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Middle Range Theories: Application to Nursing Research, Third Edition 4()2$%$)4)/. -)$$,% 2!.'% 4(%/2)%3 ! 0 0 , ) # ! 4 ) / . 4 / . 5 2 3 ) . ' 2 % 3 % ! 2 # ( 3!.$2!*0%4%23/. 0H$ 2. 0 2 / & % 3 3 / 2 % - % 2 ) 4 ! " % 4 ( % , 5 . ) 6 % 2 3 ) 4 9 340!5, -)..%3/4! 4)-/4(93"2%$/7 0H$ 2. .0 # 0 2 / & % 3 3 / 2 " % 4 ( % , 5 . ) 6 % 2 3 ) 4 9 340!5, -)..%3/4! LWBK999-FM.indd i 08/11/11 8:07 AM Vice President, Publishing: Julie K. Stegman Supervising Product Manager: Betsy Gentzler Editorial Assistant: Jacalyn Clay Design Coordinator: Holly Reid McLaughlin Illustration Coordinator: Brett MacNaughton Manufacturing Coordinator: Karin Duffi eld Prepress Vendor: Aptara, Inc. 3rd edition Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 2009 by Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their offi cial duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadel- phia, PA 19103, via email at [email protected], or via our website at lww.com (products and services). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Middle range theories : application to nursing research / [edited by] Sandra J. Peterson, Timothy S. Bredow. – 3rd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-60831-800-1 (alk. paper) I. Peterson, Sandra J. II. Bredow, Timothy S. [DNLM: 1. Nursing Theory. 2. Nursing Research. WY 86] 610.7301—dc23 2011040374 Care has been taken to confi rm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices. However, the author(s), editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the cur- rency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this information in a particular situ- ation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations. The author(s), editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant fl ow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug. Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in his or her clinical practice. LWW.com LWBK999-FM.indd ii 08/11/11 8:07 AM F or my son, Christopher, daughter, Beth, daughter-in-law, Alisa, and grandchildren, Liam and Jane. You have been a source of wonder, inspiration, joy, and pride. 3!.$2!*0%4%23/. I would like to dedicate this third edition to my family who provides me with the love and support to complete a project such as this. Katherine, Andrea, Ben, and Caroline. To Tiffany, Ben, and also little Kata Grace. 4)-/4(93"2%$/7 LWBK999-FM.indd iii 08/11/11 8:07 AM Contributors Laurel Ash, DNP, CNP, RN Elizabeth R. Lenz, PhD, RN, FAAN Assistant Professor Dean, Professor College of St. Scholastica College of Nursing Duluth, Minnesota The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Georgene Gaskill Eakes, EdD, RN Professor Emerita Marjorie Cook McCullagh, PhD, RN, College of Nursing APHN-BC, COHN-S East Carolina University Assistant Professor and Director, Occupational Greenville, North Carolina Health Nursing Program Director, Clinical Education School of Nursing Center for Learning and Performance University of Michigan Pitt County Memorial Hospital Ann Arbor, Michigan Greenville, North Carolina Renee A. Milligan, PhD, RN Audrey Gift, PhD, RN, FAAN Associate Professor, School of Nursing Professor Emerita of Nursing Georgetown University Michigan State University Washington, DC East Lansing, Michigan Mertie L. Potter, DNP, APRN, BC Clinical Professor, Nurse Practitioner/Consultant Marion Good, PhD, FAAN Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Professor Emerita, Frances Payne Bolton Health Professions School of Nursing Boston, Massachusetts Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio Linda C. Pugh, PhD, RNC, CNE, FAAN Visiting Professor, Hong Kong University Director, Graduate Programs in Nursing School of Nursing York College of Pennsylvania Case Western Reserve FPBSN York, Pennsylvania Lakewood, Ohio Barbara Resnick, PhD, CRNP, FAAN, Joan E. Haase, PhD, RN, FAAN FAANP Holmquist Professor, Pediatric Oncology Nursing Professor Department of Family Health Nursing Sonya Ziporkin Gershowitz Chair in Gerontology Indiana University University of Maryland Indianapolis, Indiana Baltimore, Maryland Sonya R. Hardin, PhD, RN, CCRN, NP-C Kristin E. Sandau, PhD, RN Professor, School of Nursing Associate Professor of Nursing University of North Carolina at Charlotte Bethel University Charlotte, North Carolina St. Paul, Minnesota Barbara Hoglund, EdD, MSN, RN, FNP-C Marjorie A. Schaffer, PhD, MS, BA Associate Professor of Nursing Professor of Nursing Bethel University Bethel University St. Paul, Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota Trine Klette, PhD Ellen D. Schultz, PhD, RN, CHTP, AHN-BC Associate Professor Professor of Nursing Diakonova University College Metropolitan State University Oslo, Norway St. Paul, Minnesota Katharine Kolcaba, PhD, RN, MSN Danuta M. Wojnar, PhD, RN, MEd Associate Professor Associate Professor The University of Akron, Ursuline College Seattle University Akron, Ohio Seattle, Washington iv LWBK999-FM.indd iv 08/11/11 8:07 AM Reviewers Sharon K. Falkenstern, PhD, CRNP, Ida L. Slusher, RN, DSN, CNE MSN, RN, CNE Professor, Nursing Education Coordinator Assistant Professor of Nursing Department of Baccalaureate and Graduate Nursing The Pennsylvania State University Eastern Kentucky University University Park, Pennsylvania Richmond, Kentucky Karen Reed Gehrling, PhD, RN Mary Ann Stark, PhD, RNC Professor and Director, Graduate Nursing Program Associate Professor, Bronson School of Nursing Walsh University Western Michigan University North Canton, Ohio Kalamazoo, Michigan Leonie Pallikkathayil, PhD, RN, ARNP Cheryl Zambroski, PhD, RN Associate Professor, School of Nursing Associate Professor Kansas University College of Nursing Kansas City, Kansas University of South Florida Tampa, Florida Phyllis Skorga, PhD, RN, CCM Professor of Nursing Arkansas State University Jonesboro, Arkansas v LWBK999-FM.indd v 08/11/11 8:07 AM I vi Preface Part III MIDDLE RANGE THEORIES: PHYSIOLOGICAL Middle range theories have understandably emerged as the focus of knowledge development in nursing with a “broad acceptance of the need to develop middle range theories to support nursing practice” (McEwen, 2007, p. 225). With increasing frequency, middle range theories are being generated and tested through practice-oriented nursing research. There is a dynamic relationship between theory, research, and practice. Research is a source of theory development and theory is a source of research questions. Theory is used to improve practice and practice is used to shape and refi ne theories. In this third edition of Middle Range Theories: Application to Nursing Research, the authors have attempted to address this dynamic relationship with increased emphasis on applications of middle range theories to practice. We continue to hope that this edition can serve as a resource for nurse scholars, making middle range theories more accessible for their research and practice. With the increase in the number of middle range theories being developed, determining which to include in this book is a challenge. As for the previous editions, we reviewed published research and prac- tice applications of theories. The goal was to identify those theories that, though in the middle range of abstraction, are not particularly narrow in their possible applications. That process resulted in the addition of two middle range theories, Attachment and the Shuler Nurse Practitioner Practice Model. /2'!.):!4)/. 0!24) Part I is devoted to an overview of the state of nursing’s body of knowledge. In this edition, there is a brief discussion of epistemology with a summary of Carper’s conceptualization of nurses’ ways of knowing. Chapter 1 considers the hierarchy of nursing knowledge and particularly the place of middle range theory within that hierarchy (i.e., paradigm, philosophy, conceptual framework, and theories). For each compo- nent of the hierarchy, the chapter includes a description of its nature, review of its development,
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