SOUBORNÝ REFERÁT History of the CINP (Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum)

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Ban T. A.

Recognition that one of the essential prerequi- to neuropsychopharmacology and through the sites of successful neuropsychopharmacological organization encourage and promote international research is a continuous dialogue between clini- scientific study, teaching and application of neu- cians and basic scientists created a need for the ropsychopharmacology.“ founding of an association which would provide Prior to the inaugural meeting there was dis- a platform for interaction among the different dis- agreement between the two main players in the ciplines of the new field. founding, Rothlin and Trabucchi, regarding membership in the organization, reflecting major dif- ferences in their expectations about the collegium. In this dispute Rothlin prevailed and membership THE FOUNDING OF CINP was restricted to those actively involved in the new field instead of being open to all interested in To start the dialogue between clinicians and the new drugs. However, as a compromise, it was basic scientists an International Symposium on decided that congresses should alternate between Psychotropic Drugs was hosted by Emilio Trabuc- „open“ meetings with free attendance for everyone chi, chairman of the department of pharmacology, interested in the field, and „closed“ meetings with and Silvio Garattini, a young pharmacologist, at attendance restricted to CINP members and their the University of Milan in May 1957. On the sec- invited guests. The idea was that open meetings ond day of this symposium Wolfgang de Boor, with larger audiences would provide a forum to a psychiatrist working in Cologne, Germany, and communicate new developments in neuropsy- Corneille Radouco-Thomas, a pharmacologist chopharmacology. By contrast, closed meetings working in Geneva, Switzerland, proposed the would allow for interaction among the disciplines, founding of an „international association“ to pro- the provision of feedback from clinicians to basic vide a forum for interaction between clinicians and scientists, and the conversion of findings in pre- basic scientists for the study of psychotropic drugs. clinical neuropharmacologic research into clinical The formal inauguration of CINP took place psychopharmacologic hypotheses. four months after the Milan Symposium, during The 1st CINP Congress – organized by Emilio the Second World Congress of Psychiatry in Trabucchi – was an open meeting in 1958 in Rome, Zurich, on September 2, 1957, at a dinner meeting, Italy, with about 500 participants from 26 countries hosted by Rothlin, in the buffet of the city’s rail- [5]. Its central theme was drug-induced behavior; way station. By the end of the dinner Rothlin, and the symposia were dedicated to methods of a former director of Sandoz, was elected president, analyses of drug-induced behavior in animals and W. A. Stoll, treasurer, Corneille Radouco-Thomas man; to the comparison of abnormal behavioral and Herman Denber, secretaries, and Pierre states induced by psychotropic drugs in animal and Deniker and Philip Bradley, councilors. The 32 man; and to the comparison of drug-induced and invited guests became the founders of CINP [1]. endogenous psychoses. The Congress provided a platform for Julius Axelrod, an American bio- chemist who was to receive the Nobel Prize, to present his discovery that catechol-O-methyl trans- TRANSLATION OF FINDINGS ferase plays a role in the inactivation of norepinehrine (NE), which led to the transmethyla- What are the aims of CINP? According to its tion hypothesis of schizophrenia; for Manfred Constitution and By-Laws, drafted in 1957, the Bleuler, a prominent Swiss psychiatrist, to express primary objective of the organization is „to estab- his belief that one should not expect that anomalies lish (provide for) an organization whose members of NE or serotonin (5-HT) could explain the patho- shall meet from time to time“ at least once every genesis of schizophrenia; and for Pierre Lambert, two years, „to consider and discuss matters related a young French psychiatrist, to propose a classifica-

Presented at the CINP Regional Meeting in Brno, Czech Republic, September 10, 2004.

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tion of neuroleptics, prepared by the Comité Lyon- one topic, was optimal for interaction and should naise, in which neuroleptics are divided into „seda- have been adopted at future meetings. But this did tive,“ chlorpromazine-type (which are less potent on not happen. The 5th CINP Congress, an open meet- a mg per kg basis and produce drowsiness and las- ing, organized by Jonathan Cole (69) during Jean situde with relatively few extrapyramidal signs Delay’s presidency, in 1966 in Washington, DC, [EPS]) and „incisive,“ prochlorperazine-type (which United States, featured 14 scientific symposia cov- are more potent on a mg per kg basis and produce ering many areas of neuropsychopharmacology ataraxy without drowsiness but with frequent and [7]; and the 6th CINP Congress, a closed meeting, marked EPS). organized by F. G. Valdecasas during his presiden- The 2nd CINP congress – organized by Ernst cy (1966–168), in 1968, in Tarragona, Spain, Rothlin, during the second term of his presidency accommodated as many as eight free communica- (1958–1960) – was a closed meeting in 1960 in tions sessions with widely different topics [9]. Basle, Switzerland, with about 250 participants By the end of the 1960s, despite of the restric- [21]. The program focused on methodological tion of membership to those actively involved in issues relevant to the detection of the mode of the new field, interaction between basic scientists action and the therapeutic effects of psychotropic and clinical investigators decreased at the bienni- drugs. It was at the Basle meeting that Arvid al meetings, and clinical feedback was largely dis- Carlsson, a Swedish pharmacologist who was to missed. Since by the early 1970s conversion receive the Nobel Prize, presented his findings on (translation) of findings from one discipline to selective changes in brain monoamines with psy- another to establish relationships, e.g., between chotropic drugs. This was to provide the theoreti- structural changes and activity, was no longer of cal framework that dominated neuropsychophar- central importance at the meetings, the only dif- macology for well over two decades. It was also at ference remaining between open and closed meet- the Basle meeting that Fritz Freyhan, one of the ings was in the number of registrants. However, American pioneers of psychopharmacology, called alternation between open and closed meetings lin- for a „critical examination“ of the commonly held gered on until the mid-1980s. belief that there is a linear relationship between neuroleptic potency and therapeutic effects. By presenting clinical evidence that „compounds showing higher frequencies of hyperkinetic syn- COMMUNICATION OF FINDINGS dromes also have higher failure rates“ in treatment, he provided the kind of feedback for During the 1970s pharmacotherapy with psy- researchers involved in psychotropic drug develop- chotropic drugs became the primary form of treatment that might have prevented the detour in the ment in mental illness; psychiatrists involved in pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia that entailed psychopharmacology were becoming part of the „high potency“ neuroleptics, and the accompany- psychiatric establishment; and CINP congresses ing high prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in neu- were transformed into meetings with less and less roleptic-treated patients. emphasis on interaction and feedback, and with rd The 3 CINP Congress – organized by Dieter more and more emphasis on presentations on new- Bente, Hanns Hippius, and Fritz Flügel during ly emerging areas of research. The 7th CINP Paul Hoch’s presidency (1960–1962) – was an open Congress – organized by Zdenek Votava and meeting in 1962 in Munich, Germany [6]. It was Oldrich Vinar during Heinz Lehmann’s presidency the 10th anniversary of the introduction of chlor- (1968–1970) – in 1970, in Prague, Czechoslovakia, promazine (CPZ), and the meeting provided an included symposia on lithium with special atten- opportunity to critically examine ten years of psy- tion to the prophylactic treatment of bipolar disor- chopharmacology. der; on amine precursors with special attention on The 4th CINP Congress – organized by Philip the treatment of affective disorder; and on the Bradley during Hans Hoff s presidency evaluation of anxiolytic drugs [23]. The 8th (1962–1964) – was a closed meeting in 1964 in Congress – organized by Eric Jacobssen during his Birmingham, England [3]. The program was presidency (1970–1972) – in 1972, in Copenhagen, uniquely structured in that the first day was de- Denmark, featured the pharmacotherapy of sexu- dicated to a plenary session in which speakers al disorders, and the long term effects of psy- with different backgrounds introduced the central chotropic drugs [2]; the 9th – organized by Jacques theme from their own point of view; the second Boissier during Hanns Hippius’ presidency – in and third days were given to discussion in working 1974, in Paris, France, looked at the effect of drugs groups; and the fourth and final day to a second on cyclic AMP in the brain, and at genetics in psy- plenary session at which deliberations of the work- chopharmacology [4]; the 10th – organized by ing groups were summarized in reports. Radouco-Thomas and André Villeneuve during Many of those who attended the Birmingham Deniker’s presidency – in Quebec City, Canada, Congress felt that the format of the meeting, with focused on geriatric psychopharmacology, on the

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role of cations in synaptic function, and on the chiatry and neurochemistry, „emphasized that interrelationship between neurotransmitter sys- neurotransmitter receptor sites are central to our tems [11]; and the 11th – organized by Bernd Sale- understanding of synaptic functions,“ and sugges- tu during Leo Hollister’s presidency (1976–1978) – ted that „the techniques for identifying receptor in Vienna, Austria, dealt with psychopharmacolo- sites can be applied to an understanding of the gy in children, endorphins and narcotic antago- modified and modulated enzymatic changes that nists in the treatment of schizophrenia, and the may be necessary to ameliorate, or correct beha- role of GABA-ergic mechanisms in the action of vioral disorders“; and Bloom, whose background benzodiazepines [22]. was primarily in neurophysiology, felt „encour- By the end of the 1970s it was recognized that aged to anticipate that disturbed behavior may pharmacotherapy based on hypotheses derived eventually be understood in terms of known disor- from studies on the mode of action of psychotropic dered brain functions.“ In his plenary lecture he drugs, such as the catecholamine hypothesis of „described a Brave New World that will be known depression, and the dopamine hypothesis of schi- in terms of cell function at the molecular level, of zophrenia, did not work. Antidepressants, such as anatomical connections, and of a galaxy of trans- desipramine or nortriptyline, were more selective mitters and their modifiers ‘signaling’ to each oth- NE reuptake inhibitors than imipramine or er“ [24]. amitriptyline but were not more effective in the treatment of depression; and fluphenazine and haloperidol were more potent dopamine (DA) blockers, but not more effective in the treatment of COMMUNICATION OF schizophrenia. In spite of this, CINP congresses INTERPRETATIONS have become increasingly dominated by neuropharmacology, driven by technological progress, In contrast to the major advances in neurophar- such as the development of receptor binding macology, there was little progress in clinical psy- assays, and receptor subtypes, which led to the chopharmacology after the 1970s. The methodolo- delineation of the receptor profiles of neuroleptic gy of clinical psychopharmacology has the and antidepressant drugs. capability only to demonstrate therapeutic effec- By the early 1980s basic research in neurophar- tiveness but not to translate the differential recep- macology was no longer restricted to cerebral tor profiles of drugs into therapeutic profiles rele- monoamines; it was extended to neuropeptides vant to treatment. Idiosyncratic classifications, and prostaglandins. The 12th CINP Congress – with possibly homogeneous treatment groups, are organized by Carlsson during his presidency covered up by consensus-based classifications, (1978–1980) – in 1980, in Göteborg, Sweden, was such as the ICD-10 of the World Health Organiza- the first meeting to reflect „the shift from neuro- tion, or the DSM-IV of the American Psychiatric transmitter biochemistry at the synaptic cleft to Association. Signs and symptoms which are rele- receptor research“ [8]; the 13th Congress – organ- vant to diagnosis are dismissed by sensitized rat- ized by Robert Belmaker during Paul Janssen’s ing scales. Multi-center, centrally-coordinated (90) presidency (1980–1982) – in 1982, in clinical investigations with sample-sizes deter- Jerusalem, Israel, „documented the (ongoing mined by power statistics lead to semi-finished worldwide) effort to understand mental disease in psychotropic drugs without any guidance in pre- terms of molecular processes“ [12]; the 14th – dicting which form of illness is responsive to the organized by Giorgio Racagni during Paul Kiel- drug. holz’s presidency (1982–1984) – in 1984, in By the late 1980s the gap between neurophar- Florence, Italy, reinforced the belief that employ- macology – with the capability to „taylor drugs“ to ment of molecular neurobiology, an emerging new receptor affinities by the employment of genetic science, „could lead to research that will transcend technology – and psychopharmacology –with the existing boundaries of neuropsychopharmaco- a methodology to demonstrate therapeutic effec- logy“ [15]; and the 15th – organized by William tiveness in diagnostic categories which are widely Bunney and Oakley Ray (92) during Ole heterogenous in responsiveness to treatment – Rafaelsen’s presidency (1984–1986) – in 1986, in grew so wide, that without the interpretation of San Juan, Puerto Rico, raised hopes that the study neuropharmacological findings, it could not be of „receptor site response to secondary transmitter bridged Interpretations rendered neuropharmaco- systems could provide an avenue for the develop- logical findings applicable for clinical use before ment of new therapeutic substances.“ The San establishing a definite relationship between the Juan Congress featured plenary lectures by two findings and clinical effects. Since neuropharma- Nobel Laureates, Julius Axelrod, and Gerald Edel- cology remained the driving force behind the man, and two first generation neuropsychophar- development of new drugs, it led to neuropsy- macologists, Solomon Snyder and Floyd Bloom. chopharmacologists having close-ties with the Snyder, whose background was primarily in psy- pharmaceutical industry in order to serve as

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„interpreters.“ In the absence of a suitable clinical Ray. Coppen was first to organize a Presidents’ methodology for showing anything beyond thera- Workshop shortly after his tenure in 1991, in San peutic effects, the purpose of CINP Congresses Juan, Puerto Rico. Subsequently several other shifted from communication of findings, to com- presidents, organized workshops, focused on their munication of interpretations about the clinical scientific interest. Coppen’s presidency culminated implications of the mode of action of psychotropic in the Kyoto Congress, the first major program of drugs. Since all preclinical and clinical data on CINP outside of Europe and North America. From a new drug are in the possession of the drug com- its 2430 participants about 1000 were from Japan. pany that developed it, the interpretations are At the business meeting in Kyoto, several inevitably cloaked in corporatemarketing deci- Japanese psychiatrists were elected to member- sions, even if they were made with input from ship, and with 56 elected members in 1990, Japan a group of „impartial’’ outside experts. As time became the country with the third largest nation- passed it was to become increasingly difficult to al membership in the CINP, after the United separate education in psychopharmacology from States and the United Kingdom, outnumbering the marketing of psychotropic drugs. Neverthe- the membership of France, Germany and 50 other less, it was left with the psychopharmacologists countries [10]. involved in research and teaching – primarily at The Kyoto Congress was followed by the 18th the universities – to relay (communicate) the CINP Congress in 1992, in Nice, France, the information received at meetings, such as the largest CINP Congress during the 20th century CINP Congresses, to practicing psychiatrists and with 5700 participants. It was organized during other medical professionals. Julien Mendlewicz’s presidency (2000–2002) by The shift of emphasis in CINP meetings from Guy Darcourt, a senior psychiatrist in Nice, and communication of findings to communication of Philippe Robert, one of his assistants, with the interpretations with a drive to disseminate the help of Salomon Langer, research director of Syn- interpretations began in 1986 at the end of Ole thélabo at the time. The Nice Congress set the Rafaelsen’s presidency in the San Juan Congress, stage for the 19th Congress in 1994, in Washing- with the presentation of the first CINP Travel ton, DC, the second largest CINP congress in the Awards to Young Investigators to facilitate their 20th century, during the presidency Giorgio participation in the Congress. They were to Racagni (1992–1994). Lewis Judd, a former direc- become the Rafaelsen Travel Awards, after tor of the National Institute of Mental Health in Rafaelsen’s untimely death in 1987. It was also the United States, was the chairman of the natio- during the San Juan Congress that the tradition of nal organizing committee, and Oakley Ray, the a President’s Reception and Dinner, conceived by secretary general of the Congress [13]. Oakley Ray, and supported by Bristol-Myers Lewis Judd (118) succeeded Giorgio Racagni as Squibb, began. The current logo of CINP, prepared president of CINP, and during his tenure by a public relations company in response to (1994–1996) activities of CINP were extended to a request by Ole Rafaelsen, was first presented at the organization of the first regional meeting, held the San Juan Congress [19]. in part in Vienna (organized by Bernd Saletu), and The transformation received a strong impetus in part in Prague (organized by Vaclav Filip). He during the presidency of William Bunney proposed the establishment of a committee, con- (1986–1988) in the form of an initiative to imple- sisting of the last four past presidents with the ment ongoing corporate membership of pharma- most senior past president as chair, which became ceutical firms. It was also during Bunney’s presi- the Presidents’ Committee (PC) with the mandate dency at the 16th CINP Congress, organized by „to provide continuity and leadership for the CINP Hippius in 1988, in Munich, that the first meeting and to serve as an ad hoc advisory group, to the with presidents and secretaries of national orga- CINP president and executive committee.” Judd nizations was held. It was to become the corre- revived the tradition of a presidential address at sponding organizations luncheon meeting, sup- congresses which stopped after the 1970s, and in ported by Hoechst Marion Roussel (now Aventis). his presidential address at the 20th CINP Bunney was succeeded by Alec Coppen as pre- Congress, organized by Graham Burrows in 1996, sident of CINP (1988–1990). It was during Cop- in Melbourne, Australia, he described his research pen’s tenure that the Max Hamilton Prize was on the life course of unipolar depression and the established, with the support of Bristol-Myers implications of residual symptoms between Squibb, and presented for the first time at the 17th episodes for treatment [14]. CINP Congress – organized by Takahashi and Shi- mazono – in 1990, in Kyoto, Japan. Later on several other awards were established with industri- al support [20]. It was during Coppen’s presidency ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES that the tradition of a presidents’ luncheon with the meeting organizers was started by Oakley The regional meetings continued during the

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presidency of Claude de Montigny (1996–1998), elects, and after their presidency, as past presi- with a regional meeting in Acapulco, Mexico, orga- dents on the executive committee [18]. nized by Gerhard Heinze, the first CINP meeting in By the time Eugene Paykel was succeeded by the Latin Americas. It was during de Montigny’s Herbert Meltzer (141), CINP was a financially tenure that CINP’s journal, the International Jour- secure organization with about 1000 members nal of Neuropsychopharmacology (published by from 53 countries. During Meltzer’s tenure the Cambridge University Press) was launched with activities of CINP’s education committee were Bernard Lerer as editor in chief. It was also during intensified, and the possibility of extending his tenure that the Pfizer-CINP Pioneers Award CINP’s advisory activity to the division of mental was established and presented to Pierre Deniker, health of the World Health Organization, was Joel Elkes, and Heinz Lehmann at the 21st CINP explored. It was also during Meltzer’s presidency Congress, organized by Brian Leonard, in 1998, in that CINP had its first regional meeting in the Glasgow, Scotland, the United Kingdom [16]. Other People’s Republic of China, organized by Tianmei recipients of the pioneers award in subsequent Si [17]. As chairman of the international scientif- meetings were Frank Ayd, Arvid Carlsson, ic program of the 24th CINP Congress, a meeting Jonathan Cole, Alec Coppen, Hanns Hippius, Paul organized by Jean-Pierre Olie in 2004, in Paris, Janssen, Alfred Pletscher, Mogens Schou, and Her- France, Meltzer emphasized the importance of man van Praag. De Montigny’s presidency is associ- communicating the „most useful new knowledge ated with a move toward democratization of the about treatment and the understanding of drug CINP, in spite of some opposition, with the nomina- and disease mechanisms,” and complemented tion of a slate of two – instead of one – candidates traditional symposia with synthesia, i.e., review- for election for each of the five offices (president like sessions, and with several „meet the expert“ elect, 2 vice presidents, secretary, and treasurer) on interactional workshops. The Paris Congress the executive, and for each of the 10 positions of with 6700 registered participants was so far the councilors on the council. largest meeting in the history of CINP. Meltzer Democratization was followed by incorporation was instrumental in complementing the central during the presidency of Helmut Beckmann office with a congress organizing group with Oak- (1998–2000). By the time the 22nd CINP ley Ray as executive director. This congress Congress, organized in 2000 in Brussels, Belgium, organizing group, if successful, could channel to by Julien Mendlewicz, the organization became the CINP treasury some of the funds spent on a legal entity registered in Switzerland with domi- congress organizers from the revenues generated cile in Zurich. During Beckmann’s presidency by the congress. Establishment of the congress regional meetings were held in Oporto (Portugal), organizing group was the first step toward organized by Antonio Pacheco Palha, in Asuncion resolving the situation that CINP’s biennial con- (Paraguay), organized by Juan Morinigo gresses, the organization’s only source of sub- Escalante, and in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), stantial revenue is not dealt with by the treasu- organized by Ainsah Omar. rer and the finance committee, but by the The first president of CINP in the new millenni- congress organizing committee, with the arrange- um was Eugene Paykel (2000–2002). He was also ment that the funds generated by the congress is the first democratically elected president of the shared between CINP (75%), and the hosting organization. It was during Paykel’s tenure that organization (25%). the decision was reached to regionalize CINP with „conveners” responsible for the coordination of activities in the different geographic regions. Regionalization was implemented at the end of the ON THE CINP EXECUTIVE 23rd CINP Congress in 2002, in Montreal, Canada, under the direction of Brian Leonard, with the I served on CINP’s executive committee from appointment of the first slate of regional „conven- 1970 to 1986. I was secretary from 1970 to 1974, ers.” During Paykel’s presidency, the CINP had vice president from 1974 to 1976, and treasurer regional meetings in Budapest, Hungary, orga- from 1978 to 1986. It was a period which began at nized by Peter Gaszner, and in Hiroshima, Japan, the congress in Prague and ended at the congress organized by Shigeto Yamawaki. Another impor- in San Juan. During those years CINP had four tant decision reached during Paykel’s presidency official languages: English, French, German and was the setting up of a central office in Nashville, Spanish, but the activities of the college were still Tennessee, USA, with Oakley Ray as the first restricted to the organization of biennial congress- executive secretary of the office, for continuity and es. All through my tenure as an officer the mem- smooth operation of the organization. Prior to the bership grew steadily – from about 200 in 1970 to establishment of this office, continuity was provid- over 600 in 1986 – far beyond the agreed maxi- ed by the presidents committee and primarily by mum of 15% from one congress to the next, and all the presidents who previously served as president- through this period virtually all members attend-

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ed each congress and the general assembly at the ropsychopharmacologists; and providing a forum congress. for the communication of new developments with I took over the treasury in 1978 from Paul psychotropic drugs. At the time it was founded in Janssen with less than $ 40,000, and passed it in 1957, CINP was the only organization that existed 1986 to Lauren Maitre with over $100,000. The in neuropsychopharmacology; consequently the organization operated on a shoestring budget and pharmaceutical industry hoped that the collegium as treasurer I remember our largest expense was would facilitate the interaction between the many the cost of travel and hotel for the officers attend- different disciplines involved in the new field. It ing meetings of the executive. also sought guidance from findings in „translatio- After 1986 the situation changed and by the end nal research“ in order to develop more effective of the millennium CINP has become a financially psychotropic drugs. secure, flourishing organization with sufficient Major developments in neuropharmacology, funds to support administration and coordination. without a parallel development in the methodolo- During the 1980s the organization adopted Eng- gy of clinical investigations, created a widening lish as its official language. And during the 1990s gap between neuro- and psychopharmacology. CINP extended its activities to include in addition This led to the filling in the missing information to the biennial congresses other meetings, work- from translational research by the clinical inter- shops, educational seminars, and programs, such pretation of neuropharmacological findings. as for example the „mentor program” in which sen- Translational research in neuropsychopharmaco- ior researchers provide guidance to junior investi- logy is dedicated to the verification (establish- gators. The size of the membership, and especially ment) of relationships between findings in the dif- the membership in Asia, Australia and the Latin ferent areas of the field, e.g., between Americas, as well as the size of the biennial con- neuropharmacological actions and clinical effects. gresses has kept on growing, and yet at the dawn In contrast, interpretations in neuropsychophar- of the 21st century it has been noted that only macology make neuropharmacological research about one-quarter of the membership attends the findings applicable for clinical use before estab- biennial meetings with hardly enough members lishing a definite relationship between the find- present at the general assembly to provide a quo- ings and clinical effects. rum. In 2004 by the time Brian Leonard succeeded Herbert Meltzer as president, CINP had expanded its membership and evolved into its present form. Yet, CINP was no longer a unique organization CONCLUSIONS dedicated to the communication of „translational research,“ but one of many organizations dedicat- By the end of the 20th century pharmacotherapy ed to the communication of interpretations of neu- has become the primary treatment for all the var- ropharmacological research findings. This might ious psychiatric disorders from sexual dysfunction explain the difficulty in addressing the question to the dementias. The pharmaceutical industry what can CINP offer that other similar national or was instrumental in reintegrating psychiatry with regional associations in psychopharmacology or the other medical disciplines by supplying psy- biological psychiatry cannot. chotropic drugs with demonstrated therapeutic Confronted with this reality CINP will have to effectiveness. They succeeded in establishing psy- choose whether to continue in the direction set in chopharmacology as the dominant paradigm in the late 1980s – organize larger and larger meet- psychiatry around the world by providing finan- ings and become the most powerful organization in cial support for research in such areas as genetics, the communication of interpretations in neuropsy- neuropharmacology and brain imaging. With the chopharmacology – or to return to its original development of neuropsychopharmacology, the mandate by alternating between closed and open term „psychiatry“ with its implicit separation of meetings, and thereby becoming a unique organi- the afflictions of the „mind“ from the diseases of zation again dedicated to the communication of the „body,“ has become anachronistic. findings in translational research. It is gratifying By the dawn of the 21st century CINP has grown that the CINP today has the necessary by-laws for into a prosperous organization incorporated in deciding on this important issue in a democratic Switzerland with a central office in Nashville way. (Tennessee, USA), encompassing a membership At this point in time it is a mute question in from six continents. The organization has played which direction CINP will go. All we know is that an important role in converting psychiatrists from the CINP meeting organizing group is planning thinking psychologicaly to thinking biologically; a closed meeting to celebrate the founding of the facilitating the development of a cadre of neu- collegium in Zurich, Switzerland, 50 years before.

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Dodáno redakci: 24. 1. 2005 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Po skončení recenzního řízení: 13. 4. 2005 This manuscript is based on my plenary lecture delivered on the invitation of Dr. Eva Ceskova at the ClNP Regional Meeting in Brno, Czech Repub- lic, on Friday, September 10, 2004. The topic of the lecture was suggested by Dr. Brian Leonard, president of CINP (2004–2006). 1 wish to thank Dr. Edward Shorter for his editorial suggestions.

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