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Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs East India patronage and the political management of Scotland 1720-1774 Thesis How to cite: McGilvary, George Kirk (1990). East India patronage and the political management of Scotland 1720-1774. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 1989 The Author Version: Version of Record Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk DXi004-9 UNRESTR n GT-ED GEORGE KIRK McGILVARY M.A.; M.Litt. EAST INDIA PATRONAGE AND THE POLITICAL MANAGEMENT OF SCOTLAND 17204774 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY HISTORY 1989 Autbor i5 nte.mber : M 7020085 Tom. su•brniSSion 16 Raj /989 cuoco-cL 11 Atkr.l. 1990 EX12 HIGHER DEGREES OFFICE LIBRARY AUTHORISATION FORM STUDENT: n1oRen1 KIRK TffeGTLITARY SERIAL NO: M 7020085 DEGREE: DOCTOR OF PHIOSOPHY TITLE OF THESIS: EAST INDIA PATRONAGE AND TEE POLITICAL MANAGEMENT OF SCOTLAND 1720 - 1774. I confixm that I am willing that my thesis be made available to readers and maybe photocopied, subject to the discretion of the Librarian. SIGNED: DM: P5 ABSTRACT This thesis sets out to examine and explain the use of India patronage in the government of Scotland from 1720 to 1774. The 1707 Act of Union created a complex and uncertain Scottish political world. Widespread resentment at the 1707 'betrayal' was kept simmering by pro-Jacobite sentiments and frustrations due to economic stagnation. To the Whig ministries in London the 1715 rebellion on top of all the other danger signals was alarming. The turmoil in Scotland seemed to threaten the stability and security of the fragile British state. Walpole believed the danger sufficient to warrant the strongest political management system possible there, using all the patronage that could be brought to bear. Through John Drummond, a Scottish East India Company Director, he was able to procure patronage from the Company and its Shipping interest. In Scotland these India posts were devoted to obtaining electoral support for Walpole's Argathelian backers. John Drummond and Lord Milton, as agents of the Duke of Argyll and his brother Islay, were instrumental in this. Walpole's successors at Westminster and the Argathelians in Scotland conspired to further the use of available India patronage. The flood of India favours continued until 1765 and beyond, pausing only with the implementation in 1774 of North's Regulating Act. The thesis breaks new ground in showing the existence and importance of this India patronage so early in the eighteenth century. Also, by examining the role of the Scots engrossad in the East India Company and its politics in the 1760s and early 1770s their importance as a group is uncovered. They were caught up in the struggle for power and for control of patronage within the Company, as well as that between Parliament and the Company for control of Indian territorial acquisitions. CONTENTS SECTION A. Ch.l. Introduction p.11 Ch.2. Re:sume of India Patronage and Political Management, 1720-1774. p.24 Ch.3. The East India Company, Structure, Patronage and Eighteenth Century Background. p.40 SECTION B. Ch.4. John Drummond of Quarrel and the Inauguration of a Formal System using East India Company Patronage, 1720-1742. p.55 Ch.5. John Drummond, India Patronage and Government Connection, 1720-1742. p.82 Ch.6. John Drummond's India Patronage Network and Political Management, 1720-1742. p.119 SECTION C. Ch.7. Governmental Background in England and Scotland and the Patronage Management of Lord Milton and John Mackenzie of Delvine, 1742-1761. p.150 Ch.8. The Company,the Government,and patronage developments 1742-1761. p.104 SECTION D. Ch.9. East India Company Politics, the Bute Ministry and Patronage, 1761-1765. p.217 Ch.10.Ministries, Shipping and Company Patronage - to 1774. p.237 Ch.11.The East India Company Contested Elections, 1761-1774, and Their Effect on Scottish Shares of Company Patronage. p.266 Ch.12. Conclusion. p.286 SECTION E. Patronage Profiles, 1720-1774. p.292 APPENDICES. 1. Drummond's Contacts. p.378 2. Political Strength of Drummond's Friends. p.389 3. Inter-Connections among Drummond's Friends. p.402 4. Drummond's Parliamentary Friends. p.405 5. Jacobites. p.407 6. Recruitment of Scots into the East India Company Army. p.411 7. Campbells and the East India Company Army. p.416 8. East India Company Scots Military Officers. p.419 9. The 89th Foot to India. p.423 10. Scots Company Civil Servants. p.426 11. Scots Seafarers. p.431 12. Scots Doctors/Surgeons. p.434 13. Scots Freemerchants. p.435 14. Miscellaneous Scots in India. p.436 15. East India Company Directors Patronising Scots. p.437 16. Scots Proprietors. p.439 CHARTS 1 to 6. pp.442-447 BIBLIOGRAPHY. p.448 2 ACIOIOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to my supervisors, Dr. Angus Calder, Staff Tutor in the Arts Faculty of the Open University, Edinburgh and John C. P. Riddy of Stirling University, for their patience and guidance. my thanks are also due to the following for their assistance and encouragement:- Dr. James Parker of the History Manuscripts Commission, Dr. Ian Donnachie of the Open University, Edinburgh, Mt. Brad Garness, Massachussetts, U.S.A. and Mrs. E. Campbell of Pitreavie, Fife. I am grateful to the Duke of Argyll and the Marquess of Bute for permission to consult papers in their possession. I wish to thank Mt. Martin De Bertodano for permission to use papers relating to L. Sulivan and also Mt. Jack HOtson for original East India Company and Shipping manuscripts in his possession. I am also obliged to the staff of the following libraries and record offices:- The British Library, London; Bury St. Edmunds and West Suffolk Record Office; Edinburgh Public Library, George IV Bridge; Edinburgh University Library; Exeter Records Office; The History Manuscripts Commission; The India Office Library, London; The Mitchell Library, Glasgow; The National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh; The Public Record Office, London; The Scottish Record Office, Edinburgh; Sheffield City Library; Strathclyde Regional Archives, Glasgow. Finally, I must pay a particular tribute to my wife, Margaret, also my children, Lynn and Kenneth, and my parents and friends who deserve all the praise I can give them for their steadfast support. To Cathy and Bill O'Brien, who set and typed the thesis and 3 appendices, my hearty thanks. All errors occurring in this thesis are entirely my own. 4 ABBREVIATIONS AND SHORT TITLES Allan D.C.C. Allan, The Contest for the Secretaryship 1769-70, (Studies in the Society's Archives XXXVI-XXXVIX) in Journal of the Royal Society of Arts (for August-December 1964), vols. 112-113. Anderson W. Anderson, The Scottish Nation Biographical History of the People of Scotland. 3 vols. (Edinburgh 1861). Berg & Bo J. Berg & Bo. Lagercrantz, Scots in Sweden (Stockholm 1962). Bodl. Manuscripts kept in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. Bolitho & Peel H. Bolitho & D. Peel, The Drummonds of Charing Cross. (London 1963). B.L. Add. MSS. British Library Additional Manuscripts. B.L.G. Sir B. Burke, Landed Gentry. (1939). Bryant G. J. Bryant, Scots in India in the Eighteenth Century, in Scottish Historical Review, vol. LXIV, 1, no.177, April 1985, TT.-272741. Bute MSS. Bute Papers, Mo4ntstuart, Rothesay, Calder A. Calder, Revolutionary Emoire, The Rise of the English-Speaking Empires from the Fifteenth Century to the 1780s. (London 191). Chatham MSS. Chatham manuscripts kept at the Public Record Office, Chancery Lane, London. Colebrooke Sir George Colebrooke, 'Retrospection' or Reminiscences Addressed to my son Henry Colebrooke, Esquire, 2 vols. (London 1898). Cotton J. J. Cotton, Lists of Inscriptions on Tombs or Monuments in Madras, 2 vols. Madras, 1945/6. Datta K. K. Datta, Fort William - India House Correspondence, vol.1 (1748-1756), Delhi, 195. 5 De Bertodano Papers belonging to Mk Martin De Bertodano (copies held by G K. McGilvary). D.N.B. (The) Dictionary of National Biography (London 1885-1901). 26 vols. with supplements. E.P.L. Edinburgh Public Libraries. E.U.L. Edinburgh University Library. Ferguson W. Ferguson, Scotland 1689 to the Present (Edinburgh 1968). Furber (1) H. Furber, Bombay Presidency in the Mid- Eighteenth Century. London, 1965. Furber (2) H. Furber, Documents - The East India Directors in 1794, Journal of Modern History, vo1.5, 1933. G.E.C. G.E.C. Comolete Baronetage, vol. 5 (1707-1300). (Exeter 1906). G.M. Gentleman's Magazine. Gibb A. D. Gibb, Scottish Emoire. (London 1937). Gleig (1) G. R. Gleig, The Life of Robert Lord Clive, (London 1848). Gleig (2), G. R. Gleig, Memoirs of the Life of the Rt. Hon. Warren Hastings, 3 vols. (London T. Gurney J. D. Gurney, The Debts of the Nawab of Arcot 1763-1776. (Oxford University D.Phil. 1968). 6 Hansard T. C. Hansard, W. Cobpett(Eds.), Tie Parliamentary History of Emland from tie Earliest Period to tie year 1,-J03. Hatton (1) R. M. Hatton, John Drummond of Quarrel, in Scottish Historical Review, vol.38 (Oct. 1959), no. 126, pp.89-10P. Hatton (2) R. M. Hatton, John Drummond in the liar of the Spanish Succession: AMerchant turned Diplomatic Agent, in Studies in Diplomatic History, edited by R. M. Hatton and M. S. Anderson, (London 1970) 9 P10.69-96. Hickey (Ed.) A. Spencer, Ilmoirs of William Hickey 3 vols. (London 1913). H.M.S.C. Historical Manuscripts ComnissiPn. Holwell John Zacchary Holiell, Important Facts Regarding the East India Company's Affairs in Bengal, London, 1764. I.O.L.
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  • Chapter 5 the American Revolution

    Chapter 5 the American Revolution

    C H A P T E R 5 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: FROM GENTRY PROTEST TO POPULAR REVOLT, 1763-1783 SUMMARY Between 1763 and 1783, Americans increasingly rebelled against English rule, declared independence, and finally won the military struggle against the British, establishing the United States of America. Structure of Colonial Society At the end of the Seven Years' War, American society, on the whole, was young, optimistic and prosperous, and Americans looked to the future with considerable political and economic expectation. They did not expect revolution or look forward to national independence. Breakdown of Political Trust Through the mounting conflict that culminated in 1776, King George III, his ministers, and Parliament based their stance on inaccurate information from the colonies while stubbornly defending Parliament’s “sovereign supreme power over every part of the dominions of state.” It was clear that the colonists and individuals in England did not understand each other or the stakes at hand, and soon compromise became difficult. No Taxation Without Representation: The American Perspective The political conflict that emerged after the Seven Years’ War forced the Americans to refine their views on the powers of colonial assemblies, the meaning of representative government, and the freedom from England’s revenue taxation. Ideas About Power and Virtue Although many of the political ideals of the American colonists were based on the traditions and theories of John Locke and the Commonwealthmen, their ideology also included a heavy emphasis on religious and moral components that most likely emanated from the Great Awakening. American political ideology found power dangerous unless countered by virtue; to believers political error resulted from corruption and sin.