lookingback: Woomera | 17 AMERICAN ASTRONAUTICAL SOCIETY

Newsletter of the AAS History Committee | www.astronautical.org | Editor: Tim Chamberlin ([email protected]) INSIDE Join us at national meeting OCTOBER 2007 | ISSUE 4 elcome to this “back-to- school” issue of Explorer. I W suppose the school refer- ence is appropriate since many of our members (and readers) are affected by the start of the school year, either as students, teachers or parents. And that doesn’t even begin to address the natural inquisitiveness and thirst for knowledge that lurks within each of By Michael L. Ciancone, Chair, AAS History Committee us, hence my choice of taglines for this note. An important event for us is the Nov. 13. I will have the honor of upcoming AAS national conference, presenting the 2006 Emme Award for REMEMBERING which will be held at the South Shore Astronautical Literature to Peter J. JPL CO-FOUNDER Harbour Resort in League City, Westwick for Into the Black – JPL Texas, Nov 12-14. and the American Space Program, ® One of the leading “rocket I have arranged a History men” from the era of Sputnik and 1976-2004 (Yale University Press), as Explorer dies / 18 Committee meeting in conjunction well as recognizing Maura P. with the conference at 2 p.m. on Mackowski with an Honorable ® Google Moon adds to its Apollo multimedia gallery / 2 Nov. 13. Although this meeting is Mention for Testing the Limits –

® Frank Winter, a member of the primarily for the benefit of commit- Aviation Medicine and the Origins of AAS History Committee, retires tee members, I would like to extend Manned Space Flight (Texas A&M after 39 years with the National an open invitation to others who University Press). Air and Space Museum / 3 might share an interest in our activi- You can read reviews of their ® The American Astronautical Society’s national conference is ties. winning entries in the upcoming fast approaching / 9-10 One of the highlights of the issue of Space Times that will be conference will be the presentation distributed at the conference. of awards during the awards banquet See you in Houston!

“I have never let my schooling interfere with my education.” — Mark Twain (1835 - 1910) www.quotationspage.com

A Q&A with Joan Johnson-Freese of Newport, R.I., professor and chair of Spotlight the Department of National Security Decision-Making, Naval War College, 12 and the newest member of the AAS History Committee.

AMERICAN ASTRONAUTICAL SOCIETY | AMERICA’S NETWORK OF SPACE PROFESSIONALS EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ IN THE NEWS Google adds Apollo imagery, movies to Web site

OFFETT FIELD, Calif. — New higher-resolution planning and data analysis. lunar imagery and maps that include NASA multi- The new site is designed to be user-friendly and M media content now are available on the Google encourage the exchange of data and ideas among scien- Moon Web site. tists and amateur astronomers. Updates include new content from the Apollo The announcement made in September closely missions, such as dozens follows the release of new of embedded panoramic NASA content in Google images, links to audio clips Earth, including photo- and videos and descrip- graphs taken by NASA tions of the astronauts’ astronauts and imagery activities during the from NASA’s Earth observ- missions. The new content ing satellite sensors, such as is overlaid on updated, the Sea-viewing Wide Field higher-resolution lunar of View Sensor, Landsat maps. and the Moderate Also added are Resolution Imaging detailed charts of different Spectrometer. regions of the moon simu- Astronaut photography lating a lunar mission suit- was developed in collabora- able for use by anyone. tion with the Crew Earth “NASA’s objective is Observations team, part of for Google Moon to the Image Science and become a more accurate Analysis Laboratory at the and useful lunar mapping in platform that will be a Houston. Satellite imagery of foundation for future Web- Earth was developed in part- based moon applications, nership with the Earth much like the many appli- Observatory team at cations that have been built Goddard Space Flight on top of Google Maps," Center in Greenbelt, Md. said Chris C. Kemp, direc- HTTP://MOON.GOOGLE.COM The alliance was tor of strategic business accomplished under a Space development at NASA’s Act Agreement signed in Ames Research Center. December 2006 by Google and NASA’s Ames Research “This will make it easier for scientists everywhere to Center. make lunar data more available and accessible,” he said. Google is headquartered near Ames in northern Google Moon’s visible imagery and topography are California’s Silicon Valley. aligned with the recently updated lunar coordinate For more information on Google Moon, visit: system and can be used for scientifically accurate mission http://moon.google.com

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¢ IN THE NEWS

COURTESY NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Frank Winter during the restoration of the Starship Enterprise model used in the Star Trek television series. Winter retires after four decades with NASM

By Mike Ciancone C. Clarke and acquire some hands-on experience with hardware. rank Winter, a member of the AAS History Among Winter’s unfinished business is a book that Committee, recently retired after 39 years with the will assess the technical accomplishments of Robert H. F Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum and Goddard and trace the evolution of his early theories on is attempting to ease into semi-retirement. . Winter started at NASM when the department was According to Frank, the book will not be a biography under the leadership of Frederick C. Durant. He was with the exception of an introductory biographical chap- named as curator of rocketry in 1984 and managed ter. primary collections associated with rocketry and popular “Biographies have already been written on Goddard,” culture and space. Winter said, “but this book will be different in more His position afforded him the opportunity to meet closely examining the technical side of the Goddard story many important and notable figures, including David and to show Goddard’s true role, or roles, in rocketry and Lasser, , Hermann Oberth and Arthur space flight.”

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 3 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ IN THE NEWS Woomera Rocket Range turns 60

By Kerrie Dougherty

arlier this year, about 1,000 former staff and their families returned to celebrate E the 60th anniversary of the establish- ment of the Anglo-Australian Woomera Rocket Range in South Australia, at one time the busiest weapons testing and launch facili- ty in the world. Founded as a test range for the devel- opment of long range missiles, Woomera also would become the site of British, European and Australian space-related programs aimed at exploring the upper reaches of the Earth’s atmosphere and developing satellite launch vehicles. Australia launched its first satellite, Wresat (Weapons Research Establishment Satellite), from Woomera in 1967, making it only the fourth country to independently launch its own satellite (albeit with a rocket supplied by the United States). Sadly, floundering British and Australian space ambitions saw Woomera gradually diminish in size, population and level of activity. Today, the Australian government searches to find new users for the range and uses to keep Woomera alive. For insight into the anniversary celebra- tion, please visit the online edition of the Woomera township newspaper “Gibber Gabber” at: http://www.woomera.com.au/community/ gibber_gabber/2007/20_Apr_07.pdf

Kerrie Dougherty is curator of space COURTESY DEFENSE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION technology at the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney, Australia. Woomera Rocket Range during the early 1960s.

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¢ CALL FOR PAPERS

Space Travel and Culture: The International Community of Flight: From Apollo to Space Tourism A Centennial History One of the most iconic moments of the 20th century was A conference is being planned to mark the centennial the first Apollo moon landing, which has its 40th anniversary of the Wright brothers demonstration flights of 1908. The in 2009. The images of the Earth from space and of Neil conference will be in Dayton, Ohio, May 8-10, 2008, at Armstrong and on the moon and the countless Wright State University. Conference organizers are seek- books, films and products associ- ing paper and panel propos- ated with space travel have a huge als focusing broadly on the significance in terms of popular international nature of the culture and artistic practice. history and development of Proposals for Space Travel flight, 1908-2008. and Culture: From Apollo to Possible topics include, Space Tourism (A Sociological but are not limited to, flight Review Monograph) are being research; development of sought. airlines and international The book seeks to provide transportation; important an interdisciplinary collection individuals, political and of essays on various aspects of diplomatic initiatives; avia- NASA, the moon landings and tion and the arts; internation- space travel. al cooperation; and interna- This is not a book about tional competition. cultural studies or history or Individual papers and the sociology of technology or panel proposals will be politics or management or accepted. Those submitting science fiction — yet all these an individual paper should will be involved in thinking provide a one-page abstract through the implications of of the topic and a one-page space travel for the way that curriculum vitae. Panel human beings have imagined proposals should include a themselves and the universe. NASA brief explanation of the over- Possible topics could include Astronaut Walter H. Schirra Jr., sits inside NASA’s all theme of the panel, plus the economics of space travel; Gemini VI spacecraft after the capsule was brought one-page abstracts of each alternative space programs; aboard the U.S.S. Wasp in December 1965. paper and one-page CVs for technoscience in space; space each participant. Those science fact and fiction; the politics of the Space Age; the submitting panels are strongly encouraged to also include popular cultures of space travel; gender in space; space age the names and CVs of proposed chairs and commenta- management; histories of the Space Age; the archaeology of tors. Established scholars and graduate students are space; space conspiracies; and folk myths. encouraged to apply. All materials must be submitted via The deadline for abstracts or a synopsis is Nov. 1. Full e-mail to François Le Roy, chair, Program Committee, at drafts will be required by July 1, 2008, and final revisions [email protected] by Oct. 15. by Dec. 1, 2008. Final chapters should be 5,000 to 6,000 words including notes and references. To have requests for papers added to the AAS history Contact Martin Parker at [email protected] and committee’s newsletter, send announcements to David Bell at [email protected]. [email protected]. (Attn: Tim Chamberlin, Explorer editor)

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 5 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ NEWS BRIEFS

‘EXPEDITION 6’ Stage play offers insight into sixth ISS crew’s mission A new docudrama about the two astronauts and cosmonaut living aboard the International Space Station after the loss of the Columbia is playing at Magic Theatre in San Francisco. The play, “Expedition 6,” explores the experiences of the sixth ISS crew (Commander Kenneth Bowersox and Flight Engineers Donald Pettit and Nikolai Budarin) based on NASA reports, interviews with the astronauts and their person- al writings. The production was created and is directed by actor Bill Pullman, who is most well known for his role as the president in the Hollywood block- buster “Independence Day.” NASA Interviews with Pullman and a ISS Expedition 6 crewmembers, wearing Russian Sokol suits, pose for a crew photo in theatrical trailer are available at the functional cargo block (FGB), or Zarya, on the International Space Station in http://www.magictheatre.org. November 2002. Pictured are astronaut Donald R. Pettit (front), NASA ISS science offi- “Expedition 6” is playing cer; cosmonaut Nikolai M. Budarin (left back), flight engineer; and astronaut Kenneth through Oct. 7. D. Bowersox, mission commander.

‘IN THE SHADOW OF THE MOON’ Apollo documentary contains Chris Riley, one of the film’s Lovell, Edgar Mitchell, Harrison unseen NASA footage producers, said he went through thou- Schmitt, Dave Scott and John Young. A new, award-winning documen- sands of miles of NASA film reels to The documentary was the Grand tary about the Apollo Project will open compile compelling footage for the Prize winner at the Boulder in theaters nationwide in October. documentary. None of it, however, International Film Festival, was Voted as the best documentary at contained sound, so audio loops from named Audience Award Best this year’s Sundance Film Festival, “In Mission Control recordings had to be International Feature at the Florida the Shadow of the Moon” contains obtained to synchronize with raw Film Festival and was named the archived footage of Apollo missions footage, Riley said on the Web site. Audience Award Best Documentary that has never been seen before, The film contains taped inter- at the Indianapolis International Film according to the film’s Web site views with 10 Apollo astronauts: Buzz Festival. (http://www.intheshadowofthemoon. Aldrin, Alan Bean, Gene Cernan, com). Mike Collins, Charlie Duke, Jim Continued on next page ®

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¢ NEWS BRIEFS

‘POPULAR’ ISSUE extensive corrosion and degradation past, present to the rocket. In 1999, the National SPACE HISTORY ENCYCLOPEDIA Air and Space Museum applied for a and future in spotlight grant to preserve the rocket. Editorial work on project In case you missed it on news- The Saturn 5 remains the most moving forward stands, the September issue of Popular powerful rocket ever built, and it was The ABC-CLIO/American Mechanics took a close look at the launched 13 times from 1967 to 1973. Astronautical Society space future of spaceflight and the first 50 history encyclopedia project, NASM ARCHIVE ADDITIONS years in space. Space Exploration and Humanity: The issue is archived on the V-2 blueprint, cosmonaut A Historical Encyclopedia, is now magazine’s Web site images among new collections 84 percent (http://www.popularmechanics.com/f complete. New collections recently were uturespace) and includes an interac- Editorial added to the Smithsonian National tive timeline of every launch since work is Air and Space Museum’s Archives Sputnik on Oct. 4, 1957. The timeline scheduled to Division’s accessions database. was created from a database constructed be complet- The collections are available for by Smithsonian astrophysicist and ed on the research but have not been fully space historian Jonathan McDowell. project early processed and detailed finding aids next year to R OCKET RESTORATION have not yet been created, said achieve NASM acquisition archivist Patti Saturn 5 at Johnson Space publication next fall. Williams. While there is quite a bit of Center gets new home “If you wish to use one of the work yet to do (including writ- The restoration of the Saturn 5 collections listed, please call the ing, editing, and reviewing), “we rocket resting at the gate to NASA’s Archives staff so that we can give you can see the light at the end of Johnson Space Center was unveiled the collection location, as collection the tunnel and have decided that to the public in July. material is housed both downtown it really isn’t an oncoming train!” Considered a Houston landmark and at our location at the Garber says general editor Stephen and national treasure, the immense Facility,” Williams said. Johnson. Saturn V rocket now is enclosed in a The collections include: If any historians would like newly constructed climate-controlled Neil Armstrong Digital ® to volunteer to help complete the building that protects it from rain, Photography project, please contact Johnson at intense heat and exposure to sunlight. Michael A. Minovitch ® stephen.b.johnson@.gov or For more than 20 years, the rocket sat Collection showing spacecraft 719-487-9833. unprotected in front of the space trajectories center. ® The William G. Dow V-2 The unveiling took place on July Rocket Collection For more information about 20, 38 years to the day after men first A V-2 (A-4) Missile Blueprint ® ® the encyclopedia, see the walked on the moon. Cosmonaut Photographs ® product fact sheet at ABC- The 30-story-tall rocket is part of McDonnell Douglas Space ® CLIO’s Web site. the Smithsonian National Air and Reports Space Museum collection and one of ® Orion Project (Nuclear Rocket) only three such rockets in existence. Photographs and Notes It has been on loan to JSC since 1977. For more information, call 202- Outdoor exposure had caused 633-2339.

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 7 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ NEW ON BOOKSHELVES

NASM chair publishes book needs in order to maintain its leading of more than 80 different lunar about Wernher von Braun role in space exploration. Taking a landers, 80 lunar rovers and mobile balanced look at the issues that have laboratories (MOLAB), more than 50 Michael J. Neufeld, chair of the contributed to the decline of lunar flying vehicles as well as Smithsonian National Air and Space America’s manned space program, sections on the Saturn and Nova Museum Space such as lack of political support and rockets, lunar space suits, Command History Division, funding, Johnson-Freese offers not and Service module variants, LM has written Von only a critique but also a plan for laboratories and orbiters, training Braun: Dreamer of enhancing U.S. space security vehicles, lunar walkers and lunar Space, Engineer of through cooperation rather than shelters. War (Alfred A. competition. The book should be in stores by Knopf), a biogra- The book offers a brief overview December. phy of the man of the history of international space Godwin is the founder of behind Nazi development through four eras: Collector’s Guide Publishing and the Germany’s V-1 and before Sputnik, the space race, after editor of the NASA Mission Reports V-2 rockets and the United States’ Apollo and globalization. Series by . post-war rocket program. Johnson-Freese is professor and Derived from this work are chair of the Department of National DK guide gives detailed view several papers he has published or Security Decision-Making at the of humans endeavors in space that will be presented at scholarly Naval War College. conferences, such as “Wernher von Science writer Giles Sparrow is Braun’s Ultimate Weapon,” an Blueprints help illustrate the chief author of Space Flight (DK abridgement of a Space Policy article ‘Exploration Scrapbook’ Publishers), a 320-page coffee-table that appeared in the Bulletin of the book that takes a Atomic Scientists (July-August 2007, Writer and editor Robert Godwin close look at the 50-57, 78). will soon release The Lunar last 50 years of Exploration humans endeavors U.S. space security central Scrapbook in space. theme of policy analysis (Collector’s Guide Like many of Publishing, Inc.), a DK’s books, Space Joan Johnson-Freese, a member reference book Flight is richly of the AAS History Committee, has about the explo- illustrated with written Space as a ration of the Moon more than 850 photographs, many of Strategic Asset during the 1960s which came from the original nega- (Columbia and ’70s and the tives. University Press), spacecraft used to Readers can learn about science a new policy get there. The book also includes fiction authors Jules Verne and H.G. analysis of current concepts of lunar spacecraft that Wells, and others such as Nikolai national security never were built. Kibalchich of Russia, who during the space issues. The Lunar Exploration 19th century produced some of the She argues Scrapbook combines modern first sketches of manned spaceflight that the race for computer graphics with old blue- vehicles. space weapons and ownership of prints to create a full-color history of Sparrow was also a major strategic space assets has alienated the golden era of lunar exploration. contributor to DK’s Universe: The the very allies that the United States The book contains descriptions Definitive Visual Guide.

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¢ AAS NATIONAL CONFERENCE Celebrating 50 Years – But What’s Next?

When: Nov. 12-14 Venue: South Shore Harbour Resort 2500 South Shore Blvd., League City, Texas 77573 Reservations: 800-442-5005 (Mention ‘AAS’ to get special $125 room rate) 8 www.sshr.com AAS conference registration: Phone: 703-866-0020 Fax: 703-866-3526 8 www.astronautical.org

Preliminary Program Then focus on the missions accomplished and lessons learned since 1958. Panelists will discuss “50 Years of Discovery and Achievement” MONDAY, NOVEMBER 12 in the areas of human spaceflight, astronomy and planetary science. 6–8 p.m. Networking Reception for all registrants and NextGen invitees The panelists also will discuss the effect of these achievements have on the next generation of scientists and engineers. TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 13 Moderator: Joe Alexander, National Academy of Sciences (confirmed) 7:00 a.m. Sponsors’ Breakfast with Michael Coats, Director, NASA Johnson Panelists: Space Center Matt Bille, associate, Booz Allen Hamilton (confirmed) 7:30 General Registration / Networking / Continental Breakfast Pat Reiff, Rice University (invited) 9:00 Welcome and Introduction Gene Levy, provost, Rice University (invited) Mark Craig, VP/manager, Space and Ocean Systems Solutions, SAIC J. Craig Wheeler, University of Texas at Austin (confirmed) AAS President 12 p.m. Luncheon 9:10 Opening Remarks and Introduction of Keynote Speaker Guest Speaker: Winston Scott (former astronaut), now vice president Michael Coats, Director, NASA Johnson Space Center and deputy general manager of the engineering and science contract 9:15 Carl Sagan Memorial Lecture and Award Presentation group for Jacobs Engineering in Houston, Texas. (confirmed) Maria T. Zuber, E.A. Griswold Professor of Geophysics and head of 1:30 Session 2: The Next Fifty Years – Goals and Challenges the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, This panel will view the future through a rapidly changing, technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology (confirmed) driven lens; address the responsibility to protect the environment and 10:00 Break tools to motivate NextGen, and look at the role of the federal govern- 10:15 Session 1: Celebrating NASA’s Heritage ment, academia and private sector. What stories will NextGen have for 50 Years of Discovery & Achievement their grandchildren in 2058? In recognition of the upcoming 50th anniversary of the founding of Moderator: Lon Rains, VP, editorial, Space News (confirmed) NASA, the opening panel will look back over those five decades. They will discuss the “wake-up call” of the Sputnik launch and how the U.S. space program and U.S. competitiveness in the space race emerged. Continued on next page ®

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 9 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ AAS NATIONAL CONFERENCE

1:30 Session 2: The Next Fifty Years – Goals and Challenges (cont.) WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 14 Panelists: Doug Cooke, deputy AA, NASA/ESMD (confirmed) 8:00 a.m. Registration / Networking / Continental Breakfast Paul Spudis, lunar scientist and member President’s Commission on 9:00 Opening Keynote VSE, APL (confirmed) Neil Milburn, VP, federal liaison and program manager, Armadillo Bretton Alexander, executive director, X-Prize Foundation (confirmed) Aerospace (confirmed) 9:30 Session 4: ISS: Critical Applications Beyond 2010 In-depth discussion of the International Space Station as a National 2:00 AAS History Committee meeting in conjunction with conference Laboratory. Moderator: TBD Panelists: TBD 3:00 Session 3: Downloading the Stars: 11:30 Luncheon The Future of Space Exploration Guest Speaker: Lori Garver, President, Capital Space (confirmed) This session will investigate new insights for the future of space explo- 1:15 p.m. Session 5: International Cooperation on Human Space ration through the eyes of young upcoming and visionary leaders in Activities the space industry. The session will include two short presentations This panel will examine international cooperation in human space and a discussion on how innovative products and technologies that activities, including its benefits and lessons for the future, and how are transforming our world today can be integrated into NASA space-faring nations are preparing for collaboration in future space missions of tomorrow. Featured panelists with experience in space exploration. The panel also will examine the potential for coopera- advocacy, public collaboration, art and design, prize competitions and tion in exploration. space tourism will specifically address how web2.0 technologies, Moderator: Lyn Wigbels, aerospace consultant and visiting fellow, prizes, virtual worlds, communities and innovative technologies can Center for Strategic and International Studies (confirmed) be used in space exploration and future NASA missions. Panelists will Panelists: include young professionals who are involved in technology, under- Frederic Nordlund, director, ESA Washington Office (confirmed) stand space and are leaders in their respective industries. Gib Kirkham, director, Exploration Systems and Aeronautics Moderator: Chris Nelson, Oceaneering (confirmed) Research Division, Office of External Relations, NASA Headquarters Presentations: (confirmed) George Whitesides, NSS director on “Public Participation in Space Ian Pryke, senior fellow, Center for Aerospace Policy Research, Exploration” (invited) School of Public Policy, George Mason University (confirmed) William Pomerantz, director of Space Projects, X PRIZE Foundation Graham Gibbs, counselor, Space Affairs/Canadian Space Agency (confirmed) (confirmed) Robbie Schingler, NASA Ames CoLab manager on “Participatory 3:00 Break Exploration” (invited) 3:15 Session 6: Exploring the Policy and Political Landscape on the Karen Lau, space artist (invited) Space Frontier Tim Bailey, Zero Gravity Corp. and 2008 World Space Expo Moderator: Bill Adkins, President, Adkins Strategies LLC coordinator (confirmed) (confirmed) 4:45 Adjourn Panelists: TBD 7:00 Pre-Banquet Reception 4:30 Closing Remarks 7:30 Awards Banquet Mark Craig Guest Speaker: Wayne Hale, manager, Space Shuttle Program 5:00 Adjourn / Closing Reception Office (invited) Honored Guest: Rep. Nick Lampson, D-Texas (invited)

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¢ CALENDAR

2007 October 22-23 *Remembering the Space Age October 17-December 6 50th Anniversary Conference Curator’s Choice Presentations AAAS Auditorium Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. 8 www.tisconferences.com/aaas 8 www.nasm.si.edu/events/calendar.cfm October 17 October 31-November 1 “Windows on Earth.” (with Priscilla Strain) Making Science Global October 31 “Moonscape.” Lester Cooke and an Art Program for Reconsidering the Social and Intellectual NASA. (with Tom Crouch) Implications of the International Polar and December 6 Geophysical Years The ATS 1 Satellite and the Historic ‘Our World’ S. Dillon Ripley Center, Smithsonian Institution (with Martin Collins) Washington, D.C. All presentations begin on Wednesdays at noon. www.nasm.si.edu/getinvolved/makingscienceglobal Meet at the museum seal in the Milestones of Flight 8 Gallery 100. Admission is free. November 16 Space Age 50th Anniversary Symposium October 16-17 The Evolution of Air and Space Power AAAS Auditorium, Washington, D.C. Reception at Russian Embassy will follow. Know the Past – Shape the Future Sheraton Crystal City Hotel Arlington, Va. 2008 8 http://www.afhistoricalfoundation.org February 6-9 Imagining Outer Space, 1900-2000 October 18-21 An International Conference Society for the History of Technology Annual Meeting Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany www.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/outerspace Looking Back, Looking Beyond: 50th Anniversary 8 Capitol Hilton March 5-6 Washington, D.C. 46th Robert H. Goddard Memorial 8 www.historyoftechnology.org/annualmtg.html Symposium Greenbelt Marriott Hotel, Greenbelt, Md. * Held in conjunction with the Society for the www.astronautical.org History of Technology annual meeting. 8

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 11 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ Spotlight

Joan Johns0n-Freese is the newest member of the AAS History Committee. She is professor and chair of the Department of National Security Decision-Making at the Naval War College in Newport, R.I. She is an adjunct professor at Harvard University where she has lectured about space and security and has authored several papers and books on space policy, international cooperation and the Chinese space program.

What are your specific interests in dominate space. In order to do that, I’ve space history? been delving back into the arguments in support of the Anti-Ballistic Missile As a political scientist, space is a Treaty to see if they are still relevant unique area because its history – in terms today, and if they aren’t, what’s changed. Joan of spaceflight – is relatively short and So far, looks like the arguments are all still Johnson- therefore can be studied more or less in relevant! Freese its entirety. So when I teach space policy, Hometown: I feel fortunate that students can place How did you get interested in Toledo, Ohio policy actions today in the context of space history? Considers space history and understand that space- Like most people my age, I can tell “home”: flight is, for the most part, a creature of you exactly where I was during the first Honolulu, Hawaii the Cold War now forced to adjust to the manned space launch (sitting in my Resides in: demands and realities of globalization. elementary school classroom listening to Newport, R.I. the radio broadcast over the public Education: B.A. What are you currently working on address system) and first Apollo landing (political related to space history? (in front of the family television for science) hours). What’s better than actually work- Bowling Green I’m working on a follow-up book to ing in a field considered inspirational for State University; Space as a Strategic Asset that focuses M.A. (political specifically on whether or not the United science) Case States can (technically or politically) Continued on next page ® Western Reserve University; Ph.D. (political science) Kent “ State University . . . space is a unique area because its history – in terms of spaceflight – is relatively short and therefore can be studied more or less in Q&A its entirety. ” PAGE 12 WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG OCTOBER 2007 | ISSUE 4

solid fuel) and technology issues. just because of the Cold War and ® JOAN JOHNSON-FREESE Continued from Page 12 And Independence Day … well, a bunch of politicians who didn’t besides being a crowd pleaser, see eye to eye. In one instance, tracking data so many people around the world? always generates discussion on competition versus cooperation. from JPL that had to be provided What are your favorite In terms of books, I still enjoy to Russian scientists to calculate classics like Walter McDougall’s course corrections for their space- space-related books, movies The Heavens and the Earth as a craft was given through a third- and Web sites? comprehensive space history, and party intermediary in Germany because American and Russian I have used Apollo 13, Contact, James Mitchner’s Space as fiction. scientists weren’t allowed to offi- Space Camp and Independence Web sites ... the list is long … but I cially talk with each other. Science Day in my classes at one time or especially like and cooperation prevailed! As a another – as all point out policy armscontrolwonk.com. political scientist, I find that issues that I think are insightful remarkable. and illustrative. Through Apollo 13 Besides the first piloted I point out the political need to lunar landing, what do you spread the Apollo program out to What else would you like to think was the most share with us? all 50 states to get it financed and memorable moment in the role of doctors in spaceflight space history and why? My career has afforded me and exploration. Contact is a great opportunities to travel to places vehicle to talk about how the I think I would have to say the and meet people I never would different goals of scientists, engi- work done in the 1980s in prepara- have done otherwise. My political neers and politicians can clash. tion for and during Halley’s Comet scientist colleagues are always That’s a huge policy issue that is by individuals associated with the very jealous. I tell them it was often underrated. Space Camp Inter-Agency Consultative Group their choice to study state and simplistically provides a basis for for Space Sciences. That was a local politics or political theory discussing some propulsion (e.g. group of scientists determined not rather than international space the difficulties of working with to let opportunity pass them by policy!

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 13 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ AAS HISTORY SERIES: VOLUME 28

The latest volume in the AAS History Series includes proceedings of the 33rd C OMING SOON History Symposium of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in 1999. Papers presented in the book are listed below: Dr. Irene Sänger-Bredt: A Life for Williams, Max Engel and Hans ten Astronautics, by Nicolae-Florin Cate Zaganescu, George Popa, Rodica “RD & PE Zvezda” JSC: A History of the Zaganescu and Lucia Popa. Creation of the Russian Spacesuits, John Leland Atwood: Biographical Escape and Life Support Means for Memoir, by Shirley Thomas Space Vehicle and Space Station Liquid Propellant Engines in the Crews, by G. I. Severin, I. P. Abramov, Soviet Union, by Christian Lardier M. N. Doudnik and V. I. Svertshek The True Beginnings of French The Effect of Gravity-Propelled Astronautics, 1938-1959 (Part 1), by Interplanetary Space Travel on the Philippe Jung Exploration of the Solar System: Evolution of Asphalt Rocket Propellants Historical Survey, 1961 to 2000, by from World War II JPL/Aerojet Richard L. Dowling, William J. Research to Postwar Spin-Offs by the Kosmann, Michael A. Minovitch Rocket Research Institute, by George and Rex W. Ridenoure Volume 28 S. James, Charles J. Piper III, Frank H. The First French Experiences of Space Winter and John Bluth Biology During Parabolic Flights, by History of Rocketry The Shusui Japanese Rocket Fighter in Alexandre-Claude Timsit, Gérard and Astronautics World War II, by Yasunori Chatelier and Hervé Moulin Edited by Frank H. Winter, Matogawa A Little-Known Project of a Super- 2007, 560p The East Parking Lot Rocket Heavy Space Rocket, S. N. Experiments of North American Konyukhov, by O. I. Drobakhin and Hard Cover $95 Aviation, Inc., 1946-1949, by Frank V. A. Pashchenko (ISBN 978-0-87703-539-8) H. Winter Scientific Experiences Using Soft Cover $70 History of French Sounding Rockets Argentinean Sounding Rockets in (ISBN 978-0-87703-540-4) Part I: Véronique and Vesta—Their Antarctica, by Miguel Sánchez-Peña Development and Operation, by Recovering Rockets from the Desert: This book and others in Christophe Rothmund, Hervé Moulin, Exercises in Retrieving Australia’s the AAS History Series J. J. Serra and Jean Louis Lafon Space Heritage from the Simpson (see next page) may be The Netherlands in Space: How it all Desert, by Roger Henwood and purchased directly from Began, by Henk Olthof and Jan H. Kerrie Dougherty Univelt Inc. De Koomen On the Connectivity Between the Call 760-746-4005 or fax Flight Termination of the First Large French and Hamiltonian 760-746-3139 to place an Solid Propellant Rockets, by Julius Approaches to Celestial Mechanics, order. H. Braun by Peter M. Bainum Or write to: Univelt Inc., Black Prince, by Douglas Millard Apollo 30th Anniversary: Two Views P.O. Box 28130, San Diego, The Question of the Artificial Satellite in – Part 1: Was the Apollo Program a CA 92198; or e-mail the Mid-1950s: French Scientists and “Dead End?”, Marsha Freeman [email protected] Their Approach, by Hervé Moulin Apollo 30th Anniversary: Two Views History of Commercial Satellite – Part 2: Project Apollo in American Services Industry, by Linda Memory and Myth, Roger D. Launius

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¢ AAS HISTORY SERIES

PREVIOUS VOLUMES Discounts Vol. 1 Two Hundred Years of Flight in America: A Bicentennial Survey, 1977, A 50% discount off list prices 326p, 1981, Hard $35; Soft $25. for all AAS History Series Vol. 2 Twenty-Five Years of the American Astronautical Society: Historical volumes is available for indi- Reflections and Projections, 1954-1979, 1980, 248p, Hard $25; Soft $15. vidual members of the: Vol. 3 Between Sputnik and the Shuttle: New Perspectives on American I American Astronautical Astronautics, 1957-1980, 1981, 350p, Hard $40; Soft $30. Society History Committee Vol. 4 The Endless Space Frontier: A History of the House Committee on Science I International Academy of and Astronautics, 1982, 460p, Hard $45. Astronautics History Study Vol. 5 Science Fiction and Space Futures: Past and Present, 1982, 278p, Hard $35; Soft $25. Group Vol. 6 First Steps Toward Space, 1986, 318p, Hard $45; Soft $35. I Authors for books in which their articles appear Vol. 7 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1986, Part I, 250p, Part II, 502p, sold as a set, Hard $100; Soft $80. A 25% discount off list prices Vol. 8 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1989, 368p, Hard $50; Soft $35. for all AAS History Series Vol. 9 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1989, 330p, Hard $50; Soft $35. volumes is available for indi- Vol. 10 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1990, 330p, Hard $60; Soft $40. vidual members of the AAS, Vol. 11 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1994, 236p, Hard $60; Soft $40. AIAA, AAAF and: Vol. 12 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1991, 252p, Hard $60; Soft $40. I The British Interplanetary Society Vol. 13 History of Liquid Rocket Engine Development in the United States 1955- 1980, 1992, 176p, Out of Print. I The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft und Raumfahrt Vol. 14 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1993, 222p, Hard $50; Soft $35. I The National Space Vol. 15 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1993, 452p, Hard $60; Soft $40. Society Vol. 16 Out From Behind the Eight-Ball: A History of Project Echo, 1995, 176p, I The Space Studies Hard $50; Soft $30. Institute Vol. 17 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1995, 480p, Hard $60; Soft $40. The U.S. Space Foundation I Vol. 18 Organizing for the Use of Space: Historical Perspectives on a Persistent The Planetary Society I Issue, 1995, 234p, Hard $60; Soft $40. I Individual members of any IAF Society may take the Vol. 19 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1997, 318p, Hard $60; Soft $40. same discount. Vol. 20 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1997, 344p, Hard $60; Soft $40. Vol. 21 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1997, 368p, Hard $60; Soft $40. The AAS History Committee, Vol. 22 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1998, 418p, Hard $60; Soft $40. first under the leadership of Vol. 23 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 2001, 566p, Hard $85; Soft $60 Eugene M. Emme, NASA Vol. 24 The Origins And Technology Of The Advanced Extra-Vehicular Space historian, established the AAS Suit, 2001, 558p, Hard $85; Soft $60. History Series of books in 1977 to dedicate the continued Vol. 25 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 2003, 370p, Hard $85; Soft $60. pursuit and broader apprecia- Vol. 26 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 2005, 430p, Hard $95; Soft $70. tion of the full history of flight Vol. 27 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 2007, 416p, Hard $95; Soft $70. in American history and its global influence. For more information about the AAS History Series, visit Univelt’s Web site.

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 15 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ COMMITTEE CONTACT INFORMATION

MICHAEL L. CIANCONE, DR. STEVEN J. DICK DR. STEPHEN B. KATHERINE SCOTT CHAIR NASA History Office JOHNSON STURDEVANT NASA Johnson Space Center NASA Headquarters National Institute for Science, Communication, Humanities, and Houston, TX Washington, DC Space, and Security Centers Technical Studies Division 281-483-8848 202-358-0383 University of Colorado Rampart Range Campus of Pikes [email protected] [email protected] at Colorado Springs Peak Community College Larkspur, CO Colorado Springs, CO JAMES R. KIRKPATRICK STEPHEN E. DOYLE 719-487-9833 (home office) 719-502-3146 (Ex Officio) Shingle Springs, CA 719-238-8244 (cell) [email protected] Executive Director 916-638-7967 [email protected] American Astronautical Society [email protected] DR. RICK W. STURDEVANT Springfield, VA DR. De WITT DOUGLAS Air Force Space Command 703-866-0020 DR. DONALD C. ELDER KILGORE AFSPC/HO [email protected] History Department Department of English Peterson AFB, CO Eastern New Mexico University Indiana University 719-554-3081 KATIE J. BERRYHILL Portales, NM Bloomington, IN [email protected] American Public University 505-562-2438 812-323-7972 System 505-562-2601 (direct) [email protected] FRANK H. WINTER Benicia, CA [email protected] Department of Space History 707-745-1405 DR. ROGER D. LAUNIUS National Air and Space Museum [email protected] JOAN JOHNSON-FREESE Division of Space History Smithsonian Institution National Security Decision Making Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC MATTHEW BILLE Department Washington, DC 202-633-2421 Booz Allen Hamilton Naval War College 202-633-2428 [email protected] Colorado Springs, CO Newport, RI [email protected] 719-387-2062 401 841 3540 719-648-4121 (cell) [email protected] GIDEON MARCUS [email protected] Vista, CA R. CARGILL HALL 760-630-6849 JAMES BUSBY Woodbridge, VA [email protected] Mojave, CA 703-497-4322 310-464-7445 [email protected] DR. TREVOR C. SORENSEN [email protected] Hawaii Space Flight ROBERT JACOBS Laboratory TIMOTHY M. CHAMBERLIN Univelt Incorporated University of Hawaii at Manoa Oologah, OK San Diego, CA Honolulu, HI 803-338-0514 760-746-4005 808-721-9374 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

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Unique moments inlooking the history of rocketry andback astronautics

COURTESY KERRIE DOUGHERTY, POWERHOUSE MUSEUM, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA Tracking posts at Woomera The dual-unit Contraves kinetheodolite tracking post was one of several located around Woomera Rocket Range in South Australia to track missile tests and rocket launches. The Swiss-made Contraves kinetheodolites are a combination theodolite tracking instrument and film camera used to track and visually record the behavior of rockets and missiles. They were first introduced at Woomera in 1955 and were usually operated by women. A male senior officer was in charge of each tracking post. This image was taken in the early 1960s.

WWW.ASTRONAUTICAL.ORG PAGE 17 EXPLORER 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE AAS HISTORY COMMITTEE

¢ HOMER JOSEPH STEWART (1915-2007) Helped steer NASA during start of Space Age

By Matt Bille and Erika Lishock eventually became a significant success, it experienced a critical failure in a much-publicized launch attempt short- ne of the leading “rocket men” from the era of ly after the Soviet Union’s success with Sputnik 1. The Sputnik and Explorer has died. Army team, in cooperation with JPL, was given the go- O Dr. Homer Joeseph Stewart earned his doctor- ahead to attempt a satellite launch as quickly as possible. ate in aeronautics at the California Institute of That effort produced America’s first successful satellite Technology in 1940 and launch of Explorer 1. proudly identified with the After the school for the rest of his success of the life. He taught at Caltech Explorer program, for many years and co- Stewart, on leave founded the Caltech-run from Caltech, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. became the first In the early 1950s, he director of planning worked at JPL, then under and evaluation for contract to the U.S. Army, the newly created on rocket and missile National propulsion systems. Here Aeronautics and his contributions included Space work on the WAC Administration. He Corporal, Corporal and testified at the Sergeant missiles. pivotal Senate In 1955, he was chosen committee hearings to lead the Advisory Group called by then-Sen. on Special Capabilities, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson known forever after as the on the state of Stewart Committee. In a controversial decision, a 5-2 American space and missile technology and his percep- majority of the committee voted to select the Navy’s tion that the Soviet Union still held a significant lead in satellite proposal (later named Project Vanguard) to the latter field. At NASA, Stewart’s work included assist- become the nation’s first satellite program. Vanguard ing with the development of the Pioneer IV lunar probe won out over a competing idea from the Army’s Guided and early planning for what became Project Apollo. Missile Development Division, headed by Wernher von Stewart stayed at NASA for two years before Braun, as well as a less-developed Air Force proposal. returning to Caltech, where he continued aerospace Stewart, who favored the more mature rocket technology research and taught until his retirement in 1980. available from the Army, was in the minority. Stewart was 91 at the time of his death on May 26, The committee’s decision was based primarily on 2007. He is survived by three siblings, three children Vanguard’s potentially greater scientific return, although and two grandchildren. Stewart later wrote that some lingering anti-German sentiment also may have been a factor. Matt Bille and Erika Lishock are the authors of The Stewart encouraged the Army team to keep working First Space Race: Launching the World’s First Satellites on its idea in case Vanguard faltered. While Vanguard (Texas A&M University Press, 2004).

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50th anniversary of Sputnik 1 is topic of upcoming ‘Space Show’ Special note

Matt Bille, a member of the AAS History Committee, and Erika Lishock will The NASA History News and Notes discuss the importance of the 50th anniversary of the Sputnik 1 launch and related newsletter is available online at http://history.nasa.gov/nltrc.pdf topics, including their book, The First Space Race, on “The Space Show” Oct. 3 from 7-8:30 PST. Previous editions of the NASA History News and Notes newsletter are “The Space Show” will air on KKNW 1150AM Seattle as well as stream live on available in pdf and html format at the Internet at www.thespaceshow.com. http://history.nasa.gov/histnews.htm The show will be archived in MP3 format and available at American Astronautical www.thespaceshow.com shortly after the broadcast. Society David Livingston, host of “The Space Show,” has conducted more than 700 ¬America’s network of space interviews since 2001, all of which are archived on the show’s Web site. professionals ¬Network, not just an organization Space professionals, technical and non-technical¬ International Test and Evaluation Journal Dedicated to advancing Proposals for the “Historical Perspectives” column are being accepted for The all space activities Journal of the International Test and Evaluation Association (ITEA), a professional, Solely to space magazine-style quarterly distributed to practitioners of T&E the world over. ¬ To helping the people, the profession In general, journal articles are about testing developments and techniques as and¬ the enterprise flourish applied to a broad range of disciplines — often, but not always, things that fly. ¬To harnessing the energy and The journal’s “Historical Perspectives” column involves short historical sketches capability of our members to make a difference! of up to 1,200 words, with three or four photographs to accompany them. Longer historical pieces also have been published in the main part of the journal for subjects 6352 Rolling Mill Place of special interest to the association. Suite 102 Springfield, VA 22152-2354 The subject matter for the column is intentionally broad. All periods of history are open, and T&E is defined liberally: in the modern Email: [email protected] Phone: sense of complex, computerized experiments, but also the much less complex T&E 703-866-0020 | 703-866-3526 as understood in earlier periods. The American Astronautical Society’s Contact Michael Gorn, history editor, at 661-276-2355 or by e-mail at History Committee publishes Explorer quarterly. To receive Explorer via e-mail, [email protected]. send a message to [email protected]. You will receive confirmation that your e-mail address has been added to the AAS History Committee’s electronic e-mail list for the newsletter.

The latest issue of this newsletter is available at the American Astronautical Society’s Web site. Please visit www.astronautical.org/AASexplorer.pdf On the horizon Tim Chamberlin is editor and designer of Explorer. He welcomes comments about the content and format of this What the AAS History Committee has in the works newsletter. Send comments to [email protected]. for its winter newsletter The AAS National Conference A summary of the AAS History Committee’s meeting and other lectures held at the conference in League City, Texas.

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