CHAPTER-IV
METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION AND DATA RESOtjRCES IN INDIA
Introduction
Libraries have been playing a significant role in the dissem
ination of information in a variety of fields. In fact the whole
universe of knowledge is covered by one or other library. It is
seen in the beginning of this work under the general intro duction, how the libraries have accepted the modern
technology and started rendering improved services. In addition
to performing the routine and ttaditional jobs of selecting,
procuring, processing and circulating the books and journals, the
librarians are assigned the job of providing the information to
the users, in the words of S.R. Ranganathan, 'expeditiously and
pinpointedly'. Ranganathan could recognise the importance
of information service, which he equated with the so called
reference service provided by the libraries in a traditional way.
And this is reality, whatever the name may be, whether it is
documentation service or reference service or information serv
ice, the purpose or the aim of all of them is same-to provide
information to the users precisely. Information is spread over
in a variety of publications, books and journals, both
popular and research oriented, and it will continue to be
the principal means of providing meteorological informa
tion. Dissertations and confererence proceedings are in
cluded in this category. Another familiar form is the re- search reports or technical bulletins published by the India Meteorological Department and other government agencies or research organisations including university teaching departments. Maps, charts, satellite imageries and data publications are the important sources of meteorological information. Patents and other types of intellectual property have traditionally been important to the discipline. WL^ather codes, laws, standards, manuals of observations and observational networks, memoirs, records and official guidelines play an increasingly important role in meteorol ogy and climatology. The wide spread use of computers has pro duced a growing number of numeric and textural databases in tilectronic format containing everything from weather forecasts to agricultural yield reports.
This chapter identifies principal sources of meteorological information-who produces them, what form they take, and where they come from and a brief discussion about thier contents.
Llie^BIESa. Cdid dBCUlv^ES 6tiU LtiEQEtihllQii CEtJIBES
Libraries, data archives and the information centres are the store houses for information. Their collections include books, periodicals or Journals, serials, handbooks, encyclopaedias, reports and manuals, data records, catalogues,•charts and maps, microforms, computer tapes, CD-ROM discs, manuscripts and many
178 more things. In Britain the National Meteorologial Library at
Bracknell is probably the finest meteorological library in the
1 world (Ratcliffe , 1989). The library's author catalogue con tains about half a million cards. A-.subject bibliography has been maintained since 1935 and volumes covering some 200 sub jects are available. There is also a climatological bibliography which covers most of the countries of the world, in separate parts, and is available on microfiche. Articles can be searched based on author, subject, or region of the world as headings. This library is very rich in data holdings. It has also got a list of 600 rare books in the field. It has got a collection of colour slides and brochures. It has also got video and audio tapes. The library has acquired the computer ized system. The system called MOLARS (Meteorological Office
Library Accession and Retrieval System) is available for on line searching hosted by the European Space Agency's Informa tion Retrieval Service. It contains about 130,000 books, journal articles, reports etc. About 10,000 titles are added every year. Universal Decimal Classification system has been used to classify the entries.
In the United States of America the Library and Information
Services Division of National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration at Rockville, Maryland, provides meteorological information services. The collection of books, journals, reports and data amount to over 170,000 volumes and cover all the fields of weather science since the 1870s. The archival library holds the
Ratcliff, R.A.S. Meteorology and Climatology, Inf. Sources in earth sciences Ed. D.N. Wood, London, Bauker Saur, 1989, pp.420- 442.
170 collection going back 16th century. It has got a computerised
list of new and old items. This library helps the American
Meteorological Society in the preparation of Meteorloglcal and Geoastrophyslcal Abstracts.
In India, the meteorological information is stored with the
India Meteorological Department. It has got two main libraries one at the Headquarters at New Delhi located at Lodhi Road, and the other at Poona located at .Shivajinagar. Both the libraries
have got huge collections of publications containing large numbers of books, journals, data collections, handbooks, encyclopaedia, reports, since India Meteorological Department
itself is the producer of a number of reports, memoirs, codes,
atlases, maps, etc. This library has been in existence for more
than a hundred years as the India Meteorological Department has
completed about 115 years. Besides its own collection of
publications and the data held on manuscripts, the library houses
the printed data compilations numbering in thousands, which are
either acquired or received as gratis or on exchange basis from
abroad. Since the department is a member of World Meteorological
Organisation, it receives dnumber of publications on a
complimentary basis. All the important publications published
by the World Meteorological Organisation or the American
Meteorological Society are available at the India Meteorological
Department library. The efforts are already on to introduce such
computer services. This library provides xeroxing facilities on
180 payment basis. The library at Pune is facing acute shortage of space and manpower. The library at the headquarters has got the facility for xeroxing. The Poona library has prepared a list of serials, which is now outdated. In the recent years no such catalogue is prepared or updated. The current awareness services or the selective dissemination of information also needs to be introduced. Inspite of all these acute shortages and short comings with very few numbers of staff, both the libraries are offering commendable services.
Besides the India Meteorological Department's main li braries at Pune and Delhi, the library of Indian Institute of
Tropical Meteorology, located at Pashan in Pune holds quite a number of publications in meteorology and its allied branches.
Indian Institute of Geomagnetism", Bombay and the Indian Insti tute of Astrophysics, Bangalore, were the parts of the India
Meteorological Department. The Indian Institute of Tropical
Meteorology library, besides holding all the India Meteorologi cal Department publications which they get from that department on complimentary basis, has got a good collection of World
Meteorological Organisation's publications and other books, atlases, maps and charts. Like India Meteorological Department library, it follows the Universal Decimal Classification System for classifying the publications received. It has got a good number of reprints. Though the total collection is not very large, say to the tune of 10 to 12 thousand publications, the
181 maintenance is good. The library has also got a drawing,
reporgraphy, and publication unit. It caters to the need of
the Institute's clientele quite appreciably. In the recent
years, it has produced a computerised list of holdings.
The Indian Institute of Geomagnetism and the Indian
Institute of Astrophysics, even though acquire and keep some of
the publications in meteorology, they are not solely meteorological libraries. Since they are not under the scope of
this study, they are not described fully. Also, the libraries
of National Aeronautical Laboratory, Bangalore, Physical Research
Laboratory, Ahemadabad, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi,
National Institute of Oceanography, Panaji, Vikram Sarabhai Space
Centre, Trivandrum and the university libraries where
meteorological courses are conducted, acquire and keep a lot of
published materials in meteorology,
REFERENCE WORK? M HETEQRQLOQY
There are several reference books in n»eteqrology available in
Indian libraries. These reference books' include handbooks,
encyclopaedias, reports, textbooks, maps, charts and atlases.
These books present meteorological data either in original or
statistically reformed way. Maps and charts etc., present data
either in compacted form or in symbols. Described below are some
of the major reference publications in the subject of meteoro-
182 logy:
Text books play an important role in providing basic knowledge in a particular subject. There are many types of books on every subject-the books which provide basic and advanced knowledge, and books of research value. Normally the text books serve the purpose of a particular course. There are thousands of books in meteorology which serve the purpose of students, researchers and general readers. It is a very diffi cult task to single out a particular book or books to be men tioned here. It may not be out of place to mention here the 15 volume book entitled World Survey of Climatology edited by
H.E. Landsberg which covers the climates of the world. There are quite a number of books published by various publishers like M/s. Elsevier, Prentice Hall, Chapman Hall, A. Deepak,
Methuen, John Wiley, Harper and Row and Cambridge University
Press. There are a number of books written by Berry and
Chorley, Petterssen, Stringer, Trewartha, Miller and others.
Details of books can be found out"'by going through the catalogues of above publishers or by going through Books in
Print (Bowker) and British Books In Print (Whitaker). Book exhi bitions and world book fairs also provide a good knowledge about new publications. The lists of books can also be seen at the end of each entry in the encyclopaediaa on meteorology or climatolo-
183 gy and also in the handbooks of meteorology. In India, some of the popular books on meteorology are Monsoon by P.K. Das,
Farmer and Indian Meteorology by P.R.•Pisharoty, A book on Upper
Atmosphere by S.K. Mitra, Weather and Weather Forecasting by
Ramasastry, South West Monsoon, by Y.P. Rao, a book on Meteoro logical aspects of floods by C. Ramaswamy etc. A report in the form of book entitled "Hundred Years of Indian Weather Service
1875-1975" brought out by the India Meteorological Department is a very useful reference book aiving information about the
Indian Weather Service for more than a century. The other books include Drought Prone Areas of India by Tapeshwar Singh published by Peoples Publishing House, New Delhi, in 1978, Introduction to
Meteorology by A.K. Das and B.N. Srivastava, Indian Climatology by S.B. Chatterjee published by Commercial Printers, in 1953 and
Upper Atmosphere by S.K. Ghosh in 1950s. A good bibliographical source for Indian books in meteorology is Indian Books In Print.
Indian Book Industry and Indian National Bibliography are some other sources,
Abstracts. ipiJexes misl 61t?Tl9flr^Ph1g§
The main abstracting journal for meteorologists throughout the world is the Meteorological and GeOdStiophysical Abstracts
published since 1950 by the American Meteorological Society. It
is a monthly publication. Its on-line version is also available.
Its cumulative indexes on author, subject and t,itle serve a very
184 good purpose as indexes. A number of bibliographies are also prepared by the American Meteorological Society and the
National Meteorological Library at Great Britain. In India, as early as in 1920s, a bibliography on meteorology was published by Mr. V.V. Sohoni in the Journal of Royal Asiatic Socie ty of Bengal. Besides this there are some climatological bibliographies prepared by individuals. In India, no separate meteorological abstracts are published. One has to refer to the
Indian Science Abstracts published by the Indian
National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi. This centre also provides translation services. The meteorological abstracts are found under the U.D.C. number 551.6 and its subdi visions in the Indian Science Abstracts. The cumulative index es of Indian journal "Mausam" also provide information about Indian meteorology and climatology. Current Con tents also gives useful information about the contents of
journals with a key word index. Information on meteoro
logical journals can be found in the physical, chemical
and earth sciences part of thu^ journal.
On-line Searching sd P^ta(?a?9§
On-line data bases provide instant bibliographic and
abstracting services. The Meteorological and Geoastrophysical
Abstracts published by the American Meteorological Society are
available for on-line searching through DIALOG Data bases.
185 A number of data bases in this subject are increasing day by day. The Meteorological Abstracts in the DIALOG Database are provided to the European Space Agency " by the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. It covers literature from 1970 to date and includes over 75000 items. India Meteor ological Department has also got a computerised meteorological data base having numerical data files. The experts at the
National Data Centre have developed a package of query (in Assem bler language) in order to retrieve the data from the database.
However this database is not available on-line.
Encyclopaedia
Encyclopaedia play an important role in providing the information about a particulal" subject or subjects in a nutshell, generally in a to z dictionary form. The matter on the subject or subjects Is written in brief and lucid language covering all the topics. The description about the meteorological topics is also found in the McGraw-Hill Encylopaedia of Science and
Technology, a multivolumed set. Separate encyclopaedias exist which cover the entire field of meteorology comprehen sively. Following encyclopaedias exist in the field of meteorolo gy and climatology.
Encyclopaedia of Atmospheric Sciences and Astrogeology edited by Rhodes W. Fairbridge and published by Reinhold
Publishing Corporation, New York, in 1967 is a 1200-page
186 comprehensive single volume encyclopaedia covering the entire field of atmospheric science and astrogeology. The treatment of the subject of meteorology and astrogeology is done topic by topic, arranging the items alphabetically. The names of the contributors are given at the end of each write up, with a list of references giving the full bibliogrpahic details. Cross refernce entries help in taking the readers to the relevant topics. It also contains an alphabetical subject index. It is a useful encyclopaedia both for scientists and students.
Encyclopaedia of Climatology edited by J.E. Oliver and R.W.
Fairbridge was published in 1987 as a part of Encyclopaedia of earth sciences volume II by M/s. Van Nostrand Rheinhold Compa ny, New York. The contents of this encyclopaedia reflect in part those of the above mentioned Encyclopaedia of Atmospheric
Science and Astrogeology. The readers are referred to that volume for standard items not ificluded In this volume.
This has permitted the publisher to devote more pages to the topics that have evolved in recent years. All the entries are in alphabetical dictionary order from a to z. The compre hensive Index at the back of volume lists out terms or names referring to the entry page in the encyclopaedia where that item appears. To further assist the readers to get more infor mation, a list of references is given at the end of each entry.
The volume contains author, subject and geographical indexes.
187 These are also comprehensive tools of information in science and technology. In the field of meteorology several handbooks and compendia exist. Normally the contents of a handbook
are in the form of chapters rather than in alphabetical order, as in the case of encyclopaedjas. One can find a good descrip tion of the broad topics of an area or subject field. Like encyclopaedias, the compendia also serve the same purpose.
Compendium of Meteorology edited by Thomas F. Malone was
published by the American Meteorological Society during the year
1957. This 1340-page bulky volu me contains a very good source of meteorological information. The purpose of the compendium
as stated In its preface is to take the stock of the position
of meteorology, to summarise and appraise readers of the knowl
edge which untiring research has been able to wrest from nature
during past years, and to indicate the avenues of further
study and research which need to be explored in order to
extend the frontiers of knowledge. The desirability of a
survey of the current statu of meteorology became apparent
during the years following world war II, when research effort
was being greatly intensified not only in meteorology but also In
other fields of pure and applied sciences in which importance
of meteorological factors was coming into recognition.
The compendium contains papers authored by different
188 individuals. The compendium is divided into 25 sections.
It covers the whole gamut of meteorology such as composition of atmosphere, radiation, optics, atmospheric density, cloud physics, upper physics, hydrometeorology, air pollution etc.
Handbook of Meteorology edited by F.A. Berry et al was published by McGraw-Hill Company, New York in 1945. It contains about 1070 pages. It is designed to furnish the student and the professional meteorologist a convenient text reference for data, fundamental theory and weather analysis and forecasting. The emphasis has been conscientiously placed on the scientific and tinyineering at-pects of meteorology rather than on current techniques. This handbook contains 14 sections. This contains information on numerical and graphical data in meteorological fileds.
Handbook of Applied Meteorology edited by D.D. Houghton and published by M/s. John Wiley in 1985 contains about 20 chapters covering the different fields of meteorology. This is a compre hensive volume which also provides information about several meteorological societies, libraries and data resources. Jenne
(1985) has covered several data resources in a chapter on data.
It is a very useful handbook for librarians to know the informa tion sources in Meteorology. It also lists out the journals in
Meteorology published through out the world.
Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London has brought out a
18') two-volume Handbook on Meteorological Instruments in 1950s.
These volumes serve the needs of meteorologists. Besides this, a
Handbook on Meteorological Instruments is written by Middleton and Spilhas.
Ql9§$9r1$?
A number of dictionaries and glossories are published in the field of meteorology. Some of the standard books like
Handbook on Metorological instruments by H.M.S.O., Handbook of Meteorology publish the glossories of terms at the end.
Separate dictionaries or glassories in meteorology also exist.
They include Malone's Compendium of Meteorology published by the
American Meteorological Society, Brazol's Dictionary of
Meteorological and Related Terms published by Hachette in 1955,
R.E. Huschke's Glossary of Meteorology published by American
Meteorological Society in 1959 and D.H. Mcintosh's Meteorologi cal Glossary published by H.M.S.O. in several editions. The glossories attempt to define all the important terms found in the literature on the subject. It does not include bibliogra phies. World Meteorological Organisation has published an
International Vocabulary In 1966 which lists out the terms in
English, French, Spanish and Russian and definitions duplicated
in English and French. Recently this publication has been
revised.
190 The Meteorological Office produces an annual report
published by H.M.S.O. This report or booklet provides
information on the work over the year of all the research
branches of the services division which is responsible for all
forecasting including military and civil aviation and
television, radio and press forecasts. Annual report of the
World Meteorological Organisation also provides the updated
information on a year to year basis. In India, Indian Institute
of Tropical Meteorology brings out an annual report giving
the research details on a year to year basis. India Meteoro
logical Department also brings out an annual report. From India
no separate directories on meteorology are published. However,
the climatological information obtained from the India
Meteorological Department is published in the Manorama Year Book
and similar types of publications. State Government Gazettes
provide the rainfall and other climatological data in
their issues. State and Central Bureau of Economics and
Statistics provide information on climate in the statistical
diaries and handbooks. Directory of Scientific Institutions
in India published by the INSDOC under the editorship of T.S.
Rajagopalan and the Directory of Data Centres In India edited
by M.A. Gopinath and O.N. Chaddha, published by the Department
of Science and Technology, New Delhi in co-operation with the
INSDOC and D.R.T.C. in 1977, are the two good sources which
191 1(1 DIRIiCTORY it YEARBOOK
A.VBRA.OK MONTHLY HAINKAI.L (MIl.l.IMKTllf^S) FOK DIFKKHKNT STATIONS
N»ine of Sl»tion J&n. Yeh. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Srp. Oct. Nov, l>«e.
Ajir* 16-2 8-8 109 5-3 100 60-0 210-2 2A3'2 161-8 •23-6 21 3-7 Ahmrdahad ;(-9 0-3 0-9 10 4'8 100-0 3lfl<3 213-3 102-8 13-1 8-4 0-7
AlUhabad 20-2 22-2 14-3 8-2 101-7 274-8 333-1 196'1 39-7 6-9 6-1
lli>ri|r«lnre 3-3 102 «1 4»-7 U<-8 81)-1 ll«-« J47-1 142-7 184-9 S4-S 16S Hnmhay 20 l.-l 0-4 2-8 160 820-3 709-8 439-3 297-0 88-0 S0-« JJ
I'alciilU 13-8 24^2 2«-S 427 130-6 289-1 300-6 306-3 289-7 160-I 1 'hrrraptinji 19-8 37I3 178-9 606-2 1,706-1 2,921-6 2,486-7 1,827-8 1,167-7 447-4 4«'T 4-1
211 •: 26-7 «2-4 109-0 187-1 822-3 712-9 872-8 418-8 116-1 141. >•« U^hra Oun Ai'2 A»'4 39-7 17-4 41-7 186-fl 720-8 764-9 326-7 70-8 B>1 It.l 1 Utihati \\-i r a3'4 1289 273-6 293-4 301-8 263-0 190-1 BO-1 IM ' ••0 Hvderkhftil 1-7 11-4 134 24-1 30-0 107-4 I860 146-9 163-3 70-8 U'9 (•I
lii.l«rt .. \»-' M 3-5 3-6 13-2 147-1 3160 266-6 220-9 48-4 til 1-7 HO 4 lalpiir 8-i 8'« 10-0 64-0 193-2 239-0 89-8 19-3 3-4 4S 71J 42 69-4 »70 17-(J 80-9 320-7 319-1 180-8 29-6 7-» Ml timmii •26-2 U'l • l&nitheHptir 28-3: 23-8 68-8 217-6 347-2 366-1 218-4 76-2 16-7 26-4 i>i Kangra 78-8 73-1 70« 36-6 39-9 108-2 678-4 692-7 21.8-4 I9-I !•! 17-t 817 31 •« M-5 166-1 187-4 \0S-8 117-4 162-8 160-5 180-3 174-0. m-t
I,virVn«»w »3-7 172 9-2 6-4 11-7 93-9 2990 301-8 181-7 40-S 1-4 ••! Ua.lrx .. 23-8 «-8 161 24-7 51-7 62-6 83-8 124-3 118-0 267-0 308-7 ]N-1 31 1-8 «'K 29-6 68-4 89K-3 2,521-3 1,7147 709-2 179-S M-7 ••J M«(h«r*ii 20 IR 23 4-1 26-1 773-9 2,038-6 1,461 0 66P-6 1681 SI-5 l-l Wiiunori* M-i ' M-9 M'6 296 46-1 188-8 726-5 784-7 3232 64-8 7-7 ll-l Myior* . , 2-8 S'5 120 67-6 1869 60-6 71-9 801 116-3 179<( 66-< W-7
Ni.w I)«lhi 24 0 21-8 Its 6-8 7-9 66-0 2111 172-9 1497 31-1 1-1 (•!
I MiUrimtiVid 12'0 29'5 108-6 172-6 139-2 176-6 128-2 1097 2i;,-3 116-i U'l 2-3 0 4'2 16-9 17-6 680-1 8P2.I 341-1 276-6 I«-J 10'4 J7-« 21-1 20-2 «-7 8-2 28-3 1390 268-8 307-1 .242-5 62-« 8-7 1-4 1-9 0-3 31 17-6 34-7 102-8 186-8 106-4 127-3 91-9 J7-0 4-I
)if; Ml »20 46-2 310 60-0 144-0 331-8 344 4 168-9 3S-S 7-4 M-l A9'4 Shillong 16-2 28-5 136-4 326 4 644-6 394-9 334-6 314-9 220-1 34-9 «-t Simla 66-2 47.« Ml »7-6 63-7 147-6 414-6 SR6-4 195-2 46-4 ••7 »I7 72-8. 7JS 104'1 78-1 6S-4 36-6 61-0 62-8 31-1 18-7 17-5
201 20-3 43-S 122-1 248-6 331-2 216-4 164-0 122-9 171-1 10«-» 71-1 IVivjindrum \ 90 4'4 S-8 2-6 46 87-0 197-S tO«-9 120-4 1«-1 «'7
20 t-4 0'7 2-9 4-1 114-8 365-8 2«3-5 lM-8 U-S «•«> 0.! 2«0 21-9 11-9 3-9 12-3 91-9 306-2 342-2 115-7 89-5 •-• Varan Ml provide the information on scientific 1ibraries" and data centres respectively. Perhaps this is the only directory published in
India. International Compendium on Data Projects and the Inven tory of Data Sources are brought out by CODATA. This Indian directory on data has listed the meteorological organisations at the index numbers 090 under the headings climatology and meteorology, and at numbers 073, 086, 121, 132 and 129.
These numbers refer to India Meteorological Department,
Poona, Bureau of Economics and Statistics of Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh, National Atlas Organisation, Calcutta,
National Institute of Occupational Health, Aheadabad and
National Rayon Corporation, Thana. Even though from the coverage point of view this directory is incomplete, yet it is an appreciable step. Sponsor, geographical and key term indexes are given ifi the directory.
Theses Mi£l CQnf^rgngg Prpg^^'jlnq?
Information on theses accepted by the universities in both the
U.K. and the U.S.A. is published in one of the recognised journals but some universities maintain their own sets of publications. Dissertation Abstracts International brought out from U.S.A. is the best source -for ' knowing about the
research work done in various fields. The published theses on microforms are available worldwide from M/s. University
Microfilms International, Michigan, U.S.A. Most of the Universities keep one copy of the dissertations and theses in libraries. In India, one can refer to the "Uni versity News" published from New Delhi and the Bibliography of Indian Doctoral Theses published by the Association of Indian Universities, New Delhi, in different subjects
including Meteorology and is updated periodically.
A number of conferences are held throughout the world which provide recent information on different subjects. For
the users who could not attend the conferences, the proceedings of the conferences, symposia etc.,* the gap. Even for others it
serves as a future reference material. A number of journals
through out the world bring out the news about the conferences.
Information about meteorological conferences can be seen in the
Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, Weather, EOS
Transactions of American Geophysical Union and journals. A
number of meteorological organisations and associations
organise the conferences at the national and international
levels. In India, some of the international conferences worth
reporting are the Proceedings of the Monsoons of the World orga
nised at India Meteorological Department in late 1958, Proceed
ings of the International Symposium on Tropical Monsoon orga
nised at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Rune, in
mid 1976, and the national level seminars organised by the
Indian Geophysical Union, Indian Science Congress, Indian
National Science Academy, Andhra Pradesh. Akademi of Sciences
193 etc. Conferences are the best means of scientific information communication. In India a quarterly "Directory of Forthcoming
Conferences" is brought out by the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi. The World Meteorological Organisa tion, the Royal Meteorological Society, London and the American
Meteorological Society have organised several conferences and produced their proceedings of international interest, details of which can be found out from their journals and bulletins. Some of the newletters also provide Information about the symposia and conferences.
Pgrlo'JKals
As mentioned under the above sections, there are a number of periodicals published in the field of meteorology throughout the world. Journal articles provide useful latest information on the subject. American Meteorological Society, Royal
Meteorological Society, Australian and Candlan Meteorological
Societies and Indian Meteorological Society, bring out a number of journals In meteorology. A list of journals published by these societies 1s given under the description about the societies. Besides these, one can find out the journals listed under the subject list of Ulrich's International
Periodicals Directory updated from time to time. The list of meteorological journals can also be found out in the book enti-
19.) tied, Information Sources 1n Earth Sciences edited by D.N.
Wood et al under the chapter on meteorology and climatology written by Ratcllffe (1989). Another source of journals' list
1^ the Handbook of Applied Meteorology by D.D. Hou India Meteorological Department, "Vatavaran" published by the Air Force Department and the "Vayu Mandal" by the Indian MeteorologicsJ. Society are brought out in quarterly issues. National Union Catalogue of Serials In India brought out by the INSDOC in printed and computerized form is the best source to know the availability of journals in science, including meteor ology, throughout major Indian libraries. All the meteorological and other journals including data subscribed by Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology and India Meteorological Department are listed in the Union Catalogue of Bombay-Poona. Monthly Cllmato- loglcal Data for the World is an important publication which is purely a data journal' published from Climatic Data Centre, Ashville, U.S.A. Similarly, India Meteorological Department has started a new data serial from 1981 known as Climatic Data for Indian Stations. List of journals subscribed by the India Mete orological Department libraries at Pune and Delhi and Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune can be had from respec tive libraries. 195 RgPPrt Literature The most useful report literature is provided by World Meteorological Organisation. The catalogue entitled Publications of the World Meteorological Organisation, Index of Air Weather Service Technical Publications, U.S.A. Branch Memoranda of the National Meteorological Library, Bracknell etc., are the sources of report lists. Reports provide very useful, comprehensive scientific and technical information. In India, a number of reports are published by the India Meteorological Department and the allied autonomous bodies. Scientific Memoirs, data publications. Technical Notes, weather codes, forecasting manuals and so on are the various publica tions of the India Meteorological Department in report form. India Meteorological Department has brought out a list of publications updated upto 1930. A list of reports and publications is also available from Controller of Publications, of which can be had from the Institute's list of publications and the annual report. India Meteorological Department produces number of weather reports. A complete list of these publications IS appended in this work. Given below are some of the important and popular data reports published by India Meteorological De partment: 196 108 00 •-a o o M 00 :;a 00 -t-> T-( V 0) M I—( •iH in « CD v. W O 'a CQ ^ »? iBdlM PallY l!lSA£ilfi£ fifififiill This 1s an Important data publication. This has been pub lished from the years much earlier to 1930. The summary of observations recorded at 8 a.m. on every day giving data for the proceeding 24 hours. A weather map of India showing weather conditions is also included. Data elements include pressure, departure from normal, wind direction, miles per hour for the previous 24 hours, temperature in shade dry and wet bulbs, maximum of 24 hours, departure from normal, minimum, departure from normal, humidity, departure from normal, cloud, rainfall over the previous 24 hours, since seasonal, departure from 190 stations including Baluchistan, Ceylon, Burma and Pakistan. The data has been published by different publishers. From the middle of 1936, upper air data also started appearing in Indian Daily Weather Report. The data in I.D.W.R. started appearing in coded form from 1st January, 1944. During the world war II, the data was observed at 9 hours and 18 hours. During this period upper a1r data was collected 2-3 times per day. From 1st August, 1968 the upper air data was discontin ued and the ship data started appearing in coded form. Indian Daily Weather Reports were started publishing from 1890. Meteorological data from regional stations is also brought out by respective Regional Meteorological Centres at Delhi, Calcutta, Nagpur, Madras and Bombay. 197 WMKIY Weather Report The publication contains the data for Burma, Bengal, Assam, North Western Provinces, Oudh, Punjab, Bombay, Mai bar Coast, Central Provinces and Berar, Bombay, Rajputana, Central India, Madras. The rainfall data contains average actual rain fall of the Division, average normal rain fall of the division for the week and excess or deficient in inches. Average actual rainfall of the season average rainfall and excess of defect of rainfall expressed as percentages are given. This publication started from 1893. In 1942 the publication started including data for 31 stations. The rainfall actual normal for the week and season started publishing from 1942. The data Is also given for Sind and Baluchistan. From 1978 data was published for 35 stations in millimeters. It also started giving temperature data with minimum and maximum readings as well as the departure from normal. Spatial rainfall for the different stations was also given. Initially the summary was published on every Saturday and later it was changed to Thursday. A map of rainfall- show ing weekly and season's rainfall also started accompanying the publication. From 28th January, 1970 onawards maps in the reports started appearing in colour. Temperature data also started appearing from 1977. 198 •r, 'r.i'. r^r. . W^ r^ ^«^ ^ K< w•A »*-i^-i^ > f^^ - y* •- /, U :' :'. y. •.-. v••^ i vJ : 'J •= R « u ..j^''?*''.:::;^;^^"*;';^ \U'.ll£^-!- 00 ^ 1^ _o 5i ' "o "^ .C 1" is '*>"s ?•y, -^ CO ^ cx ^ t) <% •J .2 i ^ "^ =1. ^ ^ — ^1^ \« —•:*' !U O "X -c «::. *^ 7" O ^, ':^3 O V* f ^ ;;; "^ ^ '-o ;::; > o l-» J 1 l« CO "1 Ji; o ••^ < • a. > i! ^^ -J / Virf -'. ,\ a i- = --> e^^ t:;; Rgpgrt an tHa Variation fl£ Rainfall In Trooicai incua leLtUi CYCle 2£ Sua Scfi£ ActlvltlY The report was published from Calcutta on 8th May, 1877 by Henry F. Blanford. The report presents the analysis of rainfall for the year ranging from 1813 to 1876. The rainfall record shows that the observations of rainfall started in 1813 at Madras, In 1817 at Bombay, 1826 to 1832 and also from 1855 at Nagpur, 1829 at Calcutta, 1837 at Bangalore and Mysore and 1845 at Jabalpur. The Wolf's relative numbr of sun spot years are also recorded. W.W Hunter, the then Director General of Statistics of the Government of India has published a report called 'Th« Cycle of Drought and Famine In Southern India' In 1877. The report ob serves that the periods of minimum sun spots are the periods of maximum heat. It was estimated that direct solar heat in tropics is at several degrees higher during the period of minimum maculation than during the opposite period when Sun Spots mostly prevail. In India barometric pressure measure ment started from 1841 at Madras, and from 1847 at Bombay and from 1853 at Calcutta. SummarY al Weather Report fsn Iha. laai IML The summary started publishing from January 1887 in printed form. It contained the data for Punjab, East and West, North 199 Western Provinces, Bihar, Khandwa, Orissa, Central Provinces, Rajputana, Sind, Gujrat, Hyderabad, Malbar, Mysore, Ceylone, etc. It contained average rainfall of the month and difference from the average for February, 1887. The data was published for January 1887 on 9th February 1887. This was published by the Government of India, Department of Revenue and Agriculture. The publication also contains the weekly summaries of weather. These summaries were signed by the Meteorological Reporter to Government of India. Weekly summaries contained the data of total rainfall during the week for many stations. fifiiiMl jtifiAilmn £uiiKa&Gi oi is^ It contains the meteorological observations of Bengal. The data contains the elements like air pressure, temperature, humidity, cloud and rainfall. It also gave rainfall recorded on each day in Bengal. Atlases. Charts ADd Macs Meteorologists through out the world are required to produce a number of charts and weather maps after analysing the data gathered by observing the weather. The weather charts are 200 -2^ -«F- SS- _2g- *3- ••"•-v. -3S i MEAN DACV MINMUM •c t AKIITAN Mean dai\\^ minimum tewperature - January. MCAN DALV MAXa«JM •c ^ L •! U^ id- TT- Mean dai7y maximum temperature - Ma\;. go -^jt- •^ Jit. #» *•.. •35 ANNUAL. LJOWESTMMMUM •C LoLuest minimum temperatures recorded in /ndia Highest waximum temperatures recorded in /ndja. n 76_ 80 84 88 92 96 ..'>V., ScaU: 18,000,000 36 ANNUAL 32 CHINA r--\ V^r 28 —^MV *GHT ^-» V SHL2" 1648,6, . J.BANGLADESH 'l-,^ » V 24 .1805.0) 5^ \ I J900 I .0 ,12 1625.5 INDIAN OCEAN 72 76 80 64 88 92 % Distribution of global solar radiation - Annual, Unit: kiwh.m"^. j/ear'^ 72 nr 80 84 VZ 96 USSR \ Scala. 18.000.000 36 AFGHANISTAN ANNUAL 32 CHINA ^» s ^%^y,--./•> , 1 Y BANGLADESH \ • "i/" JHP .JBH ' ci^iiS^ V JO A I' ' .-'' " cAi^^ziis^ \ • I 2/ui ^'i^^"''-;;^ ARABIAN SEA 2665 12 \ INDIAN OCtAN OCEAN iA 92 % Distribution of the number of hocrs of sunshine - Annual. •" t..., ANNUAL PAKISTAN / -v> «.. -^ -^ J-: . INDIAN OCIAN Mean dai/y tu/nd speed dis(ribu(/on - Annual. RAINFAL^ cm prepared, Interpreted and stored in the libraries. Weather maps and charts also appear in reduction in various publications . The weather map In the form of satellite picture Is also published in some of the newspapers and sometime shown on the television while Issuing the weather bulletin. International Atlas of Clouds In colour pictures is brought out by the American Meteorological Society and also by World Meteorological Organi sation. India Meteorological Department has also published an atlas of surface and upper air observations made during the Indian Ocean Expedition in two volumes. Besides this, an agro- cUmatological atlas, a rainfall atlas and Atlas on Tracking of Storms from 1870 to .1970 are brought out by the Department. Further details of publications can be seen in the publications list of the India Meteorological Department. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune has also brought out a PMP atlas recently. Further details can be seen in the list attached at the end of this work. HgnthlY Aoamfilj^ QimHs. These are the collection of weather charts showing pressure anamolies. Different stations are marked on Indian map. The lines on chart represent Isobars or lines of equal barometric pressure that is, they pass through all points where the barometer marks same height. The numbers altered Indicate the 201 barometric pressure In Inches at 8 a.m. on the day of observation and are drawn for a difference of pressure of .05 Inch. The 'expressions barometer low' and 'barometer high' denote the pressure over that region Is high or low rela tively to the surrounding regions. When the lines are closed the area Included from generally though not invariably an area of depression, the Intensity of which is normally indicated by closing the Isobars. In India the wind circulates in a direc tion opposite to that of hands of a clock or watch. Wind is shown by arrows flying with the wind, the feather on which Indicate the force according to the scale. The monthly anamoly charts are available at I.M.D. library from 1894 to 1920. S9eciai observfltlons Purina Storms These are the collection of maps and charts pertaining to observations for the years 1905 to 1916. These are collected In two volumes. It contains observations made at 2 hrs, 14 hrs, 18 hrs and 20 hours. These observations are marked on an Indian map. These monthly anamoly charts contain the following information: Actual Barometer, Barometric departures from normal, general anamoly, maximum departure from normal , mini mum departure from normal, mean temperature departure from normal, rainfall, vapour tension departures from normal, humid- 202 ity depatures from normal, cloud departures from normal, number of readings, actual maximum, actual minirrtum, mean pressure chart. IMPACT QL mi TECHNOLCQIE? QH LIPRARIANSHtP 1 According to Kuhn (1969): "Today, the United States is being revolutio nised by the impact of powerful computers and telecomunications. The driving force of the technology is its power to generate types of infor mation which heretofore have been unthinkable, store information in small spaces, retrieve and manipulate it with dazzling speed, and transmit it to a distant location within seconds," (p.40) Since long time access to information was based in the print tradition and, today information is produced increasingly by the computer, stored in electronic form, and distribut ed via telecommunications. The technology has infused informa- 1 tion with a new power and a new level of significance. Kuhn (1970) points out: "The librarians, traditional custodians of scholar ly information, are faced with an anomaly. Informa tion is being generated in electronic form. The model of theories, practices and standards used to provide access to knowledge has been based in the print tradition; librarians will have to adopt new theories and practices for providing users with electronic information. A new paradigm is needed." (p. 43) Kuhn suggests that the library profession is experiencing a paradigm shift. In fact, the responsibility of assuring access to knowledge for scholarly users and general users lies with the libraries. Libraries do not have the option of saying that their mission is to provi-des access to the records t. Kuhn, Thomas: Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Ed.2, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1970, pp. 40-43 203 as long as they are In print form. Initially, databases often duplicated print sources, but nowadays machine-readable sources have become the uniques medium for information. As long as data remained available in both print and electronic form, use of computerized data was matter of preference. Now that critical sources of research data appear only in electronic formats, use of the com puter for access to research informa tion has become a necessity. The scenario for which the li brary Is responsible is that users at data care provided with availability of data, mode of access and other details. Imple menting the electronic library requires focusing on users at thier workstations. Commission on Preservation and Access of the United States of America has reported In C.L.R. report 1988 that, although microfilm currently respresents the most cost effective method, there are other means of preservation and storage. These Include magnetic storage of images on videotapes, encoded information on computer tapes and discs, and laser based digital/optical systems. These vary In ease of use, performance, cost of originals and copies, equipment requirements, methods of reproduction, and storage capacity. Optical media are particularly suited to preservation needs in science and technology. This Is the current scenario of library and information services through out the world. 204 In this section of the chapter, an effort Is made to list out and describe in brief the data resources in meteorology in India and also from abroad which contains information on Indian meteorology and climatology. Since the meteorological and climatologlcal data is used also in warfare to some extent, some of the publications are restricted in nature. Secondly, there are thousands of publications added every year through out the world containing meteorological data or related Information. This situation also obtains in Indian perspective. The coverage and the scope of the present description is limited to the major data publications freely available for access to the users or are available on sale from the department or through other approved agencies. CAIA B£SflUS££S lij METEQRQLQQY Meteorological data in India exists In several forms. Raw data is normally stocked in manuscript form written in the printed forms or registers. This 1s the earliest method of recording after the beginning of scientific observations. India Meteoro logical Department library as Pune has got huge stocks of meteor ological registers forming this type of manuscript data dating back to two centuries. A copy of typical data record dating back to 1790s is shown In this work available at Tamilnadu. Most common method of stocking and presenting meteorological data is so called print format. Most of the data Is printed either in report form or as compilations containing published tables. CUmatologlcal data 1s also published as normals after statisti cal manipulations. The above information sources such as maps, charts, text books and handbooks Including reports present data In 'compacted form' and represent the data In numeric or symbolic or coded form. Examples of all such data are shown In the present work. Next form In which meteorological data exist Is known as non-conventional form. Data Is stored In microforms such as microfilms, microcards and microfiches. There are micro films which can directly be read on computers. These microforms can be read and the hard copy can also be had with the help of a microform reader-cum-printer. Next storage media developed were paper tapes and punched cards which are also mechanised forms. The latest developments provide the opportunities to store more data on less space on media like computer magnetic tapes, CD-ROM and CD-WORM optical media. Even the software containing meteoro logical data which runs on personal computers, is available in commercial markets. In this chapter, data in all the available formats is de scribed separately formatwise. DATA RESOURCES IN NON-CONVENTIONAL FORMS This section describes data held at India Meteorological Depart ment or is available in the market in non-conventional forms such 206 as discs, punched cards, magnetic tapes and microforms. WprliJ Weather P1§g A "World Weather Disc" which contains the climatic data for the whole world from thousands of stations, including weather condi tions at airports, ship data, normals of weather data, tropical storm tracks etc., is available for sale with M/s. Weather Disc Associates, Inc. 4584, NE 89th, Seattle, Washington 98115 at a cost of US $295 plus shipping charges. To use-the disc a per sonal computer and a compact disc (CD-ROM) drive are required. Data on disc contains a large number of meteorological parame ters, occurrence of drought and soil moisture, wind, sunshine and lightning. (EOS,May 22, 1990, p.727). Environmental Software The Applied Envlronmetrics Meteorological Tables by Tom Beer is designed to be the standard reference work for commonly used meteorological data. These tables comprise hardbound documenta tion plus a 5.25 inch MS DOS disk. The software contains data about pressure, temperature, radiation, moisture, wind speed, fire weather tables etc. This software costing US dollars 124.95 is produced in January, 1990 and distributed by Applied Environ- metrics, 118, Gordon Street, Balwyn Victoria 3103, Australia. 207 §at9lin9 Imafl9rl9§ Satellites have made the global observation, data communication and other activities very easy. One can get the data from satel lites even from the inaccessible or difficult terrains including from the oceans. The satellites using the infra-red imaging capacity, takes out the cloud pictures and sends through the data or picture acquisition platforms or stations. These pictures are received and stored by the computerised devices. The time of observation in Greenwich Mean Time, date, month and year are mentioned on it. These pictures are acquired and stored in cabinets arranged in different ways. This can be time, day, month and year-wise or depending upon the subject contents. In meteorology, cloud pictures are used for several purposes such as collection of advance information for forecasting of rains, sea surface temperatures, wind speed at different levels etc. Pisha- 1 roty (1986) has given an account of INSAT imageries which are acquired at satellite meteorological Centre at New Delhi. The data for polar orbiting satellites is collected and stored by the National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad. This agency issues the catalogue of satellite data periodically. Indian satellites are controlled by the Indian Space Research Organisation, Banga- 2 lore, and oher institutions under its control. Widger , Jr.(1966) has given a full account of the meteorological satellites like TIROS, Nimbus etc. He also gives an account of processing and analysis of satellite pictures and its uses including archival 1. Pisharoty, P.R.: Metorology for Indian Farmers, I.S.R.O., 1986, 89 p. 2. Widger, W.K.: Meteorological Satellites, Rienhart Wilson, 1966, pp. 113-125. 208 \.' '4i-'^:^'^-'"'\' 4^g5EC¥iV EN-00 '••y/A'"' .^*i&\a*. '^^JiVl ^l?s^ |3o t"^\ V 20 :«' >., aJL'rtl: m (0 I'o £0. •t' • • fi.%'i\ •IS .w ;'. 5# ! 1*. * '••Sl'v rrt'^i'. .,4fo_,^ TO ao Imagery 2 September 1984. • A day of abundant cloudiness over the country. A "break monsoon" condition has ended. Most of the country outside Tamil Nadu and Interior Karnataka, would experience significant rainfall. Contrast this situation with the situation depleted In the hnayory 7. U>x 24lii Auijust V)Hb. The significant amounts of rainfall reported on the morning of 4th September are: Ferozpur, 13 cm, Baramathi, 5 cm; Jabalpur, 4 cm; Jodhpur, 4 cm; Koiah, 4 cm; Agra, 4 cm; Hardoi, 3 cm; Raipur, 2 cm; Rewd. 3 cm; Allahabad, 2 cm. Gorakhpur, 3 cm; Delhi. 1 cm aspects. Widger writes-"Hl9h quality negatives of all the Tele vision data are prepared from the magnetic tapes by replaying them through the kinescope. If necessary, further reruns are made to insure the highest quality negatives. This master nega tive is carefully edited. When in the best possible condition, the master negative is shipped to the National Weather Records Center, Asheville. This master is used only to make a reporduc- tion master negative and positive or replacements for them, and it is then carefully preserved as an archives copy of the TIROS data. The reproduction masters, copied from it, are used as working masters from which further copies are made for research meteorologists and climatologists both in the United States and ovur i.ea'-." Catalogue of data are i::':;uud by archivinj centroG from time to time. The pictures are organised into 100-foot rolls of 35-mm film both positives and negatives, each roll containing the pictures from about a dozen orbits. The pictures are sold at a 1 cost of full roll. Hubert and Lehr (1967) have.given a good ac count of weather satellites. These satellite imageries are the important sources of information for the meteorologists and other users. The satel lite pictures telecast through the television, provide good information even to laymen. NATIONAi. MLA CENTRE. EML National Data Centre, Pune is the main centre for archiving the 1, Hubertt, L.F. & Lehr, P.E.: Weather Satellites, Weather Satel lites, Blaisdell Publishing Company, 1967, 120 p. Note: Some more articles are cited under bibliography. ?09 meteorological data in India. It functions under the control of India Meteorological Department. At this centre climatological records even for periods prior to 1875 are available. Meteoro logical observations at Madras from 1793 and at Bombay since 1841 are available at the weather archives. Since the beginning of the department the weather records have been preserved at department headquarters to Simla, these records were also shifted there. In 1942 these records were shifted to Poona. The Office of the Deputy Director General of Observatories (Climatology and Geo physics) at Poona is the repository. The data for the local stations is punched at five regional centres. From these region al centres, cards are sent to the India Meteorological Depart ment, Pune where these are studied and the weather summaries are prepared. Upper air data is directly collected and transferred on cards at Pune. At present the National Data Centre, Pune has got more than 40 millilon punched cards. Till 1968 the climato logical summaries were prepared using punched cards, Hollerith Sorter and Tabulator. Before the acquisition of an IBM-1620 computer by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology in 1968, the data was processed at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research at Bombay using CDC 3600 computer. In August 1977 India Meteorological Department acquired a EC-1040 Computer System which was a third generation computer. With the Installation of this computer the National Data Centre came into existence. The centre has taken up the job of verlfy- 210 ing, processing and transfer of cards data to magnetic tapes One full tape can take data equivalent to about 200,000 cards. Earlier, department used more than 350 almirahs to store the punched cards. With the switching over to magnetic tapes, it requires very much less space. The India Meteorological Depart ment. headquarters at New Delhi has acquired a 'Super Computer' 1 recently. Dewan and Dikshit (1981) have given the details of the National Data Centre in an article published in Vayu Mandal. Further details on the format of storage on the tapes etc., are given by Dewan in the Proceedings of 16th Convention of Computer 2 Society of India. Kumar and. Dewan (1990) have also contributed an article in Handbook of the Libraries, Archives and Information Centres in India, Vol.7 which discusses the structure of National Data Centre database and the query language developed by the centre. India Meteorological Department is also issuing the brochures giving the details of data available at the centre from time to time. A sample copy of such a brochure which serves as a catalogue for the data on computers is also shown on a separate page. This data centre serves the users' requirement from India and abroad. Now the data is also provided to the users by trans ferring them on magnetic tapes which helps in easy processing by individuals on computer. 1. Dewan, B.N. & Dikshit, B.N.rNational Data Centre, Pune, Vayu Mandal, July-Dec, 1981, pp. 12-17. 2. Kumar, Kumar, J.S. & Dewan, B.N.: Development of Database and Query Language at N.D.C., Pune, In Handbook of Lib. Archives & Inf. Centres, Aditya prakashan, 1990, pp.244-248. 211 Data Resources of National Data Centre, Pune After Dewan and Dikshit (1981) Type of Data Pelrio d Tot al No, Availability From To of Cards on magnetic tapes Radiosonde 1951 1978 20,89,000 Yes Pilot Balloon 1951 1979 15,72,000 Yes Daily Rainfall 1870 1977 66,59,000 Partly Monthly Rainfall 1901 1970 1,84,000 Yes Monthly Rainy days 1901 1970 1,56,000 — Evaporation 1972 1975 40,000 — Monthly Weather Report 1901 1976 6,39,000 — Current Weather 1955 1964 17,33,000 — Monthly Means-Upper Wind 1960 1970 2,21,000 — Marine Data 1854 1979 40,10,000 Partly Solar Radiation 1957 1978 3,75,000 Yes Day's Summary and Synop. 1969 1977 80,00,000 — Autographic Data 1969 1977 43,23,000 — I.G.Y. Data 1957 1958 3,33,000 —— AGROMET DATA Daily Met Data 1956 1968 21,40,000 — Weekly Data 1945 1975 74,000 — Daily Dew Data 1969 1978 72,000 — Weekly Rainfall 1901 1970 1,50,000 — Daily Agromet Data 1944 1978 7,69,000 — MICROCLIMATIC DATA In Crops 1965 1968 1,08,000 — In Open Field 1964 1975 4,23,000 — CataloQue of Rainfall Data Held w Punched QMSis. Rainfall data have have been transferred to punch cards on 212 different format. These are outlined hereunder: Type-I Format I-1901-1950-Rainfall 1n Inches and. centimeters (for all states except for 6 states and observatory stations and 342 selected stations) Format II-1901-1957-Ra1nfan In Inches and centimeters (for 6 states and all observatory stations & 342 selected stations) 1958-1970 Rainfall in m.m. and tenths. Format III-1971 onwards rainfall in millimeters and tenths. Type-2 Monthly and Annual Rainfall data Format 1-1901-1957 Rainfall In m.m. and tenths Format 11-1958-1970 Rainfall in m.m. and tenths (Punching of this card format was discontinued from 1971 onwards since daily card contains monthly totals also-Annual rainfall data is not punched) Type-3 Monthly and Annual Rainly Days: Format I-1901-1970-Data from 1971 onwards not punched. Column by column description of all the formats for each type mentioned above has been given separately In the publica tion. A chart showingcard layout and card holdings for each format and a map of India showing the major river catchement is Included. A list of stations with their latitudes and longitudes and showing the period of availability of data for such state is 213 RAINFALL a 1 FOR OBSERVATORIES AND STATE RAINGAUGE STATIONS TYPE 2 ; MONTHLY a ANNUAL RAINFALL FOHUAT I PLKIOO tdut -HiiY .t>- If, •If WI W* u|fa 0 i- < z::i^t, i i I '• I HONTm.1 XHU AANUAl >'aih»*'.t- >l...lltl .i..i. NO. or STATIONIS Nft 4^ (A«M OmiRVATORlIt 1«4 ir,te« ITATC IIAIN6AUCES «ATO IXUIOO TOTAt j W24 UMOO A COCtNM (4 MUMONCOTM DIOIT IT ANY 'O* MAY KAINrAlt. • » tS •• II !• n rOH JUMf RAINTAUL C '• 7W n i> l> 11 tOH JULY RAINFALL D » «0 •• » " •• f»H AUOUtr NAINTAIX FORMAT nPCmOO l»5a-IBT0 ttimllKf » AMNIMi N#MI* ' 1 i: i i "• 1 Vs etft* • • itt'ii 0 0 « oT OOOO Olo 0 QbO IWMIMM* f H n ra M ti M • rvmrmr r.-|i I f*! t I iTi I .'."[i'lVn '"'rrr'rn~ i i[*i > |p ixniiiBisnnnmTTa lit llll»»lU>*llUijt)l)iali isiiiit«i»biat» tfi fill f 11 tir I t I 11 7! t I t I r 1^ t I J i\T I 1 I 7\i f 111 ...j ^. IK t HO. or STATIONS NO. or CAHOt OaSCRVATORie* *** M«Q »TAT( HAINOAUCCS 4.0 9 i • lAOO TrtTAi 4.11* IM*0 PEHICO i»OI- lUTO [ ..—-.. . . .„ ., .——.-^ ,_-.. .. ^ _. 1 1 , . , J. _._^ MOItHi.* • AIIMU*. MAWT bAn \ I 1 \ ^ ^^ ^ I',!!: •• 1 J *« ( ;;:r;:;;'::; t 1 t t I t 1 i 1 1 1 l >>>ft«>f>t>ii>>>,(ia(at laiiiliaiaaa • Ii4taiafni<»a ••••«<*«»»iiuifii«in»»aLHHktaL vaJ«••«i«j « J«i««^»M^u Bi*^iij«^t^ NO. or tTATIOMS NO. Of CANOl OBSERVATORIES STATI RAINSAUaCS *jOtl rOHMAT U ^PERIOO 1901-1970 i.h~!-W;|. ... I .„ I ,., liilL.. kicooVokioi 01600.1 ..a }O1AO|O a'e b> u b gjo u'o o'jb »'« e gTBrce ro|be •f'i"«"h' MB'llViliaM«|H<«,H«M««M•'MtrtaaMviH « •! nil I a i|i I • I |i 1^ J > a ii!i ill >;» iji iju.i i.iiljill i I a|iaii|iaiaii • ii»«»ia INDIA Wax MTCOHOiriiilCAL bf^AKTMCNT 1>AIU NAiHrALu J»t^9 .Li 1 NO or STATIONS NO or CAROt i r ••' • 4,(!L)<0 OBSERVATORIES 442 i STATE RAINSAUCES 4J)a4 )i,t2,700 TOTAt. 1 <.»2» 4M*,a»0 FOHMAT m fERIOD 1971 ONWARDS II 11\ aAttoooaopfitb no obpe ooooeao ii4M*'«itM4a«t>i«M>< , lr;;iv^;;;!;;]:!;:t::!;;::::c";"rr::;::;|;:::;::::fn:^^ till I I I I I I t t I I I I I ( t I I I I I iiilir! II ktiiyiiliiL liiiiii 11 iiiji ti 11 MA,i w i>iii>;*it I > II i^aiiihiail aiai I III I III 11 III III I III » • »»i«ii'i>altti si»|>i la'aaialiAiB taiijiaaitiisa ipB*ij) • ii,iai»|i*»i|a lit » ai 111 iiill I 111,1 1111 h t I I I I ' ' ' ' I t'l lW[t I 1 T,T tl J\TT i t ^ I r ^7 J I th t I f\l r ' I I J7 l\n T IT rt 77lfr 7 17 7 7 7 7 7l7Tf 777 7 7 7 7 7 7 7? ,a.^.'.i;..:.^...'.;Ma^...a' ' '• • | J...J...J....i, aaiaa a .^ a a a,' , a a.^a a .....^ a. ^...... 1 .. I NO OF STATIONS NO. or CAROS OBSERVATORIES 0 ITArC IIAINbAUbt^ d) 0 TOTAL available separately at the India Meteorological Department library and can be seen on request. Cfltalgque al Uccai ULLod i2aU.tifiId on Punched £AO12 A catalogue of upper a1r data height, temperature, dew point and winds at various Isobaric levels held on punched cards was Issued. The pamphlet catalogue of upper wind data held on punched cards 1s the second release In this series. Upper wind data with effect from January, 1951 were tabulated In monthly registers of upperwinds for some prescribed levels and were transferred to punch cards according to Format I. From April, 1957, hours of observations were changed. Levels for which data were reported In the Pilot messages and those for which data were tabulated were also changed. As a result punch card format was also changed and format II came Into existence. From January, 1968 onwards, wind directions were tabulated In whole degrees Instead of 1n code figures as was done earlier. Tabula tion of shear vector changes was discontinued. Hence the punched card format was changed and format III came into exist ence. Thus the upper wind data held In three formats on punched cards Is available as per the details given below: 1) January 1951 to March 31st, 1957-Format I 2) April 1st, 1957 to December 31st, 1964-Format II 3) January 1st, 1965 to date-Format III 214 FORfyiAT-I 'ERIOO : 1st. JANUARY 1951 TO 31 St. MARCH 1957. TOTAL NO. OF CARDS '. 3.15,620. A .;, NO at 5 •» *SJ rUMMAM. OP< i\iJn j^^ii ji-}|4 Jj^ JjpJiI>1U3 11}1 >> II .4|4.|<,J»J„J,.,.|«j...,l„l i„,|., <«••<<•< l«»ii*j '^t^-^i^'^^^^^&^iV^sr^^M^^lUOtMM W^KA U ..*"** '!t;/**''jl^ft**' ttfwrjpu "»tiWi- iJ* :i • . tl: ; I 1 ' I ' ••iV.,s.:<,« ijlli i Sjl«llLli.J i » »••DM t < • * ' I I .> >. u ) F 0 R M A T -I ) •^ilt.C/OL£D 1 HOUR OF 0«, o»* 09 g »'* {OuS£r)UlkTia 1 NO. OF •• ift ^ jirATIOMI *• V 1 NO. or 1,10,100 ll,2»0 i,IO,7ftO 70,8^0 ^ 1 CANO* L FORMAT-It PERIOD : 1st. APRIL 1957 TO 31st. DECEMBER 1964. TOTAL NO.OF CARDS ". 5,02,445. mut 3?Pt.!fJ?i.i . « »»• J__«H,1../K. <•• of I r.l^ Tm i OCOCOC ocoocooo CI eld 0 ooooooonoG OOJOOOOjOunojUU OOJQ '»0'»0QO3|i)OlOQ 0 ooloo ouooooootooo '^•; t • 1911 l> «|iit|c«|6 «|^t tja e|e « -gtm r* TSTiSr i«f». l>fKiiT»(Jiu» m. % 9 9|k >|» •{« »|« »|» ii|r»l9 » 4^ 9B[9 t k± Vw--, F 0 R W A T—n SCHEOUIEO .:. ^ MOUH Of OeSERVATION NO, or • I I 4« tlATIOSi (.*"' \. 1 NO Of h 1,77,930 ; 90,100 1,77,630 M.7i6 CARDS ""• NHfi— ^ /• • NC • ^. '.- .- ^ O 'e' '•' (' ,4,' o < ( • * R * • I A N S f A I I 0 I N () I • • 00, II f ^ O • oo.if. la » * . nv. ii«,i7-,ia f- FORMAT-m PERIOD : 1st. JANUARY I9S5 ONWARDS TO DATE. TOTAL NO. OF CARDS : 8,14,070. ( CARDS ACCOUNTED UP TO END OF (1) DEC-73 FOR PIBAL STATIONS (II) DEC-74 FOR RADIOWIND STATIONS.) M.. IVt. Trrsr- I 'l«»«"*r*W W. I .«M I Ml* -.^•i rrl""; • T'l- -[< 00000 lOOOO 00 V 0 U u 0 olo I o ytiuu nki nl^' t mil t*l III llllllll • «!• lt«tM \ li'QI* t^Qkll i»oi« ..••.1. i« t. a.*,! U I t -f-T• C- I . »»*««i*«(Mt*l* I liTotTilS B ift9|9 « k 9|9 9l9 9 >l> 9|> 9 »|» 919 r^T" K 0 R V A T — m SCHTtXlLEO _ _ r Hour* OF 00, 0«f '»« '•» I IIIN JOOSCNVAI ION NO Of 74 51 T4 ft! \f JI4TI0NS NO Of »,T7,4»0 l,« 1,000 t^a,t*o JkZe.TBS CAROI J 111 OSN . ' />'•' £, J, 4 ,!.»» « \ ri>vA ^ Column by column description of the three punch cards is given In the catalogue. A list showing the names of stations and their index numbers, nature of observations (Pibal/Rw), number of observations per day 1s appended. A network chart is also included. It covers 74 stations. MIA m MANUSCRIPT EfiBM As mentioned above meteorological data is also available in manuscript form at India Meteorological Department, Pune. Given below are few examples of data available in manuscript form. H9teoro10fl1ca1 RMlsters (Manuscripts) These registers «re maintained begin-n'irij with 1889. Stations covered are Aden, Agra, Ajmer, Akola, Akyab, Allahabad, Divi, Belgaum, Bet.llary, Bombay, Buldana, Burdwan, Calcutta, Allpore, Chauringhee, Chakrota, Chamba, Chanda, Chikalda, Chittagong, Cochin, Cuttak, Dacca, Darjeeling, Deesa, Dehra, Devagiri, Dhubri Diamond island, Durbhug false point, Ghazipur, Hazaribagh, Hoshangabad, JacobaWd, Jeypore, Jubbalpore, Kailong, Karwar, Katmandu, Khandwa, Leh, Lucknow, Ludhiana, Madras, Mooltan, Nagpur, Nowgang, Patna, Pedang, Pithorgarh, Poona, Portblair, Queitta, Raipur, Rangoon, Ranikhet, Ratnagiri, Roorkee, Stlem, Samba1pur, Sangore Island, Secunderabad, Sholapur, Tiruchinapal- ly, Visakhapatnam, Wellington, etc. Data is given in Format A of India Meteorological 215 ,.<"•». 11 '5" J J^' ^ Am J A^r-A V'/ ^- /, -1 \ ^ ^ >/' 4/ -'/^ ^^^ w^ ;^^v5 ^^-^Y ^--f^*^ ^-^- - /" 4.i>-. First neteorological obaervutiona - Uudras Observatory (September 1793) (contd.) 12 ..^^i^/^y^^^r^ *:^y^-^^^f^.^yyp'^ ^ //.^ /y.A z^ -^J? //•/- ^ ^^ ^r /V ^ Ji:^ ^ ^ ^s -a? /4i^ /i(^ // //.J y"' /^ //J /f./ /J,S ^ /^ /f /5^ /-*> //.^ ^ ^^ •/«^ &' Z'^' ^/!c^^ '^y/^'' l»t..- ^. • . 131 ^40i^y;^ ^4f*^4/^ ^7/'^^^^ <^^^/^ ^yf^ yjt2 Ms /y.s /J f^i^^^i^fy ysJ y"/'/- X^ /^' Oldest record of Temperature Madras Observatory - 1793 32 il3M • -#-. ^#^ I-. .^ h ;; « ^ « * « «' »^u « « f- r r. .T t( % * « c * ,• « 1^ s r 3 p V ;! ? 5" * ^ .-- •• r, s R t \T 13 5 i3 3t S X i: H fi. -t •:' Ir I hjii 1 * *k *. R ft » t ^5 «UV »-O( • £ }; ii h h h K *< >^-k t; ti ii t\ h *\ 4-^ M ^ 'I *; ,^, ft ?. Jf; «!; ti f, 4 S( ^ V^ !« ij 47 .. v; .i 2 u * c; i ^ 5 <; 5 2 5 S <• J i. M^jiiSSliA -H--. «^"»l'^'^N«^»«5^^?! s b ;,J I Department. The first page of the register contains Station Name, Month, Height of Barometer above sea level, using Barometer 1225. The following data is mentioned taking readings at 10 hrs and 16 hrs. 1) Barometer reduced to 32 degrees 2) Dry bulb thermometer in shade 3) Wet bulb thermometer in shade 4) Computed vapour tension 5) Humidity 6) wind speed registered 7) Wind direction 8) Cloud o to 10 9) Cloud weather fizOa AJL. QbserYfltlgns (HanwcrlPU) These observations were made at 8 a.m. from 1896 onwards and were published in two parts. The data was collected for about 156 stations. This is the collection of meteorological data in manuscript form. The observations were made on each day at 8 a.m. and sent to Simla by post. The data elements include barometer, attached thermometers, dry bulb, wet bulb, maximum and minimum dry and wet bulb thermometers, anemometer 1st and 2nd readings, wind vane, rainfall, hours of rain, cloud amount, low clouds direction, character of weather, weather preceeding 24 hours, actual maximum thermometer, minimum wet bulb 216 observations. The manuscripts contain data sent to Simla upto 1927 and there after to Poona upto 1929. PUBLISHED DATA COMPILATIONS The most easy and conventional way of presenting the data to the users was the publication of data compilations containing proc essed data and the normals. The data publications were managed by the libraries as other publications. They were processed, classified and catalogued and maintained on the shelves. These were presented to the readers whenever needed by them. The libraries containing these data were referred to as data ar chives or repositories. India Meteorological Department has prepared the normals of weather elements upto the years 1889, 1910, 1920, 1940 and 1960. As per the recommendations of the World Meteorological Department rainfall normals were prepared for 50 years from 1901 to 1950 and for other elements for 30 years from 1931 to 1960. The earliest publication of the India Meteorological Department was the Handbook of Storms in the Arabian Sea in 19th century. The Handbook on Tropical Storms and the Atlas of Storm Tracks in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea were also published. The Climatological Atlas of India and the Rainfall Atlas of India are also compiled by the department. Publications containing Marine Climatological Summarias and the Meteorology and Climatology for the Airman are also brought out. The following sections present a brief account of major data publications brought out by the India Meteorological Department. 217 Some of the foreign publications containing Indltn data are also described. Fore1 an Publ1cat1gn§ containing ID^UAQ MeteoroloQlcal QaSA There are few publications which cover the meteorological obser vations carried out through out the world in a nutshell. Some of the important publications containing Indian Data are described below: World iiifiaibfir BafifinLs World Weather Records were collected by Exner, Walker, Gilbert, Simpson, Clayton and Mossman. H.H. Clayton has edited the publi cation. Initially this publications was published by the Smith sonian Institution 1n 1927. This was the first effort made to collect the world Meteorological data at one place and publish in a book form. The data have been arranged for publication alpha betically, first under the grand divisions of the EArth as Afri ca, Asia, Europe etc. Then by the countries under each division and finally by stations in each each country; except in the case of Australia, Africa and Indian Ocean where the data was arranged In alphabetical order under the main division. The data elements covered are temperature, pressure and rainfall. The stations included for India are: Ahmadabad, Akyab, Allahabad, Bangalore, Bombay, Calcutta, Cherrapunji, Cochin,Gauhati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kalol, Karachi, Kodaikonal, Lahore, Leh, Madras, Nagpur, Port- blair, Quetta, Rangoon, shillong, Simla and Waltair. 218 The data Is covered for India from 1841 for pressure, 1867 for temperature and 1813 for precipitation or rainfall. Volume one of this publication published In 1927, second volume In 1934, third one In 1947 and fourth volume In 1959. Fourth edition of this publication contained data for the years 1951-60 and was brought out In the year 1967 by the Environment Science Services Administration, Environmental Data Service. In this Earth Is divided into 12 divisions. India has got 47-, stations listed under this publication. Tables of Temperature. Relative Humidity and PreClPHatlgn £fiC ibfi wgrld This publication was issued in six parts in the year 1968. It is published by H.M.S.O., London. Fifth part covers Asia in which Indian stations are covered. Data for India is covered between the years 1864 to 1948. The parameters covered are temperature, relative humidity and precipitation. Indian stations Included are: Agra, Ahmedabad, Allahabad, Bangalore, Bellary, Bikaner, Bombay, Calcutta, Kanpur, Cherrapunji, Kakinada, Cochin, Darjileeing, Dhubi, Dibrugarh, Dwarka, Gaya, Hyderabad, Indore, Jagdalpur, Jaipur, Jamshedpur, Jodhpur, Jabalpore, Madras, Mangalore, Mormu- gao, Nagpur, Nagapatnam,; New Delhi, Pamban, Patna, Poona, Purl, Raipur, Ratnagiri. Sagar, Sholapur. Silcher, Simla, Tezpur, Trivandrum, Veeraval, Visakhapatnam. 219 WOCLO WCA1MJI tOiAa kADIAtlON DATA \ ^ > tucma vruuY or «oiuj»wu>icnmiHKk:NrEur rmi.T)n kfliV ANUMfe.1t.(."iOUAiT BYNOPTIC WEATHER MAPS ./*«wv--'kF. hwrr in*m«.v oaiATK NORTHEWI HEMISPHERE U. • NAVAL WIIATHIH IKRVtll CUMMANU tEA'UVEL AND tOO-WUIMII CHARTI lUMUAkV or July 1*70 •TttOPTIC UCTIOflolXtCICAL OHSKflVATtONi 0^) ESi=:^ ^^ Title pages Trom a sample of the many publications available lor climatic data. About a decade ago, a new edition of the above publication was Issued in which units of data changed and the number of stations for India Increased. Fore Ian QaiA ReMlved SSL lOdift HgtwrQlgalgfll Pepartitent Library Meteorological data publications from the foUowinj countries axe- received at the India Meteorological Department library either on gratis basis or on payment: Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Azores, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium , Switzerland, Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hongkong, Korea, Japan, India, Ceylone, Iran, Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Jordon, Thailand, Malaysia, China, Vietnam, Africa, Libya, United Arab Republic, Sudan, Algeria, Central Africa, Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Canada, Mexico, Salvador, West Indies, Cuba, Bermuda, Brazil, Argfentia, Peru, Columbia, Equador, Guiana, Surinam, Uruguay, Philippines, Newzealand, Australia, Arctic and North Polar regions, Antarctica. Any description of data publications received from above countries 1s beyond the scope of this work. 220 Published fiaU Resources ^ InsilA After describing few of the foreign data publication* containing meteorological data of India, sections below describe the Indian data resources: Aerglpfllcal Cala si ImllA This publication started from January, 1968 onwards. The publication contains radiosonde and rawin upper air and upper wind data, pilot balloon data, radiation and ozone data of all Indian stations. Prior to January, 1968 the'daily upper air and upper wind data was published in the Indian Daily Weather Report and the monthly mean data In the India Weather Review, a monthly weather report issued by the India Meteorological Department. The dally and monthly mean radiation data were issued separtely In the Monthly Radiation Bulletin and the Ozone data In Indian Journal of Meteorology and Geophysics (now called Hausam). Upper wind and upper air data is included for 65 stations. Radiation data is given for Ahmedabad, Bavnagar, Goa, Jodhpur, Kodaikanal, Madras, Nagpur, New Delhi, Poona, Shilong, Trivandrum and Visakhapatnam. Ozone data is given for Ahmedabad, Calcutta, Kodaikanal, New Delhi, Srinagar and Varana- si. Monex data for India is published from May to August, 1979 in three parts as a part of Aerological Data of India. Part-I of the publication contains the dally values and monthly mean values of the pressure, height, dry bulb and 221 HEMoms OF THE INDIA MtTEOItOLOClC/lL DEPABTMENri , ,,' MEMOIRS Of THE INDIA METEOROLOCICW. DEPARTMENT Wfm ' K^^ Vlll.. X1XI, I'AHI I. MEMOIRS OF THE INDIA METEOROLOGICAL A STUUY OF I'll-IY Vl'.AR.S' UAINKALL 01' DEPARTMENT TUIVANIJIIUM MONTIILV |-UliOUlJNCIlvS 01' llAINFALL IN JNDIA r. t>o»(rwtH IRMriMl an til, frhifimtf tXi6\ , •-Ptcqucncy Tables of Daily R»inM,v of ;•.'•!>.] 542 SclcclcJ Swiions-Qiidn);.' W.i ;Th.E«..-J...n.t«n.lm,*r.,p».«...-M"l".«n'—'l „^„„;VTPC- ' , .r, RAINFALL PROBABILITY ESTIMATES AGROCLIHATOLOGK ; • FOR SELECTED LOCATIONS PROGRESS RliPORT-ll QF SEMI-ARID INDIA Report of Work miSf AUnl BtJlltTIN N0,1 1984 siiM Ind (dinon • tn'ttBtd A HANUAI. FOR COLLF.CTION or RKI.EVANT DATA SETS .FORt. AGROCLIMATOLOGlCALlSTublES ftfnrml. ojSv.lom. .noiinrchVProorAm'SPt S M. VinMANI M.V.K, 8IVA KUMAH AND 8,J. nSOOY lii':?|.2;iii iiii Iliiii ' KS r i"-Rnmo'lond; rni'Mi lEebrua.ryl'llWl „, icntSftT ,..pi n.,,.,,1, in,i|„„. I., ,h, S.ml.A.ld Tropiei ICniSAT Pnlanrhsru P.O. , ' mmm IcniBA0 t SimlA'ld TiBplei Anilhrn Prndoilt BO! 324. inHla lfit«ttiallBn*l C'Bpi nmi-ntrli IniiKiX* •'lnlim»tl»n»i'Ct»pi BoiftU'eh lnslHnHi tor ih« S»ml-Arl(l'Tfoplci ICniBAT P«liir.ehBii. P ft '•.'"• ICniSAT rnlBnehfltti P.O. I • • '• Andhri r.iddh BOI 3M. lodl" Anrflim Pfnrte»h 50! 3I4._1mlli< | Mini EVAPORATION DATA INDIA MCTEOnOUDGICM. DEPAUTMENT •' : -iji MONTHLY AND ANNUAL RAINFALL «*f AND NUMBER 01' RAINY DAYS j I'EUIOD 1001-1050 HUNDBBD YBAI^S OF WBATHBT^ SERVICE (1870-1975) I'MIT ITI'B ISSUED UY • INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT dew point temperature and winds at standard and additional mini- baric levels as well as at significant levels taken during ascents at 00 and 12 G.M.T. at the existing radiosonde observa tories 1n the country. In addition, special radio ascents at 06 and 18 G.M.T. were also taken at some radiosonde statons during Monex-79 programme. During Monex-79 denser network was necessary and for this additional radio observatories were opened. A few Indian ships also participated In Honex 79 programme and took radiosonde observations In the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. The data from all the observations are Included In this publication. There were 13 stations covered by Part-I. Data 1s from radiosonde. " Elements observed Include surface pressure, temperature, dew point, wind, synoptic data, maximum height reached, freezing, tropopause, at 0000 G.M.T. and 1200 G.M.T. tropopause at 1000 MB, 950, 900, 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 600, 550, 500, 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 175, 150, 125, 100, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 25. Part II of this publication contains dally values and monthly mean values of upper wind data of all Indian Rawln- sonde. Radar and Pilot Balloon stations for standard kllometrlc levels as well as for significant levels for 00, 06, 12, and 18 G.M.T. Data is for 88 stations . The elements observed are direction of wind, speed of wind, mean monthly solar wind, number of observations on which the means are based, ratio between mean vector and mean scalar wind expressed at percent- 222 age. Data Is given in two rows. First row for level surface to 6 kilometers and the secod row for 7.6 to 33 kilometers, maximum wind data and significant level, high level etc. Part III gives radiation data for 21 stations, radlometersonde data for 13 stations, rocket sounding for three stations and ozone data for five stations. These data are given for the MONEX period May to August, 1979. The radiation data comprises daily and hourly values and monthly mean of global radiation for 21 stations and diffuse radiation for 16 stations. The duration of bright sunshine hours recorded by the Campbell stokes Instrument are also incorporated in this section. Radiometersonde data consists of air temperature, relative humidity, upward and downward net Infrared radiative flux and warming rates at different pres sure levels from eight Indian land stations; two extra Indian stations, Deigo Garcia Island, Kathmandu, Indian ship INS Darshak, and two Russian ships R.V. Akaderolc Shirshov and Karolov. The rocketsonde data contains polar wind, zonal and meridlnal components and fall velocity together with the corresponding Rawinsonde data observed from thr«e rocket launching stations-Balasore, Shar(Sriharikota) and Thumba (Trl- vandrum). The ozone and winter data of five Indian stations are also included in this publication. An index to stations, 223 explanation of abbreviations used In different tables and a map of India are also given. liCfifil All I2A£A This data have been published from the year 1928 in a single volume containing 14 parts. The first 12 parts contain daily direction and velocity of upper winds upto eight kilometers obtained from all routine pilot balloon ascent at each of the pilot balloon observatories and values of upper air tem peratures and humidity from aeroplane ascents made by the Royal Air Force at Peshawar, Queta and Karachi. Part 13 gives the monthly resultant vector and mean arithmetical winds for each station at all heights reached by the pilot balloons and also monthly percentage frequencies of directions of surface wind and cloud movement for all the pilot balloon ob servatories and for the three additional stations, Jaipur, Kodaikanal, and Bombay at which regular nephoscope obser vations are being taken. Part 14 gives the results of all successful sounding balloon ascents made during the year at Agra, Allahabad, Poona and Hyderabad. There were 36 pilot balloon stations. Daily two ascents were made by some of the stations, one in the morning and the other in the afternoon. The information included was date, time in hours, surface, direc tion, velocity, height above the sea level 1 to 8 kilometers in height, visibility and cloud. Aeroplane ascent contained data 224 consisting of time In hours, temperature, relative humidity and pressure 1n millibar at 8 hours local time. This publication also Includes pilot balloon data from February 1926 to Decem ber 1926 for Agra, Akyabd, Bangalore and Diamond. Data for the year 1925-27 was published In the Indian Weather Report and In the Memoirs of India Meteorological Department In 1926. From the year 1936 ( volume 9 onwards ) the data has been published In Part A and B. Part A contains monthly means of pilot balloon data and Part B contains sounding balloon data. The stations Included are Aden, Agra, Ahmedabad, Ajmer, Akyab, Allpore, Allahabad, Bahrain, Baltul, Bangalore, Begumpet, Chlttgong, Dacca, Drugh, Gwallor, Jabalpore, Lahore, Madras, Mangalore, New Delhi, Patna, Peshawar, Poona,' Port Blair, Queta, Ranchi, Rangoon, Ralpur, Sambalpur, Tezpur, Trivandrum, Wal- talr, Col aba, Jaipur, Kodalkanal etc. M^nswn Epsp^rlnwnt. 1977 (Hgn9^-77) Upper Air Data of the U.S.S.R. ships was published In 1983. This publication contains upper air data from radiosonde/rain observations over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal by five U.S.S.R. research ships during the Indo-Sov1et Monsoon Experiment of 1977. The Monsoon Experiment, 1977 was conducted from 15th May to 15th August, 1977. Hgnsgqn E^oerlm^nt. 197? (Monex-79') Monsoon experiment, 1979 was conducted from 1st May to 30th 225 June, 1979 over the Arabian Sea and from 15th July to 31st August, 1979 on the Bay of Bengal. The data of these experiments was published as a special parts of Aerological Data of India. The climatic data for Indian stations includes pressure, temperature, vapour pressure, precipitation etc. of surface stations. The upper air data which was observed at 00, 12, 3 and 12 G.M.T. includes height, temperature, dew point, depression, wind, streadiness factor, wind and late reports. Approximate volume of Monex Data in Final Processed Form 1 (After Datta 1989) Data Type (Characters) Remarks Conventional Meteorological 15 tapes . Prepared at IMMC Data Specialised Meteorological 27 tapes Received from other Data 6 Agrometeorological Data 7.8 X 10 To be processed by 6 Precipitation Data 7.0 x 10 -do- 6 Surface Radiation Data 2.9 X 10 -do- ( Radiometer Sonde Data 0.10 X 10 -do- 6 Rocket Sonde Data 0.5 X 10 -do- Data Resources al Int?rn^t^l9na1 IMlM Q£SM S?^P9 During the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) lot of data is acquired by conducting meteorological observation in Indian Ocean during November 1962 to January 1964. Raman (1966) has given the following table of data collected during the above 2 period (Raman , 1966): 1. Dutta, R.K. Information Storage, retrieval and processing of meterological data, In Adv. Inf. Sci. & Tech., v.2, ISI, 1989, pp.92-105. 2. Raman, C.R.V. Data processing at IMC, Bombay, In WMO Tech. Note No.73, 1966, pp.119-123, 226 Particulars of Data Punched (After Raman, 1966) Type of No. of No. of No. of cards observation statons observati ons Puched verified per day Surface (Indian 15 5 47,345 34.617 Ocean) Ships 150 1-4 200.000 100,000 Radiosonde 68 2 238,352 145,318 Raw in 70 2) 232,037 218103 90 2) • Data for Research 5,400 Data Cards Acquired from Foreign Countries (After Raman, 1966) Name of country Period of data Type of Data Ho. of Cards U.S.A. Jan-Aug 63 Temperature & 150,500 U.K. Jan-Jun 63 -do- 11,600 Australia Jan-Jun 63 -do- 30,000 Japan Nov 62 - Jan 63) -do- 925 Nov 63 - Jan 64) Jan 62 - Dec 63 Ships 12,800 Total Radiation QslAfif insllA This publication is also brought out by the India Meteorological Department. It covers the radiation data for India. From 1957 to 1964, it was published with a title 'Monthly Radiation Bulletin' and from 1965 to 1967, the title was 'Solar Radia tion Bulletin*. The frequency of the publication was yearly. 227 From 1968 to 1970 1t was clubbed with the A«rolog1cal Data of India. From the year 1971 onwards it is published as a separate part III of 4 Aerologlcal Data of Ind1a:Rad1at1on, Ozone and Rocketsonde Data. Radiation short period averages, 1980 contains data for 22 stations. Averages of daily global solar radiation as measured by bimetallic pyranographs for seven stations and duration of bright sunshine In hours for 22 stations are also given. The average of global and diffuse solar radiation for all days are based on the available observations upto December, 1975 and those for cloudless and average days are based on data from 1967 to 1975. Solar Radiation on Inclined Surfaces Solar radiation data ranging from July 1957 to December, 1976 Is brought out by India Meteorological Department 1n the year 1980. The data reported is for 13 stations of India Meteorologi cal Department spread over India viz., Ahmedabad, Bahaunagar, Bombay, Calcutta, Panaji, Jodhpur, Madras, Nagpur, New Delhi, Poona, Shi Hong, Trivandrum and Visakhapatnam. The first observatory to record radiation data was at Pune and Delhi In the year 1957. The radiation data in India Is used by persons working in the field of agriculture, horticulture, forestry, architecture, heating and ventiHating engineering and photo voltaic systems. They would find this publication useful In planning and designing solar radiation devices. Mean monthly values of dally software radiation on inclined surfaces are 228 Distribution of Annual euaporation over India presented 1n this publication for 13 stations. Values of direct, diffuse, sky, reflected and total shortwave radiation incident on an inclined surface are given for nine slope angles and eightaspects. All the data are computed using measured values of the total short wave radiation on a horizontal surface accoridng to the techniques described in the introduction. The data is expressed in energy units. EYSPoratlon I2al^ oi lodlA This publication was first brought out in the year 1970 by the India Meteorological Department in 2 parts. The data covered for the years 1959 to 1968 for the 30 departmental observatories. The evaporation data for 42 agro-meteorological observatories is also covered from the period 1961 to 1968. The second edition of this publication was brought out in the year 1980, which comprises of data for 40 India Meteorological Department observatories and 72 agricultural meterological observatories for the period 1969 to 1975. • The period of coverage for the agrometeorological observatory is from 1966 to 1975. Meteorological Observations Hadfi al thSL HaaDfiUfi AOd Heteorolofllcal ObsflrvfltorY A1 SMLA This publication was published by the Secretary of State for India in the year 1872. It covers the meteorological observations made at the Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory, 229 Simla during the years 1841-1845 under the direction of Lt. Col. H,T. Boileau. The volume contains the observations of the several meteorological instruments taken at an Interval of two hours during the years 1841-42 and of one hour during the years 1843-45. Also observations of Danlell's hygrometer and of the dry and wet bulb thermometers taken daily at the four six hourly periods, 4h 29m and 10h 29m morning and evening mean time at Simla, being the magnetic hours of mean time at Gottingen nearest to the periods of maxima and minima at Simla (3 a.m., 9 a.m., 3 p.m. and 9 p.m.)as directed in the instruc tions issued by the Royal Society in the year 1840 are includ ed. The hourly and daily means of the instruments observed and the results are given in a separate volume. Simla observa tions for standard thermometer and dry bulb thermometers are also given. The Simla observatory was temporary till June 1841. From July 1841 it became permanent. It also contains solar radiation temperature and direction of wind for the period starting from 21st January 1841. Standard Barometer recording started from 19th January, 1841, daily state of weather was also described from 19th January 1841. Tension of atmospheric vapour by dry and set thermometer was also given. Haanetlc and HnwrQlQflical Observations Mada aL QoYgrnnwnt Observatory ^ Bsx^baiU These observations began from the year 1862 at Bombay. In the beginning these were published by Byculla Education Society 230 Press. It started appearing In two parts. Part I of the publication contained magnetic data of observatories made during the year. Part II contains Bombay Meteorological observations made from 1862 onwards. The data represents the hourly obser vations made of the following elements: Standard barometer corrected to 32 degree, corrected for moisture, thermometers-wet bulb thermometer, depression wet bulb below thermometer in air, deduced dew point, humidity of air, wind data regarding direction and pressure In per square foot, rainfall, electrical instruments for storms, amount of clouds 0- 8, state of weather etc. Tidal results were published in 1862. The Information given in the publication contains name of the port, its longitude, latitude, establishment of port and rise and fall of s. tides in feet. The extreme ranges etc., at Bombay for the period 1846 to 1861 are given. Bombay Magnetic. Meteorological and SgJSfflQflraPhlC Observations 1911-1915 This publication covers the trio magnetic, meteorological and seismographic data. Since the aim of the present study is related to meteorological Information, mention about the mete orological data would be in order here. The data published in this publications pertains to Alibag, and Bombay observatories. The data Includes dally and monthly means and mean diurnal inequality for each month of the year for barometric pres- 231 sure, air temperature, vapour pressure and the additional capacity of air. Total rainfall in inches, mean velocity of wind in meters per hour, temperature of the ground, maxima and minima of different meteorological elements, relative humidity of air, extent of clouds in the sky, and five day means of the data are given for the years 1911 to 1915. At the beginning of the publication details of the Instruments, their make or type, capacity etc., are given. The Government Central Press published the magnetic data for India in 1910 for the years 1846 to 1905 in two parts viz., part 1 containing magnetic data and instruments and p^rt • 2 contianing magnetic phenomena. The magnetic and meteorological observations made from April to December, 1845 were published by American Mission Press, Bombay. This publication included the data about barometer, thermometer, surface of ground, thermometer six inches below surface, wet bulb thermometer, azimuth of wind, force of wind, rainfall, dew point, actinometer data etc. From the year 1945 the magnetic, meteorological, seismographic and atmospheric electric observations made at the Government observatory Bombay and Alibag have been published in two separate parts. Part I is devoted entriely to magnetic observations made at Alibag observatory and part II to meteorological and atmospheric electric observations made at Colaba observatory 232 Bombay. Seismological data is published by the India Meteorological Department in a separate bulletin known as Bulletin of Seismology of India Meteorological Department. Mag netic records of the Colaba were transferred to Alibag in 1906. In the magnetic data publications data for the Annama- lainagar and Trivandrum was also included from the year 1957. The magnetic and meteorological data which was published in two volumes continued till the data for the year 1966 was published in 1969. There after yearly single volumes;af • the geomagnetic data started appearing from the newly formed Indidri'. Institute of Geomagnetism at Bombay. Engineering ppllege atPunes' and National Geophysical Research Institue, Hyder.ajbtid 'records' seismological data. Latter also collects geomagnetic ana'"3'ravity data. iQ^LLa Meteorological Dgpartnient ExPQdHlQns ia. Antarctica The first volume of this publication was published during the year 1985 and the next volume came out during the year 1986. The volumes contain the meteorological data collected during the Antarctic Expeditions 1 and 2. The data contained in the publications is about upper air, omegasonde (ship), radia tion, radiometersonde, ozone, ozonesonde. Volume two contains data upto February, 1985. Department of Ocean Development has also produced five volumes giving the details of expeditions to Antarctica which contains information about the meteorological 233 data collected at Dakshin Gangotrl including the setting up of an automatic weather station. Details of the same can be seen In the above publications available from the Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi. CUmatolofllcal and Solar Data lac India This publication is published by the Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee and Is published by Sarlta Prakashan, Meerut. The publication is edited by T.N. Sheshaglri and others. This publication is meant for the engineers and architects who are engaged in building research. The aim of the publication Is to provide the designs of buildings for thermal comfort. The data used for this publication was based on the climatological tables of observatories in India 1953. The data used was temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind velocity and direction for about 153 stations. The data given in this publication are about climatic zones, comfort values, sky clearance factors, solar position, solar azimuths, and altitudes, shadow throws, solar load data (clear sky), incident direct solar radiation on horizontal roof and differently oriented walls. Month 1Y Aod Annual Rainfall Aod Nmnt?9r ai Rainv QMS. fsL ih& Period lgQl-lg?Q This Is a good effort made by the India Meteorological Department to compile the monthly and rainfall data and the rainy 234 Distribution of annual rainfall (cm) in India Heaviest 24 hr. rainfall recorded dur/ng the period 1901-1960 days for the fifty years beginning from 1901. The data Is useful for river valley projects, drought studies, flood control studies and In the related fields. India Meteorological Department got rainfall data for more than 3000 stations while making the present study. The normals of monthly and annual rainfall and the number of rainy days for 2693 stations 1n India based on data for the period 1901-1950 are published in the India Meteorological Department. Memoirs, Volume 31, Part III. The actual year wise monthly and annual and the number of rainy days on which the above normals are based are at present published In five parts. The first three parts covers the States of Assam, West Bengal, Orlssa, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab Including Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. The fourth volume covers Gujrat, Mysore and Maharash tra. Part 4 has been divided into two parts A and B. Part A covers Gujrat and Mysore and part B covers Maharashtra. The rainfall figures given in this publication are given in Inches and cents. The centimeters can be converted to Inches using the 1"=2.54 Cms. Geographical coordinates in degrees and minutes and heights above sea level in meters have also been given in the publication. Hill stations with heights above sea level greater than 1067 metres have been marked with symbol (a). An alphabetical index of all the rain gauge stations arranged state- wise is also given. This publication was brought out in the year 1970. 235 Rainfall Pr9t?abnnY Estimates The scientists of International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru Viramani, Siva Kumar and Reddy have calculated the rainfall probability estimates for selected loca tions of semis-arid India in 1982, 78 stations spread over India are covered. The information given is divided into four parts-pre-rainy season, rainy season, post-rainy season and dry season. The estimates are divided at three levels 5 mm, 10 mm and 20 m. The mean value in millimeters 1s also given. Aflrp-cHmatPlgfllgal JMA The agro-climatological data is collected at International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics. This Institute is collecting lot of agroclimatological data and preparing reports. The scientists of the Institute have also prepared a manual on collection of agro-climatological data. The temperature, sun shine, evaporation, evapotranspiration, leaf potential, soil moisture etc. is observed at this Institute and the data pub lished. Ssm Publications conta1n1nfl Applied AsiZfifi:^ of IMa There are a few publications containing the applied aspects of data which are brought out by some foreign agencies. The Flour Products Company, U.S.A. has brought out in 1958 a book entitled 'Evaluated weather data for Cooling Equipment'. This manual is 236 prepared after studying the ten years data collected 1n 400 U.S. stations containing 30,000 summer temperature readings. These data are used for designing the air conditioners and refrigera tors. The book 'CUmatological and Solar Data for India prepared by T.N. Sheshadrl and others is published by Sarita Prakashan in 1969 on behalf of Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee. This book has taken into account the temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind and effective temperature data for designing the buildings. 'The World Weather Guide' by E.A. Pearce and C.G. Smith published by Hutchinson in 1984 gives a very good account of the world climates. It includes data on temprature, humidity, rainfall and other climatic information and maps. It also in cludes the "Human Comfort Indexes." This information is very much useful for travellers or tourists throughout the world. Yet another book by Willy Rudloff, Buxteburg entitled 'World Climates with tables of Climatic data and practical suggestions include 50 figures, 116 diagrams and 1474 climatic tables. This publication is brought out from Germany. CAIA INVENTORIES Almost all the data centres bring out some inventories or cata logues to facilitate the users. These inventories help the users to Identify the data resources and also the ways to access. UNESCO has brought out an 'Inventory of Data Sources 1n Science and Technology' in 1982 with the help of CODATA. This Inventory also contains data resources in meteorology through out the 237 MMlHtl KttlAnON BULLETIN OMMbcr IM4 Vol. t. Urn. t* iKTnouucnoN. Thn HonLhl/ (IndUtlni DuLlntln li> irubllnhml by Itxr- India liamort>ic|lGiU OapwlMM^t. with • vl»w Vt> prtMtda r«»»nreh •clonUaLs, rnclnaam rtM wnrlrHia oUMt Inl.rroateil pnrllrn wtlh rrvltntlon fInL.i, ftftm MnaiirciMinl* aarlfi al th« latllntlmi fiUMM>n lit I'.'ilu, na goon »• r«>*Xkl« ftfUr IM anllMiloB mni •crtiklnr af vMrh kmiUt'• dais. llotitljr wid/or 'tAllf txtmit nr fi.lnliAl anlnr rntlnthni on * horlionUl 0urr«o* Tor raiu't«i«n aLallnna ani of dirfua* (nky) rwlUtlon for tLi atatlona fM n%a»ab Uolall* «r ttit rwllallon atatiiMia IUHI tlm Imiti uw<»l-' WOKLD MUTliOKOIXKilCAL OKOANIZAI ION LIST OF WOHLD Mt TtOHOLOGlCAL ORGANIZATION PUBLICATIONS SUl'I'LEMICNT OF TO'llllll'IMIiDIIICJNin'lllll mi: iM)iA CATALOGUE CATALOGUE MljiriiOKQLOGICAL Ol' DEPAK'l'MEINT PUBLICATIONS I'UJJLICAIIONS Mcirni.ilii,.y Hnd trlnird RrltK Mnl(iijMil()i)y nnil inlitlntl tlolfla AiipiKl VJV) # ..,o.,«-».i«.-o«-«-»*H.«WM *"««'*'<"*'^"«'»«-*»t<-'<»'«*-t.«W-,;,««-.*.h^wHt COR*tCTEO UPTO iCPT. tni WITH ADO6N0A UPTO ISih AUG. W «Mi«U>lal M IM Ws'W Mal««iat world. NOAA has brought out a Selective Guide to Climatic Data Sources, Key to Meteorological Records Documentation No.411 In 1979. World Data Centre-BI at Moscow also brings out a catalogue of data and publications on meteorology and nuclear radiation periodically. In 1989 also, such a publication was brought out. National Geophysical Data Centre in U.S.A. also brings out cata logue of data publications periodically. International Council of Scientific Unions has brought out a Guide to World Data Cen tres In July 1969 with several supplements. In India, India Meteorological Department has the responsibility of issuing the catalogue of publications including data. A catalogue containing information on data publications and other information sources upto 198D was Issued by the India Meteorloglcal Department which is also available from the Controller of Government Publications, Civil Lines, New Delhi. Some of the data reports can be pur chased from the Additional Director General of Meteorology (Climatology and Geophysics), Shivajinagar, Pune-411005. 238