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Logistics Matters and the U.S. Army in Occupied Germany, 1945–1949 Lee Kruger Logistics Matters and the U.S

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Logistics Matters and the U.S. Army in Occupied Germany, 1945–1949 Lee Kruger Logistics Matters and the U.S Logistics Matters and the U.S. Army in Occupied Germany, 1945–1949 Lee Kruger Logistics Matters and the U.S. Army in Occupied Germany, 1945–1949 Lee Kruger Leavenworth, Kansas , USA ISBN 978-3-319-38835-9 ISBN 978-3-319-38836-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-38836-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016958188 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover illustration: © INTERFOTO / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland For Suse and Jürgen Your stories are now History! My heartfelt thank you to you both for your friendship and support ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge the two people who really lived almost daily with my project – one remains in Germany, the other here in the USA. Suse Pfeiffer, a Württemberger, is 90 now but she was 20 at the end of the war, and lived in the US Zone. The other person – four years old at the beginning of the occupation – also lived within the US Zone. Suse, not only provided me with her own experiences, but introduced me to a number of others from her age group, who brought life to the subject. The other, my husband, Jürgen, not only raised my often-sagging spirits, but also provided focus and perspective and, more often than not, cleared a path through the German archival system. I cannot over-emphasize the role these two played in my completion of this narrative. As important as their support has been to me personally, however, I could not have completed this project without a mountain (a nice logistics term) of assistance and support from professional sources. First, my dissertation committee deserves the academic equivalent of a military Legion of Merit for putting up with the legion of unmeritorious questions I asked. My chair at the University of Kansas, Theodore Wilson, suggested the topic, that at the time I thought to be a rather simple subject. Ha! Ted Wilson, judiciously or otherwise, gave me full rein until toward the end of my journey when he wisely intervened in my somewhat haphazard navigations to suggest a few timely texts to add some necessary baggage to the load. Two committee members, Eve Levin and Leonie Marx, suffered the most from my uncertainties and diffi culties with focus and preciseness. As a professional scholar and editor, Eve Levin’s talent and expertise in information management set me straight more than once. vii viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Leonie Marx, the Graduate Advisor in the German Literature and Languages Department, fell the task of validating my German language capability, as much of my research was conducted in German archives using German language material. Additionally, in Leonie Marx’s world, language matters, a skill I still struggle with. Without these two women, I assure you I would not have completed the dissertation that preceded this book project. My other committee members stuck with me through muddle and puddle: Nathan Wood, Adrian Lewis and Jake Kipp, each one providing expert knowledge in their specialties throughout my project. Thank you, all! No research project succeeds without the assistance and support of dedicated archivists and researchers. Sabine Schrag and the staff at Stadtarchiv Stuttgart in Bad Cannstatt, committed to providing world- class support to all visitors, extended assistance and hospitality that made us feel at home. Especially helpful with occupation history, my thanks to Dr Ulrich Hussong at the Stadtarchiv Marburg. Tim Renick and John Shields at the US Army Logistics University Library, Fort Lee and Luther Hanson, curator at the Ft. Lee Army Quartermaster Museum provided not only their time and encouragement but also convinced me, “There is a story out there – you just need to fi nd it.” Randy Sowell at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum took me under his wing, as he has so many professional scholars and students, opening folders, documents, and in their wake, raising thoughtful questions about the direction of my research and proposing counter-ideas. Likewise, the archivists and staff at the President Dwight D. Eisenhower Library were equally supportive. Of course, I had to return to the CARL at Fort Leavenworth and Carlisle Barracks for visits, and the staff at both CARL and the Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle Barracks, made it worth my while. Thank you all! Not connected to any of the offi cial archives, but an archive unto himself, I wish to acknowledge the assistance I received from Allen Dale Olson, whose career tracked with the development of the Dependent School System (DSS), later known at Department of Defense Dependents Schools (DODDS), and now Department of Defense Education Activity (DODEA). Allen Dale Olson not only shared his own experiences in Germany but also introduced me to many of the educators who also taught in the US school system there in the early days. Thank you! I would also like to applaud the University of Kansas Watson and Anschutz Library staffs, and the Interlibrary Loan Department for their ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix diligence and creativity in assisting with this research. My thanks also to the all-too-often nameless students working at the libraries who politely withheld jokes about the two dinosaurs (my husband and me) check- ing out all the material. Special thanks go to Pamela Rooks and Suzie Johannes, without whose technical expertise, this project would surely have fl oundered … und wie! My heartfelt thanks go out to that small core of people who trudged with me for the last four years, convincing me, “You can do this.” You know who you are and I am grateful! Finally, to all the Loggies, past and present, who have served their Army and country over the years. Without your often unheralded efforts, the missions would have faltered. Leavenworth, Kansas Lee Kruger December 2015 CONTENTS 1 Roots of the Post-Second World War Logistics Challenges in Occupied Germany 1 2 US Strategic Planning for the Occupation of Germany 29 3 US Army Organizations and Missions in Occupied Germany 75 4 Support the Military Forces, Their Families and the Local Populations 105 5 Logistics, the Bridge to Cultural Exchange: Bratwurst vs Burger 189 6 Conclusions: We Are in Country for the Long Haul 253 Bibliography 261 Index 275 xi APPENDIX: GLOSSARY ACC Allied Control Commission ACC/AMG Allied Control Commission/Allied Military Government ADSEC Advance Section AEF American Expeditionary Forces AG Adjutant General ARGONAUT International Conference held at Malta and Yalta, January–February 1945 ASCZ Advance Section, Communications Zone Bn Battalion CA Civil Affairs CAD Civil Affairs Division CAHQ Civil Affairs Headquarters CA/MG Civil Affairs/Military Government CATS Civil Affairs Training School CCAC Combined Civil Affairs Committee CCS Combined Chiefs of Staff CG Commanding General CinC Commander in Chief Class I Supply Subsistence items, generally food and water Class II Supply Military clothing, individual equipment and administrative supplies Class III Supply Petroleum, oils and lubricants Class IV Supply Construction and barrier materials Class V Supply Ammunition Class VI Supplies Personal demand items such as soap, toothbrushes, etc. Class VII Supply Major end items, e.g. vehicles, aircraft Class VIII Supply Medical material xiii xiv APPENDIX: GLOSSARY Class IX Supply Repair parts Class X Supply Items for non-military programs, e.g. civil affairs operations; this class of supply was not a separate class during the Second World War CofS Chief of Staff COMMS Communications ComZ or COMMZ Communications Zone CONUS Continental United States COSSAC Chief of Staff, Supreme Allied Command CRICKET Malta portion of ARCONAUT Conference DCOSSAC Deputy Chief of Staff, Supreme Allied Command Det Detachment Div Division DP Displaced Person DRAGOON Final code for Allied invasion of southern coast of France, 15 August 1944 EAC European Advisory Commission ECAD European Civil Affairs Division ECLIPSE Name given in November 1944 to post-hostilities plan for the initial phase of military occupation of Germany EM Enlisted Men ERAD, ECAD Education and Religious Affairs Division, succeeded by Education and Cultural Affairs Division – branch of military government organization ET; ETO European Theater; European Theater of Operations HQTRS, EUCOM Headquarters,
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