Peintures Rupestres Des Expéditions Frobenius

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Peintures Rupestres Des Expéditions Frobenius art de la préhistoire Peintures rupestres des expéditions Frobenius Introduction L’une des nombreuses questions non encore résolues concernant l’art est celle de ses origines. Or, comment pouvons-nous nous familiariser avec un art qui n’est pas accessible sous sa forme originale et dont les auteurs, femmes ou hommes, resteront définitivement inconnus? L’art de la préhistoire n’est pas une simple exposition – elle est multiple. Elle offre une multitude de possibilités d’approche des monumentales copies de peintures rupestres de la Collection Frobenius, que le public peut admirer pour la première fois en Suisse dans une reprise d’une exposition de l’Institut du même nom à Francfort. À un premier niveau, l’exposition raconte l’histoire de l’eth- nologue allemand Leo Frobenius (1873 – 1938). Fasciné par l’art rupestre préhistorique, ce dernier engagera des peintres, dont de nombreuses femmes, qui l’accompagneront dans ses expéditions entre 1913 et 1937, afin de documenter des peintures exécutées dans des grottes ou sur des parois il y a 40 000 ans. Au milieu de déserts, de chaînes de montagne ou dans des grottes dissimulées, ces artistes reproduiront et peindront ces précieux vestiges avec une grande minutie. Environ 5000 copies de peintures rupestres, dont les mo- Introduction dèles originaux ont en partie disparu, ont ainsi été réalisées dans des conditions particulièrement difficiles. Le deuxième niveau met en lumière l’histoire de la réception des peintures rupestres – en l’occurrence de leurs copies – dans le domaine artistique. En reproduisant la gravure ou la peinture ori- ginale sur le papier ou sur la toile, l’art de la préhistoire devenait transportable et exposable: on pouvait le voir enfin, en couleurs et dans des formats monumentaux, dans de grandes expositions qui attiraient les foules en Europe et aux États-Unis, mais aussi en Suisse, au Musée des arts appliqués de Zurich en 1931. Il sera une source d’inspiration majeure pour des artistes comme Klee, Giacometti, Baumeister ou Pollock. La photographie et le film documentaire jouant un rôle de plus en plus important pour la recherche, les documents rassemblés par Frobenius disparaîtront bientôt dans les archives. Les copies, qui comportaient d’inévitables distorsions, étaient désormais consi- dérées comme non scientifiques. Ce n’est qu’avec les différents «tour- nants narratifs» du post-modernisme que l’on a redécouvert la qua- lité propre de ces images. En tant que «copies originales», elles documentent le processus d’approche artistique et, grâce à l’histoire de leur réception, elles sont indissociables de l’art de notre temps. Le troisième niveau pose la question de notre manière d’aborder l’art rupestre aujourd’hui, ainsi que de sa signification pour les com- munautés actuelles et pour l’archéologie. Portraits d‘artistes Alf Bayrle Biberach an der Riss, 1900 – 1982, Rotthalmünster Avant de s’intéresser à l’art l’équipe de l’Institut en tant que dessi- moderne et au traitement nateur scientifique. En 1934/35, il libre et expérimental de accompagne l’expédition ethnologique l’espace, de la ligne et de la en Abyssinie. Deux autres voyages de Portraits d'artistes Portraits couleur, Alf Bayrle avait recherche le conduiront vers le sud de étudié à l’Académie des beaux-arts de la France, puis au nord et à l’est de Stuttgart, notamment auprès de Franz l’Espagne en 1936. Le style de la ving- von Stuck. En 1926, il s’installe à Paris. taine de copies de peintures rupestres Parmi ses amis, il compte la célèbre préhistoriques qu’il a réalisées est fort femme de lettres française Colette, le varié: cela va de copies minutieuses peintre André Derain et le compositeur jusque dans le moindre détail à des Maurice Ravel. En novembre 1933, il copies presque minimalistes qui se rap- rencontre Frobenius qui vient d’inau- prochent nettement de l’art moderne. gurer une exposition de copies de pein- Cette liberté artistique lui vaudra de tures rupestres de grand format au sévères critiques de la part de ses collè- Musée du Trocadéro. Stimulé par l’en- gues. Après la Seconde Guerre mon- thousiasme de l’avant-garde à l’égard diale, Bayrle travaillera comme péda- des sources iconographiques extra- gogue d’art et artiste indépendant. Les européennes et de l’art des «primitifs», expériences des expéditions et de la et curieux de se lancer dans l’aventure recherche sur le terrain résonnent en- de la recherche, il abandonne son exis- core dans ses tableaux non figuratifs, tence de peintre à Paris pour rejoindre exaltant la matérialité de la surface. Ruth Assisa «Azizié» Cuno Albert Hahn Constantinople, 1908 – 1934, Höchst am Main, 1910 – 1995, Francfort sur le Main Bad Homburg vor der Höhe Bien que Ruth Cuno n’ait Le peintre, dessinateur, travaillé que deux ans pour photographe et cinéaste l’Institut de morphologie Albert Ferdinand Hahn a culturelle, elle a laissé une travaillé au total 38 ans œuvre importante. Née à pour l’Institut Frobenius à Constantinople, fille de l’architecte Francfort. Pendant ses études à la Stä- francfortois Hellmuth Cuno et de la delschule [École des beaux-arts et des Suissesse Ina Cuno, elle rejoint l’équipe arts appliqués], Albert Hahn visite plu- de collaborateurs de Frobenius en 1932 sieurs pays européens. En 1937/38, il qu’elle accompagne peu après, avec participe en tant que dessinateur scien- Agnes Schulz, lors de la dixième expé- tifique à un voyage de recherche en dition de recherche de l’Institut en Indonésie – à Java, à Seram, aux Mo- Libye. Celle-ci durera quatre mois, au luques et en Nouvelle-Guinée occiden- cours desquels elle réalisera 285 copies tale (Papouasie occidentale). Alors qu’à de peintures rupestres. Une grande par- Seram, l’accent était mis sur la recherche tie d’entre elles seront publiées en 1937 ethnographique et le recensement do- dans un volume illustré et soigneuse- cumentaire des êtres humains et de la ment mis en page, Ekade Ektab. Felsbil- nature, en Nouvelle-Guinée occidentale, der Fezzans, ainsi que Hádschra Máktuba. Albert Hahn se concentrera sur les pein- Urzeitliche Felsbilder Kleinafrikas (1925, tures rupestres préhistoriques qu’on y en collaboration avec le préhistorien avait découvertes. Pour ses copies, il Hugo Obermaier) et Madsimu Dsangara. utilise notamment une technique de Südafrikanische Felsbilderchronik (1932), gabarits et de pulvérisation expérimen- l’un des ouvrages majeurs de Frobenius tale correspondant aux modèles origi- Portraits d'artistes Portraits sur l’étude de l’art pariétal. Parmi les naux. Dans ses journaux intimes, il œuvres les plus connues de Ruth Cuno, évoque les conditions de travail éprou- citons l’impressionnante copie, d’un vantes, voire périlleuses, et décrit les réalisme saisissant, de la composition nombreux défis picturaux – questions zoomorphe grandeur nature représen- de perspective, ductus du pinceau, co- tant deux girafes et un éléphant, que le loris – auxquels il doit faire face pour public put découvrir dans de nom- la transposition de ces peintures ru- breuses expositions, notamment au pestres sur la toile. Au cours des années MoMA de New York en 1935. Cette des- qui suivront, outre son activité de des- sinatrice prometteuse disparaîtra pré- sinateur, Hahn participera à des publi- maturément, le 15 avril 1934 à l’âge de cations et des expositions. Au contraire 26 ans, des suites d’une infection de ses premiers dessins, ses illustrations contractée après une maladie fulgu- plus tardives, qui seront publiées dans rante. Dans sa nécrologie, Frobenius des ouvrages scientifiques, sont impres- rend hommage à Ruth Cuno comme sionnantes de précision et de souci du «[...] modèle de bonté, du plus haut de- détail. gré d’épanouissement de la création artistique ainsi que d’un travail infati- gable en Afrique et en Europe.» Gerta Kleist Elisabeth «Katta» Krebs Erlangen, 1911 – 1998, Hongkong, 1907 – 1950, Francfort sur le Main Francfort sur le Main Parmi les dessinatrices des Dès son plus jeune âge, expéditions de Frobenius, Elisabeth Krebs se familia- Gerta Kleist fut certaine- rise avec d’autres pays que ment la plus active en tant l’Allemagne. Fille d’un ca- qu’artiste – et la seule à se pitaine de la compagnie définir comme telle. Elle avait fait des Norddeutsche Lloyd, elle est née à Hong- études d’art graphique, de publicité, de kong. Elle vivra notamment à Singapour peinture et de sculpture à la Städelschule et à Gênes, avant que la famille ne s’éta- [École des beaux-arts et des arts appli- blisse à Brême en 1914. Après une for- qués] de 1931 à 1938, avec son futur mation à l’École d’art appliqué de cette collègue de l’Institut, Albert Hahn. Sa ville, elle trouve son premier emploi formation avait donc été marquée par d’«assistante technique» au Museum l’influence de Willi Baumeister et Max für Völkerkunde de Hambourg. En 1934, Beckmann, qui enseigneront dans cette Frobenius réussit à convaincre la jeune école jusqu’en 1933. Avant de passer femme talentueuse de travailler pour son diplôme, Gerta Kleist voyage en son Institut. Lors de trois voyages de Italie comme dessinatrice scientifique recherche au Sahara en 1934/35, au de l’Institut pour la morphologie cultu- Valcamonica et en Istrie en 1936, elle relle, sous la direction d’Agnes Schulz. réalise au total 17 copies de peintures En 1938/39 suit un deuxième voyage rupestres et 96 images ethnographiques. de recherche dans le nord-ouest de Ses copies, réalisées avec une grande l’Australie. Lors de ces deux voyages, minutie, pour la plupart à l’aquarelle, Kleist réalise, outre des images ethno- se caractérisent par un trait de plume graphiques, au total 33 copies de pein- et une touche de pinceau d’une grande Portraits d'artistes Portraits tures rupestres qui témoignent de sa exactitude, ainsi que leur perspective grande précision stylistique, de son trait et leurs couleurs harmonieuses.
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