water Management Statement of Work to assist agencies in developing critical elements for a thorough water assessment.

Water Requirement /Demand:

Domestic Water Demand According to Froukh the term ‘domestic water demand’ is the amount of water required for domestic uses. Water demand forecasting is essential to water utilities, both for day-to-day operations and for

41 long-term planning. A number of factors like climate, culture, food habits, work and working conditions, level and type of development, and physiology determine the requirement of water. As per the Bureau of Indian Standards, a minimum water supply of 200 litres per capita per day (lpcd) should be provided for domestic consumption in cities with full flushing systems. It also mentions that the amount of water supply may be reduced to 135 lpcd for the LIG and the economically weaker sections (EWS) of the society and in small towns. For making it comfortable we have taken the water demand at 80 liters/day for rural areas and 135 liters/day for urban areas.

Table 12: Block wise domestic water demand in Jamtara Block 2011 2015 2020 Jamtara 3620157600 4174140000 4601219200 Fatehpur 2617634000 2822004800 3114705600 Kundahit 2479284400 2672851200 2948703600 Nala 3935576000 4190287600 4680584800 Karmatanr 3365767200 3628392000 4002852800 Narayanpur 4787807200 5161625600 5694321200 NP Mihijam 1993814325 2149474050 2371310100 NP- Jamtara 1449424125 1562559525 1723836600 Total 24249464850 26361334775 29137533900

Table 13: Block wise water requirement and water gap in Jamtara from 2015 to 2020

2015 2020 Block Water req Water req Gap Jamtara 0.00417 0.00460 0.00043 Fatehpur 0.00282 0.00311 0.00029 Kundahit 0.00267 0.00295 0.00028 Nala 0.00419 0.00468 0.00049 Karmatanr 0.00363 0.00400 0.00037 Narayanpur 0.00516 0.00569 0.00053 NP Mihijam 0.00215 0.00237 0.00022 NP- Jamtara 0.00156 0.00172 0.00016 0.02636 0.02914 0.00278

Table 14: Block wise water requirement and water gap in Jamtara in 2020 2020 2020 Water req Gap Jamtara 0.00460 0.00043 Fatehpur 0.00311 0.00029 Kundahit 0.00295 0.00028 Nala 0.00468 0.00049 Karmatanr 0.00400 0.00037 Narayanpur 0.00569 0.00053 NP Mihijam 0.00237 0.00022 NP- Jamtara 0.00172 0.00016 0.02914 0.00278 42

Figure 10: Gap in domestic water demand in Jamtara

Crop water Demand:

It is essential to know the water requirement of a crop which is the total quantity of water required from its sowing time up to harvest. Naturally different crops may have different water requirements at different places of the same country, depending upon the climate, type of soil, method of cultivation, effective rain etc. The total water required for crop growth is not uniformly distributed over its entire life span which is also called crop period. Actually, the watering stops same time before harvest and the time duration from the first irrigation during sowing up to the last before harvest is called base period. Though crop period is slightly more than the base period, they do not differ from practical purposes.

Table 15: Block wise crop water demand in Jamtara

Water Total Water Existing potential water potential Water to be demand required potential created (BCM) (BCM) (BCM) (BCM) Blocks Fatehpur 0.058 0.088 0.018 0.070 karmatanr 0.075 0.113 0.023 0.090 Nala 0.101 0.151 0.030 0.121 Kundahit 0.105 0.158 0.032 0.126 Narayanpur 0.099 0.148 0.030 0.118 Jamatar 0.092 0.139 0.028 0.111 Total 0.531 0.796 0.159 0.637

Figure 11: Water demand in agriculture in Jamtara

Livestock water Demand:

Global trend in animal production indicates a rapid and massive increase in the consumption of livestock products. It is predicted that meat and milk consumption will grow at 2.8 and 3.3% per annum, respectively, in developing countries like India where the whole system of rural economy has revolved around livestock production. Providing enough quality water is essential for good livestock husbandry. Water makes up 80% of the blood, regulates body temperature and is vital for organ functions such as digestion, waste removal and the absorption of nutrients. Understanding daily livestock watering needs is key when designing a livestock watering system.

The daily water requirement of livestock varies significantly among animal species. The animal's size and growth stage will have a strong influence on daily water intake. Consumption rates can be affected by environmental and management factors. Air temperature, relative humidity and the level of animal exertion or production level are examples of these factors. The quality of the water, which includes temperature, salinity and impurities affecting taste and odour, will also have an effect. The water content of the animal's diet will influence its drinking habits. Feed with a relatively high moisture content decreases the quantity of drinking water required.

Given that drinking water needs are species-, farm- and management-specific, many producers today are opting to install water-metering equipment to obtain accurate measurements of water use. If medication is ever provided through the livestock's watering system, the meter can be used to ensure proper dose rates.

Table below gives block water demand for livestock for current year.Estimation is done based on livestock water demand which is different for types of animals. There is no additional water requirement as stored water is more than water requirement. 25% of water is reserved for this purpose in all current and future structures.

Table 16: Block wise livestock water demand

Small Animals (Water requirement in Liters Large Animals (Water demand in Liters) Indigenous Blocks Poultry Ducks Pigs Goats Sheeps Cow Hybrid Cow Buffalo Drought Animal Jamtara 7640107 408070 9989440 24858900 4740120 293416200 16512600 25141200 334851000 Fatehpur 2076850 270100 7311350 16949250 3231900 200056500 766500 14563500 238063950 Kundahit 2078310 276670 5668350 16949250 3231900 200056500 1095000 13468500 218879550 Nala 3193750 421940 10334470 25924050 4955580 306753300 766500 21746700 350071500 Karmatanr 2496965 332150 5159020 20339100 3878280 349567800 1423500 17257200 273969000 Narayanpur 3467135 457710 5619060 31638600 6032880 373438800 985500 16468800 426174000 Total 20953117 2166640 44081690 136659150 26070660 1723289100 21549600 108645900 1842009000

Table 17: Block wise livestock water demand and gap between 2015 and 2020 Data In BCM Blocks 2015 2020 Gap Jamtara 0.00072 0.000897 0.0001794 Fatehpur 0.00048 0.000604 0.0001208 Kundahit 0.00046 0.000577 0.0001154 Nala 0.00072 0.000905 0.000181 Karmatanr 0.00067 0.000843 0.0001686 Narayanpur 0.00086 0.00108 0.0002161 Total 0.00393 0.004907 0.0009814

Figure 12: Water demand in livestock sector

Industrial Water Demand

Jharkhand, industry is the second highest consumer of water. The main sources of water for the industrial sector are groundwater and surface water. Groundwater has emerged as an important

45 source to meet the water requirements of industries. Choice of source of water depends on the availability of sufficient and regular supply of water and the cost of water from the source. While the running cost of surface water is mainly the price paid to the supplier—the municipal bodies; the cost of groundwater is the extraction cost—energy used (electricity/diesel). Since the prices of all the inputs, water, electricity, and diesel are administered or regulated by the government, the inefficient use of water remains a normal practice. Since the surface water supply from municipal sources is not sufficiently guaranteed, industrial units tend to depend on groundwater.

Net water demand for industries in the current year is 0.024282240 BCM. Industrial water demand for the year 2020 is estimated at 0.031869600 BCM. Data is obtained from CGWB and district industries department. Table 18: Block wise industrial water demand

Block Name of the Water Water Existing Water industry demand demand in water potential to 2020 potential be created Jamtara Rice mills/mineral 01 MGD 1.5 MGD 01 MGD 0.5 MGD processing/sponge iron/ferro alloys and vegetable oil Fatehpur Rice mills/mineral 0.5 MGD 1.0 MGD 0.5 MGD 0.5 MGD processing Narayanpur Rice mills/mineral 0.5 MGD 1.0 MGD 0.5 MGD 0.5 MGD processing Karamatand Rice mills/mineral 0.5 MGD 1.0 MGD 0.5 MGD 0.5 MGD processing Nala Rice mills/mineral 0.5 MGD 1.0 MGD 0.5 MGD 0.5 MGD processing Kundahit Rice mills/mineral 0.5 MGD 1.0 MGD 0.5 MGD 0.5 MGD processing 3.5 MGD 6.5 MGD 3.5 MGD 3.0 MGD

Figure 13: Industrial water requirement

Water demand for Power generation:

There is no power plant hence no water demand is there for power generation

Strategic Action plan

Water is essential for sustaining life and at the same time, it is an important component for almost all developmental plans. Obviously the schemes for development of water resources for beneficial use of the society have been taken up since the time immemorial. Considerable progress has been made in respect of water resources development in India after independence through various Plans and such developments have helped in almost five fold increase in creation of irrigation potential. Total created irrigation potential at pre-Plan period was about 22.6 million hectares (Mha) which at present is about 108.2 Mha. There has also been appreciable development in the areas of drinking water supply and other uses. However, growing population, urbanization and industrialization has led to considerable increase in demand of water for various purposes e.g., irrigation, domestic needs, industrial requirements etc.

In this regard, it may be mentioned that the water sector has very strong linkages with all other developmental activities. In view of fast changing development scenario, it is emphasized that the key priorities and identified strategies cannot be considered as static and firm. These need to be reviewed and improved upon from time to time. In this regard a comprehensive “Strategic Plan for District Irrigation” has been prepared through geospatial approach:

Methodology

Diverse research methodologies using RS and GIS have been applied by different authors to identify potential rainwater harvestings in remote and data scarce areas; in most of these methods, thematic maps are derived from remote sensing data and integrated in GIS to evaluate suitable sites for rainwater harvesting. Remote sensing is of immense use for natural resources mapping and generating necessary spatial database required as an input for GIS analysis. GIS is a tool for collecting, storing and analyzing spatial and non - spatial data, and developing a model based on local factors can be used to evaluate appropriate natural resources development and management action plans. Both these techniques can complement each other to be used as an effective tool for selecting suitable sites for water harvesting structures.

In assessment of proposed rainwater harvesting structures potential using GIS and RS, outlines six key factors that require to be integrated into a GIS framework in order to successfully develop a suitable model for RWH. This include; rainfall, hydrology (rainfall runoff relationships), slope, land cover, soils (texture, structure, depth) and socio-economics of the area under consideration.

The following criteria have been followed for making decision on selecting suitable site for various water harvesting structures as per Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD) guidelines. Check dams  The slope should be less than 15 per cent.  The land use may be barren, shrub land and riverbed.

 The infiltration rate of the soil should be less.  The type of soil should be sandy clay loam.  Percolation tanks and nala bunds  The slope should be less than 10 per cent.  The infiltration rate of the soil should be moderately high.  The land use / cover may be barren or scrub land.  The type of soil should be silt loam.

The suitability of WHS sites can be confirmed as the site is located on second and third order drainage and satisfies the conditions of land use, soil type and slope as per IMSD guidelines. Water harvesting structures are extremely important to conserve precious natural resources like, soil and water, which is depleting day by day at alarming rate. The following table provide strategic action plan for irrigation for each block as well as for whole district and estimated costs and period of implementation.

Prioritization of Blocks and activity for Strategic Planning

The prioritization is the heart of the programme in which any programme will beimplemented. Some of the important activities to be included in first phase or first year and some of the activity included in last year or last phase. For prioritization of the activity andblock fallowing criteria has been adopted. 1. Map the present situation. 2. Talk to local peoples and public representatives. 3. Availability of Resources. 4. Poverty Index. 5. Percentage of SC & ST Population. 6. Percentage of Formers. 7. Cropping Intensity. 8. Ground Water Situation. 9. Available of Degraded Land. 10. Land Capability Status. 11. Percentage of Irrigated area to total cropped area.

Figure 14: Strategic plan to meet water demand

Table 19: Details of the IWMP programme at Jamtara

Budget No of Sl Year of Total Tretable in Micro No Sanction Block area area Lakhs watersheds 1 2009-10 Narayanpur 4356.88 3920.4 470.45 12 Jamtara, 2 2011-12 Narayanpur 6068.07 5055.96 606.72 9 3 2011-12 Jamtara, Gande 6433.65 5506.12 660.73 10 4 2012-13 Nala, Kundahit 5284.86 5090.91 610.91 6 5 2013-14 Kundahit 5831.3 5220.84 626.5 7 27974.8 24794.2 2975.31 44

2.1. Current Scenario: As per the data collected from MNREGA office; 39 dobhas has been constructed in Fatehpur block, 97 dobhas has been constructed in Jamtara block, 55 dobhas has been constructed in Karmatanr Vidyasagar block, 29 dobhas has been constructed in Kundhit block, 34 dobhas has been constructed in Nala block and 151 dobhas has been constructed in Narayanpur block. 54 wells has been constructed in Fatehpur block, 18 wells has been constructed in Jamtara block, 77 wells has been constructed in Karmatanr Vidyasagar block, 127 wells has been constructed in Kundhit, 30 wells has been constructed in Nala block, 45 wells has been constructed in Narayanpur block. Table 20: Number of activities undertaken by MGNREGA in Jamtara during the FY 2020-21.

Fin Year 2020-21 till 5Th January 21 (Ongoing and completed) Soak Sl No. Block Well Dobha Compost pit pit RWH 1 2 1 Fatehpur 323 428 181 391 83 2 Jamtara 187 448 402 242 111 3 Karmatanr Vidyasagar 349 450 281 312 62 4 Kundhit 324 641 319 192 52 5 Nala 291 622 643 680 116 6 Narayanpur 335 809 446 490 110 Total 1809 3398 2272 2307 534

100% industries have been given directions for discharge of treated industrial wastewater. District level campaign on protection of water quality under “Jal Shakti Abhiyan” has taken place. Table 21: Data received from the Executive Engineer-PHED, Jamtara

Required Data Measure Outcome Rivers 5 Lakes / Ponds 2776 Total Quantity of sewage and industrial discharge in Approximate 39.6 MLD District {Rural and Urban/Industrial waste data not available Estimated number of bore-wells 13673 No of permissions given for extraction of groundwater 1367 Number of groundwater polluted areas 10 (Fluoride Affected) Groundwater Availability Adequate Creation of monitoring cell Yes Access to Surface water and groundwater quality data at DM office Available River Side open defecation Fully Controlled Dumping of SW on river banks No Measure Taken Control measures for idol immersion NA Percentage of untreated sewage 100% Monitoring of Action Plans for Rejuvenation of Rivers NO No of directions given to industries for Discharge of Untreated industrial wastewater in last 12 months NO District level campaigns on protection of water quality Sometime Done Creation of District Oil Spill Crisis Management Group Not Created Preparation District Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan Not Created

Required Data Measure Outcome Encroachment of flood plains is regulated. Not Created

2.2 Action Plan: Measures related to control of river side activities have been taken up by the District Administration. 2 district level campaigns on protection of water quality had been taken up. More such campaigns will be taken up in the near future for generating awareness. Following guidelines have been described in the updated rules of Idol Immersion, provided by CPCB for immersion of idol in the water bodies: (i)As far as possible idol immersion in Rivers/Ponds/Lakes shall be encouraged only at specific designated artificial confined tanks/ponds with liner made with well graded/highly impervious clay or eco synthetic liner, on the banks shall be promoted. (ii) A temporary artificial tank or pond with liner made with well graded/highly impervious clay or eco synthetic liner (HDPE), and having earthen bunds on the bank of the river/lake/pond shall be created for Idol Immersion by the concerned ULBs. Temporary artificial tank or pond. In case of immersion of idols in rivers, lakes or ponds is inevitable, a designated location (having proper approach, access, corner portion of a river/pond/lake, having shallow depth of water in river or lakes or ponds) should be identified and safety provision preferably steel or wooden barricades shall be made by concerned ULBs. (iii) All the flowers, leaves and artificial ornaments of idols should be removed prior to immersion of idols and only such idols may be immersed in a designated place provided with safety provisions. (iv) Lime or alum or any other equivalent coagulant should be added in designated temporary lined pond/tank as pre-treatment option for ensuring settling of solids. After completion of immersion, only supernatant water may be allowed to flow into river/pond/lake, as the case may be, after checking for colour and turbidity as per BIS specification for Drinking Water IS 10500:2012. (v) Post immersion, with remains of idols and activities such as desludging of the designated area should be undertaken and ensured its disposal as per Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 as amended thereafter, within 24 hours by the concerned ULBs, as per these guidelines. 3. Domestic Sewage Management Plan Wastewaters flowing out of the domestic areas are untreated. It is a common practice followed in India.. This is the common cause for pollution of surface and groundwater because there is large gap between generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India. In general, the wastewater discharged from domestic premises like residence, institutions and commercial establishments is termed as sewage or wastewater in India. Domestic and municipal wastewater are composed of 99.9% water and remaining 0.1% suspended, colloidal and dissolved solids like human waste, paper, vegetable matter etc. The treatment of sewage water requires physical, chemical and biological methods. Studies suggest the utility of anaerobic processes as the core technology for sustainable domestic wastewater treatment. Anaerobic digesters have been

51 responsible for the removal of large fraction of organic matter in conventional aerobic sewage treatment plants since the early years of domestic sewage treatment (DST). 3.1 Current Scenario Table 22: Inventory of sewage management as reported by Mihijam Nagar Parishad

Action Areas Details of Data Measurable Outcome Requirement Inventory of Sewage Management Total Quantity of Sewage Not available generated in District from Class II cities and above

No of Class-II towns and 1 above

No of Class-I towns and 0 above

No of Towns needing STPs 2

No of Towns STPs installed 0

Quantity of treated sewage Not available flowing into Rivers (directly or indirectly)

Quantity of untreated or Not available partially treated sewage (directly or indirectly)

Quantity of sewage flowing 0 into lakes No of industrial townships 0

Adequacy of Available Infrastructure % sewage treated in STPs 0 for Sewage Treatment

Total available Treatment 0 Capacity

Additional treatment capacity Required required

Adequacy of Sewerage Network No of ULBs having partial 0 underground sewerage network

No of towns not having 2 sewerage network– poundage facilities

% population covered under 0 sewerage network

Table 23: Inventory of sewage management as reported by Jamtara Nagar Panchayat

Action Areas Details of Data Requirement Measurable Outcome Inventory of Sewage Management Total Quantity of Sewage Not available generated in District from Class II cities and above No of Class-II towns and above N/A No of Class-I towns and above N/A No of Towns needing STPs N/A No of Towns STPs installed N/A Quantity of treated sewage flowing Not available into Rivers (directly or indirectly) Quantity of untreated or partially Not available treated sewage (directly or indirectly) Quantity of sewage flowing into 0 lakes No of industrial townships 0 Adequacy of Available % sewage treated in STPs N/A Infrastructure for Sewage Treatment Total available Treatment Capacity N/A Additional treatment capacity N/A required Adequacy of Sewerage Network No of ULBs having partial N/A underground sewerage network No of towns not having sewerage N/A network– poundage facilities % population covered under N/A sewerage network

3.2 Action Plan A) Effluent Treatment Plant ETP (Effluent Treatment Plant) is a process design for treating the industrial waste water for its reuse or safe disposal to the environment. • Influent: Untreated industrial waste water. • Effluent: Treated industrial waste water. • Sludge: Solid part separated from waste water by ETP. The treatment can be done by using physical or biological means. Treatment methods

1. Physical Sewage Treatment

Physical methods are used for cleaning the sewage. In this process screening, sedimentation and skimming are used to remove the solids. No chemicals are involved in this process. 53

 Sedimentation: It is a process in which settling down the suspended insoluble particles due to gravity. Once the insoluble material settles down at the bottom, you can separate the pure water.

 Aeration: Another effective physical water treatment technique includes aeration. This process consists of circulating air through the water to provide oxygen to it.

 Filtration: Filtration is used for filtering out all the contaminants. You can use special kind of filters to pass the wastewater and separate the contaminants and insoluble particles present in it. The sand filter is the most commonly used filter.

2. Biological sewage treatment

This uses various biological processes to break down the organic matter present in wastewater, such as soap, human waste, oils and food. It can be divided into three categories:

 Aerobic processes: Bacteria decompose the organic matter and converts it into carbon dioxide that can be used by plants. Oxygen is used in this process.

 Anaerobic processes: Here, fermentation is used for fermenting the waste at a specific temperature. Oxygen is not used in anaerobic process.

 Composting: A type of aerobic process where wastewater is treated by mixing it with sawdust or other carbon sources..

Secondary treatment removes most of the solids present in wastewater, however, some dissolved nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous may remain.

B) Bio-digesters (Press mud): A Biodigester simply means a tank which digests organic material biologically. However, for a Biodigester to produce enough methane to make it practical for cooking alone, it would require all the household waste and toilet waste plus more manure from large farm animals. C) Bio-fuels like ethanol prepared from rice straws and bamboos- A cost effective, import substitute and environment friendly mechanism for substitute to petrol and diesel. Biofuel, any fuel that is derived from biomass—that is, plant or algae material or animal waste. Since such feedstock material can be replenished readily, biofuel is considered to be a source of renewable energy, unlike fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Biofuel is commonly advocated as a cost-effective and environmentally benign alternative to petroleum and other fossil fuels, particularly within the context of rising petroleum prices and increased concern over the contributions made by fossil fuels to global warming. 4 Industrial Wastewater management plan Waste water discharged from industries, factories, mills or mines is considered industrial waste water.

The waste water contains toxic and harmful substance that affects the environment at a larger extent. Untreated pollutants passing through these systems may impair the potential reuse of treated effluents and sludge. It is evident; therefore, that early action is required for determining the extent of the problem and for planning and implementing efficient measures for the control of industrial waste discharge which results into water borne diseases, affecting the community that are closely in contact with it. Setting up of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) is important to treat the water and recharge the groundwater. List of industries in Jamtara is attached in Annexure II. 4.1. Current Scenario Table 24: Inventory of industrial wastewater as reported by DIC, Jamtara

Action Areas Details of Data requirment Measurable Outcome Inventory of industrial wastewater Generation in District No of industries discharging Wastewater 11 Someone industrial as per list generates wastewater but the treated Total Quantity of Industrial wastewater waste water is used in gardening and Generated sprinkling for industrial purpose. Quantity of Treated IWW discharged into Nalas/Rivers None Quantity of un-Treated or partially Treated IWW discharged into lakes None rice mill; stone cutting & grinding and Prominent Type of industries ferro alloys casting As per JSPCB direction some industries has installed common Effluent Treatment Facilities in common Effluent Treatment Facilities Jamtara District. Status of compliance As per`JSPCB rules and guideline by industries in eleven Units Meeting Standards all treating Wastewater No of industries Meeting Standards units have obtained CTO from JSPCB No of industries not Meeting discharge Standards None no of complaints receiver or number of recurring complaints against industrial pollution in last 3 months None Status of Action Taken for not meeting No Industries Closed for exceeding discharge standards standards In Last months Nil No of Industries where Environmental Compensation Was imposed by SPCBs Nil

4.2 Action Plan Effluent Treatment Plant needs to be set up by every industry set in the District. This will help in using the treated waste water properly within the industry, thus, reducing the cost of procuring water for additional purposes in the industry. Time to time the effluent treatment plants and their 55

related impacts on the environment and district shall be checked by the concerned authorities. Industries using the treated waste water shall be recognised and considered as a model example for using the best out of the waste.

5. Air quality management plan

Air pollution is a mix of hazardous substances from both human-made and natural sources. Vehicle emissions, fuel oils and natural gas to heat homes, by-products of manufacturing and power generation, particularly coal-fuelled power plants, and fumes from chemical production are the primary sources of human-made air pollution.

Air quality management refers to all the activities a regulatory authority undertakes to help protect human health and the environment from the harmful effects of air pollution. The process of managing air quality can be illustrated as a cycle of inter-related elements.

Figure 15: Air quality management cycle Air Quality Management Plan describes the present status and the changing trends of the particular region. The plan includes both short term and long term policies to improve the air quality. Stringent actions are taken up by the Government and the other internal and external stakeholders. While preparing the Air Quality Management Plan, the following steps are to be followed:

In addition, air-pollution control devices can greatly influence emissions from waste-incineration facilities. For example, airborne particles can be controlled with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, or wet scrubbers. 5.1 Current Scenario No manual air quality monitoring station is available in the district. No dashboard to access the air quality data from SPCB is available in the district. No such mobile application/online based air pollution complaint redressing system has been set up. Table 22: Inventory of air pollution of Jamtara

Action Areas Details of data Requirement Measurable outcome

Manual air quality monitoring station of Availability of air SPCBs/CPCB None Quality monitoring Automatic monitoring station operated by network in district SPCB/CPCB None Inventory of air Stone Crusher, Mines, pollution sources Coke Plant, Quartz Identification of prominent air polluting grinding unit, stock sources yard etc. No of non - attainment cities None Action plans for non-attainment cities Not yet Prepared Availability of air Quality monitoring Access to air quality data from SPCBs& data at DMs office CPCB through Dashboard Not yet Available Control of Industrial Air Pollution No of Industries meeting Standards Not Available No of Industries not meeting discharge Standards Not Available Control of Non- industrial Air pollution Control open burning of stubble-during sources winter Not Available Control open burning of waste-nos of actions taken Not Available Control of forest fires No SoP Vehicle pollution check centers Not Available Dust Suppression Vehicles Not Available Development of Air pollution complaint Mobile App/ Online based air pollution redressal system complaint redressing system of SPCBs. Not Available

Table 23: Data received for vehicles in Jamtara

Measurable Data Requirement Outcome Number of parking stations for trucks and buses 5 Average number of vehicles at parking stations 5 Average wait time for buses and trucks in parking 30 minutes

Number of category wise vehicles registered in 898581 district Age wise approximate number for the last 15 years 858581 Measures to reduce dust polution due to plying of Nil vehicles Pollution check centeres in city 20 Mechanism to check and fine heavy polluting Nil vehicles No of vehicles fined for pollution ( Type and age Nil wise) in last 3 years

Vehicle Registration Report Types of Vehicles Number of vehicles Bus 60 Three-wheeler (Good) 441 Three-wheeler (Passenger) 1095 Goods Carriage 768 Tractor 1757 Trailer 1591 Motor Cab 172 Camper Van 132 Excavator 30 Ambulance 10 E-Rickshaw (Passenger) 8 E-Rickshaw (Goods) 2 Motor Cycle 80351 Moped 1384 Motor Car 1639 Omni Bus (PVT) 5 Motorised (CC>> 25 CC) 78 Tractor Troly (Commercial) 37 Agriculture Tractor 1 Maxi Cab 19 Construction Equipment Vehicle 1

Year &Agewise Registration Report Year of registration Age No. of vehicles registered 2007 13 371 2008 12 1901 2009 11 1023 2010 10 1414 2011 9 4726 2012 8 5369 2013 7 5780 2014 6 5028 2015 5 7069 2016 4 8218

Year &Agewise Registration Report Year of registration Age No. of vehicles registered 2017 3 14875 2018 2 13310 2019 1 13286 2020 0 7211 89581

Figure 16: Types and number of vehicles registered in Jamtara from 2007 to 2020

Figure 17: Number of vehicles registered from 2007 to 2020 5.2 Action Plan Handling loose materials generates fugitive dust that affects the air quality of the surrounding area. To minimize such impacts following measures has been proposed: a. All the loose material either stacked or transported will be provided with suitable covering such as tarpaulin, etc. b. Water sprinkling shall be done at the locations where dust generation is anticipated. 59

c. To minimize the occupational health hazard, proper personal protective gears i.e. mask shall be provided to the workers who are engaged in dust generation activity d. Regular sweeping and proper disposal of the waste generated in construction sites or any other related sites. e. Proper disposal of construction and demolition waste generated from infrastructure, in secured landfill sites. f. No excavation of soil shall be carried out without dust mitigation measures. g. It is proposed to minimize air pollution by providing plantation as buffer on the periphery of various site and on the open spaces. Nereium species are non-palatable plants and shall be planted to arrest the dust and control air pollution. h. An air quality pollution meter for indoor outdoor use shall be procured for measuring the air quality. i. Construction activities shall be taken during nights, especially in the winter season. 6. Mining Activity Management Plan Mining has always boosted the economy. However, in turn it has widened pollution and has put pressure on the natural environment to absorb the harmful chemicals, rays and other disturbances. It is necessary to strike a balance between the demand for minerals from mining activities and impacts that it generates. In order to reduce the negative impacts we have to make efforts towards the restoration of the local environment with adequate cost effective measures and building linkages with the existing facilities. Global standards of good practice have also been evolved to ensure that mining be conducted in a sustainable manner with environmental and human rights standards embedded in the regulatory fabric of this sector. India is a member of the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development (IGF), a global policy forum on mining and sustainable development. The IGF has produced a Guidance Document for Governments on Environmental and Social Impact Assessments related to the mining sector.

The Guidance Document stresses the importance of effective environmental and social impact assessment and management plans to “minimize the negative impacts [of the mining industry] and to optimize the positive contributions of the mining sector.” Furthermore, India’s commitments under international environmental agreements, such as the Stockholm and Rio Declarations, Convention on Biological Diversity and UNFCCC, also require it to adopt a sustainable development framework, which requires that environmental, social and economic interests be balanced. Effective EIAs and Environmental Management Plans are a key aspect of this.

The Covid pandemic, together with the growing challenges of climate change, increasing pollution and biodiversity loss, have led to a realisation that we need to work towards a ‘new normal’ that embraces a more sustainable pathway and a low carbon, green economy. Which direction is India taking?

Principal applicable environmental laws

The principal environmental laws applicable to the mining industry include:

 the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 (EPA);

 the Forest (Conservation) Act 1980;

 the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974; and

 the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981.

Further, the MMDR Act empowers the federal government to frame rules for conservation and sustainable development of minerals and for the protection of environment by preventing or controlling pollution which may be caused by prospecting or mining operations. The MCDR regulates environmental aspects of mining and provides for sustainable mining. The principal regulatory bodies are Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change (MoEF) and the Central and State Pollution Control Board. Specifically, in relation to mining, the Indian Bureau of Mines and the state government also regulate mining. Environmental review and permitting process

The Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification 2006 notified by the MoEF under the EPA provisions regulates the grant of environment clearances. The impact on the environment resulting from a mining project is assessed by an EIA study. Consequently, an environmental management plan is prepared and the environment clearance is granted stipulating conditions to minimise impact on the environment from the project. Further, in the case of mining projects on forest land, the federal government may stipulate mitigative measures for diversion of forest land, such as creation and maintenance of compensatory afforestation. The EIA process for mining takes a year, if not longer, as the EIA study has to be conducted over three seasons along with public consultations, followed by review by the appraisal committee. If forest land is involved, then the clearance for diverting the forest land also needs to be obtained in parallel. While, earlier, the process of getting environmental clearance was known to stretch for two years or more, under the present policy to spur industry and development, clearances are granted in less time.

Closure and remediation process

A mining rights holder has to prepare two mine closure plans - a progressive mine closure plan and a final mine closure plan. The progressive mine closure plan is submitted with the mining plan while the final closure plan is submitted for approval two years prior to the proposed closure. The rights holder has to ensure that the protective measures including reclamation and rehabilitation works are carried out according to the approved mine closure plan. The government authority must certify that all protective works in accordance with the final mine closure plan have been carried out.

Further, for concessions granted other than by auction, a financial assurance in the form of bank guarantee has to be furnished for proper implementation of the mine closure plan, failing which the state government may realise this bank guarantee. For concessions granted by auction, if proper closure and remediation according to the mine closure plan is not followed, the performance security can be realised as per the provisions of the mine development and production agreement signed between the parties. Restrictions on building tailings or waste dams Under the MCDR, the rights holder must ensure that:

 overburden, waste rock, tailings and slimes are stored in separate dumps;

 the waste dams are properly secured to prevent floods and escape of material in quantities that may cause degradation of environment;

 the site for waste dams, tailings or slimes is as far as possible on impervious ground to ensure minimum leaching; and

 the waste dumps are to be suitably terraced and stabilised through vegetation or otherwise.

Inspection of mines is carried out by the Indian Bureau of Mines in an order of priority. For example, fully mechanised large mines are to be inspected at least twice a year. Mines, where approved mining plans are modified, have to be inspected based on the increase in production; for example, a mine where production is increased by more than 50 per cent has to be inspected every three months. While no specific qualifications are detailed for persons in charge of operation and management of dam waste, qualified and experienced mining engineers and geologists need to be employed by mining companies for conducting prospecting and mining works. There are no requirements for mandatory alarm systems or emergency drills with local communities. The government has the primary responsibility for the rescue of people in case of a dam failure; however, under the doctrine of absolute liability in India, the mining companies would be liable for the dam failure or loss of life or injury caused by dam failure. Mining activities at Jamtara: The district has total 16 operative and 32 non-operative stone mines, which generate on an average royalty of around 1 crore rupees, along with a Dead Rent of around 7 Lakhs rupees every year, Mineral based industries in the district incur an investment of approximately -185 Lakh rupees. Jamtara is rich in minerals such as stone, Felspar, Granite. Presence ofsand stone is observed in Karmatanr Vidyasagar and-Fatehpur block and Narayanpur block is rich in Rajmahal trap Basalt. Garnet Biotite Gneiss is present in Narayanpur Block. Noticeable amount of deposit of Sand stone is observed in the southern part of Nala Block.

Figure 18: Map of the stone mines in the Jamtara District(Source- District survey report)

Once open cast mining is over, most of the places are left as it is and these sites become places of criminal activities and dumping sites for different kinds of waste which makes pollution and stinks. 63

It generates breeding grounds for flies and mosquitoes, which later becomes vector for different diseases. These unkempt and deep left out mining pits can be used as a dumping ground for construction and demolition waste and will be reclaimed by adding soil on the upper layers and planting trees. If planted with fruit plants these can be additional source of revenue from fruits which will be from the plants after a time period of 4 to 5 years.

6.1 Current Scenario Table 24: Inventory of mining activities in Jamtara

Measurable Action Areas Details of data requirement Outcome

Inventory of Stone Mining, Sand Mining in Mining, Bricks Earth District Type of mining activities Mining No of mining licences given 27 Stone Mining, 04 in the District Sand Mining Stone Mine 125.77 acres, Sand Mine Area covered under mining 88.83Hect. Area of district 1811Sq Mm Sand mining Yes Area of sand Mining NIL Compliance to Stone-27EC Granted, Environmental No of Mining Areas meeting Sand-04EC Granted, Conditions Environmental Clearance Bricks Earth-02EC Condition Granted

No of Mining Areas Meeting Consent Condition of SPCBs/PCCs Stone 21, SAND 03

Mining related No of pollution related environmental complaints against Mining Complaints Operation in last 1 year NIL Action against No of Mining operation non-complying suspended for violations to Mining activity environmental norms NIL No of directions issued by SPCBs NIL

6.2 Action Plan The awareness of environment and legally binding notifications from different Government agencies has led to the development of Environmental Management Plan including minor development projects, wherein anticipated impact are assessed and the management plan to mitigate these impacts has been stipulated in advance. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is a plan developed to ensure that the project is implemented in an environmentally

sustainable manner. EMP also ensures that the project implementation is carried out taking appropriate Mitigate actions to reduce adverse environmental impacts. Environmental management plan includes protection/mitigation/enhancement measures as well as suggesting post project monitoring programme. The management action plan aims at controlling pollution at the source level to the possible extent with the available and affordable technology followed by treatment measures before they are discharged. Fully conscious towards environmental responsibility towards the Stone beneficiation process, the plan focuses, apart from other relevant concerns, on the following important aspects, a) Dust suppression measures by water sprinkling and b) Proper maintenance of vehicles and equipment. The different environmental components that are identified in the assessment chapter are dealt hereunder with necessary environmental management plan. 1. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Mining and related activities with transportation, grinding and other generates dust which causes pollution. The dust and its particulate matter cause allergies to the people who are working on the mines and machines including transportation vehicles. Measures like sprinkling of water on regular intervals based on the temperature and wind condition will be applied for reducing dust particles in the wind. Further vehicles and other equipment will be keep in proper shape for reducing pollution due to smoke and dust particles. Dust emissions and particulate emissions will be controlled by water spraying through sprinklers at all the sources of dust formation and corresponding Mitigative measures are elaborated as follows:  Proper blasting pattern will be followed for effective rock fragmentation and generation of minimal fine dust to open atmosphere.  Regular water sprinkling at dust emanating sources viz., drilling, blasting and transportation through haulage roads, etc will be carried out.  Periodic maintenance of transport vehicles and equipment will be carried out to check emission levels.

Greenbelt will be developed that will act as a pollution sink.

Overloading of trucks will be avoided and carrying the rocks in covered trucks will be taken up to minimize pollution level 4 Regular ambient air quality monitoring shall be carried out to ensure the air pollutants are kept under permissible limits always. 1.1 Controlling Dust Levels Dust would be generated during mining, crushing operations, and also during handling and transportation of the material. The suggested control measures are:

1.1.1 Mines Dust suppression systems (water spraying) to be adopted at- Faces/sites while loading. Use of sharp teeth for shovels. Dust extraction systems to be used in drill machines-Use of sharp drill bits for drilling holes and drills with water- flushing systems (wet drilling), to reduce dust generation. 1.1.2 Haulage Regular water spraying on haulage roads during transportation- of excavated material by water sprinklers. Transfer points shall be provided with appropriate- hoods/chutes to prevent dust emissions.

1.2 Controlling CO Levels: The concentration of CO in the ambient air was below detectable limits at all the air quality monitoring locations. Expected increase in the CO concentration is very low as CO emissions from mining operations are less compared to other pollutants. Heavy and light vehicles are the major sources of CO in the mine. All vehicles and their exhausts would be well maintained and regularly tested for pollutants concentration. 1.3 Controlling NOx Levels NOx emissions in the mine mainly occur during blasting operations. The main reasons for NOx emissions are 5 Poor quality of explosives having large oxygen imbalance. This may be due to: Manufacturing defect; Use of expired explosives in which ingredients have disintegrated. Incomplete detonation, which may be due to low Primer to column ratio. 1.4 Occupational Health & Safety Measure to Control Dust Inhalation All the above precautions would be adopted to prevent dust generation at site and to be dispersed in the outside environment. However, for the safety of workers at site, engaged at the strategic locations/dust generation points like drills, loading & unloading points, crushing etc, dust masks would be provided. Dust masks would prevent inhalation of RPM thereby reducing the risk of lung diseases and other respiratory disorders. 2 NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL The ambient noise level monitoring carried out in and around the proposed mine shows that the ambient noise levels are well within the stipulated limits of CPCB. Within an operational mine, major noise sources are blasting, operation of mine machineries and equipment, crushing units and belt conveyor. Noise generation may be for an instant, intermittent or continuous periods, with low to high decibels. To keep noise generation in control, latest sophisticated technology and equipment have been considered. Drills, loaders, dumpers etc with larger capacities possibly will be acquired to reduce the number of operational units at a time, thereby reducing the noise generating sources. The equipment systems will include cabins to ensure that the operators and other work persons, in and around the operating equipment, have comfortable work stations. To keep the ambient noise levels within the permissible limits of 85 dB (A), the following measures should be adopted Personal who are exposed to critical locations in the quarry will be provided with PPEs Innovative approaches of using improvised plant and machinery designs, with in-built mechanism to reduce sound emissions like improved silencers, mufflers and closed noise generating parts. Effective blast design so that there will be minimal noise and ground vibrations during blasting, Procurement of drill, loaders and dumpers and other equipment with noise proof system in operator’s cabin. Confining the equipment with heavy noise emissions in sound proof cabins, so that noise is not transmitted to other areas. Regular and proper maintenance of noise generating machinery including the transport vehicles and belt conveyors, to maintain the noise levels. Provision would be made for noise absorbing pads at foundations of vibrating equipment to reduce noise emissions. Provision of protective devices like ear muffs/ear plugs to workers who cannot be isolated from the source of high intensity noise, e.g. blasting 3 WATER ENVIRONMENT As this is an open cast mining method it will not generate any wastewater as there is no mineral processing involved. The mining of rock does not involve any treatment or beneficiation by using water. Therefore, the question of disposal of water will not arise.

Moreover, mining activity much above the ground water level doesn’t lead to any ground water contamination. However, in order to mitigate any likely impacts the following management for control of water pollution is proposed. In anticipation of seasonal streams and runoff in the core zone, channels and bunds would be constructed and maintained to avoid any erosion and contamination. Garland drains will be constructed around the boundary of the mine lease area outside the boundary wall to divert rainwater away from the site. The mine pit water collected due to rains will be utilized for water spraying on the haul roads and for watering plantation. This water will be harvested for utilization in plantation watering, spraying on the haulage roads and waste dumps. 4 LAND ENVIRONMENT The mined out pit area will be backfilled and developed for stabilization and plantation of native species will be carried out. The top soil will be utilized for plantation of trees in the area. This would not only make the area aesthetically beautiful but also check on the soil and land erosion. 4.1 Rocks for landscaping after the quarrying activities are over, these sites will be splattered with the leftovers of rocks and boulders. These boulders and rocks can support the growth of mosses and lichens, which will act as ecological pioneers and initiate the process of succession and colonization. The boulders of moderate size will be used to line the boundary of a path. 4.2 Laying of the top soil The depressions/craters filled up with rock aggregates will be covered with top soil. Fungal spores naturally present in top soil will aid plant growth and natural plant succession. The top soil will be further enriched by organic manure and Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. This will help in the process of soil Reclamation and early establishment of seedlings. 5 WASTE DISPOSAL MANAGEMENT Since the proposed project is mining of rock, there will not be much of waste generated due to mining. After the quarrying activities are over, these sites will be splattered with the leftovers of rocks and boulders. The boulders of moderate size will be used to line the boundary of a path. The disintegrated rock will be used as sand material for road making. 6 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT The area surrounding the site is dense with plantation. Planting a suitable combination of trees that can grow fast and also have good leaf density shall be adopted to develop the green belt. It will act like a buffer to trap the airborne dust and also reduce the noise levels. From the aesthetic point of view also, this will have a positive impact. It is proposed to develop a green belt along the periphery of the mining lease area. The green belt shall be developed in consultation with the local forest authorities for selection of site, specific species, seedling management, and plantation techniques and to up keep by deweeding, manuring and regular watering. 6.1 Criteria for selection of species Species to be selected should fulfil the following specific requirements of the area. Availability of seed material Tolerance to specific conditions or alternatively wide adapts ability to eco physiological conditions. Rapid growth Capacity to endure water stress and climatic extremes after initialestablishment Differences in height, growth habits Pleasing appearance Providing shade Ability of fixing atmospheric Nitrogen Improving waste lands. 6.2 Design of Green Development The greenbelt shall be developed around the plant to act as a sink for pollutants, attenuation of noise levels and improvement in aesthetic quality of the

67 plant. The following criteria shall be adopted in the design of greenbelt: Generally fast growing trees will be planted. Trees growing up to 10 m or more in height with thick perennial foliage will be planted around the plant. Trees will be planted in patches along the periphery to work as an indicator of pollution. Trees shall be planted staggered in each row (minimum three rows encircling the perimeter of the plant). 6.3 Programme for Afforestation- Afforestation will be carried out to increase the green cover and create harmony with nature. The area will be afforested with variety of local sapling. This will help to have polyculture. The details of afforestation program are given below. Table 1 Afforestation Programme Year Area and Extent in Hectare Species Number I General surface 0.0848 Mango, subabul, sag 100 II General surface 0.0848 Mango, subabul, sag 100 III General surface 0.0848 Pongia, pinnata, Azadicrta Indica 100 IV General surface 0.0848 Mango, subabul, sag 100 V General surface 0.0848 Pongia, pinnata, Azadicrta Indica 100 7 7 MEASURES TO CONTROL EROSION The Basalt rock is hard, compact massive rock and there is no erosion. 8 CONTROL MEASURES FOR DISASTER Entry of unauthorized persons shall be prohibited;Fire fighting and first aid provisions in the mining Area; Provision of all the safety appliances such as safety boots, helmets, goggles etc. would be made available to the employees and regular check to ensure the use; Training and refresher courses for all the employees working in the hazardous premises; Handling of explosives, charging and blasting shall be carried out by competent persons only; Provision of magazine at safe place with fencing and necessary security arrangement; Suppression of dust on the haulage roads; Awareness on safety and disaster to the staff. 9 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT The company management shall give preference to local people It will provide ample opportunity to the locals to uplift their living standards by organizing events that propagate mutual benefits to all, such as health camps, awareness campaigns, donations to poorer sections of society and downtrodden. Educational needs of the region will be improved by encouraging the workers to allow their children to attend schools. Sufficient funds shall be allocated for these and other emergency needs. Adequate supply of potable water to the workers will be made during the working hrs. The working personnel will be provided with face masks, ear plugs, safety helmets and goggles in order to reduce health hazards. Other safety equipments shall be used according to the nature of job involved. Adequate space will be provided for construction of temporary sheds for construction workers. The proponent will supply potable water for the workers. Mine closure Mine closure plan is the most important environmental requirement in mineral mining projects. The mine closure plan should cover technical, environmental, social, legal and financial aspects dealing with progressive and post closure activities. The closure operation is a continuous series of activities starting from the decommissioning of the project. Therefore, progressive mine closure plan should be specifically dealt with in the mining plan and is to reviewed every five years in the scheme of mining. As progressive mine closure is a continuous series of activities, it is obvious that the proposals of scientific mining have included most of the activities to be included in the closure plan. While formulating the closure objectives for the site, it is important to consider the existing or the pre-mining land use of the site; and how the operation will affect this activity. Some operations such as mining in agricultural areas have clearly

68 defined this objective of returning the land to viable agricultural purposes or for bringing the land for economically viable productive purposes. The primary aim is to ensure that the following broad objectives along with the abandonment of the mine can be successfully achieved: To create a productive and sustainable after-use for the site, acceptable to mine owners, regulatory agencies, and the public. To protect public health and safety of the surrounding habitation. To minimize environmental damage. To conserve valuable attributes and aesthetics. To overcome adverse socio-economic impacts. 10.1 Mine Closure Criteria the criteria involved in mine closure are discussed below: 10.1.1 Physical Stability All anthropogenic structures, which include mine workings, waste dumps, buildings, etc., remaining after mine decommissioning should be physically stable. They should present no hazard to public health and safety as a result of failure or physical deterioration and they should continue to perform the functions for which they were designed. The design periods and factors of safety proposed should take full account of extreme events such as floods, hurricane, winds or earthquakes, etc. and other natural perpetual forces like erosion, etc. 10.1.2 Chemical Stability The solid wastes on the mine site should be chemically stable. This means that the consequences of chemical changes or conditions leading to leaching of metals, salts or organic compounds should not endanger public health and safety nor result in the deterioration of environmental attributes. If the pollutant discharge likely to cause adverse impacts is predicted in advance, appropriate mitigation measures like settling of suspended solids or passive treatment to improve water quality as well as quantity, etc. could be planned. Monitoring should demonstrate that there is no adverse effect of pollutant concentrations exceeding the statutory limits for the water, soil and air qualities in the area around the closed mine. 10.1.3 Biological Stability The stability of the surrounding environment is primarily dependent upon the physical and chemical characteristics of the site, whereas the biological stability of the mine site itself is closely related to rehabilitation and final land use. Nevertheless, biological stability can significantly influence physical or chemical stability by stabilizing soil cover, prevention of erosion/wash off, leaching, etc. A vegetation cover over the disturbed site is usually one of the main objectives of the rehabilitation programme, as vegetation cover is the best long-term method of stabilizing the site. When the major earthwork components of the rehabilitation programme have been completed, the process of establishing a stable vegetation community begins. For revegetation, management of soil nutrient levels is an important consideration. Additions of nutrients are useful under three situations. Where the nutrient level of spread topsoil is lower than material in-situ e.g. for development of social forestry. Where it is intended to grow plants with a higher nutrient requirement than those occurring naturally e.g. planning for agriculture. Where it is desirable to get a quick growth response from the native flora during those times when moisture is not a limiting factor e.g. development of green barriers. The mine closure plan should be as per the approved mine plan. Stage wise mine closure plan with budget available financial / manpower should be prepared and implemented. Such plan with the approval of the competent regulatory authority should be made available to the concerned State authority giving the environmental clearance. 11 REPORTING & DOCUMENTATION All the necessary reports and documents shall be prepared to comply the statutory rules & regulations. Proper and due care shall be taken to adhere to the laid down rules and regulations by the government. Regular and periodic record shall be kept in order to ensure easier, comparable and brisk review and projection of past, present and future performances. Also, the management shall ensure to prepare separate records for water, wastewater, solid waste, air, emission, soil & manure regularly and periodically in order to provide better and smooth 69 vigilance. The management shall look into the fact that as soon as the report is prepared, it shall be forwarded to the concerned authority with due care for the purpose of reviewing. Adhering to the rules and regulations the management shall ensure that the outcome of the reports and the conclusions drawn shall be prepared as per the laid down regulations and procedures. No breach of any convention shall be availed. These reports/documents shall be regularly and periodically reviewed and any changes/discrepancies found in mitigation measures/ operation/ management/ shall be brought into notice instantaneously and all possible corrective actions shall be taken. Budget provisions for EMP propose to take up protective measures like construction of retaining walls near the toes of the dumps. The haul roads both within the lease and outside the mining lease including roads leading to the crushing plant will be watered and good drainage system would be maintained. The project authorities propose to undertake the following environmental works to achieve the environmental quality as desired. Adequate budgetary provision has been for execution of Environmental Management Plan. 7. Noise Pollution Management Plan Noise pollution can be defined as any disturbing or unwanted noise that interferes or harms humans or wildlife. Although noise constantly surrounds us, noise pollution generally receives less attention than water quality and air quality issues because it cannot be seen, tasted, or smelled. Noise generated by mining operations is often of higher intensity than natural noise, and mining operations can occur throughout the night. Common mining and mineral processing activities that contribute to noise pollution include overburden removal, drilling and blasting, excavating, crushing, loading and unloading, vehicular traffic, and the use of generators. Noise pollution has a negative impact on wildlife species by reducing habitat quality, increasing stress levels, and masking other sounds. Noise level refers to the decibel levels of noise produced by any appliance or machine. In general, the human ear can tolerate noise levels up to 85 dB. Anything beyond that can affect their productivity and quality of life. The decibel levels of common sounds above 80 dB are considered ‘loud’, while the decibel levels of common sounds between 100-125 dB are termed ‘uncomfortable’. All machines operating in an area should produce noise within the acceptable level to maintain the well-being of people around. Regular exposure to noise can come out in the form of people being irritable, nervous and facing difficulty in taking decisions. It has shown to hinder the normal development of speech and hearing in children, resulting in delayed developmental milestones affecting their overall growth. The CPCB has laid down the permissible noise levels in India for different areas. Noise pollution rules have defined the acceptable level of noise in different zones for both daytime and night time. In industrial areas, the permissible limit is 75 dB for daytime and 70 dB at night. In commercial areas, it is 65 dB and 55 dB, while in residential areas it is 55 dB and 45 dB during daytime and night respectively. 7.1 Current Scenario Currently there is no noise measuring device available with the district. As per the data received, Jamtara has not received any complaints in regard to noise pollution in last one year. Implementation of ambient noise standards in residential and silent zones has not been done. Currently, no noise monitoring study is done in the district. Whereas 2 noise measuring devices are available with SPCBs noise level monitoring can be conducted by them. Table 25: Inventory of Noise Pollution of Jamtara

Action Areas Details of data requirement Measurable Outcome Availability Monitoring equipment No. of Noise Measuring devices with district administration Not Applicable No. of Noise Measuring devices with SPCBs Not Applicable Capability to conduct Noise level monitoring Capability to conduct Noise level by State agency/ monitoring by State agency/ District District authorities authorities Not Applicable Management of Noise No of complaints received on noise related complaints pollution in last 1 year Not Applicable No of complaints redressed Not Applicable Compliance to ambient noise standards Implementation of Ambient noise standards in residential and silent zones Not Applicable

Noise monitoring study in district Not Applicable Sign board in towns and cities in silent zones Not Applicable

7.2 Action Plan The noise waste is created by vehicles, industries, mines and social events organised in the district. The following steps can be taken up for reducing noise pollution. a. Areas with maximum movement of lights and heavy motor vehicles like cars, trucks and 2 wheelers will lead to increase in noise levels. In order to minimize the noise levels by providing plantation as a buffer on the sides of roads. Informatory signboards will be placed at different locations to encourage vehicle owners to blow horn less and follow the emission standards fixed by Government authorities. b. To prevent any occupational hazard, ear muff / ear plug shall be given to the workers working around or operating plant and machinery emitting high noise levels. Use of such plant or machinery shall not be allowed during night hour (10:00 pm and 6:00 am). Careful planning of machinery operation and scheduling of operations shall be done to minimize such impact. Construction shall clearly specify the use of equipment emitting noise of not greater than 90 dB for eight-hour operation shift. c. Isolation of noise generation sources and temporal differentiation of noise generating activities. d. Diesel Generator sets will be kept in the acoustic chamber and ambient noise will be within the CPCB standard limits. e. Proper traffic management and promoting ways to reduce honking. Informatory signboards shall be placed at various locations to motivate people to honk, only when required. f. All the vehicles should carry PUC certificate and must undergo PUC test as mandated by Central Motor Vehicle Rule, 1989.

71 g. Replacement of vehicles which has been purchased and used for more than 20 years. Since after 20 years these vehicles emit huge amount of pollution, thus, harms the environment in multiple ways.

Circular Economy

Moving from a model of “Use and throw” to “Use and reuse model” is circular economy. It is an economic system of closed loops in which raw materials, components and products lose their value as little as possible, renewable energy sources are used and systems thinking is at the core. The concept of circular economy is very important for a country like India. In order to understand the difference between linear economy and circular economy, check the flowcharts below:

Figure 19: Process involved in a linear economy model

Figure 20: Process involved in circular economy

There are multiple challenges that the linear system faces, the ‘take-make dispose’ model is leading to increase in consumption and waste due to globalization and urbanisation. Coupled with the lack of restorative or regenerative mechanisms, this model is leading to structural waste (and consequently lost economic opportunities) as well as negative impacts including greenhouse gas emissions, reduced air quality, and congestion. A new way forward – a circular economy A circular economy is characterized as an economy that is restorative and regenerative by design and aims to keep products, components, and materials at their highest utility and value

at all times, whilst distinguishing between technical and biological cycles. It is conceived as a continuous positive development cycle that preserves and enhances natural capital, optimizes resource yields, and minimizes system risks by managing finite stocks and renewable flows. The concept of the circular economy is particularly relevant in the urban context as it offers designers, planners, policymakers, and businesses a framework to rethink systems: how we design and operate them in a manner that will preserve, restore and regenerate natural, social and financial capital. This section deals with how different kinds of waste can be integrated in the circular economy model through processing or treatment of the wastes. 1. Municipal Waste: Municipal waste and circular economy In the context of a smart, sustainable and inclusive development, as important prerequisites of India’s strategy there is an increasingly role played by the technological progress designed to facilitate an efficient and effective use of resources, in order to reduce waste and to allow the application of more and better procedures. By these means we consider that the natural reconstruction of resources will not be substantially improved and thus we will not be able to ensure enough quantities of resources for the future generations. As illustrated within the literature, an economy based on these principles can be considered to function like a circular economy. It concerns also a production and consumption model based on the reuse and recycling of materials such as to contribute to the extension of the products lifecycle. This is considered to be a traditional vision. In reality, based on a broader vision of the circular economy we have to take into account not only the consumption and production of goods and services, but also a better and more efficient and effective use of renewable energy, as well as the transformation of waste in materials dedicated to new production flows. This broader vision requires a cross disciplinary systemic and holistic approach of the functioning of the economy as an integrated system, in which each element influences the functionality of the whole system. Many nations are promoting more and more this vision mostly considering the environmental and population growth challenges. Country like India faces a number of challenges in the twenty-first century, including population growth, political strife, rapid urbanization, food and water scarcity, environmental pollution, infectious diseases, and climate change. In this turbulent era, there is a need for resilience at every level—from the village family to the corporate boardroom to the halls of government. We argue that achieving resilience will require both enlightened government policies and successful initiatives by social and environmental innovators that demonstrate the capacity for adapting to these challenges. One way to stimulate rapid progress is development of circular economy solutions that create innovative pathways for utilization of discarded materials, thus seeking to eliminate waste at the level of production and consumption. Unlike the linear economy, based on an extensive use of resources, which has negative impacts on environment due to the waste generation, the circular economy involves the reutilization of the materials such as the waste from the manufacturing process to become a potential materials source for another process.

The central idea is to retain resources in the production processes based on their reutilization, by producing more value added for a longer period of time, in a production system as closed as

74 possible. The adoption of the circular economy concept refers mostly to two distinct directions: customer interface (by proposing value to customers) and suppliers networks by reconciliation of the producer’s own internal activity [4]. No matter the direction, it is generally considered that the circular economy is a combination of three main concepts: Reducing resources consumption, Reusing waste and Recycling activities.

The concept of sustainable development had evolved in time and is based on the long-term vision of development that takes into account more and more the need to assure the equity between countries and generations and the interconnections between the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. The current technological evolutions make it necessary to take into account the technological sector mostly in the context of the amplified importance of the knowledge and innovative based economy. Under these broader cross disciplinary approaches we consider it is important to illustrate the complex and dynamic interactions between the economic, social, technological and environmental dimensions of development as a central pillar for sustainability effectiveness and circular economy.

Figure 21: STEP, Circular Economy Circular economy opportunities The concept of “circular economy” as a strategy for waste elimination has been broadly adopted in the business world. Companies have sought to achieve “zero waste” by finding uses for discarded materials and closing the loop in their supply network. Circularity not only offers economic benefits and reduces a company’s ecological footprint, but also increases both business and community resilience by reducing dependence upon scarce resources and long-distance supply chains. The concept has been implemented by progressive business leaders as a cost-effective means of improving corporate sustainability and resilience (Ellen MacArthur Foundation 2017). The practice of circular economy requires a systems approach that considers the broader economic, social and 75 environmental systems in which commercial supply chains operate. The figure below depicts how a systems approach can be used to model the generation and disposition of wastes throughout the business value chain; this approach is based

Figure 22: Generation and disposition of wastes through business value chain on the triple value framework, which explicitly maps the interdependencies among three types of dynamic systems— industries, communities, and the environment (Fiksel et al. 2014). Resources are extracted from the environment, move through production processes to create value for markets, and then the wastes are disposed or recycled. The lifecycle stages shown in Fig. 1 include extraction of raw materials from terrestrial sources, transport, processing, manufacturing and packaging into finished products, distribution and product support through various market channels, consumer use of products, and final disposal or recycling of the residual wastes. These wastes are generated in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms, and may include hazardous pollutants and greenhouse gases. In this type of holistic analysis, it is important to account for direct consequences, such as financial benefits, as well as indirect or unintended consequences, including environmental and social impacts. The circular economy strategy envisions that industrial and consumer wastes can replace virgin materials—so that inefficient and harmful waste disposal is essentially eliminated. Many existing waste streams are underutilized; for example, municipal solid waste contains about 85% of biomass and other combustible materials, comprising a mixture of energy-rich fuels. Likewise, coal combustion residues from power plants, such as fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, and fuel gas desulfurization residues, can be beneficially used in concrete and cement production, structural falls, building products, gypsum wallboard, and surface stabilization. The World Economic Forum estimates that based on current technologies, the circular economy approach could save more than $1 trillion/yr globally due to lower costs, lower carbon emissions, and supply chain risk reduction (WEF 2013). Circular economy practices include reverse logistics (eg., refurbishment of containers, pallets, used or defective products), beneficial reuse of wasted materials or energy (e.g., composting, used oil recovery, bio digestion of organics, combined heat and power), and business model innovation (eg., dematerialization, resource pooling, product-as-a-service). Municipal Waste Management in the Circular Economy Municipal waste management is a part of the transition to the Circular Economy Model. The 76

objective is to elimination of municipal waste land filling. Moreover, it was shown that positive changes in municipal waste management can boost the economic, environmental, and social benefits in Jharkhand. The key waste streams are municipal waste and packaging waste. Adopting efficient municipal waste management systems show better performance in overall waste management. For this reason, for the needs of the monitoring framework, a set of relevant indicators was proposed, grouped into four main areas of the CE: Production and consumption, secondary raw materials, waste management, and competitiveness and innovation.

Table 26: Characteristics of the indicator related to municipal waste management Indicator Definition Production and consumption Municipal waste production per capita Indicates the amount of the waste collected by or on behalf of municipal authorities and disposed of through the waste management system. Food waste production Indicates the amount of the waste generated in the production, distribution and consumption of food. Waste Management Overall municipal waste recycling Includes the share of recycled municipal waste in the total amount of municipal waste generated. The recycling is related to material recycling, composting, and anaerobic digestion Overall packaging waste recycling rate Includes the share of recycled packaging waste in all packaging waste generated, i.e., wasted material that was used for the protection, containment, delivering, handling, and presentation of goods, from raw materials to processed goods, from the producer to the user (consumer), excluding production residues Bio-waste recycling It presents the ratio of composted/ methanized municipal waste over the total population

Implementation of the circular economy assumptions in national economies requires a model approach, and this also applies to municipal waste management systems. Therefore, the current section provides examples of possible model solutions for the implementation of the Circular Economy assumptions in the municipal waste management systems. This chapter presents the specific solutions proposed for municipal waste management in the district, including the circular economy assumptions and perspectives of possible application of proposed actions to the conditions of the district. Recommended CE Actions in Municipal Waste Management The presented CE model solutions have been grouped into the six groups (Regenerate, Share, Optimize, Loop, Virtualize, and Exchange) indicated in the ReSOLVE framework and they present the possible ways of the CE’s implementation in municipal waste management. Perspective of Possible Application of Proposed Actions to the Polish Conditions The presented solutions for municipal waste management are complementary to the actions proposed. They are grouped in the following six actions, that can be taken by residents and 77 governments in order to speed up the process towards CE implementation:

Regenerate Regenerate is the first action in the proposed CE model framework. It includes actions aimed at transition to renewable materials and energy sources. The municipal waste can be treated as a source of energy, heat, or process steam recovery when it is directed to the installations for the thermal transformation of waste. Waste incineration must take place with all precautionary measures taken to prevent the generation of harmful emissions and the risk to health and life. It should be underlined that, according to the European hierarchy, waste incineration with energy recovery is the latest option, just before the safe disposal. There are several waste-to-energy plants for municipal waste, including 1618 plants worldwide. These plants (can be recommended in the areas of urban agglomeration where there is no place for installations for biological treatment of municipal waste. However, only mixed waste should be sent to combustion processes, because according to the concept of the CE, reuse should be the first option, then remanufacturing, and then recovery of raw materials from waste. The municipal waste stream should be sent to incineration after analyzing and separating its fractions for recycling, striving to use the energy potential of the fraction resulting from the operation of the installation for the mechanical–biological reactor (MBR) in installations with appropriate permits, to the extent that there is no threat to the established levels of preparation for reuse and recycling. Table 26: Recommended Circular Economy actions in municipal waste management based on the ReSOLVE (Regenerate, Share, Optimize, Loop, Virtualize and Exchange framework

No. Circular Description Examples Economy Area 1 Regenerate Energy, heat or process Installation for the thermal steam recovery transformation of municipal waste with energy recovery Reclaiming, retaining and Landfill remediation restoration of health of ecosystems Returning recovered Use of selected municipal waste biological resources to the fractions for fertilizing purposes biosphere 2 Share Reuse of products by Sale/resale of products /services keeping the product loop speed low and maximization of the utilization of products 3 Optimize Increasing Implementation of the most optimal product/technology solutions possible in the waste performance and efficiency recovery and disposal processes

No. Circular Description Examples Economy Area Removal of waste from Comprehensive management of all production processes waste streams 4 Loop Keeping the components Creation of reuse points, repair and materials closed points Recycling and recovery of Increasing the efficiency of raw materials from waste selective collection at source, streams including municipal biodegradable waste, in order for easy application of recycling/recovery technologies 5 Virtualize Buying and using the utility Introducing virtual solutions in virtually everyday life to reduce the amount of generated waste 6 Exchange Replacing old materials Replacement of household with new advanced appliances and items by items with materials a higher energy class

Share Sharing with co-users is a way to maximize the use of a product or service. This is one of the activities that helps minimize the amount of municipal waste generated by extending the life of specific goods. Sharing is also the reuse of products as long as they are technically functional and approved for use (e.g., second-hand principle) and extending the lives of products through maintenance, repair, and design methods that increase their durability. The products that are no longer needed by residents would normally be removed as municipal waste. In line with the CE idea is their sale or resale. There are many platforms that offer the opportunity to sell used goods free of charge. Moreover, there is also a possibility to exchange or give away things that are not needed. In the model of the sharing economy, sustainability might be an important factor for those residents for whom ecological consumption is important. This phenomenon of sharing economy has grown in the last few years, and it is expected to expand and grow steadily in the coming years.

Optimize Optimization activities focus primarily on increasing product/technology performance and efficiency, as well as removing waste in the production process and supply chain.

Loop The Loop action is related to keeping the components and materials closed. This means product reuse; in the case of municipal waste other than food waste and biodegradable waste, this means creation of reuse points enabling the exchange of used items. Virtualize 79

Virtualize is a model of operation that assumes the provision of specific usability virtually instead of materially. It can help reduce the amount of municipal waste generated by the residents. The consumers should replace the tangible items with intangible items that have the same utility values. An example of this is there placement of paper newspapers and books with online magazines and e- books, which lead stoles paper being used and less paper waste. Another example is the replacement of traditional alarm clocks with, e.g., cell phones that also have wake-up calls.

Exchange The Exchange model assumes the replacement of old materials with new advanced materials, using modern technologies, and selecting modern products and services. It refers to replacement of household appliances and items that are, e.g., economically inefficient. Residents should replace old household appliances and items, such as refrigerators, dishwashers, and freezers, with items with a higher so-called energy class. This is calculated on the basis of annual power consumption and the ratioofstandardvaluescorrespondingtothemostcommonmodelsofagivendevice. Due to full transparency, consumers can compare models from different brands and consciously decide to buy more or less energy-saving equipment. The recommended actions that have been grouped into areas of particular significance (indicated in the ReSOLVE framework) present model solutions that can be implemented in various municipal waste management systems. It should be pointed that the indicated propositions of actions are examples of good practices; anyway, there is no single CE model that can be easily adopted for each country or region (e.g., big cities or small communities) due to social, environmental, financial, and political differences. The successful introduction of solutions that are in line with the CE model requires the involvement of all stakeholders in a given region or country. This work focuses on the responsibility of local authorities and the residents themselves. It should also be emphasized that, despite the global campaign for the prevention of waste generation as well as for the primary segregation of waste, differences in the management of municipal waste are still clear. Further promotion of circular attitudes is necessary.

2. Plastic Waste:

Plastic brings many benefits. At the same time, there are some problematic items on the market that need to be eliminated to achieve a circular economy, and sometimes, plastic packaging can be avoided altogether while maintaining utility.

While improving recycling is crucial, we cannot recycle our way out of the plastic issues we currently face. Wherever relevant, reuse business models should be explored as a preferred solution (or ‘inner loop’ in circular economy terms), reducing the need for single-use plastic packaging. Reuse models, which provide an economically attractive opportunity for at least 20% of plastic packaging, need to be implemented in practice and at scale.

Innovate to ensure that the plastics we do need are reusable, recyclable, or compostable.

This requires a combination of redesign and innovation in business models, materials, packaging design, and reprocessing technologies.

Compostable plastic packaging is not a blanket solution, but rather one for specific, targeted applications, because an effective collection and composting infrastructure is essential but often not in place.

Circulate all the plastic items we use to keep them in the economy and out of the environment.

No plastic should end up in the environment. Landfill, incineration, and waste-to- energy are not long term solutions that support a circular economy.

Conventional plastic production is highly dependent on virgin fossil feed stocks (mainly natural gas and oil) as well as other resources, including water - it takes about 185 litres of water to make a kilogram of plastic. Plastic production uses up to 6% of global oil production, and this is expected to increase to 20% by 2050, when plastic-related greenhouse gas emissions may represent 15% of the global annual carbon budget. Some plastics contain toxic chemical additives, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have been linked to health issues such as cancer, mental, reproductive, and developmental diseases. It is difficult to recycle some plastics without perpetuating these chemicals. Plastics stay in the environment for a long time; some take up to 500 years to break down; this causes damage, harms biodiversity, and depletes the ecosystem services needed to support life. In the marine environment, plastics are broken down into tiny pieces (micro plastics) which threaten marine biodiversity. Furthermore, micro plastics can end up in the food chain, with potentially damaging effects, because they may accumulate high concentrations of POPs and other toxic chemicals. Micro plastics are an emerging source of soil and freshwater pollution. The contamination of tap and bottled water by micro plastics is already widespread, and the World Health Organization is assessing the possible effects on human health. The continued rapid growth in the production and use of plastics will have a severe and deleterious effect on the GEF’s ability to deliver its objectives in the following areas: (i) Chemicals and waste: some POPs are used as chemical additives in some plastics and dioxins and furans are byproducts of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacture. (ii) Climate change mitigation: producing plastics using fossil fuels is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions, as is the open burning and incineration of plastic wastes. Greenhouse gas emissions from plastics were estimated to be 390 million tonnes of CO2 in 2012. (iii) International waters: plastics pollution is prevalent in all oceans globally. (iv) Biodiversity: Plastics pollution is the second most significant threat to the future of coral reefs, after climate change. The impact of plastic on marine species, including entanglement and ingestion by turtles, birds, fish and mammals, is well documented. Many of the chemicals additives used in plastics have proven adverse effects on fisheries and their habitats. (v) Land degradation and food systems: the emerging threat from micro plastics to terrestrial ecosystems, especially agricultural soils could lead to further land degradation affecting food production, including through micro plastics contamination of food products. The circular economy is an alternative to the current linear, make, use, dispose, economy model, which aims to keep resources in use for as long as possible, to extract the maximum value from them whilst in use, and to recover and regenerate products and materials at the end of their service life. It offers an opportunity to minimize the negative impacts of plastics while maximizing the benefits from plastics and their products, and providing environmental, economic, and societal benefits. Circular economy solutions for plastics include: producing

84 plastics from alternative non-fossil fuel feed stocks; using plastic wastes as a resource; redesigning plastic manufacturing processes and products to enhance longevity, reusability and waste prevention; collaboration between businesses and consumers to encourage recycling and increase the value of plastic products; encouraging sustainable business models which promote plastic products as services, and encourage sharing and leasing; developing robust information platforms to aid circular solutions; and adopting fiscal and regulatory measures to support the circular economy. Circular economy solutions will help in ‘closing the material loop’, i.e. to minimize waste and to keep materials in the economy and out of landfills and incinerators, but the circular economy will not completely solve the global plastic problem. An all-encompassing solution should seek to ‘slow the material loop’, that is to reduce demand and produce only essential plastic products, including through discouraging non-essential production and use of plastics, and promoting the use of renewable and recyclable alternatives to plastics. The GEF can play a significant role in promoting a transition to the circular economy in the plastics sector. In the short term, the GEF should mainstream circular economy concepts into its overall strategy, for example, as criteria for priority setting and decision making; invest in projects that promote circular concepts in the plastics sector to deliver global environmental benefits; help to create an enabling environment to overcome barriers and promote the adoption and implementation of the circular economy in the plastics sector; and incorporate plastic pollution mitigation into the Integrated Approach Pilot (IAP) for sustainable cities. Looking into the future, the GEF should consider: supporting the development of circular economy indicators relevant to its work; collaborating with, and supporting partnerships and projects aimed at tackling the global plastic challenge, and facilitating and supporting innovation and applied research related to implementing the circular economy into the plastics sector. Plastics are one of the world’s greatest industrial innovations, but the sheer scale of their production and poor disposal practices are resulting in growing effects on human health and the environment, including on climate change, marine pollution, biodiversity, and chemical contamination, which require urgent action. Plastics are used in many sectors such as packaging, construction, automotive manufacture, furniture, toys, shoes, household appliances, electrical and electronic goods, and agriculture. This wide demand has caused plastics production to explode globally, now outgrowing most man-made materials1. Plastic production increased by more than twenty-fold between 1964 and 2015, with annual output reaching 322 million metric tonnes (Mt)2. A second analysis indicates that annual global plastics production rose from 2 Mt to 380 Mt between 1950 and 20153. Future plastics production is projected to double by 2035 and almost quadruple by 2050. 2.1. Negative Impacts of Plastics The production, use and disposal of plastics are associated with significant adverse externalities in the environment, economy and society, at different stages of their life cycle. These include:

Impacts of plastics production and use Conventional plastic production is highly dependent on virgin fossil feedstocks (mainly natural gas and oil) as well as other resources, including water - it takes about 185 litres of water to make a kilogram of plastic. Plastics production consumes up to 6% of global oil production and is projected to increase to 20% by 2050 if current consumption patterns persist. Plastics are therefore a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions: CO2 emissions from the extraction and processing of fossil fuel as plastics feedstocks; and the combustion of waste plastics, emitting 390 million tons of CO2 in 2012. On current trends, emissions from the global plastics sector are projected to increase from 1% in 2014 to 15% of the global annual carbon budget by 2050. • Some plastics contain toxic chemical additives, which are used as plasticisers, softeners or flame retardants. These chemicals include some persistent organic pollutants (POPs)17 such as short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCP), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybromodiphenyl (PBDEs including tetrabromodiphenyl ether (tetraBDE), pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaDBE), octabromodiphenyl ether (octaBDE) and decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE)), as well as endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalate. Chlorinated dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins), chlorinated furans (polychlorinated dibenzofurans), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) are also byproducts of the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). These chemicals have been linked to health issues such as cancer, mental, reproductive, and developmental diseases. The Circular Economy The circular economy is an alternative to the current linear, make, use, dispose, economy model, which aims to keep resources in use for as long as possible, to extract the maximum value from them whilst in use, and to recover and regenerate products and materials at the end of their service life. The circular economy promotes a production and consumption model that is restorative and regenerative by design. It is designed to ensure that the value of products, materials, and resources is maintained in the economy at the highest utility and value, for as long as possible, while minimizing waste generation, by designing out waste and hazardous materials. The circular economy applies both to biological and technical materials. It embraces systems thinking and innovation, to ensure the continuous flow of materials through a ‘value circle’, with manufacturers, consumers, businesses and government each playing a significant role. Circular Economy Solutions for the Plastic Sector The Ellen MacArthur Foundation summarized the goals for a circular economy in the plastics sector as follows: improve the economic viability of recycling and reuse of plastics; halt the leakage of plastics into the environment, especially waterways and oceans; and decouple plastics production from fossil-fuel feedstocks, while embracing renewable feedstocks. Recent science and innovation highlights examples of how these goals might be achieved:

(i) Produce plastics from alternative feed stocks: Examples of alternative feed stocks include greenhouse gas such as CO2 and methane, bio-based sources such as oils, starch, and cellulose, as well as naturally occurring biopolymers, sewage sludge and food products. Some plastics can be produced using benign and biodegradable materials. And eco-friendly alternative flame retardants have been developed which could eliminate the use of some hazardous chemicals in plastics manufacture. To mitigate the adverse effects of the current mainly linear plastics production and use model, plastics production from renewable sources needs to increase to reduce dependence on fossil fuels significantly. Production processes and products should be redesigned to improve longevity, reusability, recyclability, as well as to prevent waste and chemical pollution prevention. Sustainable business models that promote products as services, facilitate sharing and leasing of plastic products, and increase reuse should also be encouraged. Plastics at the end of life should increasingly be recycled into new products to significantly reduce the volume of plastics leaking into the environment. ii) Use plastic waste as a resource: Remanufacturing into new products has been widely demonstrated, for example, for making bricks and composites, in road construction, for furniture, as well as for making clothes and footwear. Plastic waste has also been converted to liquid fuel and has been burned as fuel in a waste-to-energy cycle, though there are downsides to the latter. Through chemical recycling, the petrochemical components of plastic polymers can also be recovered for use in producing new plastics, or for the production of other chemicals, or as an alternative fuel. For example, a recent study successfully developed plastics that can be chemically recycled and reused infinitely. Studies also suggest that polyethylene plastic, a significant proportion of manufactured plastics globally, can be broken down by bacteria and caterpillars, highlighting opportunities for biobased recycling of waste plastics.

Beyond the Circular Economy in Plastics

The circular economy is a necessary part of the solution to the global plastics problem but not the complete solution. Producing all plastic from alternative feedstocks is desirable, but may not be possible because it might adversely affect human food supplies, or have unintended consequences on the environment or human health. Detailed life cycle assessments are needed to understand, for example, the environmental and socio-economic impacts of using land resources for bioplastics production instead of food. And there is no universally agreed definition of plastic biodegradability: using biodegradable plastics would not decrease the leakage of plastics into the environment or reduce their associated chemical impacts. “Closing the materials loop” through the redesign and increased recycling of plastic products would also not be sufficient. The first priority is, therefore, to discourage non-essential production and unnecessary consumption or use of plastics. There are many ways to do this: eradicating excessive plastic packaging on products such as food; eliminating the non-essential use of micro-sized plastics

87 in personal care products; and promoting the use of renewable and recyclable alternatives to plastics, for example, wooden cutlery as an alternative to disposable plastic utensils, and cellulose-based materials as a replacement for plastic packaging and bags. The continued rapid growth in the production and use of plastics will have a severe and deleterious effect on the GEF’s ability to deliver its objectives in the following areas: Chemicals and waste: POPs, such as SCCP, PCBs, and PBDEs including tetraBDE, pentaBDE, octaBDE and decaBDE, are used as chemical additives in some plastics, particularly in the electrical and electronic, automotive, furniture and toy manufacturing sectors. Dioxins and furans are also byproducts of PVC manufacture used in building and construction. The use of these chemicals has been banned under the Stockholm Convention, but legacies of their historical use remain in old products. The burning of plastics, especially those containing chlorinated and brominated additives, releases POPs unintentionally, including dioxins. It has been proposed that the Stockholm Convention could use existing measures to regulate the production, use, as well as import and export of POPs destined for use in plastics and plastic waste containing or contaminated with POPs. Climate change mitigation: producing plastics using fossil fuels is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions, as is the open burning and incineration of plastic wastes. Recycling all global plastic waste could provide an annual energy saving equivalent to 3.5 billion barrels of oil per year. Another estimate indicates that recycling half of the projected 15 million tons of waste plastics per year by 2030 would reduce CO2 emissions equivalent to taking 15 million cars off the road. International waters: the oceans contain over 150 Mt of plastics or 5 trillion micro (less than 5mm) and macroplastic particles, with an estimated 4.8 to 12.7 Mt, being added every year. Plastics pollution is prevalent in all oceans globally, with a significant proportion of discharge originating from a few countries and rivers. Microplastics are an emerging threat to freshwater, affecting water quality, security and safety in freshwater ecosystems. Biodiversity: Plastics pollution is the second most significant threat to the future of coral reefs, after climate change. The impact of plastic on marine species, including entanglement and ingestion by turtles, birds, fish and mammals, is well documented, with 17% of species affected listed as threatened or near threatened in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Many of the chemical’s additives used in plastics have proven adverse effects on fisheries and their habitats. Land degradation and food systems: the emerging threat from microplastics to terrestrial ecosystem, especially agricultural soils could lead to further land degradation affecting food production, including through plant uptake of microplastics from contaminated soils. The use of plastics in agriculture, for example as mulches, in greenhouses and various agricultural coverings, is causing contamination of agricultural soils. Sustainable Cities: households in urban areas and cities are major consumers of plastics, and also major generators of plastic waste. Cities are responsible for a significant portion of the land-based release of plastics into the environment, especially in places where waste management systems are poorly developed. The Sustainable Cities IAP offers good

88 opportunities to implement the circular economy, by reducing consumption, for example, using alternatives to PVC in construction, and by tackling plastic pollution. The circular economy approach can help to deliver the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Goal 12 on ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns includes targets on achieving sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources, sound management of chemicals and wastes, and improving waste prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse. Goal 8 on inclusive and sustainable economic growth includes a target to improve global resource efficiency in consumption and production and decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation. (A shift to a reuse model for plastics used in homes and personal care products via bulk delivery, as well as for carrier bags, could lead to material savings of 6 Mt while creating economic opportunities of more than USD 9 billion.) The circular economy will also contribute to achieving Goal 14 on the use of oceans, seas, and marine resources and has a target on preventing marine pollution, from land-based activities, including marine debris, of which plastics make up between 60-80%. Adopting a circular economy approach would also encourage innovation, create entrepreneurial opportunities and employment contributing to Goal 8 on decent work and economic growth. The benefit to society of recycling of plastic packaging is estimated to be more than USD 100 per tonne. The circular economy offers an opportunity for developing countries to leapfrog the linear ‘take, make, use, and dispose’ economic and development model followed by developed countries, to a more sustainable development pathway that avoids locking in resource-intensive practices and infrastructure. Construction & Demolition Waste The growth of the Indian construction sector is expected to result in a significant demand– supply gap with respect to construction materials such as sand, limestone, and aggregates. Additionally, the vast quantity of unprocessed Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste pose serious problems in some places, particularly in residential, institutional, industrial or commercial construction hotspots. While several waste quantification methodologies have been proposed in the literature, the quantification of waste generation in India is inadequate. This inadequacy can be attributed to the lack of appropriate hierarchical control mechanism, absence of a common C&D waste estimation method, and the lack of C&D waste processing knowledge among generators, collectors, operators, regulators, and the general public. The C&D Waste Management Rules 2016 were introduced to ensure organized collection, storage, transportation, treatment/processing, and disposal of C&D waste in India and fix responsibilities of all stakeholders for management of C&D waste. This comprehensive research attempts to analyze the existing legislation and challenges, and proposes an information framework for organized collection, storage, treatment/processing, and disposal of C&D waste. The C&D waste processing mechanism, potential application of recycled C&D waste products, its limitations, and the best practices of C&D waste management in India are important constituents of the proposed framework.

Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste refers to any waste comprising building materials, debris, and rubble resulting from construction, repair, re-modeling, and demolition of civil structures such as houses, bridges, roads, dams, large building structures, and other infrastructure (MoEFCC, 2016). C&D waste usually comprises inert and non-biodegradable material such as concrete, brick aggregates, tiles, plastic, wood, glass, metals, excavated soil and rock particles, etc. (CPCB et al., 2017). Material consumption in Indian construction sector: The construction sector was the second largest sector in India in terms of material consumption in 2007. With an increase in absolute material consumption by more than one billion tonnes, the construction sector was the fastest growing sector between 1997 and 2007 (TERI et al., 2016). At such a growth rate, the construction sector is expected to surpass the agriculture sector by 2020 and become the sector with the highest material consumption in India. Sand/fine aggregates (for concrete and mortar), stone/gravel (for coarse aggregate), soil (for brick production), iron and steel (for bars and rods), and limestone (for cement production) are the dominant materials used in the Indian construction sector (TERI et al., 2016). The estimated annual consumption of construction materials in India stood at 750 million tonnes (MT) of sand, 242 MT of limestone, 2 billion tonnes of stone (aggregate), and 350 million m3 of soil in 2018 (MoHUA and NITI Aayog, 2018). India is the second largest producer of cement in the world, accounting for about 6.3% of global cement production (Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, 2011; TERI et al., 2016). Furthermore, the cement industry is one of the largest emitters of CO2, and accounts for approximately 7% of total CO2 emissions in India (IEA and WBCSD, 2018). C&D waste generation in India and its quantification In terms of waste generation, the Indian construction sector can be broadly classified as bulk generators and retail/small generators of C&D waste. Infrastructure and real estate sectors constitute the bulk generators of C&D waste. Construction and repair of roads, bridges, flyovers, etc. are classified as infrastructural development and account for about one-half of the construction sector. Therefore, the three primary waste generation activities are construction of new buildings, renovation or maintenance of existing buildings or infrastructure, and demolition of older buildings. However, in order to push the efforts towards reusing and recycling of C&D waste, it is useful to classify C&D waste according to the source of generation. C&D waste can be classified into four categories depending on its source. 1. Construction/Renovation waste: The typical causes of waste generation during construction of new buildings include timber formwork, wet finishing, concrete work, masonry work, and material handling, which account for 30%, 20%, 13%, 13%, and 10% of total waste generation, respectively. Construction waste can be estimated based on construction area, material consumption, and on the urban population output ratio. Civil and infrastructural works usually involve projects that support a society, such as roads, bridges, highways, dams, airports, etc. In a country where recycling is almost second nature, the findings of a study by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) is revealing. It says that India manages to recover and recycle only about one per cent of its construction and demolition (C&D) waste. The rest remains strewn in landfills, or as eyesores in the landscape.

A significant proportion of the waste can be brought back to construction to substitute naturally sourced material. “This demands a circular economy that can turn C&D waste into a resource. This can help reduce energy intensity and environmental footprints of buildings and infrastructure''. Circular economy or CE is an economic system that is based on business models which replace the “end-of-life” concept—a stage of any product that does not receive continuing support, either because existing processes are terminated or it is at the end of its useful life — with reducing or alternatively reusing, recycling, and recovering materials in the production/distribution and consumption processes. This infers less overall waste produced and discarded from both manufacturing and raw materials processing. The concept of CE implies a mindset change that considers waste as a potentially useful resource and not as a problem to manage and dispose. CE is considered a solution as it would reduce environmental impacts while contributing to economic growth.

An effective framework in the CE requires three strategies:

Narrowing resource loops—use of less material input for production in order to have less waste output at the end of life.

Slowing loops—this means the lengthening of the use phase of materials.

Closing resource loops—this can also be equal to the process of recycling of materials.

In material recovery and production, specifically in the reuse and recycling of materials, closing resource loops is the main strategy employed for an effective framework in the reuse and recycling of CDW. The recirculation of recovered resources in the life cycle allows the use in new construction applications, avoiding the use of virgin raw materials. Material reuse is the practice of using applicable building materials again while recycling requires the breaking down of used items to make new materials and objects. Depending on the material quality standards, recycling can either be closed, semi-closed, or open-looped recycling. CDW material recovery and production in the CE should be an integral part of the economy; reuse and recycling CDW could save landfill, save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and achieve environmental sustainability. Following the framework effectively would lead to extending of product/material value, provide long life to the material, and extend the resource value of CDW.

Best practices in Indian C&D waste management Civic bodies, industries, and other organizations have become increasingly aware of the problems of C&D waste and have begun to undertake some measures for C&D waste processing. Several C&D waste management projects that have been implemented across various locations in India can be reviewed and analyzed for best practices (BMTPC, 2018; Development Alternatives, 2017). 1. The first C&D waste processing plant in India was commissioned in 2010 at Burari in North Delhi under a Public Private Partnership (PPP) agreement between North Delhi

Municipal Corporation and ILFS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Ltd (IEISL) for treatment of 500 TPD C&D waste on a pilot basis. The plant currently operates at a processing capacity of 2000 TPD and demonstrates an economically feasible business model that could be adopted across India. Both dry and wet processing have been adoptedto recycle and process about 95% of incoming C&D waste into aggregates, manufactured sand, and finished products such as paver blocks, concrete bricks, drain slabs, etc. The produced materials meet Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) codes for construction applications and have been recommended for preferential procurement by public agencies. Three other C&D waste recycling plants have been commissioned by the Government of NCT of Delhi to cover all zones of Delhi. A second plant of capacity 500 TPD at Shastri Park in Delhi started operations in 2016. 2. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) started a C&D waste processing plant of capacity 1100 TPD in 2014 under a PPP agreement with Amdavad Enviro Projects Pvt. Ltd (AEP). The plant currently operates at 300 TPD and processes C&D waste into aggregates, which in turn are used to prepare finished products such as paver blocks, concrete tiles, pre- cast toilets, park benches, etc. The preferential procurement policy of AMC facilitates the use of these products in government infrastructure projects. 3. A C&D waste recycling plant was set up by M/s Enzyme India Pvt. Ltd in 2014 for recycling 150 TPD of C&D waste at the project site of ‘Re-development of East Kidwai Nagar, New Delhi’. The plant worked on PPP agreement with 100% buyback of recycled products by National Buildings Construction Corporation (NBCC). The recycled produce such as fine/coarse aggregates and manufactured soil were used as fill material and in the manufacture of downstream products like RMC, bricks, tiles, and blocks. 4. A non-governmental organization named ‘Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action (YUVA)’ undertook recycling of 1500 tonnes of C&D waste generated from City and Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra Ltd (CIDCO)- YUVA Building Center (CYBC) in Kharghar, Mumbai during the period 2002–2006. The C&D recycling demonstration manufactured building materials such as bricks, blocks, concrete, sand substitute, and coarse aggregates.

3. Biomedical Waste Wastes that are generated through hospitals and clinics are considered as Bio-medical Waste. In the past, doctors routinely sterilized and reused medical tools like bandages and syringes. However, with the invention of polymers and other advanced biomedical materials, disposable medical products were designed to minimize infection.

We have to focus on building a circular economy for biomedical materials. Industrial ecologists define the circular economy as a framework where raw and used material or products are looped within a system — like nature’s carbon and water cycles. The circular economy aims to eliminate waste by lengthening a product’s life or reusing waste. Conversely, the linear economy follows the take, make, use and disposes approach.

The increasing quantities of hazardous and infectious healthcare waste generated from improved patient care have posed a serious challenge to the entire world. The prevailing challenge of disposing the healthcare waste in an environmentally, socially and economically sustainable manner has now become even more complicated with highly infectious waste coming from Covid-19 patients and healthcare workers. The Covid-19 pandemic has put up an extremely high pressure on movements of surgical equipments due to supply chain disruptions and backward movement of disposal and recycling activities to manage the infectious medical wastes. Hence, for such circumstances, the Circular Economy (CE) model has emerged as an alternative to the previously existing decades old model of “take, make and dispose” To accommodate the challenge of greener economy implementation and environmentally effective usage of resources, “Cleaner Production technologies” has been observed as an important aspect of CE models for ecological sustenance.

The literary evidence of 3 R’s principles of waste management i.e. Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle have been considered as the guiding source of circular economy models in various studies carried out across the world. In Reduction principle, the minimization of inputs radicalised through improvement of eco-efficiency and consumption patterns results in the usage of less raw material, primary energy and waste generation. Reuse principle is lucrative to producers, consumers and environmentalists as it requires very limited resources such as labour and energy. The principle of Recycling gives an opportunity to extract the reusable material from generated waste in the end of a product’s lifecycle diminishing its environmental impact. The principle of Recycling is often considered parallel to the circular economy model as it has potential to bring waste to zero level; however, it discourages the principle of reduction and reuse especially in terms of resource efficiency and environmental sustainability. Authorizarion and inventorization Under the Rules, healthcare facilities are required to obtain authorization from SPCBs. The authorization process is critical as it allows an SPCB to track the status of compliance in the state. An authorization is granted once a healthcare facility has signed a contract with a CBWTF for biomedical waste management. Inventorization of biomedical waste could well result in an underestimate. The quantity of biomedical waste generated is computed by SPCBs on the basis of information furnished by healthcare facilities seeking authorization. However, since a large

93 number of healthcare facilities have yet to seek authorization, SPCBs lack data to properly estimate the quantity of biomedical waste produced. Management (safe treatment and disposal) of biomedical waste has two critical components: 1. Safe and well-managed incineration to ensure that waste is fully burnt and there are no toxic emissions from CBWTFs: During incineration, a CBWTF has to ensure that the temperature in the primary chamber is around 800ºC and the temperature in the secondary chamber is around 1,050ºC. The gas residence time in the secondary chamber must be at least 2 seconds. The incinerator must have an efficiency of at least 99 per cent.

Authorized recyclers of disinfected, autoclaved and shredded recyclables near Jamtara:  Bokaro: Trident Metal Energy Pvt Ltd, Kandra  Deoghar: Anmol Agriform Input Pvt Ltd, Jasidih  Ranchi: Mangalam Lubricants Pvt Ltd, Herdag; Tirupati Chemicals & Industries, Mahilong; Poddar Agrotech and Tupudana Industrial Area, Hatia Source: cseindia.org

Barcoding- tracking the collection, treatment, disposal and recycling of biomedical waste The 2016 Rules provide for barcoding of bags and containers carrying biomedical waste sent out of healthcare facilities. These bags and containers are required to be tracked through GPS. This was to be done within a year of the notification of the Rules. However, it remains a work in progress. Waste sent to recycling units from common waste facilities should also be scientifically quantified and barcoded so that control is possible. If untreated waste has been sent to recyclers, it needs to be tracked back to the common facility so that the people responsible can be held accountable.

4. E-waste Waste Management in India: Challenges and opportunities E-waste typically consists of metals, plastics, cathode ray tubes (CRTs), printed circuit boards, cables, and so on. Valuable metals such as copper, silver, gold, and platinum could be recovered from e-wastes, if they are scientifically processed. The presence of toxic substances such as liquid crystal, lithium, mercury, nickel, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), selenium, arsenic, barium, brominated flame retardants, cadmium, chrome, cobalt, copper, and lead, makes it very hazardous, if e-waste is dismantled and processed in a crude manner with rudimentary techniques. E-waste poses a huge risk to humans, animals, and the environment. The presence of heavy metals and highly toxic substances such as mercury, lead, beryllium, and cadmium pose a significant threat to the environment even in minute quantities.

Increase in the IT and communication sectors have enhanced the usage of the electronic equipment exponentially. Faster up gradation of electronic product is forcing consumers to discard old electronic products very quickly, which, in turn, add to e-waste to the solid waste stream. The growing problem of e-waste calls for greater emphasis on recycling e-waste and better e-waste management. Electronic waste or e-waste is generated when electronic and electrical equipment become unfit for their originally intended use or has crossed the expiry date. Computers, servers, mainframes, monitors, compact discs (CDs), printers, scanners, copiers, calculators, fax machines, battery cells, cellular phones, transceivers, TVs, iPods, medical apparatus, washing machines, refrigerators, and air conditioners are examples of e-waste (when unfit for use). This electronic equipment get fast replaced with newer models due to the rapid technology advancements and production of newer electronic equipment. This has led to an exponential increase in e-waste generation. People tend to switch over to the newer models and the life of products has also decreased.

E-waste collection, transportation, processing, and recycling is dominated by the informal sector. The sector is well networked and unregulated. Often, all the materials and value that could be potentially recovered is not recovered. In addition, there are serious issues regarding leakages of toxins into the environment and workers’ safety and health. Seelampur in Delhi is the largest e-waste dismantling centre of India. Adults as well as children spend 8–10 hours daily extracting reusable components and precious metals like copper, gold and various functional parts from the devices. E-waste recyclers use processes such as open incineration and acid-leeching. This situation could be improved by creating awareness and improving the infrastructure of recycling units along with the prevalent policies. The majority of the e-waste collected in India is managed by an unorganized sector. Also, informal channels of recycling/reuse of electronics such as repair shops, used product dealers, e-commerce portal vendors collect a significant proportion of the discarded electronics for reuse and cannibalization of parts and components. Opportunities of E-Waste Management in India The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change rolled out the E-Waste (Management) Rules in 2016 to reduce e-waste production and increase recycling. Under these rules, the government introduced EPR which makes producers liable to collect 30 per cent to 70 per cent (over seven years) of the e-waste they produce, said the study. The integration of the informal sector into a transparent recycling system is crucial for a better control on environmental and human health impacts. There have been some attempts towards integrating the existing informal sector in the emerging scenario. Organizations such as GIZ have developed alternative business models in guiding the informal sector association towards authorization. These business models promote a city-wide collection system feeding the manual dismantling facility and a strategy towards best available technology facilities to yield higher revenue from printed circuit boards. By replacing the traditional wet chemical leaching process for the recovery of gold with the export to integrated smelters and refineries, safer practices and a higher revenue per unit of e-waste collected are generated.

E-waste is a rich source of metals such as gold, silver, and copper, which can be recovered and brought back into the production cycle. There is significant economic potential in the efficient recovery of valuable materials in e-waste and can provide income-generating opportunities for both individuals and enterprises. The E-Waste Management Rules, 2016 were amended by the government in March 2018 to facilitate and effectively implement the environmentally sound management of e-waste in India. The amended Rules revise the collection targets under the provision of EPR with effect from October 1, 2017. By way of revised targets and monitoring under the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), effective and improved management of e-waste would be ensured. Considering the adverse impacts caused by untreated e-waste on land, water, and air; the government should encourage the new entrepreneurs by providing the necessary financial support and technological guidance. Establishment of start-ups connected with e-waste recycling and disposal should be encouraged by giving special concessions. The unorganized sector has a well-established collection network. But it is capital-intensive in case of organized sector. Therefore, if both the sectors coordinate and work in a harmonious manner, the materials collected by the unorganized sector may be handed over to the organized sector to be processed in an environment-friendly way. In this kind of scenario, the government can play a crucial role between the two sectors for successful processing of the e-waste. It is high time that the government takes a proactive initiative to recycle and dispose of e-waste safely to protect the environment and ensure the well-being of the general public and other living organisms. The principle of EPR is increasingly being applied for management of e-waste across many countries, and its relative effectiveness and success has been demonstrated in EU countries. Instruments for implementation of EPR can be a mix of economic, regulatory, and voluntary/informational. While producers are responsible for e-waste management (EPR), consumers, retailers, state governments, municipalities, NGOs, CSOs, Self-Help Groups (SHGs), local collection agencies such as extracarbon.com and others should play an appropriate role in collection, facilitation, and creation of infrastructure to make e-waste management a success. The citizens have a very important role to play in e-waste management. We casually throw many small gadgets along with dumped waste and many people openly burn those accumulated waste. A number of hazardous substances such as dioxins and furans are released in the process which we breathe. This is a very unhealthy practice, which we should immediately stop. Some of the very progressive Resident Welfare Associations (RWAs) have separate bins clearly marked for collecting e-wastes. All the other residential societies should follow this practice. Students and Women SHGs can be mobilized for this activity in their respective RWAs. E-waste management is a great challenge for governments of many developing countries such as India. This is becoming a huge public health issue and is exponentially increasing by the day. In order to separately collect, effectively treat, and dispose of e-waste, as well as divert it from conventional landfills and open burning, it is essential to integrate the informal sector with the formal sector. The competent authorities in developing and transition countries need to establish mechanisms for handling and treatment of e-waste in a safe and sustainable manner.

Increasing information campaigns, capacity building, and awareness is critical to promote environment friendly e-waste management programmes. Increasing efforts are urgently required on improvement of the current practices such as collection schemes and management practices to reduce the illegal trade of e-waste. Reducing the amount of hazardous substances in e-products will also have a positive effect in dealing with the specific e-waste streams since it will support the prevention process.

Mobile phone manufacturer Nokia is one of the very few companies that seem to have made serious effort in this direction since 2008. The companies were made responsible for creating channels for proper collection and disposal of e-waste in accordance with a Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) approved EPR Authorization plan in India. Recently, the import license of some of the big companies were suspended for violation of E-waste rules. Such measures have a great impact on effective implementation of e-waste management in India. Any task undertaken must have its share of incentives which attract stakeholders. In the field of e-waste management, the government must announce incentives, which could be in the form of tax concessions or rebates, to ensure compliance across the electronics industry. Additionally, the e-waste collection targets need to be regularly reviewed and renewed to ensure compliance across India on collection of e-waste. Recycling of e-waste in India and its potential Since India is highly deficient in precious mineral resources while untreated e-waste goes to landfill, there is need for a well-designed, regulated e-waste recovery regime which would generate jobs as well as wealth Electronic waste (e-waste) typically includes discarded computer monitors, motherboards, mobile phones and chargers, compact discs, headphones, television sets, air conditioners and refrigerators. According to the Global E-Waste Monitor 2017, India generates about 2 million tonnes (MT) of e-waste annually and ranks fifth among e-waste producing countries, after the US, China, Japan and Germany. In 2016-17, India treated only 0.036 MT of its e-waste. The report suggests that lowering the amount of electronics entering the waste stream and improving end-of-life handling are essential for building a more circular economy, where waste is reduced, resources are conserved and are fed back into the supply chain for new products. Laws to manage e-waste have been in place in India since 2011, mandating that only authorised dismantlers and recyclers collect e waste. E-waste (Management) Rules, 2016 was enacted on October 1, 2017. Over 21 products (Schedule-I) were included under the purview of the rule. The rule also extended its purview to components or consumables or parts or spares of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE), along with their products. The rule has strengthened the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), which is the global best practice to ensure the take-back of the end-of-life products.

Initiatives on building awareness in e-waste management The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has initiated an e-waste awareness programme under Digital India, along with industry associations from 2015, to create awareness among the public about the hazards of e-waste recycling by the unorganised sector, and to educate them about alternate methods of disposing their e-waste. The programme stresses the need for adopting environment friendly e-waste recycling practices. The programme has adopted the best practices for e-waste recycling available globally, so that this sector could generate jobs as well as viable business prospects for locals.

Development of waste recycling technologies The MeitY has developed affordable technologies to recycle valuable materials and plastics in an environmentally sound manner, including two exclusive PCB recycling technologies, viz 1000 kg/ day capacity (~35 MT e-waste) and 100kg/batch (~3.5MT e-waste) processes, with acceptable environmental norms. The 1000kg PCB/day continuous process plant would be suitable for creating an eco-park in the country, whereas, the 100kg PCB/batch process plant would be suitable for the informal sector. This could be done by upgrading and transforming the present state of affairs of informal sectors. E-waste also contains plastic, up to nearly 25 per cent of its weight. Novel recovery and conversion of e-waste plastics to value-added products have also been successfully developed. The developed process is capable of converting a majority (76 per cent) of the waste plastics into suitable materials, which could be used for plastic products. The high-grade metals — like gold, silver, copper and palladium — in the e-waste can be separated for re-sale in conditions that are totally safe. There is no reason to burn plastic, micro-factories can create filament with plastic by compressing the waste in a temperature- controlled area. Immense potential is there in augmenting e-waste recycling in the country. There are some forward movements in this direction, however, lots of ground has to be covered through awareness campaign, skill development, building human capital and introduction of technology while adopting adequate safety measures in the country’s informal sector. Since India is highly deficient in precious mineral resources (whereas untreated e-waste goes to landfill), there is need for a well-designed, robust and regulated e-waste recovery regime which would generate jobs as well as wealth.

Circular Economy Model for E-Waste Management Sector: Innovation by E-Waste Exchange, India E-Waste Exchange is a startup in the e-waste management domain, which achieved global status and was “highly commended” by the World Economic Forum (WEF), for its unique “circular economy model for e-waste management”. E-Waste Exchange has designed and developed RE-CIRCULATE, a unique standard for use by government departments and businesses to achieve responsible production and consumption of electronic and electrical products in line with SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production), while contributing to SDG 11 (sustainable cities and communities) and SDG 13 (climate action). ‘Sanshodhan: An E-Waste Exchange’ is a digital platform available for corporates and society to directly transfer their electronic waste to government authorized, technically competent e-waste recyclers. “Smart, convenient, transparent, sustainable and economically valuable,” the platform aims to serve urban citizens and businesses that consume electronic and electrical equipment and to enable development of e-waste-free smart cities. E-Waste Exchange is based on the latest information technologies (IT), and seeks to foster environmental sustainability in the e-waste management sector in India and similar economies. A startup, Sanshodhan: An E-Waste Exchange has been highlighted as a policy recommendation for India and similar economies by the EU’s Resource Efficiency Initiative (EU-REI) Project, implemented by a consortium led by Deutsche Gesellschaft fürInternationaleZusammenarbeit (GIZ), with The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Confederation of the Indian Industry (CII) and adelphi. The E-Waste Exchange partners with the Indian state Government of Telangana. Launching the platform on 7 February 2018, Jayesh Ranjan, Indian Administrative Service, Government of Telangana, highlighted the “immense value” of E-Waste Exchange as a “timely and topical” effort to organize waste management business, and its “tremendous social benefit.” In February – March 2018, E-Waste Exchange was successfully presented to the UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and to UNIDO India in June 2018. In September 2018, E-Waste Exchange was showcased during the EU’s Circular Economy Mission to India where its contribution to managing waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and circular economy was discussed. E-Waste Exchange won the ‘Clean India Grand Challenge,’ and was lauded by the organizers as “a ray of hope to brighten the e-waste management sector.” The initiative’s efforts to contribute to e-waste-free smart cities were also recognized by regular citizens using the platform to dispose of e-waste: “It’s an outstanding idea and very helpful for the citizens who care about environmental protection for future generations.” E-Waste Exchange, with the Global Institute for Circular Economy and Sustainable Development Goals, developed ‘RE-CIRCULATE,’ a circular economy model for e-waste management. The model is well suited for implementation by government departments, multi-location offices, corporates, multinationals and conglomerates who are keen to: enhance their green image; contribute to SDGs 11 (sustainable cities and communities), 12 (responsible consumption and production) and 13 (climate action); implement circular

99 economy for e-waste and associated plastics; and aim to include the positives of e-waste management into sustainability reporting. E-Waste Exchange is looking forward to partnering with corporates and multinationals to support these goals. 5. Domestic & Industrial Waste- water Nutrient contamination and eutrophication - When water bodies receive excess nutrients, especially nitrates and phosphates, these nutrients can stimulate excessive plant growth – eutrophication - including algal blooms (which may release toxins to the water), leading to oxygen depletion, decreased biodiversity, changes in species composition and dominance, and a severe reduction in water quality. Although there are natural causes, much of the eutrophication seen today is a result of un/inadequately treated wastewater and agricultural run-off. The deterioration in water quality resulting from eutrophication is estimated to have reduced biodiversity in rivers, lakes and wetlands by about one-third. The quality of surface water is projected to deteriorate further in the coming decades as a result of nutrient flows from agriculture and poor/non-existent wastewater treatment, with the number of lakes at risk of harmful algal blooms expected to increase by 20% in the first half of the century (OECD, 2012). Microbial water quality Wastewater (domestic wastewater, in particular) can contain high concentrations of excreted pathogens, especially in our state with Diarrhoeal diseases and intestinal parasites prevalent. Many of the diseases are caused by pathogens which are found in untreated domestic wastewater. It has been estimated that, globally,1.45 million people a year die as a result of diarrhoeal illness each year, 58% of which is caused by inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene. 43% of the deaths occur in children aged five and below. Infection can result from direct exposure to untreated wastewater but also exposure to wastewater-contaminated drinking-water, food and recreational water. Domestic wastewater, stormwater and urban runoff Domestic wastewater consists of blackwater (excreta, urine and faecal sludge) and greywater (kitchen and bathing wastewater). The mix and composition will depend on the water supply and sanitation facilities available, water use practices and social norms. Currently, there has no means of disposing of sanitary wastewater from toilets, and an even greater number lack adequate means of disposing of wastewater from kitchens and baths in Jamtara. The sanitation ladder used for MDG monitoring illustrates the range of sanitation types, ranging from no sanitation facilities at all (where people practice open defecation) to facilities that have been defined as improved sanitation. The example facilities outlined include both on-site and off-site (sewered) systems. Although improved sanitation facilities are considered to “likely ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact”, the sanitation ladder currently considers the containment part, of the sanitation service chain and counts use of facilities at the household level. Future ladders will endeavour to cover the overall function of a sanitation system. Many of the current problems relating to domestic wastewater, particularly in urban and peri urban areas, come from a lack of consideration of the other components of the service chain. As mentioned above, there are effectively two basic wastewater management systems: on-site (or non-sewered) and off-site (generally sewered with centralized treatment). In sewered systems the removal/ transport part of the service chain is performed by the sewer; water washes the waste through a pipe system. This may require the use of pumping stations to ensure that the

100 waste reaches the treatment or disposal point. In on-site systems, waste accumulates on-site in a pit or septic tank, which requires periodic emptying or resiting; in the case of emptying, waste is taken by road for treatment and/or disposal. Dumping of untreated septic tank/pit contents into rivers, lakes and the sea is, in many low- and middle-income countries, a regular practice. Sewerage systems Broadly speaking there are two types of ‘conventional’ sewerage networks that have been developed and introduced over time; the ‘combined’ system and the ‘separate’ system. In the combined system both surface run-off and foul sewage are conveyed in the same pipe, while in the separate system different pipes are used to transport the sewage and the surface run-off. When properly installed, operated and controlled the separate system is most effective, as it reduces the amount of sewage to be treated, avoids the problems of discharges from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and deals more effectively with periodic and potentially large volumes of urban runoff which occur under storm conditions. Based on the experiences of industrialized countries, the sewerage systems of a number of developing world cities were designed and built on the separate principle. However, in many cases the separate systems have not been well operated and the control of connections is virtually non- existent, or the system may have been overwhelmed by population growth and the expansion of impermeable surfaces associated with urbanization. So-called separate systems may have many illegal connections of foul sewage made to the surface water system (a situation that also occurs in industrialized countries) and not to the foul or sanitary sewers as intended. Frequently there are also cross-connections and thus, in many cases, separate systems are effectively operating as expensive combined systems. This has implications when collecting (intercepting) and transporting sewage for treatment as, if only discharges from recognized foul sewers are collected, much of the sewage will continue to be discharged (untreated) through the surface water system diminishing the benefit of collection. In China, Li et al. (2014) investigated the performance of separate and combined sewer systems in Shanghai and Hefei. They found that serious illicit connections exist in most of the separate sewer systems investigated and showed that, in terms of pollution control, there was no advantage to having a separate system over a combined sewer system. Effective collection systems are a key for good wastewater management where off-site centralised treatment is chosen; they are also the most expensive element of total capital cost of good operational management. However, throughout the world most places have either no collection systems or systems that are dysfunctional. There are a number of reasons for this which can be briefly summarized as: • the failure to plan and install collection networks (sewerage); • old or decaying networks; • installation of inappropriate systems; • inappropriate sizing of systems (in relation to the wastewater flows or concentrations); • inadequate resilience to storm events; • ineffective operation and inadequate maintenance; and • Ineffective regulation and control of connections.

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Ineffective sewerage systems severely limit the ability to quantify the true level of wastewater discharged to the environment. Decaying infrastructure also adds to the problem since broken pipes allow infiltration of water into the sewer network and/or exfiltration of wastewater into the groundwater when the water table is low, causing groundwater pollution and potential cross-contamination of drinking-water supplies. In addition to ‘conventional sewerage’, there are two other major types of wastewater sewerage systems, namely simplified or shallow sewerage (also known as condominium) and settled sewerage. Simplified sewerage is characterized by smaller diameter pipes which are buried at a shallower depth than those used in conventional sewerage. Settled sewerage is designed for conveying the effluent component of wastewater after the solids have been settled in, for example, a septic tank. The presence of a sewerage system, even an effective one, does not guarantee pollution-free disposal of domestic wastewater as, in many cases, the sewage may not be treated prior to disposal. Baum et al. (2013) compared the percentage of people with a sewerage connection to the percentage of people with access to both a sewerage connection and wastewater treatment. even in high income countries, the presence of sewerage connections does not ensure that all domestic wastewater is treated. The estimates presented above are still likely to be an overestimate as there may be issues relating to infra-structure falling into disrepair, causing problems such as inoperative pumping stations, leaking pipes and non-functional wastewater treatment works. In India, for example, nearly 40% of sewage treatment plants and pumping stations did not conform to operation and maintenance standards in 2012 (Hawkins et al., 2013). Many treatment plants have also been abandoned (or are not operational) because of lack of funds for operation and maintenance or lack of technical capacity to perform these tasks, especially at the local level and when operated by small water utilities. On-site systems Worldwide, a large number of people rely on onsite systems for their sanitation with, for example, an estimated 2.5 billion people use unimproved facilities as the primary means of sanitation (JMP, 2014). In rural areas, on-site systems (such as pit latrines) may effectively operate without the need for formal removal/emptying and transport as the effluent from unlined pits will slowly percolate through soil (although this may contribute to pollution of ground water) and full latrines can be covered and safely abandoned, with a new pit being constructed elsewhere. This, however, is not possible in urban areas, especially those with high population density. On-site systems may be badly designed, with little or no thought as to how they can be emptied and, as a result, systems are often inaccessible. Where on-site systems are badly managed, faecal sludge can accumulate in poorly designed pits or can overflow and be discharged into storm drains and open water. Where pit emptying services exist they are often unregulated, hence on-site systems may be emptied with the contents often being dumped illegally. Currently, in many developing countries only a small percentage of faecal sludge is managed and treated to an appropriate level (Peal et al., in press a). In their study of on-site systems and faecal sludge management, Peal et al. (in press b) noted a number of key findings, including: • The quality of household containment is generally poor and adversely affects owners’ ability to empty their pits. Such poor quality pits are often unsafely abandoned.

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• Illegal dumping by private manual and mechanical pit emptiers into watercourses, waste ground and landfill sites was common in most cities. • Municipalities and utilities rarely provide pit emptying and transport services; these are usually provided informally by the private sector. • There is a general lack of sludge treatment facilities; where treatment facilities do exist they are generally combined with sewage treatment. Often sludge is simply dumped into an existing wastewater treatment plant, which may negatively impact on the treatment of the waterborne sewage. Part of the reason for the poor performance of on- site systems, which can work well and are often the most appropriate choice of wastewater management system, is the notion in many places that on-site systems are a temporary or stopgap solution (before the provision of sewerage) and mainly for illegal or informal settlements (Peal et al., in press b). A lack of supporting capacity for operation and maintenance may aggravate this situation. In terms of on-site systems “the safe collection and treatment of faecal sludge … is arguably the weakest link in the sanitation chain” and it has been estimated that 2.4 billion users of on-site sanitation systems generate faecal sludge that goes untreated (Muspattet al., in press). Mixed provision Many towns and cities, especially in developing countries, have a mixture of on- and off-site sanitation facilities and services. These may be provided by householders, by developers or by the municipality or utility. The poor sanitary conditions experienced in many towns and cities around the world and the problems relating to badly managed and inadequate on-site and off-site sanitation systems. Urban drainage and stormwater flow It is not only systems for the collection of domestic, commercial and industrial wastewaters that are of concern. Surface water run-off and stormwater drainage from paved areas in towns and cities is a major problem for a number of reasons. In addition to the potential hazards from flooding resulting from insufficient coverage and capacity of stormwater drainage, serious health problems often arise with open channel surface water drains in developing world towns and cities where there is an absence of ‘foul’ or ‘sanitary’ sewers. Unfortunately, these open channels also collect wastewater and garbage which become a health hazard through direct contact. However, there is another major problem as these open channels are frequently used by slum dwellers to run pipelines from illegal water distribution connections to local households; in places where there is inadequate power supply and frequent outages, distribution pressure can fall and wastewater can be ‘back-siphoned’ into the distribution system through the illegal pipelines which are frequently full of holes. This can lead to serious and widespread health problems. Another problem that affects both the developing and developed world is the pollution load from urban surface waters. This can be considerable, especially during the “first flush” following a dry period when spillages and drips of fuel and oil and also dust and other pollutants accumulate on road surfaces along with general rubbish. Not only does this impose high organic loads that deoxygenate watercourses, but also much of the polluting load is toxic. This situation is likely to be further exacerbated by the impacts of increasingly frequent extreme weather conditions linked to the process of climate change. Over the years, techniques under the general heading of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) have been developed to mitigate the effects of storm flows. These systems introduce decentralized storage facilities such as lagoons, wetlands, storage tanks and the use of permeable paving

103 materials to hold back surface water flows, thus relieving the initial high flow problems which often results in flood-ing. Suitably designed SUDS systems can also minimise pollution and can even be designed to introduce attractive water features and civic amenities, some of which become fishing lakes and bird sanctuaries. Industrial wastewater Among the possible classifications of industrial wastewaters, one distinguishes between diffuse industrial pollutants, such as those from mining and agro- industrial, and end-of-pipe point discharges and mostly illegal discharges from tankers. The former are frequently highly polluting and difficult to contain and treat, while the latter can be contained, controlled and treated in circumstances where there is sufficient political will, regulatory power and resources (economic and human capacity) to ensure compliance. Large end-of-pipe discharges are generally easy to identify and can be regulated, controlled and treated. However, some wastewaters arise from concentrations of small enterprises that discharge wastewaters wherever they can and not necessarily to any identifiable sewer. Many are highly polluting containing acids and toxic metals from, for example, small metal finishing (plating) enterprises which have developed in specific localities. Not only do such discharges inflict considerable environmental damage especially to sensitive ecosystems but they also often come into direct (as well as indirect)contact with humans and animals with consequent dam-age to health. The discharge/disposal of industrial wastewaters can be classified as follows: • Uncontrolled discharges to the environment. • Controlled (licensed) discharges to the environment (water courses) possibly after pre-treatment. • Illegal, mostly clandestine, discharges to sewerage systems. • Controlled discharges to sewerage systems under agreement or licence, possibly with pre-treatment. • Wastewaters collected by tanker for treatment/disposal elsewhere. Agricultural wastewater Agriculture has long been recognized as an important source of non-point or diffuse water pollution. Key problems include: • Sediment runoff – this can cause siltation problems and increase flood risk; • Nutrient runoff – nitrogen and phosphorus are key pollutants found in agricultural runoff, they are applied to farmland in several ways, including as fertilizer, animal manure and municipal wastewater, and can result in eutrophication in receiving waters; • Microbial runoff – from livestock or use of excreta as fertilizer (domestic animals, such as poultry, cattle, sheep and pigs, generate 85% of the world’s animal faecal waste – Dufour et al., 2012); Chemical runoff from pesticides, herbicides and other agrichemicals can result in contamination of surface and groundwater; in addition, residues of veterinary drugs may also cause water pollution. Wastewater can act as a: • drought-resistant source of water (especially for agriculture or industry); • source of nutrients for agriculture; • soil conditioner; and

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• source of energy/heat.

However, in order to gain public acceptance and maximize benefits of reuse while minimizing negative impacts, health risks of reuse need to be assessed, manged and monitored on a regular basis. The scale of reuse can range from individual households practicing ecological sanitation (where urine is separated from faecal matter at source and then diluted and applied directly to plants, while the faecal matter is stored [composted] until it is safe for land application) to major urban irrigation systems or biogas production.Wastewater (in the sense of the effluent) is composed of 99% water and 1% suspended, colloidal and dissolved solids. Municipal wastewater contains organic matter and nutrients (nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus), inorganic matter and dissolved minerals, toxic chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms.

Drought resistant source of water The use of reclaimed wastewater in agriculture can provide a reliable source of irrigation water for farmers. Cities have been described as ‘sponges’ soaking up water from other areas (Amerasinghe et al., 2013) and, as noted in FAO (2010), at times of scarcity, authorities often divert water from farmers to cities as water used for urban and industrial purposes tend to have a higher economic value than that used for most agricultural purposes and, obviously, supplies for human consumption take priority over other uses. In developed countries, wastewater is often used to irrigate non-agricultural land, such as parks, golf courses and highway verges or to replace drinking water used for toilet flushing. Source of nutrients Wastewater is nutrient-rich and can reduce the need for the application of chemical fertilizers. Phosphorus, for ex-ample, is essential to all life and is a key component of fertilizers. The main source of phosphorus (phosphate rock) is non-renewable and is becoming increasingly expensive. Human faeces, however, contains about 0.5% phosphorus by weight and recovery/reuse could improve phosphorus security and reduce pollution (Cordell et al., 2011). Source of energy/heat Anaerobic digestion is a bacterial decomposition process that stabilises organic wastes and produces a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide (known as biogas), which is a valuable energy source. Anaerobic digestion is usual-ly carried out in a specially built digester and is common at some wastewater treatment works. The use of faecal sludge as a fuel has also been investigated in developing countries. Musprattet al. (in press), for example, collected sludge samples from pit latrines, septic tanks, drying beds and stabilization ponds from Ghana, Uganda and Senegal for the determination of calorific value. The average calo-rific value of the sludge was 17.3 MJ/kg total solids which compares well with other biomass fuels, although partial drying of the sludge was required. Soil conditioner When faecal solids are properly treated and of good quality they can be used on agricultural land or gardens as a soil conditioner/fertilizer and are often termed ‘biosolids’. Soil conditioner may be produced on a variety of scales from municipal wastewater treatments plants down to individual households practicing ecological sanitation.

Wastewater not to be considered liability, if redirected towards circular economy If recovered fully from wastewater, there would be a reduction in global demand for nutrients in agriculture. Water management faces a global challenge by a rapidly increasing global urban population, intensifying agricultural practices and expanding industries.

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The effects of climate change on water supply further exacerbate pressure imposed on availability and quality of water resources around the world. Studies indicate almost 80 per cent of water supply to municipalities flowed back into the ecosystem as untreated wastewater — a critical environmental and -health hazard. On an average, high-income countries treat about 70 per cent of the wastewater they generate while that ratio dropped to 38 per cent in upper middle-income countries and to 28 per cent in lower middle-income countries. This indicates a higher priority for water supply than sanitation and wastewater treatment. In developing countries like India, for example, the total sewage generation in 2015 was 61,754 millions of litres per day. About 62 per cent of total sewage, however, was discharged directly into nearby water bodies due to the prevailing incompatibility of the sewage treatment plants. The 2017 edition of the United Nations World Water Development Report (WWDR) explored the issue of wastewater and its potential as a sustainable resource. The findings show much work was needed, since a majority of wastewater worldwide was neither collected nor treated. In fact, the treatment of wastewater per se is not synonymous with treating wastewater. In many situations, collected wastewater was actually dumped without any treatment directly into the environment. The need in water politics was not only to prevent further damage to ecosystems and the aquatic environment, but also to emphasise the importance of wastewater across the world. Wastewater should be considered a resource whose effective management is essential for future water security. The goal of wastewater management is to go beyond pollution abatement and be accepted as an additional means of enhancing the economic sustainability of the system because of considerable environmental, social and health benefits. Transforming the scenario calls for a change in mindset to consider wastewater as a resource for recycle and reuse rather than a liability or nuisance. A paradigm shift from ‘use and throw’ to a ‘use, treat, and reuse’ approach has gained momentum, following the principles of circular economy, that is, minimal resource consumption and focus on resource recovery. A key advantage of adopting circular economy principles in wastewater management is turning sanitation from a costly operation into a self-sustaining one that adds value to economy. Wastewater a valuable resource Wastewater is one of the most under-exploited resources we have. It is a valuable resource from which energy, water, organics, phosphates, nitrogen, cellulose, rare earths and other resources can be extracted. Increasingly, technologies are making resource recovery from wastewater commercially feasible, including in bio-gas, fertilisers, paper, metals and plastics.

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Wastewater, most importantly, is a source of ‘new’ water, thus having the potential to mature as a profitable intervention. This would provide not only nutrient recovery and economic benefits, but also environmental and financial sustainability by reducing demand for freshwater resources, making it available for other uses or preservation. Countries have embarked on massive programs to collect and treat wastewater, keeping in view the current water and wastewater management scenario. Buy-in for wastewater management Maximising the potential of wastewater to create a secure buy-in for a paradigm shift would require establishing of an enabling environment for change. This would include: Appropriate legislation: Minimum effluent quality standards in countries should be established, with legislation taking into account costs associated with implementation and overall effect on the environment. Inter-sectoral regulation, policies and incentives: These instruments need to be modified, aligned, developed and implemented in cooperation with other sectors, to avoid any confusion. Regulatory changes need to provide a coherent risk management framework for water recycling schemes. For example, Australian water reuse regulations prioritise human health protection, which could encourage a more favourable regulatory environment compared to the United States, where water legislation emphasises environmental health. Assessing holistic impact and integrated approach: The bigger picture, with respect to benefits, should ideally cover environmental and socio-economic outcomes. It is essential that wastewater reuse and resource recovery were taken into consideration instead of only looking at impact of treated water to the receiving water body. Adequate funding mechanism: Keeping in view the sustainability of the treatment technology, financing sources should be secured prior to the establishment of the project, especially for operation and maintenance. Government budgets assigned for river rejuvenation, water resources augmentation and pollution abatement, including corporate social responsibility funds should be seen as a potential source of funding for such initiatives. Multi-stakeholder engagement: Depending on requirements of the interventions, an array of stakeholders might need to be involved. In providing land and other clearances as well as market regulations, government intervention would play a key role. The private sector should support public utilities in funding, retro-fitting and building new facilities, and sustainable operation and maintenance. Involvement of NGOs will be important in advocating benefits of reuse and recycle of wastewater. Beneficiaries like industrial and agricultural associations should be kept in the loop. Awareness and mindset change: One of the biggest hurdles was in securing public acceptance. When people heard about technologies converting ‘waste to resource’, they get apprehensive. It is not generally the hardest part to find out the right technology or design the system, it is educating the public and engaging them in the process to get their approval. Improved management of wastewater will be critical to green growth, particularly in the context of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

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Supporting resource recovery from wastewater would require a step-by-step approach to overcome a number of constraints. This would produce a high rate of return in direct support of SDG 6, 7 and 12, but also be highly relevant to the achievement of other development goals, including climate change adaptation and attempts to move ‘net‐zero’ energy processes towards a green economy.

Wastewater treatment and water reuse Conventional sewage treatment starts with preliminary screening and grit removal, intended to remove the larger floating and suspended materials that could interfere with the treatment process. Primary sedimentation follows and removes approximately 55 per cent of the suspended solids and because some of these solids are biodegradable the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is typically reduced by 35 per cent. Then, secondary treatment usually involves a biological process. Microorganisms in suspension (in the "activated sludge" process), attached to media (in a "trickling filter" or one of its variations), or in ponds or other processes are used to remove biodegradable organic material. In the activated sludge process the majority of biological solids removed in the secondary sedimentation tank are recycled (returned sludge). The feedback of most of the cell yield from the sedimentation tank encourages rapid adsorption of the pollutants in the incoming settled sewage and also serves to stabilize the operation over a wide range of dilution rates and substrate concentrations imposed by fluctuations in the flow and strength of the wastewater. Secondary treatment processes can remove up to 95 percent of the BOD and suspended solids entering the process, as well as significant amounts of heavy metals and certain organic compounds which could otherwise cause the deterioration of chemical and ecological quality of receiving waters. Conventional wastewater treatment usually ends with secondary treatment which cannot efficiently remove all the different compounds found in sewage and therefore treated effluents are one of the main sources of persistent micropollutants in the environment.

Figure 23: Conventional two stage biological wastewater treatment and potential options for wastewater reuse. For water reuse, tertiary treatment is needed to provide additional removal of contaminants such as microbial pathogens, particulates, or nutrients, and advanced treatment processes are employed when wastewater is to be reclaimed for reuse, depending on the type of use and quality requirements (Malik, 2014). Pharmaceutical substances are also often detected in sewage effluents as well as receiving waters in many parts of the world. Various treatment options, including engineered and managed natural treatment processes, exist that could

108 mitigate microbial and chemical contaminants in reclaimed water, facilitating the process to meet specific water quality objectives (National Research Council, 2012). Advanced treatment processes are capable of also addressing contemporary water quality issues related even to potable reuse involving emerging pathogens or trace organic chemicals (National Research Council, 2012). Overall, reusing water requires physical and chemical treatment processes, pipelines, waste disposal mechanisms, and other systems (Wang et al., 2014). The level of treatment will depend on the water quality needed for the proposed use. 6. Air Pollution Air pollution is one of the major health hazards. It can harm us when it accumulates in the air in high enough concentrations. Since the district has multiple industries, usage of diesel generators is very common. Diesel generators are primarily used for power backup, and are a major contributor of PM 2.5. And as per World Health Organisation, PM 2.5 from diesel generators is a Class 1 Carcinogen. Air pollution alone causes 3 million deaths per year. Air pollution leads respiratory ailments like irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease including strokes. Long-term exposure to air pollution can cause cancer and damage to the immune, neurological, reproductive, and respiratory systems. In extreme cases, it can even cause death. The link to climate change should also be noted here, since circular economy actions that reduce GHG emissions also lead to reduced air pollution emissions of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Along with harming human health, air pollution can cause a variety of environmental effects. Acid rain is precipitation containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. These acids are formed primarily by nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned. These acids fall to the Earth either as wet precipitation (rain, snow, or fog) or dry precipitation (gas and particulates). Some are carried by the wind, sometimes hundreds of miles. In the environment, acid rain damages tree and causes soils and water bodies to acidify, making the water unsuitable for some fish and other wildlife. It also speeds the decay of buildings, statues, and sculptures that are part of our national heritage. Eutrophication is a condition in a water body where high concentrations of nutrients (such as nitrogen) stimulate blooms of algae, which in turn can cause fish kills and loss of plant and animal diversity. Although eutrophication is a natural process in the aging of lakes and some estuaries, human activities can greatly accelerate eutrophication by increasing the rate at which nutrients enter aquatic ecosystems. Air emissions of nitrogen oxides from power plants, cars, trucks, and other sources contribute to the amount of nitrogen entering aquatic ecosystems. Air pollution can damage crops and trees in a variety of ways. Ground-level ozone can lead to reductions in agricultural crop and commercial forest yields, reduced growth and survivability of tree seedlings, and increased plant susceptibility to disease, pests and other environmental stresses (such as harsh weather). A Gurugram based tech company CHAKRINNOVATION has developed world’s first retrofit emission control device for diesel generators ranging from 15 kVA to 2000 kVA. This

109 technology can capture over 90% of particulate matter emissions from the exhaust of diesel generators without causing any adverse impact on diesel engine. Captured pollution is converted into usable products like inks and paints. Chakr Innovation aims to create pioneering, sustainable and scalable technologies to combat the grave threat posed by pollution. Our mission is to develop and implement innovative solutions which can effectively control pollution – saving the natural product, a retrofit emission control device for diesel environment and protecting people’s health. Device, aims at addressing one of the most pressing issues for humankind "availability of breathable air by capturing pollution at source" Chakr Shield is an innovative emission control device that captures pollution at source and converts it into something useful! The device is called a Chakr because it’s a cyclic process, which converts the pollutants into ink and paint — which is a value-added product. Companies like BOSCH and Hindustan Petroleum and Indian Oil partners CHAKR INNOVATION.

1. Vehicles (battery operated) End of Life Vehicles (ELV) recovery is defined as the final productive use of the parts and materials embedded in ELVs. Cars reaching their end of-life can be valuable resources as spare parts or raw materials. In order to extract these valuable parts and materials from ELVs, different techniques exist today. The preferred treatment route depends on the infrastructure in place and the potential profitability: • Parts may be dismantled, refurbished or remanufactured and then reused in in-life vehicles and potentially in new vehicles; • Materials may be either dismantled before being sent to recycling, shredded, sorted and incinerated with or without energy recovery, and finally landfilled if the material cannot take any of the recovery routes. Therefore, “recovery” includes: 1. reuse and remanufacture of parts 2. recycling of materials for reuse in the same application

Today’s ELV management is mainly focused on recycling the metal fraction of ELVs as the technology exists and is well established. However, the evolution of material technology and the diversity of materials used in newer vehicles also makes the recycling and recovery processes more challenging. With current trends in material substitution for fuel efficiency and safety, the percentage of electronics, plastics, composites and other non-metallic parts is increasing. Thus, improvements in metal sorting and recycling alone will be insufficient to achieve (and exceed) the target of 85% recycling. Incineration and landfill have a poor reputation and thus public awareness and opinion can be significant drivers that influence future regulations, create a demand for remanufactured products and recycled materials, and help direct waste towards the best recovery routes. The participation of customers in the ELV system should be primarily behavioural (e.g. dispose of the vehicle at ATFs, accept and recognise the quality of recycled materials) but should also financial (e.g. shared contribution amongst stakeholders through recycling fees). In addition, a change in ownership structure, such as renting, leasing or car sharing, need to be accepted

110 by consumers in order to successfully implement new business models for higher RRR performance. Such business models offer the advantage of increased capacity for monitoring resource use, controlling parts and materials for the vehicles on the road, and organizing end- of-life treatment and resource reclamation. This is further encouraging design for disassembly and recycling as an important distinction is drawn between the life of the various parts and materials making a vehicle (particularly those considered as high value), and the life of the vehicle itself. Process of ELV: In terms of process, end-of-life vehicle treatment starts with deregistration and collection. The vehicle is then dismantled. At this point, components containing hazardous materials, such as batteries and refrigerant gases, are collected, followed by recyclables and valuable materials for secondary use, including engines, tyres and bumpers. The vehicle shells left after the dismantling process are put into shredders. The shredded materials are separated and subsequently iron is separated from non-ferrous materials.

Vehicles that are run with electricity:

Battery reuse, remanufacture, re-functionalisation and recycling are key components relating to the circular economy and play an important role in reducing the environmental impacts of the end-of-life stage. Battery reuse can be direct reuse in electric vehicles or cascaded in alternative applications, e.g. for use in energy storage. Reuse of electric vehicle batteries extends the lifetime of the batteries, delaying the need for further end-of-life processes. Reuse does not, however, negate the need for end-of-life treatment. Remanufacture and re-functionalisation involve processing the materials into a useable form for either the same or a different function. Recycling of certain materials will ultimately be required, contributing to the use of waste as a resource. Landfill of materials will, however, be required for materials that cannot be recycled. Direct battery reuse Electric vehicle batteries typically reach their end of life for use in vehicles after about 8 to 10 years or 150 000 to 160 000 km, when capacity is below 80 %. However, there can be opportunities for reuse in electric vehicles where there is remaining capacity in the battery, because of for example: • early vehicle failure; • vehicle crashes; • life span mismatch — when an older electric vehicle received a new battery replacement and then reached the end of its life before the second battery capacity was used up.

Battery remanufacturing: The remanufacturing of spent Li-ion batteries from electric vehicles is a relatively new approach to end-of-life treatment and one that is not currently deployed on a large scale. This process involves the return of active cathode and anode materials to their original state for reuse in new Li-ion battery cells. This creates a closed loop in which high-value materials are remanufactured into new batteries, while the remaining materials are fed into recycling streams. This is considered to be the most environmentally friendly end-of-life option.

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CASE: E-STOR energy storage technology uses second life electric vehicle batteries to store and supply energy. The batteries are recharged at low power, store the energy and then release it at high power. Connect Energy and Renault have used E-STOR technology to provide quick charging stations for electric vehicles on highways in Belgium and Germany. The technology allows quick charging in areas where it is not possible, or is very costly, to have a high-power connection to the grid. The reuse of electric vehicle batteries in charging points provides a circular economy solution by reducing waste and providing an economic solution to promoting renewable technologies. Sources: Connected Energy, 2017; Renault, 2017

Environmental impacts of landfill: Landfilling of electric vehicle batteries is the least desirable option for end-of-life treatment. Due to the substances used in electric vehicle batteries, they pose risks to the environment and communities through:  risk of fire at landfill sites and in transport vehicles;  soil and water contamination by hydrogen fluoride should the electrolyte be exposed to water  possible groundwater pollution through leaching of toxic substances Residue from the shredding of vehicles during the end-of-life process is often sent to landfill. While it is classified as non-hazardous waste, there may still be components such as heavy metals that are hazardous and can cause pollution to groundwater. However, it is not only the environmental impacts of landfill that need to be considered; the landfilling of materials excludes opportunities for savings in resources and energy

7. Mining Waste A circular economy describes production within a circular model where markets, regulations and industrial systems are optimized to design high-performance products, minimise impacts, restore or regenerate environments and optimise material use. Of the multiple challenges, population growth and the impacts of increased production and consumption, in particular climate change, have become central drivers for creating more circular economy. The United Nations Environment Programme’s International Resource Panel has examined the issue of resource use and environmental impacts in depth, and in its 2014 report it notes that “The urgency for decoupling escalating resource use and environmental degradation from economic growth is now widely acknowledged by policymakers, industry leaders and civil society. This urgency is reflected in the World Economic Forum’s work on the circular economy where it states that in a world of close to 9 billion people expected by 2030 – including 3 billion new middle-class consumers – the challenges of expanding resource supply to meet future demand are unprecedented. The inability to control the increase in the overall volumes of resources being consumed has also led to a return of concerns about depletion and scarcity. For minerals and metals this is a challenging area to understand clearly, as mineral resource scarcity (or conversely availability) is tied to technological and economic factors, rather than actual natural stocks.

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For a state like Jharkhand, where there are large mining industry and a has a huge demand for mineral resources. It is also experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization and is faced with challenges such as a large population, inadequate resources per capita as well as severe environmental pollution and degradation. Contribution of mining, minerals and metals to circular economy Metals are for the most part infinitely recyclable. Many have inherent characteristics such as durability, strength and anticorrosive properties that improve the sustainability of the products in which they are used: enhancing longevity, lowering maintenance requirements and providing higher functionality. It is well known that mining creates a considerable volume of waste (waste rock, overburden, emissions, tailings, water treatment sludge and mine water). However, there are a variety of circularity aspects that can be pursued within mining operations. The mining sector is represented mainly by linear activities, being the major supplier of resources to modern society, nevertheless the concept of circular economy can help to improve the sector’s sustainability performance. The aim would be to optimise the total material cycle from mining to manufacturing and to extend the product use phase, including the reuse and recycling of any waste streams arising in industrial and consumer activities to ensure overall resource efficiency and resilience. Use of mining waste: Waste Rock: It is used as backfill, landscaping material and aggregate in road construction, or can sometimes be used as feedstock for cement and concrete or reprocessed later to extract minerals and metals. Manganese tailings: It is used in agroforestry, buildings and construction materials, coatings, resin, glass and glazes. Clay rich tailings: It is used for making bricks, floor tiles and cement. Slag: It is used for road construction, and in concrete and cement. Bauxite red mud: It is a solid alkaline waste produced in aluminium refineries. Red mud is used as a soil amender, in wastewater treatment and as a raw material for glass, ceramics and bricks. Mine water: It is used for dust suppression and mineral processing, industrial and agricultural uses, as a coolant. Sludge: Sludge from acid rock drainage treatment, which is high in iron, is sold commercially for use in pigments. Smelters: Smelters include acid plants to convert sulphur dioxide to sulphuric acid, a useful industrial chemical. Retrieved from: www.miningfacts.org/Environment/ How-are-waste-materials-managed- atmine-sites/#sthash.6lLXHOVF.dpuf Smelting and refining:

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Similar to mining, the smelting and refining stages of the minerals and metals life cycle have waste streams that need to be addressed, but their main contribution to the circular economy is through the processing of residues and secondary metals. Primary smelters often use scrap in conjunction with primary concentrates, producing metals with varying amounts of recycled content. There are also secondary smelters that specialise in secondary material to ensure process control. Circularity is also enhanced at the smelting and refining stage by increasing the recovery of co-products. For example, a copper producer recovers not only copper from the ores and concentrates it processes, but also a wide range of other metals, such as molybdenum, gold, silver, selenium and others. Similarly, nickel producers often recover platinum-group metals (used in catalytic convertors to reduce vehicle emissions) as well as cobalt, copper and other co-products. The capturing of these coproducts helps avoid the need for additional mining processes. Primary smelters also produce a significant share of the global sulphuric acid production through off-gas cleaning. This process turns a problem emission (acid gases) into a valuable product, and it reduces the need for additional sulphuric acid production. Products: As metals move from the smelter into the fabrication and product stage, the circularity benefits increase dramatically. While these stages have production impacts, it is here where the inherent characteristics of metals and their alloys such as infinite recyclability (which does not apply to dispersive uses), durability (steel, aluminium, copper), anticorrosion (zinc), conductivity (copper, aluminium) and formability can amplify the sustainability of a product. In products, the nature and properties of metals are typically not compromised and can therefore be recycled over and over again. Even if contaminated, they can often be cycled into a lower-value product or application. Low carbon energy: Metals enable the renewable energy economy through applications in solar photovoltaic cells, wind turbines and battery technologies. The below figure illustrates how the use of metals in energy production has evolved over time.

Figure 24: Use of metals in energy production over the time period

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Transportation: Aluminium and ultra-lightweight galvanised steel are used to reduce weight and improve fuel efficiency of automobiles, trains, planes and light rail vehicles. Electrified railways, trams and light railways are powered through overhead copper alloy contact wires. Nickel, lithium, cobalt, lead and rare earth minerals are utilised in battery technologies for electric vehicles. Electronics industry Smartphone technology is a classic example of a multifunctional product (camera, video recorder, phone and computer) that reduces the need for multiple product systems. A typical smartphone incorporates over 40 different types of metals enabling functionality that eliminates the need for separate products. Cobalt is in many types of rechargeable batteries, where it is an essential element in most nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and lithium- ion battery cells.

Recycling Ease of reuse and value are two reasons why some metals have been recycled for thousands of years. There is increasing focus on the recycling of metals from secondary end-of-life products. Metal’s lifetime in products may be rather long. This creates a lag between the metals input to the market and their availability for recycling. In addition, there are metal losses throughout the product’s lifecycle. Mine tailings is the term used for the remaining fine-grained rock and processing fluids, when the valuable minerals have been extracted from the mined ore. For example, 95–99% of crushed ore can 23 be deposited in tailings in copper mining.

Steps to be taken up for supporting and facilitating circular economy Climate change, population increases, resource availability and competition, waste and other forms of pollution all point towards the need for better management of materials and increasing circularity. To meet the challenge, a number of needs have been identified, which include the following.

1. Sufficient awareness of related market trends and adjustments to long-term demand forecasts Mining companies would be well advised to incorporate circular economy thinking into their assessments of long-term trends and potential shifts in demand for particular minerals and metals so that they are as well placed as possible to meet the needs of society in an accurate and timely manner. Such shifts in demand may create new opportunities through collaborative design of mining, minerals processing, and smelting and refining process flow sheets. This brings more detailed knowledge of ore bodies to those seeking to provide a broader spectrum of minerals and metals to market. 2. Operations and metals production While achieving aspirational goals such as zero waste are a challenge, mining operations will need to continue innovating in response to market trends and to mitigate impacts. This may include reusing materials,

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supporting remanufacturing in supply chains, reducing carbon footprint, providing net benefits to host communities and restoring landscapes. Shared-use infrastructure (within or between sectors or with communities) is an example of an opportunity. Mining companies can, and do, plan and build infrastructure in collaboration with other stakeholders so that it supports project development/operations as well as having a life beyond the mine. This provides a community benefit and extends the use of the infrastructure. Companies can also do more to ensure that trace materials are not lost in tailings and other mine wastes. 3. Exploration of new business model’s Circular economy implementation requires a better understanding of material flows and also mor e control of those flows through mechanisms such as shifting from a product to a service e busines s model. Under such a model, material supplier s might lease their materials to user s and retain ownership. This would provide incentives for material suppliers to ensure e better control over quality and enhanced ability to track materials, as well as incentives to ensure e the ability to recover the material. It would also promote the use of less material to achieve the desired function. The mining and metals industry has a significant role to play in a circular economy. Mining represents the initial investment that makes valuable, durable and recyclable materials available to society such that human wellbeing can be improved overall. Minerals and metals are ideal technical nutrients and already display a significant degree of circularity in the economy today. But more opportunities exist, and designing products, policies, buildings and infrastructure, and transportation systems with circularity in mind is critical to optimising the value of metals to society.

Three steps to embrace circularity: Step 01: Develop circular operations: Start by accelerating circular initiatives across mining and metals operations, for example: • Partnering with suppliers to extend the life of capital equipment through real-time monitoring, analytics and predictive maintenance, e.g. of trucks, conveyors, etc., while promoting remanufacturing and end-of-life recycling, e.g. of tires. • Selling production waste to other industries, e.g. construction. • Sharing ownership of heavy-duty equipment with low utilization rates, i.e. between sites and/or with other local industries. Step 02: Innovate new circular products and services: Secondly, engage with downstream users of materials to co-create innovative circular products and services, which might include: • Leasing materials, enabled by advanced track-and-trace systems.

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• Supporting certification of customer products, to enable reuse and easy remanufacturing. • Improving processes for scrap recovery, reprocessing and reuse.

Step 03: Collaborate with customers and build a circular partners’ ecosystem Finally, collaborate proactively up and down supply chains to create industry momentum by: • Working to create favourable regulatory regimes for improved circularity. • Establishing cross-industry partnerships to develop the mining and metals roadmap to extend product life and retain ownership. • Developing cross-industry standards to validate the integrity of products/materials for end-of-life take-back and repurposing.

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Implementation plan for the District Environment Plan The district environment plan has been result of joint effort from line departments and stakeholders involved like experts from scientific fields. To actually ground it we will need a strategy which will help in implementation. The process of implementation will involve following steps:  Creating awareness: Through Nukkad Nataks and pamphlets regarding wastes that are being generated by the different institutions, industries and households awareness can be created. Schools and colleges will be a good place to start with. Display boards will attract attention of the passersby and will also help in raising self consciousness.  Making routine visits: The places of bulk waste generation can be regularly visited for assessing compliance as per law and people working there should be made aware about the habits that generate waste. They should also be made ware about the penalties that they may have to incur if they do not follow the guidelines.  Involving shop owners and malls: The biggest user of the plastic happens to be the different shops, which can be made aware through the District Chamber of Commerce and other business houses who own malls. They should be advised to use alternatives of plastic and in case they fail to do so, penalties that they may have to incur for using plastic.  Involving industrial houses: Jamtara has many industries as per the data. It mainly comprised of Rice mills, stone crushers, and food processing industries, water packaging plants and some chemicals also. All these industries will be using huge volume of water and must be discharging it in drains or on soil, both ways it is harmful. These industries should be advised to install ETPs otherwise they should be issued notices before penalising them.  Incentivising people taking initiatives: People should be incentivised not necessarily by money but by recognising at the public meetings for the good work in reducing waste and using it in a cyclic manner to optimize the life of the product.  Writing proposals for different departments to incorporate waste management and necessary fund allocations: Line department while preparing annual budgets should keep a dedicated fund for recycling of waste generated at the office or works. The same applies to industries and business houses.  Arrangement of buy back for the produce generated from waste: There has to be an arrangement for the buy back of the produce created from waste by the district administration and other institutional buyers from the district. Arrangement may be made for supplying product outside district also. These will encourage people to take up product from waste.  Collecting and selling to recyclers: Plastic, non bio degradable and hazardous waste along with e waste can be collected stored and sold to recyclers by authorised rage pickers and aggregators.

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References: Agarwal, D., Kapoor, R., Malik, T., &Raghuwanshi, V. (2014). Recycling of plastic bottles into yarn and fabric.Retrieved from https://textilevaluechain.in/2014/06/06/recycling-of-plastic-bottles-into-yarn-fabric/ (Accessed on 30th October 2020). Clean Tech Water. Domestic Sewage Treatment Plan. (n.d). Retrieved from: https://www.cleantechwater.co.in/blog/how-does-a-domestic-sewage-water-treatment- plant-work/. (Accessed on 2nd December, 2020).

Hoornweg, D., &Bhada, T.P. (2012). What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17388 (Accessed on 30 October 2020). Jamshedpur’s Plastic Roads Initiative Is A Lesson For All Indian Cities!(2017). India Times. Retrieved from https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/every-indian-city-needs- to-learn-from-juscos-plastic-roads-in-jamshedpur-232246.html(Accessed on 30th October 2020). Lahiry, S. (2019). India’s challenges in waste management, DownToEarth. Retrieved fromhttps://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/waste/india-s-challenges-in-waste- management-56753(Accessed on 30th October 2020). Lee, K. (2018). What Are the Effects of Non-Biodegradable Waste?Sciencing. Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/effects-nonbiodegradable-waste-8452084.html(Accessed on 30th October 2020). National Research Council (US) Committee on Health Effects of Waste Incineration. Waste Incineration & Public Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); (2000). Retrieved fromhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK233633/(Accessed on 31st October 2020) Outdoor decks made with recycled plastic bags? That’s right! Retrieved from https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/04/24/1486748/0/en/Outdoor-Decks- Made-with-Recycled-Plastic-Bags-That-s-Right.html(Accessed on 30th October 2020). Plastic Road. Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_road#:~:text=Jamshedpur%3A%20Jamshedpur%20 Utility%20and%20Services,roads%20in%20Chas%20and%20Jamtara (Accessed on 30th October 2020) Patterson, J.W. (1985). Industrial wastewater treatment technology, Second edition. Retrieved from https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7253209-industrial-wastewater-treatment- technology-second-edition(Accessed on 31st October 2020) Podtanks: Sewerage Treatment Plant System. (n.d.) Retreived from https://www.podtanks.com/biodigester.html#:~:text=A%20Biodigester%20simply%20me ans%20a,cooking%2C%20lighting%20and%20heating%20ect.(Accessed on 1st December, 2020) Verma, S. (2020). Noise pollution violations: New fine proposed by CPCB step in right direction. Retrieved fromhttps://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/pollution/noise-pollution- violations-new-fines-proposed-by-cpcb-step-in-right-direction-72415(Accessed on 22nd July 2020)

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Annexure I- Stakeholders and their responsibilities for waste management plan. Solid Waste Management

Sl. Action Points Strategy Stakeholders responsible No. 01 Collection, Segregation Solid waste to be managed in accordance with ULBs & Treatment of solid SWM Rules, 2016 as published by JSPCB waste https://www.jspcb.nic.in/page/solid-waste- management.php

02 All ULB staff to be trained to impart adequate knowledge for proper implementation of Strengthening the sustainable SWM ULBs capacities of the ULBs Logistic infrastructure to be make available from the Financial allocation made by the Govt. in this regard. 03 ULBs will frame bye-laws incorporating the Notification and provisions of SWM Rules, 2016 and notify ULBs Implementation of accordingly. By-Laws 04 Awareness campaigns to be created through ULBs, NGOs and SHGs IEC campaign with participation of SHGs, and Inspector of Awareness NGOs, students. Schools Leaflets explaining waste segregation practice to be distributed in all the household. 05 EO of ULBs will time to time monitor/review the performance of their respective ULB on waste segregation, processing, treatment and EO of ULBs Monitoring and Review disposal and take corrective measures. District Level District Level Committee will also review the Environment status of execution of SWM. Committee

Plastic Waste Management

Sl. Action Points Strategy Stakeholders responsible No. 01 Implementation of Door to Door collection, Segregated Waste ULBs Collection collection, Plastic waste collection at MRF, Authorization of PW pickers, PW collection Centers to be ensured 02 Establishment of List of PROs of producers/NGO to be ULBs linkage with collected and steps to be taken for Stakeholders initiating linkage as per SWMR-2016- ULB 03 Prepare plan for setting up facilities for ULBs Availability of Recycling or utilization of PW. facilities for Recycling or utilization of PW 04 Implementation of Surprise inspection on the commercial ULBs

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PW Management establishments for the eradication of Rules, 2016 banned plastic and imposes fine for those who store, sell and use the same. Public Awareness and participation also to be created in this regard. https://www.jspcb.nic.in/page/plastic- waste.php

05 ULBs will identify Producers/Brand- ULBs Implementation of owners and will act in accordance with Extended Producers Govt. policies/notification Responsibility (EPR) through Producers/Brandown ers

Construction & Demolition Waste Management

Sl. Action Points Strategy Stakeholders responsible No. 01 Inventory of C&D Investigation of C& D waste generators and ULBs waste generation wasy to treat C& D waste https://www.jspcb.nic.in/page/solid-waste- management.php

02 Establishment of Identification and allocation of land for C& D ULBs and NGOs C&D Waste waste deposition Deposition centers 03 Publish notification for registration of C&D ULBs and staffs of Implementation of Waste generators, generator charge, C&D deposition By Laws for C&D transportation cost, selling price, etc. By- center Waste Management Laws 04 Establishment of Implementing of ways and means of linking ULBs C&D Waste the deposition of C&D waste with C&D recycling plant or recycling plant linkage with such facility

Bio-Medical Waste Management

Sl. Action Points Strategy Stakeholders responsible No. 01 Collection, Implementation of Biomedical Waste All Health Care Segregation & Management Rules, 2016 Facility unit Treatment of Solid https://www.jspcb.nic.in/page/biomedical- waste waste.php

02 Preparation of Inventorisation of Occupiers and data on BDOs ‘Inventory of bio-medical waste generation, treatment & Biomedical Waste disposal

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Generation 03 HCF should be made aware of their roles Jt. Director Of Capacity building and responsibilities under the Bio Medical Health Services, Waste Management Rules, 2016 For proper Jamtara management of the waste in the healthcare facilities the technical requirements of waste handling are needed to be understood and practiced by each category of the staff in accordance with the BMWM Rules, 2016 04 Biomedical Waste Matter relating to setting up a Common District Administration, Treatment and Biomedical Waste Treatment and Disposal Jt. Director Of Disposal Facilities Facilities (CBMWTFs) in the district will Health Services, (CBMWTFs) be taken up with Health Deptt./PCB Jamtara 05 Monitoring & monitor the compliance of the provisions District Level Review of these rules by the Health Care Facilities Monitoring Committee

Hazardous Waste Management

Sl. Action Points Strategy Stakeholders responsible No.

01 Preparation of Implementation of hazardous waste All Health Care ‘Inventory of management rules, 2016. Facility unit Hazardous Waste https://www.jspcb.nic.in/page/hazardous-waste- Generators’ management.php

02 Waste deposition ULBs will establish waste deposition ULBs centers for domestic centers for domestic hazardous waste and hazardous waste give direction for waste generators to deposit domestic hazardous wastes at this centre for its safe disposal. 03 HCF should be made aware of their roles Jt. Director Of Capacity building and responsibilities under the Bio Medical Health Services, Waste Management Rules, 2016 For proper Jamtara management of the waste in the healthcare facilities the technical requirements of waste handling are needed to be understood and practiced by each category of the staff in accordance with the BMWM Rules, 2016 04 Monitoring of Matter relating to setting up a Common District Administration, Compliance Biomedical Waste Treatment and Disposal Jt. Director Of Facilities (CBMWTFs) in the district will Health Services, be taken up with Health Deptt./PCB Jamtara 05 Monitoring & Monitor the compliance of the provisions of District Level Review Hazardous Waste Management Rules. Monitoring Committee

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E-waste Management

Sl. Action Points Strategy Stakeholders responsible No.

01 Inventorization of e Detailed list of e-waste JSPCB waste generation

02 Collection of E-  Collection Centers to be established by ULBs Waste ULBs in District. • Door to door collection. • Authorizing E-Waste collectors. 03 Creation of Awareness on E Waste handling District Control E-Waste and disposal. Administration, ULBs related pollution and and NGOs Awareness 04 Checking and Checking and monitoring of collection, JSPCB and District monitoring of e- generation & disposal of e-waste will be Administration waste generation & done of regular integrals. their disposal

Water Quality Management

Sl. Action Points Strategy Stakeholders responsible No.

01 Inventory of water Inventory of water resources in District CEO Zilla Parishad resources in District. covering Rivers and other natural water DFO ULBs bodies, Nalas/Drains meeting Rivers Lakes/ Ponds, etc 02 Collection of water A monitoring cell with representatives EE PHE Quality Data from PHE, WR, UWS etc will be constituted. The cell will updated action will be taken accordingly. 03 A plan for controlling GW will be prepared. EE PHE, ULBs Control of Groundwater Water Quality 04 Control of River side River side activities like River Side open Dist. Admin EE PHE, Activities defecation, Dumping of SW on river BDOs EO of banks, Idol immersion etc. to be ULBs controlled. 05 Awareness Activities District level campaigns on protection of EE PHE and BDOs water quality and Control of Water Pollution in Rivers

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Domestic Sewage Management

Sl. Action Points Strategy Stakeholders responsible No.

01 Inventory of Sewage Survey and identification all Households to ULB Management ensure proper drainage and management of sewage.

02 Adequacy of All households should be connected to Beneficiary and ULB Available sewage management infrastructure either Infrastructure for at home of though proper drain across Sewage Treatment ULB to Sewage treatment Plant 03 Proper drains constructed with proper ULB Adequacy of technique connecting with all Households Sewerage Network under ULB to ensure proper drainage and management of sewerage 04 Inventory of Sewage Survey and identification all Households ULB Management to ensure proper drainage and management of sewage.

Air Quality Management Plan Sl. No. Action Points Strategy and approach Stake holders responsible 01 Air Quality Monitoring To be monitored in association with JSPCB and Collection off data JSPCB. https://www.jspcb.nic.in/page/acts-- and-rules.php

02 Inventory of Air Inventory of potential Air Polluting Jamtara-PCB Pollution Sources Sources will be made for better monitoring. 03 Monitoring of polluting • Stress will be given for setting up DTO vehicle more Auto Emission Testing Centers in the district in addition to the existing centers. • DTO will ensure that all Auto Emission Testing Centers functions as per Govt. norms. 04 Monitoring of They will monitor for violation and JSPCB and District compliance by submit report to JSPCB, DC Administration Industries/Brick kilns 05 Creation of Awareness Public awareness to be created Dist. through IEC campaign with Administration/NGOs 06 Promotion of Clean participation of SHGs, NGOs, BDOs NGOs fuel/improved cook students stoves

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Noise Quality Management Plan

Sl. Strategy and approach Stake holders No. Action Points responsible

•PCB or its authorized Agency will conduct Noise level Noise level Monitoring. 01 JSPCB Monitoring •Monitoring equipment/noise measuring devices will be procured • Categorization of areas into industrial, Categorization commercial residential or silence areas/zones 02 PCB and ULBs of areas will be completed soon. • Sign boards will be installed in Silent zones. • Loud speaker or a public address system will Restriction on not allowed to be used without obtaining written use of loud permission from the authority. District 03 speakers/ PA • A loud speaker or a public address system will Administration (SP, system etc and not allowed to be used at night (between 10.00 SDO, BDO) monitoring pm. To 6.00 a.m.) • Special team for monitoring during festivals. Monitoring of • DTO will take steps for monitoring/ checking 04 polluting of vehicles to ensure environmental norms are DTO vehicle followed by the vehicles • Steps will be taken to make

Creation of Dist 05 https://www.jspcb.nic.in/page/noise- Awareness Administration/NGOs pollution.php

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Annexure II: List of machines

Name of Price link machine Bio Price – https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/bio-remediation-plant- Remediation Rs 3.5 4404961730.html Plant lakh/unit

PET bottle Price – https://pdf.indiamart.com/impdf/10726126097/SELLER-3819778/pet- label Rs 2.2 bottle-label-remover-machine.pdf removal lakh/unit machine

PET bottle Price – Link-https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/bottle-washing-machine- washing Rs 2 4353204888.html machine lakh/unit

PET bottle Price – Link- https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/pet-bottle-crusher- crusher Rs 2.25 machine-4040157030.html?pos=2&kwd=pet+bottle+crusher+machine machine lakh/unit

Electrostatic Price – Link-https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/electrostatic-separation- separator Rs 2.1 14603434788.html?pos=7&kwd=electrostatic+separators+for+plastic lakh/unit

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Annexure III: List of industries in Jamtara as reported by DIC, Jamtara

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