Insecta, Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae)

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Insecta, Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) Marcel Gustavo Hermes Filogenia de Eumenes sensu lato do mundo (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) Curiitiiba, Jullho de 2011 MARCEL GUSTAVO HERMES Filogenia de Eumenes sensu lato do mundo (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) Tese apresentada à Coordenação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Área de Concentração em Entomologia da Universidade Federal do Paraná, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Gabriel A. R. Melo. Co-Orientador: Dr. James M. Carpenter Curitiba, Julho de 2011. ii DEDICATÓRIA Ao colega e amigo, Kurt M. Pickett (in memoriam) iii “No man can be truly called an entomologist, sir; the subject is to vast for any single human intelligence to grasp”. Olivier Wendell Holmes Agradecimentos iv AGRADECIMENTOS Diversas pessoas tiveram participação direta para que os objetivos do presente trabalho fossem alcançados. Gostaria de agradecer às mesmas pela contribuição, paciência, altruísmo e generosidade dispensados ao longo desses quatro anos. À minha esposa Mírian, por ser parte da minha família, meu conforto, minha companheira... TE AMO MUITO! Aos meus pais, Rogério e Ivete, e aos meus irmãos Francine e Murphy; obrigado pelo apoio e por depositarem confiança no meu trabalho. Ao meu orientador, Gabriel Augusto Rodrigues de Melo, sempre receptivo e disposto a contribuir com sugestões e críticas durante os últimos seis anos, e por disponibilizar toda a infra-estrutura do LBCH para a realização do trabalho. À Coordenação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Entomologia) (atual e anteriores) e à Universidade Federal do Paraná, pela disponibilização da infra-estrutura necessária. Aos professores do supra-citado Programa, em especial ao meu grande amigo Rodney, companheiro de mate e discussões acerca de futebol, tênis, etc. Aos meus queridos colegas e amigos: Andressa, Daniele, Paschoal, Amanda, Nuno, Elaine, Fernando, Freddy, Lica, Daniel, Rodrigo, Laércio e Kleber. Aos colegas do LBCH (atuais e ex), em especial Bolívar, Grazi, Aline, Kelli, Felipe, Claudivã, Leandro, Léo, Antonio e Eduardo. Ao Bolívar Garcete, por contribuir na minha formação ao longo dos anos, e principalmente pela amizade ao longo de quase uma década. Ao James Michael Carpenter, pela receptividade e infra-estrutura dispensados no AMNH durante a realização do estágio de doutorado sanduíche, além de sempre disponibilizar espécimes, material não publicado, e permear meus manuscritos com sugestões criativas e mensagens de incentivo. Ao Projeto TaxonLine e ao Vitor Nardino, por possibilitarem a execução das fotografias que ilustram o trabalho. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico pela concessão da bolsa de doutorado. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior pela concessão da bolsa de estágio de doutorado sanduíche. Aos amigos externos ao Programa de Pós-Graduação: Renato, Ricardo e Triba. Aos amigos do RS: Mau Mau, Pri Pri, Geison, Gus, Ciça, Rotz, Alexandre, e o meu tio Uli. Sumário v SUMÁRIO LISTA DE TABELAS ................................................................................................................. VI LISTA DE FIGURAS ................................................................................................................. VII RESUMO ................................................................................................................................. X ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. XI INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................................... 1 Hymenoptera ............................................................................................................................. 1 Vespidae ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Eumeninae.................................................................................................................................. 3 Histórico das classificações em Eumeninae ....................................................................... 4 Estudos filogenéticos em Eumeninae .................................................................................. 6 Exame do Material e Terminologia ........................................................................................ 8 Escolha dos Terminais ............................................................................................................ 9 Construção dos Caracteres ...................................................................................................12 Análises Cladísticas ................................................................................................................13 Edição dos Cladogramas e Otimização ...............................................................................14 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO ................................................................................................... 15 Enunciados de Caracteres ............................................................................................ 15 Cabeça ........................................................................................................................ 15 Mesossoma ................................................................................................................ 20 Metassoma ................................................................................................................. 27 Genitália dos machos ................................................................................................ 29 Pesagem igual x pesagem implícita ............................................................................. 35 Objetividade versus Subjetividade e escolha dos cladogramas ................................ 35 Monofilia de Eumeninae ................................................................................................ 39 Relações internas de Eumeninae ................................................................................. 42 Zethini ............................................................................................................................. 42 Odynerus sensu lato + Eumenes sensu lato ............................................................... 44 Odynerus sensu lato ...................................................................................................... 46 Eumenes sensu lato ...................................................................................................... 51 UMA BASE PARA A CLASSIFICAÇÃO DOS EUMENINAE ............................................................. 59 Classificação dos Eumeninae ....................................................................................... 60 Tribo Zethini ............................................................................................................... 60 Tribo Eumenini ........................................................................................................... 60 Tribo Odynerini .......................................................................................................... 61 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ........................................................................................................ 63 REFERÊNCIAS ....................................................................................................................... 71 APÊNDICE 1 .......................................................................................................................... 81 APÊNDICE 2 .......................................................................................................................... 91 Lista de Tabelas vi LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela I. Resumo das classificações supra-genéricas de Vespidae segundo vários autores. ............................ 2 Tabela II. Terminais de Eumenes sensu lato utilizados no presente estudo, com número total de espécies para cada gênero e distribuição. Espécie-tipo indicada com um asterisco................................................................. 9 Tabela III. Espécies de Eumeninae pertencentes aos Zethinae e Rhaphiglossinae sensu Richards (1962) (ver Tabela I) e aos Odynerus sensu lato. .............................................................................................................. 10 Tabela IV. Táxons pertencentes às subfamílias Masarinae, Stenogastrinae e Polistinae incluídos nas análises. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Tabela V. Matriz de dados utilizada para as análises cladísticas. Estados não aplicáveis indicados com hífen (“-”) e estados desconhecidos indicados com sinal de interrogação (“?”). ................................................................ 31 Tabela VI. Número de árvores retidas sob diferentes esquemas de pesagem e diferentes valores da concavidade k para pesagem implícita. CI = índice de Consistência, RI = Índice de Retenção. ............................................. 38 Lista de Figuras vii LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Relações filogenéticas entre as seis subfamílias de Vespidae (Carpenter 1982, Pickett & Carpenter 2010), inferidas de dados morfológicos e moleculares. Representação de hábitos laterais de representantes de cada subfamília modificada
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