14/11548/FUL - Roberts Barracks, Larkhill Garrison, Larkhill
Dear Simon
Our ref: CWI15417
I have received a Written Scheme of Investigation and Appendix for this application, which I attach for your information. I am happy that the proposed works are appropriate.
Therefore, if there is a DOC request for Condition 6 of this application I would be happy to recommend a partial discharge of the condition. I would not, however, recommend a complete discharge as the works detailed in the WSI have not yet been carried out.
Please don’t hesitate to get in touch if you would like to discuss this further.
Regards
Clare
Clare King MCIfA Assistant County Archaeologist Wiltshire Council
County Archaeology Service Wiltshire & Swindon History Centre Cocklebury Road, Chippenham SN15 3QN Tel: 01249 705503 E-mail:[email protected] Website: www.wiltshire.gov.uk
Visit the Wiltshire & Swindon History Centre - Your Passport to the Past: Archives, Archaeology & Building Records, Museums, Conservation, Local Studies.
Larkhill
Proposed Development Area Planning Reference Reference Type of Work Proposed Works
Car parking, sports pitch, 2001 LXC652 None No proposed work. and modifications to security fences.
Two Officer SLAs, messing facility, two LA0674, LA0675, Evaluation/watching 28 Phase 1 trenches and 11 SRSLAs, associated LA673, LA0677, LA0678, LA0676, messing facility, car Brief Phase 2 trenches. Watching 2002 LXC658, LXC659, parking, access roads, brief during the demolition LXC660, LXC661, of the existing buildings. and demolition of LXC662, LXC663 structures.
Sports pitch. 2003 LXS026 Evaluation Four Phase 1 trenches and two Phase 2 trenches.
LA0681, LA0682, 2004 – 40 Phase 2 trenches LA0683, LA0684, and a watching brief during Demolition of structures, Evaluation/Watching 2004 and 2005 LA0685, LA0686, demolition works. new technical buildings, LA0689, LA0690, Brief and car parking. LXC650, LXC651 2005 – Six Phase 2 trenches.
RHQs, technical 2006 LA0669, LA0668, buildings, and a parade LA0667, LA0665, ground. LA0688, LA0687, Evaluation Twelve Phase 2 trenches. LA0663, LA0672, LPX002 P&RTF building and sport Evaluation/Watching Four Phase 2 trenches and a pitches. LA0671, LXS032, Brief watching brief during 2007 LXS033 demolition works.
Technical buildings and 2008 14/11548/FUL LA0666, LA0670, Evaluation/Watching Two trenches and a RHQ. LA0662 Brief watching brief during site clearance and groundworks.
Demolition of existing Two Phase 1 trenches and a building and new watching brief during Evaluation/Watching medical and dental 2009 LA0401, LA0692 demolition works. centre. Brief
Reconfiguration and LA0648, LA0649, 2010 and 2011 – No expansion of Horne and LA0655, LA0656, proposed works. Roberts Barracks, JRSLAs, 2010 LA0657, LA0652, Evaluation/Watching LA0650, LA0694, 2012 car parking, sports pitch, Brief – Six Phase 1 trenches, LA0653, LA0651, JR dining centre. seven Phase 2 trenches, a LXC653, LXC654, and watching brief during LXS028, LA0654 demolition works.
LA0644, LA0645, JRSLAs and sports pitch. 2013 LA0646, LA0647, None No proposed works. LXS029 LA0636, LA0637, JRSLAs. 2014 LA0638, LA0639, Evaluation Seven Phase 1 trenches and LA0640, LA0641, one Phase 2 trench. LA0642, LA0643 Two Phase 1 trenches, one SRSLA , mess, and car 2015 LA0679, LA0661, Evaluation/Watching Phase 2 trench, and a parking. LXC014 Brief watching brief during demolition works. Sports pitch. 2016 LXS023 Evaluation Five Phase 1 trenches. Sports pitch. 2017 LXS021 Evaluation Five Phase 1 trenches. Officer’s SLA and mess 2018 LA0680, LXC657 Evaluation Four Phase 1 trenches. and car park. Small technical building. 2019 LX0900 Watching brief Watching brief during ground works. Car park. 2020 LXC665 Evaluation Five Phase 2 trenches. Sports pitch and car park 2021 LSX027, LXC656 Evaluation Nine Phase 2 trenches. LXS030, LXS031, May require a Sports pitches, car parks, 2022 LXS022, LXS024, N/A supplementary heritage and other facilities LXS025, LA0693, statement for scope of LXC664 works.
Aspire Defence Capital Works
Army Basing Programme
Written Scheme of Investigation – Perham Down, Larkhill, Tidworth and Bulford
February 2015
20-XXXGEN-47-RT-E5-007 A Pan Garrison – Archaeological Written Scheme of Investigation
20-XXXGEN-47-RT-E5-007 A 2 Pan Garrison – Archaeological Written Scheme of Investigation
Rev. Date Purpose of Issue Author Chkd. Appr. A 31/03/2015 Issued to Fusion Live for Information WA GGS DK
20-XXXGEN-47-RT-E5-007 A 3
Army Basing Programme (ABP) Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps
Written Scheme of Investigation and Project Design for Archaeological Works
Prepared for: Aspire Defence Capital Works Aspire House Princes Avenue Aldershot GU11 2LF
Prepared by: Wessex Archaeology Portway House Old Sarum Park Salisbury SP4 6EB
www.wessexarch.co.uk
February2015
Report Ref. T19421.03
© Wessex Archaeology Ltd 2015, all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Ltd is a Registered Charity No. 287786 (England & Wales) and SC042630 (Scotland) ABP Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps WSI and Project Design for Archaeological Works
Quality Assurance
Project Code TBC Accession Client Code Ref. Planning Ordnance Survey 418700 143500 (Bulford) Application (OS) national grid 413400 144900 (Larkhill) Ref. reference (NGR) 425418 149200 (Perham Down) 422482 148290 (Tidworth)
Version Status* Prepared by Checked and Approver’s Signature Date Approved By
v01 E TW/ST S Cleggett 12/02/2015
File: X:\TENDERS\T19421\WSI\Combined\Draft_Projectno_ ABP_WSI_Combinedv01.Docx v01 F TW/ST/SC A D Crockett 12/02/2015
File: v02 E ML 26/02/2015 File:
File:
* I = Internal Draft; E = External Draft; F = Final
DISCLAIMER
THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT WAS DESIGNED AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF A REPORT TO AN INDIVIDUAL CLIENT AND WAS PREPARED SOLELY FOR THE BENEFIT OF THAT CLIENT. THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT DOES NOT NECESSARILY STAND ON ITS OWN AND IS NOT INTENDED TO NOR SHOULD IT BE RELIED UPON BY ANY THIRD PARTY. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW WESSEX ARCHAEOLOGY WILL NOT BE LIABLE BY REASON OF BREACH OF CONTRACT NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE (WHETHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OCCASIONED TO ANY PERSON ACTING OR OMITTING TO ACT OR REFRAINING FROM ACTING IN RELIANCE UPON THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT ARISING FROM OR CONNECTED WITH ANY ERROR OR OMISSION IN THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THE REPORT. LOSS OR DAMAGE AS REFERRED TO ABOVE SHALL BE DEEMED TO INCLUDE, BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO, ANY LOSS OF PROFITS OR ANTICIPATED PROFITS DAMAGE TO REPUTATION OR GOODWILL LOSS OF BUSINESS OR ANTICIPATED BUSINESS DAMAGES COSTS EXPENSES INCURRED OR PAYABLE TO ANY THIRD PARTY (IN ALL CASES WHETHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OR ANY OTHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS OR DAMAGE.
ABP Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps WSI and Project Design for Archaeological Works
Army Basing Programme (ABP) Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps
Written Scheme of Investigation and Project Design for Archaeological Works
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Purpose of this document ...... 1 1.2 Project background ...... 1 1.3 Scope of Document ...... 3
2 SITE DESCRIPTIONS ...... 4 2.1 Site locations, topography and geology ...... 4 Bulford ...... 4 Larkhill ...... 4 Perham Down ...... 5 Tidworth ...... 5
3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ...... 6 3.1 Introduction ...... 6 3.2 Previous archaeological work ...... 6 3.3 Archaeological and historical context ...... 6 Bulford ...... 6 Larkhill ...... 8 Perham Down ...... 9 Tidworth ...... 10
4 AIMS AND APPROACH ...... 11 4.1 Aims ...... 11 4.2 Strategy overview ...... 12 4.3 Potential impacts ...... 13 4.4 Site constraints and environmental considerations ...... 13 Biodiversity ...... 13 Contaminated Ground ...... 14 Trees ...... 14 Extant Structures and Services ...... 14 Scheduled Monuments ...... 14
5 PROPOSED WORKS ...... 14 5.1 Introduction ...... 14 5.2 Bulford ...... 15 Area 1002 ...... 15 Area 1003 ...... 15 Area 1004 ...... 16 Areas 1005-1007 ...... 16
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Areas 1008 and 1009 ...... 16 Area 1010 ...... 17 Area 1011 ...... 17 Area 1012 ...... 18 Areas1013-1017 ...... 18 Area 1018 ...... 18 Area 1019 ...... 18 Area 1020 ...... 18 5.3 Larkhill ...... 19 Area 2001 ...... 19 Area 2002 ...... 19 Area 2003 ...... 19 Areas2004 and 2005 ...... 20 Area 2006 ...... 20 Area 2007 ...... 21 Area 2008 ...... 21 Area 2009 ...... 21 Areas2010-2012 ...... 22 Area 2013 ...... 22 Area 2014 ...... 22 Area 2015 ...... 23 Area 2016 ...... 23 Area 2017 ...... 23 Area 2018 ...... 23 Area 2019 ...... 24 Area 2020 ...... 24 Area 2021 ...... 24 Area 2022 ...... 24 5.4 Perham Down ...... 25 Area 3001 ...... 25 Areas 3002-3004 ...... 25 Area 3005 ...... 25 Area 3006 ...... 25 Area 3007 ...... 26 Area 3008 ...... 26 Areas 3009-3011 ...... 26 Area 3012 ...... 27 Area 3013 ...... 27 Area 3014 ...... 27 Area 3015 ...... 27 5.5 Tidworth ...... 27 Area 4001 ...... 27 Area 4002 ...... 28 Areas4003-4010 ...... 28 Area4011 ...... 29 Area 4012 ...... 29 Areas 4013 and 4014 ...... 29 Areas4015-4021 ...... 29 Areas 4022 and 4023 ...... 30 Area 4024 ...... 30
6 EVALUATION AND WATCHING BRIEF METHODOLOGIES ...... 31 6.1 Introduction ...... 31 ii WA Ref. TBC
ABP Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps WSI and Project Design for Archaeological Works
6.2 Programme ...... 31 6.3 Evaluation methodology ...... 31 6.4 Watching brief methodology ...... 32 6.5 Recording ...... 34 6.6 Photography ...... 34 6.7 Survey ...... 34 6.8 Artefacts ...... 34 6.9 Environmental sampling ...... 35 6.10 Human remains ...... 35 6.11 Treasure ...... 36 6.12 Monitoring ...... 36 6.13 Progress meetings ...... 36 6.14 Access ...... 36
7 POST EXCAVATION AND REPORTING ...... 36 7.1 Interim reporting ...... 36 7.2 Final report ...... 37 7.3 Site archive ...... 37 7.4 OASIS report ...... 38 7.5 Discard policy ...... 38 7.6 Security copy ...... 38 7.7 Copyright ...... 38
8 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND STAFFING ...... 39 8.1 Personnel ...... 39
9 STANDARDS ...... 39 9.1 Quality assurance and code of practice ...... 39
10 INSURANCE AND HEALTH AND SAFETY ...... 40 10.1 Policy and Risk Assessment ...... 40
11 OUTLINE OF POTENTIAL ADDITIONAL WORKS ...... 40 11.1 Overview ...... 40 11.2 Open area excavation ...... 41 11.3 Strip, map and sample excavation ...... 41 11.4 Watching brief ...... 42
12 REFERENCES ...... 42
Figures Figure 1: Bulford Camp: Proposed trenches and previous work Figure 2: Bulford Camp: Proposed trenches and proposed development Figure 3: Bulford Camp: Proposed trenches and environmental constraints Figure 4: Larkhill Camp: Proposed trenches and previous work Figure 5: Larkhill Camp: Proposed trenches and proposed development Figure 6: Larkhill Camp: Proposed trenches and environmental constraints iii WA Ref. TBC
ABP Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps WSI and Project Design for Archaeological Works
Figure 7: Perham Down Camp: Proposed trenches and previous work Figure 8: Perham Down Camp: Proposed trenches and proposed development Figure 9: Perham Down Camp: Proposed trenches and environmental constraints Figure 10: Tidworth Camp: Proposed trenches and previous work Figure 11: Tidworth Camp: Proposed trenches and proposed development Figure 12: Tidworth Camp: Proposed trenches and environmental constraints
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ABP Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps WSI and Project Design for Archaeological Works
Army Basing Programme (ABP) Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps
Written Scheme of Investigation and Project Design for Archaeological Works
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of this document 1.1.1 This document has been prepared by Wessex Archaeology on behalf of Aspire Defence Capital Works (hereafter the Client) and presents a Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) for preliminary works designed to address the archaeological implications of proposals for the Army Basing Programme (ABP) at four of the main military facilities contained within the Defence Training Estates on Salisbury Plain: Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth.
1.1.2 Following a meeting between the Client and WA on December 19th 2014 it was agreed that the preferred investigative method employed for the excavation of an appropriately sized sample area within the total development footprint of the proposed ABP works would entail either conventional archaeological trial trench evaluation or – where trial trenching was not possible due to the presence of services and other constraints – via watching brief.
1.1.3 Accordingly, a trenching layout was proposed providing an approximately 4% sample of the development footprint. This figure represents the absolute maximum magnitude of potential work to be undertaken at this stage; the works are very likely to be significantly reduced in scope once the constraints on evaluation become known. As such, should zones of potential be able to be identified, areas of reduced coverage may be proposed. The trenching array illustrated within this report is therefore indicative only and does not imply that conditions are favourable on the ground to facilitate the evaluation of such a comprehensive sampling regime.
1.2 Project background 1.2.1 On 5 March 2013 the Regular Army Basing Plan was announced, setting out location changes for the Army and also confirming the drawdown of all units from Germany by 2020. The Plan later transitioned into a delivery programme known as the ABP. The ABP will aim for better utilisation of the UK estate and greater concentration of the Army on Salisbury Plain Training Area (SPTA).
1.2.2 The ABP works proposed within the military camps at Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth will entail a major programme of new construction and the reconfiguration and refurbishment of existing facilities to provide expanded capacity for the following:
Living accommodation; Catering and dining facilities;
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Administrative facilities, including Regimental and Company Headquarters and offices; Technical buildings, including stores, garages and workshops; Car parking areas and access roads; Education and training facilities; Physical training and recreational sports facilities; and Medical and dental facilities. 1.2.3 This document forms part of an ongoing programme of archaeological works undertaken as part of the ABP design process, which has included the preparation of a suite of Archaeological Desk-based Assessments (DBAs) for each of the military camps at Larkhill, Bulford, Perham Down and Tidworth (Wessex Archaeology 2014a-d). More recently, an archaeological watching brief has been maintained during a series of preparatory site surveys, including major intrusive geotechnical and contamination investigations within the proposed ABP development areas (Wessex Archaeology 2014e).
1.2.4 The Client has received screening opinions from Wiltshire Council for the ABP proposals within military camps at Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth which confirm that these proposals do not require statutory environmental impact assessment. Although Wiltshire Council has decided that these works are not EIA developments, the screening opinions identified a series of archaeological and heritage aspects to be addressed by individual planning applications for these works. With regard to the archaeological implications for the works within the military camps at Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth, Wiltshire Council’s screening opinions stated:
Bulford Camp
‘There are known heritage assets with an archaeological interest in the locality (two scheduled areas, comprising at least seven Bronze Age barrows), within close proximity of at least one of the ‘priority works’ areas.’ Larkhill Camp
‘...... a scheduled Neolithic long barrow is positioned directly adjacent to two areas that form part of the priority works. There is another scheduled long barrow adjacent to buildings identified for demolition. Clearly there is the potential for the ‘priority works’ to encounter significant archaeological remains that have not yet been identified.’ Perham Down
‘As recognised in the submission, one of the ‘priority works’ areas is directly adjacent to the Boundary earthwork on Lamb Down scheduled monument. In addition, there is the potential for the ‘priority works’ to encounter significant archaeological remains.’ Tidworth Camp
‘There are known heritage assets with an archaeological interest on the site.’ 1.2.5 In light of the archaeological implications of the ABP works within each of the Salisbury Plain military camps, Wiltshire Council’s screening opinions concluded:
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ABP Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps WSI and Project Design for Archaeological Works
‘Accordingly, it is recommended that a field evaluation, in addition to the desk based assessment, is completed and presented as part of any application. The field evaluation should be undertaken in line with a written scheme of investigation. This information should reveal the impact of the proposed development on any buried archaeology and allow this service to give proportionate advice with regard to the proposed development. Any such works should be conducted by a professional, qualified archaeologist.’ 1.2.6 In response, the Client has commissioned Wessex Archaeology (WA) to design and implement a programme of trial trench evaluation, to be conducted within the proposed ABP development areas at Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth.
1.2.7 During the early stages of the design process for the trial trench evaluation, it was established that the scale and complexity of the ABP proposals, in combination with the constraints of the development environments, will impose difficulties in terms of the delivery of any such programme of investigative works. Consequently, a bespoke strategy, which offers an iterative, proportionate and deliverable programme of preliminary archaeological investigation has been developed by WA, in consultation with the Client and Wiltshire Council Archaeological Services (WCAS).
1.3 Scope of Document 1.3.1 For clarity, the scope of this document is restricted to investigative works designed to provide additional information as to the archaeological potential of the development areas included as part of proposals within military camps for the ABP at Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth.
1.3.2 This document provides a Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) which sets out the aims of the programme of works ( Section 4.1 ), an outline of the strategy which will fulfil these aims (Section 4.2 ), and provides a rationale for the proposed works ( Section 5 ). Detailed methodologies for the techniques that will be employed in the execution of the works are presented in Section 6 .
1.3.3 The results of the works will inform the requirement for any future archaeological investigations and/or mitigation works. The works are therefore considered to be the first stage in an iterative programme of phased archaeological works. Any additional works will ultimately aim to ensure that any risk of direct, physical impact to archaeological remains is mitigated, via the principle of preservation by record, in a manner that is proportionate to their significance, and the degree of impact which is predicted to occur.
1.3.4 It is therefore anticipated that additional works will, as appropriate, involve the application of a range of archaeological methods. These are likely to entail strategic sampling, targeting key areas through strip, map and sample methods, while other approaches, including open area excavation and monitoring via watching brief will also be considered, according to the results of the initial works.
1.3.5 The detailed design of any additional works falls outside of the scope of this document, and will be a matter for future consultation between the Client, WCAS and WA. Nevertheless, an outline methodology for each method that is likely to be considered for the delivery of any required additional works is presented in Section 11 .
1.3.6 It can also be envisaged that, in the event of the works revealing exceptionally significant archaeological remains that would be impacted by the development proposals, opportunities may be explored to enable their preservation in situ through iterative design
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changes to individual elements of the ABP development proposals, where it is practicable and desirable to do so.
1.3.7 Excepting where superseded by statements made below, this document conforms in format and content with current best practice and guidance, as outlined in:
Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MoRPHE) (English Heritage 2009); The Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ (CIfA) Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation (2014a); and Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Watching Briefs (CIfA 2014b).
2 SITE DESCRIPTIONS
2.1 Site locations, topography and geology Bulford 2.1.1 Bulford Camp is located to the east of Bulford village, approximately 3 km north-east of Amesbury and c. 13 km north of Salisbury. The military facility is self-contained, and is set amid a patchwork of arable fields, pasture, undeveloped grassland and plantations.
2.1.2 Bulford Camp contains a considerable number of structures, including accommodation blocks, messing and recreation amenities, stores, technical support, administration and training facilities. The site also contains numerous parcels of open ground interspersed amongst and at the peripheries of the developed areas.
2.1.3 Bulford Camp is located on gently sloping ground, at the foot of, and overlooked by Beacon Hill. Within the camp, the ground slopes evenly from east-west, dropping from c. 130 m above Ordnance Datum (aOD) to c. 95 m aOD.
2.1.4 The underlying geology of the camp is mapped as Cretaceous chalk of the Newhaven and Seaford Chalk Formations (BGS online viewer).
Larkhill 2.1.5 Larkhill Camp is sited approximately 3 km north-west of Amesbury and c. 14 km north of Salisbury. The southern edge of the proposed development area at Larkhill camp is situated some 1.9 km north of Stonehenge.
2.1.6 Larkhill Camp is currently home to the Royal School of Artillery. The military facility contains a considerable number of structures, including accommodation blocks, messing and recreation facilities, technical support, administration, stores and the main training complex. The site also contains several large parcels of open ground (including sports pitches and training grounds) particularly to the west and north, and to the west of Stirling Barracks.
2.1.7 Much of the central part of the camp is structured around a rectilinear gridded street plan. The main arterial route bisecting Larkhill Camp, the Packway, also defines the northern boundary of the Stonehenge part of the World Heritage Site (WHS) of Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites.
2.1.8 The military facility is largely self-contained, set as it is amid the open and undeveloped expanse of Salisbury Plain. Several fields, particularly immediately to the south of the camp are under arable cultivation, though undeveloped grassland predominates beyond.
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The majority of the surrounding landscape to the north forms part of the military training grounds. A number of plantations are located around the perimeter of the camp.
2.1.9 Larkhill Camp is located within a gently undulating landscape at an approximate elevation of 125 m aOD.
2.1.10 The underlying geology of the site is mapped predominantly as Cretaceous chalk of the Seaford Chalk Formation, overlain by a dendritic pattern of Head deposits composed of clay, silt sand and gravel, laid down during the Quaternary period (British Geological Survey). The northern part of the site is recorded as lying upon Cretaceous chalk of the Newhaven Formation, though no superficial deposits are mapped in this location.
Perham Down 2.1.11 Perham Down is situated to the east of the suburban development of Tidworth and 1 km south-west of the town of Ludgershall.
2.1.12 Perham Down is currently home to the 22nd and 26th Engineer Regiments. The military facility contains a variety of structures, including accommodation blocks, messing and recreation facilities, technical support, offices and stores. The camp also contains a number of areas of woodland.
2.1.13 The military camp is bounded to the east by Somme Road and to the south by the road linking Tidworth and the A342 Andover Road, which cuts through the southern edge of the proposed development area. Residential estates lie to the south-west and south-east with open land to the north-west and the remnants of the road system associated with the earlier tented camp to the north-east.
2.1.14 The proposed development area at Perham Down is located on the top of a gentle chalk knoll, at a height of c. 130 m aOD, falling to c. 120 m to the north-east adjacent to Somme Road.
2.1.15 The underlying geology of the site is mapped predominantly as Cretaceous Upper Chalk of the Newhaven Formation, changing to the Seaford Formation towards the north-east (British Geological Survey).
Tidworth 2.1.16 Tidworth Camp is located at the western edge of the garrison town of Tidworth in east Wiltshire, some 12 km to the north-west of Andover.
2.1.17 Tidworth Camp is occupied by a considerable number of structures, including accommodation blocks, tank depots, offices and mess halls, which are sub-divided into several individual barracks and areas. These comprise Mooltan and Lucknow Barracks in the northern part of the Site, Jellalabad Barracks in the south-east and Delhi, Candahar, Bhurtpore, Assaye and Aliwal Barracks in the south. The barracks are delineated by a network of roads divided on three roughly parallel lines which traverse the site from north- east to south-west.
2.1.18 Army housing extends to the north of the main body of the Camp. A number of military structures and sports grounds extend to the east of the proposed development areas. Tidworth Garrison Golf Course lies immediately to the south of the proposed development areas, while the predominantly open landscape to the north and west forms part of the military training grounds. Several plantations surround the camp, including Long Hill and Clarendon Hill, which define its south-western perimeter. Access to the camp is obtained
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from the east via Pennings Road, which forms the main north-south route through Tidworth.
2.1.19 Tidworth Camp occupies a south-east facing slope in the valley of the River Bourne, with the land rising from an elevation of approximately 108 m aOD at the north-eastern boundary to c. 130 m aOD in the west.
2.1.20 The underlying geology of the site is mapped as Cretaceous chalk of the Newhaven Chalk Formation. This is overlain at the eastern and southern extents of the site by Quaternary Head Deposits composed of clay, silt sand and gravel (British Geological Survey).
3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 The earlier suite of DBAs (WA 2014a-d) provided a detailed archaeological and historical background for each of the military camps at Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth. This information will not be repeated here in detail: the following section provides a brief summary of the baseline information presented by the DBAs.
3.2 Previous archaeological work 3.2.1 There is an extensive history of archaeological research within the wider landscape surrounding the military camps on Salisbury Plain. Within the camps themselves, numerous archaeological investigations have been conducted in association with recent development ( Figures 1, 4, 7 and 10 ). These investigations have typically been small in scale and have included programmes of test-pitting, trial trench evaluation and watching brief monitoring.
3.2.2 Earlier investigations have only sporadically encountered archaeologically significant remains within the military camps at Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth. However, evidence of modern disturbance, truncation and remodelling associated with previous phases of development has also been frequently reported, and often cited as an explanation for the paucity or absence of archaeologically significant features.
3.2.3 It is apparent that any archaeological remains present within previously developed parts of the military camps may have been subject to a considerable degree of modern disturbance. Conversely, buried archaeological remains within less intensively developed areas have been observed to survive relatively well during previous investigations. On occasion, isolated pockets of well-preserved archaeological remains have also been identified within otherwise heavily disturbed areas.
3.2.4 No archaeologically significant features, deposits or finds were identified during the recent monitoring of extensive geotechnical investigations within the proposed development sites (WA 2014e). However, the works provided additional information regarding the extent of prior landscaping, truncation and the depth of made ground deposits. This information allows for inferences to be made as to the potential for the survival of archaeological remains throughout different areas of the proposed ABP development sites.
3.3 Archaeological and historical context Bulford 3.3.1 Bulford Camp is located within an area that is replete with prehistoric archaeological remains. This is emphasised by the fact that the camp lies within an Area of Special Archaeological Significance, as defined within the Salisbury District Local Plan (2011). As
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a result, the principle archaeological interest within the site derives from the potential for the presence of buried remains relating to prehistoric funerary and ceremonial monuments, settlement and agricultural practises.
3.3.2 Of particular relevance in terms of the development proposals are a Scheduled bell barrow and disc barrow (National List no. 1009964), which are located within the eastern part of the camp, and a group of five Scheduled bowl barrows (National List no. 1009576) located immediately beyond its southern perimeter (Figure 3 ). These Scheduled Monuments are of at least national significance, due to their high potential to contain archaeological and palaeoenvironmental evidence which would provide information about the Neolithic and/or Bronze Age people that constructed them. The physical extent of a Scheduled Monument above ground can only be viewed as indicative, rather than as a firmly defined limit, as associated sub-surface remains (including additional barrows) may extend beyond the statutorily designated area. Any such remains may, like the upstanding monuments themselves, be considered to be of national significance.
3.3.3 The DBA (WA 2014b) highlighted that several non-designated barrows have also been recorded within the site and in its immediate vicinity. In addition, a number of inhumation burials of uncertain (though probable prehistoric) date have previously been encountered within the camp.
3.3.4 A small number of Neolithic/Bronze Age features (shallow ditches and pits) have also previously been excavated within Bulford Camp, suggesting that there is a relatively high potential for further remains to be encountered.
3.3.5 Crop mark evidence has enabled the mapping of extensive field systems immediately beyond the military camp. These include well-defined crop marks delineating a field system to the south, which presumably once extended into the site. Though the majority of these have not been directly dated, it has been suggested that they may be of Bronze Age, Iron Age or Romano-British date. Although it is likely that some of the field systems were in use during these periods, securely dated evidence for activity (particularly settlements) that correspond to these is relatively sparse within the local area. However, the available evidence suggests some potential for such remains to be discovered.
3.3.6 The DBA (WA 2014b) recognised that there is little archaeological evidence of Anglo Saxon or medieval activity within the vicinity of the Bulford Camp, possibly reflecting the use of this area as pasture in the rural hinterland of nearby settlements.
3.3.7 Throughout the post-medieval period and into the 19th century, land is likely to have remained predominantly either under pasture or for arable cultivation. Sub-surface remains relating to field boundaries, track ways or roads (including those depicted on historic mapping prior to the development of the military camp) may therefore survive within the proposed development areas.
3.3.8 The DBA (WA 2014b) identified that there is a potential for archaeologically significant remains which relate to earlier phases of the military camp’s development to survive within the proposed development sites.
3.3.9 The War Office first completed the purchase of land at Bulford in March 1898, with the original encampment being tented and comprising white canvas bell tents. The camp was enlarged by 1903, with many buildings constructed with wooden walls and framing covered with felt and corrugated iron. Crop mark evidence indicates the presence of numerous zig-zag practice trenches within the site, which were presumably dug during the First World War. 7 WA Ref. TBC
ABP Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps WSI and Project Design for Archaeological Works
3.3.10 During the Second World War Bulford was largely occupied by British Units, although the Royal Australian Army Ordnance Corps was stationed for a time at Bulford towards the end of 1940. Post-WWII, the majority of the pre-war structures were removed; at present, few traces of the pre-WWII Barracks survive within the camp.
Larkhill 3.3.11 Larkhill Camp is located within an area of unparalleled importance in terms of prehistoric archaeology. The southernmost edge of the camp lies within the Stonehenge portion of the Stonehenge and Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage Site (WHS) ( Figure 6), whilst the entirety of the military camp also lies within an Area of Special Archaeological Significance, as defined within the Salisbury District Local Plan (2011).
3.3.12 As a result, the principle archaeological interest in the site derives from the potential for the presence of buried remains relating to prehistoric funerary and ceremonial monuments, settlement and agricultural practices. Of particular interest in this regard are two Scheduled long barrows ( Figure 6); the Long Barrow in Larkhill Camp (National List no. 1012167), which is situated within the camp, immediately to the north of the Packway, and Knighton Long Barrow (National List no. 1010052), located immediately outside of its northern perimeter.
3.3.13 These Scheduled Monuments are of at least national significance, due to their high potential to contain archaeological and palaeoenvironmental evidence which would provide information about the Neolithic and/or Bronze Age people that constructed them. The physical extent of a Scheduled Monument above ground can only be viewed as indicative, rather than as a firmly defined limit, as associated sub-surface remains may extend beyond the statutorily designated area. Any such remains may, like the upstanding monuments themselves, be considered to be of national significance.
3.3.14 Previous investigations within Larkhill Camp have typically revealed only limited remains of prehistoric date. However, traces of potentially regionally significant prehistoric settlement activity was revealed within the camp during a watching brief carried out during the construction of new accommodation blocks for Alanbrooke Barracks in 2009 (WA 2009a).
3.3.15 In contrast to the wealth of Neolithic and Bronze Age archaeology in the wider area, the preceding DBA (WA 2014a) identified comparatively little recorded evidence of Iron Age to post-medieval date within the vicinity of Larkhill Camp. However, field systems identified from aerial photographs within and immediately beyond the camp may be of Iron Age and/or Romano-British date. A ditch excavated in the northern part of the camp was tentatively dated to the Bronze Age/Iron Age, while reports of Romano-British pottery discovered to the south of the camp also indicate some degree of activity during this period.
3.3.16 The manor of Knighton, located to the north west of the site was recorded in Domesday, and mentioned in several documentary sources throughout the medieval period. Despite this, there is little evidence of Anglo-Saxon or medieval activity within the immediate vicinity, possibly reflecting the use of the area as pasture in the rural hinterland of nearby settlements. The DBA (WA 2014a) noted that there is a (possibly slight) chance of Anglo- Saxon burials being encountered in the vicinity of any prehistoric monuments preserved within the site.
3.3.17 The area of the later military camp was likely to have continued to be used predominantly as pasture throughout the post-medieval period and 19th century. Sub-surface remains
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relating to field boundaries, track ways or roads (included those depicted on historic mapping prior to the development of Larkhill Camp) may be encountered.
3.3.18 The DBA (WA 2014a) highlighted that there is a potential for sub-surface remains of importance to the development of the military camp and the Royal School of Artillery at Larkhill. These might include early 20th century practice trenches, the military railway, features related to the military airfields, or evidence relating to the camps role in the First and Second World Wars.
Perham Down 3.3.19 Relatively little direct evidence for prehistoric activity has been found in the vicinity of Perham Down camp. However, the Scheduled Boundary Earthwork on Lamb Down (National List no. 1009833), which consists of a linear bank and ditch, lies to the south of the site ( Figure9 ). Though undated, the feature is almost certainly prehistoric in origin. The earthwork of the Scheduled Monument is shown on historic maps to have originally run through the area later occupied by the military camp. Trial trenching carried out in 2003 and 2013 has previously demonstrated that the feature survives within the site as a truncated ditch (WA 2003; 2013).
3.3.20 Romano-British evidence in the vicinity is limited to occasional find spots. Despite this, undated features excavated in the 2003 evaluation (WA 2003) and a series of crop marks suggesting ladder enclosures to the north-west may potentially originate in this period. The potential for survival of features in undeveloped parts of the military camp is good.
3.3.21 Evidence for Anglo-Saxon and medieval occupation of the landscape is slight. However, a single burial of a ‘Saxon warrior’ with a spearhead and shield boss was excavated within the western part of Perham Down camp in 1939. Later excavation and development of the area has not, as yet, revealed any further burials or disturbed grave goods and it is possible that this inhumation was a solitary interment. The DBA (WA 2014c) suggested that the location of the later military camp may have formed part of the agricultural hinterland of nearby settlements during the medieval period, comprising arable, pasture and woodland.
3.3.22 The DBA (WA 2014c) identified little evidence for activity within the vicinity of the site during the post-medieval period. It was considered that the area of Perham Down retained its agricultural focus into the post-medieval period with a high proportion of pastoral land use.
3.3.23 By 1899, Perham Down was being used as a training area and tented camp by the army. At the outbreak of WWI the large increases of military personnel numbers demanded rapid construction of a series of permanent barracks. Consequently, the tented camp at Perham Down was replaced by a large hutted encampment in 1915 which could provide accommodation for 160 officers and 4,878 Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs) and men. The population of the new barracks decreased during the post-war period with the demolition of most of the additional hutted encampment to the north-west. With the demolition of the huts and the construction of more permanent facilities, accommodation was available for only 26 officers and 492 NCOs and men.
3.3.24 The facilities at Perham Down were subsequently altered regularly to accommodate the changing requirements of the Army. By May 1940, the 5th and 8th Battalions based at Perham Down had departed for France as part of the British Expeditionary Force. A comprehensive redevelopment of Perham Down took place between 1972 and 1974 including the large-scale demolition of the former camp and complete redesign of the newly named Swinton Barracks. Recent redevelopment of Perham Down has seen the 9 WA Ref. TBC
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construction of a number of large utility buildings on previously undeveloped landto the north-west.
3.3.25 The site has suffered from widespread truncation due to numerous phases of construction since the army acquired the land in the late 19th century. However, the area of the early tented camp has been judged to have moderate to high potential for the survival of archaeological remains due to the limited intrusive impact from the temporary structures. In addition, isolated pockets of undisturbed ground, as seen in the south-eastern corner of the application area, may have the potential to contain well preserved archaeological deposits.
Tidworth 3.3.26 A number of Scheduled Monuments ( Figure12 ) are situated in close proximity to Tidworth Camp. All of the monuments are of prehistoric date and, largely on account of their high evidential value, are considered to be of national significance. These include ‘Seven Barrows’ (National List no. 1015481), a barrow cemetery comprising a linear group of five bowl barrows with two outliers to the east, located immediately beyond the northern limit of the proposed development area.
3.3.27 Several of the Scheduled Monuments relate to prehistoric boundary features. To the north of the camp, a section of a Late Bronze Age boundary survives as a 4 m wide north-east to south-west aligned linear ditch and bank system (National List no. 1015482), while part of a north-west to south-east aligned earthwork (National List no. 1015480)lies c. 160 m to the west of the site. The latter of these is thought to be associated with the ‘Devil’s Ditch’ earthwork (National List no. 1015434), the nearest point of which lies c. 170 m to the south-west of the site. Two round barrows located along the length of the ditch c. 260 m to the west of the site are included within this designation.
3.3.28 There is a high potential for features associated with these monuments to be present within the military camp, in particular along its northern and western edges, where below ground remains associated with the Scheduled barrows and linear earthworks may extend beyond the designated areas.
3.3.29 Stray finds of Neolithic date have previously been recorded within the local environs of Tidworth Camp and a number of funerary monuments are known within the wider landscape. Additionally, four cremation burials were previously found within the site, along with small quantities of Bronze Age finds. As such, there is potential for further remains of this period to exist within the site.
3.3.30 Although there are few archaeological records relating to Iron Age activity within the immediate vicinity of Tidworth Camp, evidence of settlement exists within the wider landscape. Extensive field systems and track ways visible as crop marks to the west may date to this period, although some elements could be of Late Bronze Age or Romano- British date.
3.3.31 Though sparse, previously recorded evidence for Romano-British activity in the vicinity, including two ditches and residual finds, suggests the potential for further remains within the proposed development areas.
3.3.32 The north-eastern part of the camp appears to have been situated within the locality of the medieval core of Tidworth and, as such, may contain settlement and agricultural related features. Possible medieval remains were identified during previous archaeological works in this area (e.g. WA 2008a; 2012a), while medieval pottery has been found elsewhere within the camp. 10 WA Ref. TBC
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3.3.33 The site was located at the western limit of the settlement at Tidworth in the post-medieval period and is known to have been under arable cultivation from at least the mid-19th century, at which time a farmstead was located in the south-east. There is a high potential for agricultural features such as field boundaries and remains associated with the former buildings to be present.
3.3.34 The landscape remained largely agricultural in nature until 1897, when the Under Secretary of State for War proposed the acquisition of a large area of land on Salisbury Plain for the purpose of military manoeuvres. The construction of Tidworth Camp began in 1902 with the erection of eight barracks, equally divided between cavalry and infantry, with improvements taking place in 1907 with the creation of a military hospital, church, Garrison Theatre and power station. The outbreak of the First World War resulted in an influx of new recruits as Tidworth Camp became established at the centre of large scale training and military operations.
3.3.35 Increased mechanisation of the cavalry in the inter-war period led to further developments within the camp. The 1936-9 Ordnance Survey editions (not reproduced) depict a number of armoured vehicle sheds and tank workshops within the barracks, while the purpose- built stables were converted into garages for motor vehicles. By the end of the 20th century, the changing nature of the army and its requirements necessitated a redesign of the barracks at Tidworth. As a result, a large number of earlier buildings have been demolished or refurbished, with Jallalabad surviving as the only complete barrack.
3.3.36 Remains of the recently demolished Edwardian barracks, including building foundations, demolition material and drainage systems, may survive below ground. Remains associated with military activity and the development of Tidworth Camp, such as early 20th century practice trenches, a military railway and recreational facilities, may be encountered as below ground features.
4 AIMS AND APPROACH
4.1 Aims 4.1.1 The aims of the archaeological works are to:
Determine the presence or absence of archaeological remains across the proposed ABP development areas and, should remains be present, to ensure their preservation by record to the highest possible standard; Identify, within the constraints of the methods employed, the extent, date, character, relationship, condition and significance of archaeological features, artefacts and deposits; Establish the stratigraphic sequence within the proposed ABP development areas, assess the degree of pre-existing impact to sub-surface horizons and to document the potential for and the extent and survival of archaeologically significant buried deposits; Place any identified archaeological remains within their historical context, particularly with reference to the known archaeology of the Salisbury Plain area; and Present the results of the investigative work in sufficient detail (via the production of interim reports and a final unified report) to allow informed decisions to be made concerning the archaeological potential of the proposed ABP development areas and to inform the scope and nature of any requirements for any potential further fieldwork.
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4.1.2 The overall approach which is proposed to achieve these aims is discussed below, while specific details regarding the methodologies to be used in this undertaking are described in Section6 .
4.2 Strategy overview 4.2.1 The following criteria have been taken into account in establishing the detailed proposals for the programme of archaeological works:
The extent to which previous investigations have established the archaeological potential of a given area, including the degree to which the effects of prior development has diminished that potential; Acknowledgment of the degree and risk of impact to buried archaeological remains liable to occur due to the implementation of individual components of the ABP development proposals; and Known and potential site constraints, including ecological considerations, ground contamination, the presence of live services and obstacles such as tree/vegetation cover and extant buildings, and their concomitant implications for Health and Safety. 4.2.2 Following a meeting between the Client and WA on December 19 th 2014 it was agreed that the preferred investigative method employed for the excavation of an appropriately sized sample area within the total development footprint of the proposed ABP works would entail either conventional archaeological trial trench evaluation or – where trial trenching was not possible due to the presence of services and other constraints – via watching brief.
4.2.3 Accordingly, the trenching layouts illustrated in Figures 1-12 are proposed. The sample size provided by these trenching proposals aims to represent approximately 4% of the development footprint of any given element of the ABP proposals, where circumstances permit. This figure represents the absolute maximum magnitude potential work to be undertaken at this stage; the works are very likely to be significantly reduced in scope once the constraints on evaluation become known. As such, should zones of potential be able to be identified, areas of reduced coverage may be proposed.
4.2.4 Locations that have previously been targeted by intrusive investigations, which have established that the archaeological potential of those areas is negligible, have been excluded from the programme of trial trenching.
4.2.5 It will be necessary for the overall programme of trial trenching to be implemented in a minimum of two phases in order that known yet surmountable site constraints and the timetabling of construction, demolition and site clearance works do not preclude the evaluation of an appropriately detailed sample of the proposed development areas.
4.2.6 Phase 1 trial trenches will be excavated in locations which are currently available for investigation. Phase 2 trenching will be undertaken in areas following the resolution of constraints that would prevent the immediate implementation of the evaluation. Those Phase 1 trenches which are unable to be excavated due to unforeseen constraints identified once on site will be moved into Phase 2.
4.2.7 Subject to approval by WCAS, it is proposed that the evaluation could potentially comprise the excavation of the following trenches, measuring 30 m long by 1.8 m wide:
Bulford Camp ;40 Phase 1 Trenches and 28 Phase 2 Trenches
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Larkhill Camp ; 64 Phase 1 Trenches and 99 Phase 2 Trenches Perham Down Camp ; 18 Phase 1 Trenches and 43 Phase 2 Trenches Tidworth Camp ; 44 Phase 1 Trenches and 15 Phase 2 Trenches 4.2.8 As stated previously, the number of trenches are all maximums, based on a 4% sample. The actual number of trenches remains to be confirmed, and is likely to be significantly reduced, depending on finalisation of proposals and the existence of constraints on excavation.
4.2.9 The works also include provision for monitoring via watching brief of any pre-development works that may result in direct impacts to archaeological remains, yet would not be suitable for trial trenching.
4.3 Potential impacts 4.3.1 The proposals for the works take account of the following generalised predictions as to the potential direct impact of the ABP development proposals on any buried archaeological remains present within the working areas:
Topsoil stripping and associated plant movements would normally result in irreversible damage to buried remains, unless these are buried particularly deeply; The excavation of foundation trenches, service trenches and other excavations may result in the removal of any archaeological remains present within the footprint of the works; The use of piling techniques would cause severe localised disturbance of archaeological deposits and features; Landscaping can be predicted to cause extensive truncation and/or eradication of archaeological remains; and Spatially restricted, though potentially severe ground disturbance occurring during works such as site clearance, demolition, planting and installation of perimeter fencing may also result in removal of or damage to buried remains. 4.3.2 Where it can be clearly demonstrated that the implementation of individual components of the development proposals would pose no risk of impacting on any buried archaeological remains, then no works will be undertaken. For example, should it be determined that no intrusive ground works or landscaping are required in order to establish proposed new turf pitches, trial trenches will not be excavated in these locations.
4.4 Site constraints and environmental considerations Biodiversity 4.4.1 A number of known and potential ecological constraints have been identified within each of the proposed development sites ( Figures 3, 6, 9 and 12 ). The constraints include areas with the potential to support reptile and uncommon vertebrate populations, badger sets and foraging areas and known bat roosts.
4.4.2 These constraints may prevent or delay the undertaking of some aspects of the investigations, prior to the confirmation of arrangements for ecological remediation or mitigation works. However, the undertaking of the investigations will be co-ordinated with the Client’s appointed ecological contractor/consultant, in order to ensure that the programme of works specified herein is adhered to as closely as possible.
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Contaminated Ground 4.4.3 No intrusive archaeological works will be carried out within areas identified as being contaminated with material which is potentially hazardous to health ( Figures 3, 6, 9 and 12 ), prior to the satisfactory completion of remediation works.
Trees 4.4.4 Phase 1 trenching will be precluded in certain locations within the proposed development sites which are occupied by standing trees or dense vegetation cover. Insofar as is possible and where it is necessary to fulfil the aims of the works, such areas will be investigated by subsequent phases of trial trenching, following site clearance works.
Extant Structures and Services 4.4.5 The proposed development sites are known to contain extensive networks of underground electrical cabling, gas and water mains and telecommunications cables.
4.4.6 Detailed service plans were not available at the time the proposed trenching locations were formulated. No trenching will take place without consulting the service plans. It should be acknowledged that a significant proportion of the trench locations proposed in this document may be discarded or relocated in order to avoid known services.
4.4.7 All intrusive works will be undertaken in line with established site procedures with regard to underground services.
4.4.8 As the proposed development sites are likely to contain numerous services which are not accurately mapped, appropriate precautionary measures will also be taken during the works (see Section 6.3 ).
4.4.9 With due regard to health and safety considerations, no intrusive works (e.g. trial trenching) will be carried out within the immediate vicinity of buildings proposed for demolition, prior to their decommissioning and confirmation that all services in their vicinity are no longer live.
4.4.10 Where possible, trenching will be undertaken prior to demolition works. However, it is possible that circumstances will dictate that trial trenching in such locations is delayed until after the demolition works have taken place. In such instances, and where necessary to fulfil the aims of the works, monitoring via archaeological watching brief will be undertaken during the demolition works.
Scheduled Monuments 4.4.11 Some aspects of the ABP development proposals may require Scheduled Monument Consent (SMC). It will be the responsibility of the Client for establishing the necessity for, and the obtaining of SMC. No intrusive archaeological work will be undertaken within the immediate vicinity of any statutorily protected heritage assets as part of the works in the absence of the appropriate permissions.
5 PROPOSED WORKS
5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 The detailed proposals for works outlined below have been guided via consideration of the factors set out in Section 4 .
5.1.2 The proposed ABP development areas within each of the military camps have been sub- divided into discrete geographical parcels, referred to as ‘Areas’, for the purposes of the 14 WA Ref. TBC
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design and implementation of the archaeological works (see Figures 1-12). The physical extent of these site sub-divisions is purely indicative, and is intended solely as an aid to clarity. For ease of cross-referencing, the following section also refers to the alphanumeric codes specified in the design proposals for individual components of the ABP.
5.2 Bulford Area 1002 5.2.1 The proposals include the construction of SLA blocks and mess facilities, with associated car parking areas (PC0623, PC0624, PC0620, PC0622, BXC657, BXC659, BXC660)in the southern part of the camp. This area has not previously been subject to any intrusive archaeological investigation. Accordingly, the potential for the presence of archaeological remains in this area is currently unknown. The DBA (WA 2014b) noted that, in addition to number of Scheduled barrows, several non-designated barrows have been recorded in the vicinity of these proposed development areas.
5.2.2 A watching brief carried out in 2011 immediately to the north of these development areas identified no archaeological features or finds. The investigations revealed some evidence of disturbance and deposition of made ground. The absence of a well-developed subsoil horizon was interpreted as evidence of earlier truncation (WA 2011a). A geotechnical trial pit excavated in this area during a recent watching brief revealed that layers of made ground exceeding 2.7 m were present in this area(WA 2014e). However, the stratigraphic sequence observed within other test pits suggest that this modern disturbance may occur only sporadically within this area.
Proposed works in this area comprise 11 Phase 2 trenches, to be excavated pending tree clearance, removal of potential ecological constraints and the removal of the earth which currently occupies the proposed location of BXC657. Pre-development works to remove or level the mound/spoil heap in this location will be monitored via watching brief. Area 1003 5.2.3 A group of new JRSLAs (KW0670, KW0671, KW0672, KW0673, KW0674, KW0675) are proposed to be constructed in the north-eastern part of the site, along with two all-weather sports pitches (BXS632, BXS631) and an additional car parking area (BXC653). The JRSLAs will be located within a previously developed area, which may nevertheless retain some potential to contain buried archaeological remains. The largest of the all-weather pitches (BXS631) will replace an existing grass pitch; this area has not previously been investigated and as such, its potential to contain surviving archaeological remains is unknown. The car parking area would coincide with an area previously investigated via trial trenching in 2003. A trench excavated immediately to the east of the proposed car parking area revealed a small truncated pit of possible prehistoric date, and a post- medieval ditch, suggesting the potential for further features to be encountered in the un- investigated area. However, neighbouring trenches within the footprint of the car park were archaeologically blank.
5.2.4 Layers of made ground overlying the natural geology, with depths of between 0.7 and 1.9 m, were recorded within the footprint of these proposed works during the recent archaeological watching brief (WA 2014e).
Proposed works in this area comprise 13 Phase 1 trenches.
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Area 1004 5.2.5 New Officer and SR SLAs (WD0641, WDA632, and WDA602) are proposed to be built in the north-western part of the Site. The DBA (WA 2014b) noted that an Early Bronze Age beaker was reportedly found in the north-western part of the Site in 1939, suggesting a potential for evidence of prehistoric funerary activity to be encountered. A single geotechnical pit excavated in this area revealed modern services and a considerable degree of disturbance (WA 2014e). However, it is uncertain if this indicates that the archaeological potential of this area has been entirely eradicated.
Proposed works in this area comprise 1Phase 1 trench within the footprint of WD0641. No works are proposed in the locations of the small extensionsWDA632, WDA602, it being considered that subsequent works (e.g. watching brief monitoring) may be more appropriate. Areas 1005-1007 5.2.6 The proposals also include the demolition of a small number of SFA houses and garages towards the northern part of the site, and the construction of new medical facilities (WD0640, WDA 620), a pre-school (WD0650), a grass sports pitch with running track (BXS635, BXS634), and an all-weather pitch (BXS630)in the north-central part of the site.
5.2.7 A watching brief was carried out in 2012 during landscaping works to establish an all- weather sports pitch just to the north of the proposed new buildings in this area. Though no archaeological finds or features were observed, this was likely due to the excavation depth being insufficient to expose the underlying geology. A small test pit excavated to determine the stratigraphic profile revealed that beneath a c. 0.15m thick topsoil horizon, a layer of made-ground of c. 0.55m thickness overlaid the natural geology, which did not appear to have been truncated (WA 2012b).
5.2.8 Three evaluation trenches excavated to the west in 2003 (including one within the footprint of the proposed new medical facility WDA620 within Area 1007)also revealed deposits of made ground overlying a buried subsoil horizon and the natural chalk geology, although no archaeologically significant features were encountered (WA 2003). A relatively thin layer (c.0.15m thick) of made ground was observed to underlie the current topsoil and to overlie the natural chalk within the footprint of the proposed new all-weather pitch during the recent watching brief (WA 2014e).
Area 1005; proposed works in this location comprise7 Phase 1 Trenches. Demolition of existing buildings in this area may be monitored via watching brief, pending the timetabling of such works. Area 1006; proposed works in this area comprise 3 Phase 1 Trenches, and a further 4 Phase 2 Trenches, pending site clearance works. Area 1007; no works are proposed in this location as the area has previously been evaluated. Areas 1008 and 1009 5.2.9 The development proposals include extensive construction works in the southern half of the western portion of the camp, predominantly to provide new technical buildings, but also car parking areas, parade grounds and administrative buildings (e.g. BXW002, BXP002, WDA043, WI0613, WI0614, WI0615, WI0616, WI0617, WI0618, WI0619, WI0620, WI0621, and BXH654). Numerous extant buildings are also due to be demolished in these areas. Very little previous archaeological investigation has taken
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place in this part of the camp. However, much of this area has previously been developed suggesting that modern disturbance is likely to be widespread. The watching brief carried out in this area (WA 2014e) confirmed expectations that modern disturbance, truncation and deposition of made ground had occurred. Nevertheless, the potential remains for archaeologically significant features and deposits to survive within relatively less disturbed areas.
5.2.10 There are indications that prehistoric remains may be present within the areas proposed to accommodate the aforementioned new technical buildings; an archaeological evaluation carried out in 2008 revealed two modern brick walls, two pits and a posthole. The posthole was undated, though one of the pits produced a single sherd of Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age pottery, and the other, several fragments of a fired clay loom weight of similar date (WA 2008b). The DBA (WA 2014b) also noted that the Wiltshire and Swindon Historic Environment Record (WSHER) contains an entry pertaining to a group of three barrows depicted by the 1808 edition Ordnance Survey 2” map in this part of the site, though no trace of these features has survived above ground.
Area 1008;proposed works in this area comprise2 Phase 1 trenches and 9 Phase 2 trenches (to be excavated following site clearance works). Area 1009; proposed works in this area comprise 5 Phase 1 trenches and 4 Phase 2 trenches (to be excavated following site clearance works). The demolition of existing buildings in Areas 1008 and 1009 may be monitored via watching brief. It is considered that certain elements of the development proposals in Areas 1008 and 1009 (e.g. new parade grounds and small extensions to existing buildings) would be more appropriately addressed via monitoring via watching brief. Area 1010 5.2.11 A new car park (BXC658), parade ground (PCA603) and a small extension to an existing building (PCA601) are proposed in the south-eastern part of the camp. These works are to be located approximately 50-200m to the south and west of a pair of Scheduled barrows (National List no. 1009964), suggesting the possibility that associated archaeological remains may be encountered in the proposed working areas.
5.2.12 A single trial trench excavated immediately to the north of this area revealed no archaeological features, although it was also noted that ‘the evaluation did demonstrate that the proposed development site here had not been subject to the large scale terracing and chalk cutting elsewhere in the camp (for example in the large car parks to the west and north-west)’ (WA 2003b; p3).
No works are proposed in this location due to the limited scale of the development proposals. However, it is anticipated that watching brief monitoring during development may be required. Area 1011 5.2.13 New car parking areas (BXC655 and BXC656) and a small all-weather sports pitch (BXS633) are proposed in the southern part of the camp. No previous investigations are known to have taken place in this location and, as such, the archaeological potential of this area is uncertain.
Proposed works in this area comprise 3 Phase 1 Trenches.
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Area 1012 5.2.14 Two new transit buildings (KW0677 and WD0678) are proposed to be built in Kiwi Barracks. Monitoring of geotechnical works in this location revealed that the degraded upper surface of the natural chalk was sealed at a depth of c.1m from the modern ground surface beneath a deposit of modern made ground (WA 2014e).
Proposed works in this area comprise 2 Phase 1 Trenches. Areas1013-1017 5.2.15 The design proposals include a new car parking area (BXC654), extensions to existing buildings (PCA707, PCB010 and KXB415) and a small, new technical building (KWA051) within these areas.
5.2.16 One of the geotechnical pits excavated in the vicinity of Area 1016 (the proposed location of KWB415) revealed that the surface of the natural chalk geology lay immediately below the topsoil. However, the natural chalk was not revealed in another geotechnical pit excavated nearby, where a layer of modern made ground was observed to attain a depth exceeding 1m below the modern ground surface (WA 2014e). A geotechnical pit excavated in Area 1014 (the proposed location of PCA707) revealed that a layer of modern made ground exceeded the maximum excavated depth of 0.5m.
Proposed works in these Areas comprise 1 Phase 1 Trench within Area 1013. Due to the limited scale of the development works, it is anticipated that these elements of the proposals would be more appropriately addressed monitoring via watching brief. Area 1018 5.2.17 A small new car parking area (BXC652) is proposed in the north-western part of the camp. No previous archaeological investigations are known to have taken place in this location. A watching brief carried out immediately to the east revealed no archaeological features, despite limited evidence of previous disturbance (WA 2011d).
Proposed works in these Areas comprise 1 Phase 1 trench. Area 1019 5.2.18 A new Brigade HQ (WI0611) and car parking area (BXC651) are proposed to be located in this area. An earlier watching brief carried out in the vicinity revealed no archaeological features or deposits, despite little evidence of truncation due to landscaping (WA 2011d). However, the location of the proposed ABP works in this area is known to have previously been developed.
Proposed works in this Area comprise 2 Phase 1 trenches. Area 1020 5.2.19 The design proposals indicate that a new technical building (BXW003) is proposed at Carter Barracks, to the north of the main camp.
5.2.20 The location of this element of the ABP proposals lies outside of the Site Boundary considered by the DBA. As such the archaeological potential of this area is unknown.
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5.3 Larkhill Area 2001 5.3.1 The development proposals ( Figure 2 ) include the provision of a new car parking area, (LXC652) sports pitch and modifications to the line of existing security fences in the immediate vicinity of the Scheduled Long Barrow in Larkhill Camp (National List No.1012167). These works will encroach on the boundary of the Scheduled Monument and would therefore entail a considerable risk of impacting on the monument itself and any (potentially nationally significant) buried remains which are associated with it, yet are located outside of the statutorily protected area. The DBA (WA 2014a) identified no record of any previous archaeological investigation in this area.
5.3.2 At present, no work is proposed in this location; it is strongly recommended that the car park is relocated to avoid impacting upon the scheduled monument. It is highly improbable that this proposal would be granted consent.
Area 2002 5.3.3 The proposals include substantial new development in the northern part of the camp, which is currently occupied by sports pitches. This will comprise the construction of two Officer SLAs (LA0674, LA0675), a messing facility (LA0673), two SRSLAs (LA0677, LA0678) and associated messing facility (LA0676), the establishment of car parking areas (LXC658, LXC659 LXC660, LXC661, LXC662, LXC663), access roads and the demolition of a small number of extant structures.
5.3.4 As noted above, the Scheduled Knighton Long Barrow (National List No. 1010052) lies immediately outside of the perimeter fence to the west. Accordingly, the potential for nationally significant archaeological remains associated with the long barrow to be encountered is a particular concern. The DBA (WA 2014a) also noted that an extensive undated field system, mapped from aerial photographs, may have once extended into this area. Previous investigations conducted c.200m to the south of this area (see LC003) revealed traces of prehistoric settlement activity, which appeared likely to extend to the north(WA2009), potentially into Larkhill Area 2002.
5.3.5 Monitoring of geotechnical trial pits in this part of the Site suggest that earlier disturbance may be limited (WA 2014e). No record of any further previous archaeological investigation is known in this area and, consequently, the presence of any such remains cannot be confirmed at present.
Proposed works in this area include 28 Phase 1 trenches, and a further 11Phase 2 trenches (to be excavated following resolution of ecological constraints and completion of tree clearance works) Pending the timetabling of the works, the demolition of extant structures within this area will be monitored via watching brief. Area 2003 5.3.6 The development proposals include provision of a new all-weather sports pitch (LXS026), to the north of Alanbrooke Barracks, and south of the large recreation ground in the northern portion of the camp. This sports pitch is proposed to be located immediately north of an area which was subject to a watching brief carried out during the construction of new accommodation blocks for Alanbrooke Barracks in 2009.
5.3.7 This investigation identified a concentration of archaeological features (mostly postholes), though extensive modern disturbance was also observed. Twenty-five of the post holes were potentially prehistoric in date, while the remainder were modern. Eight of the post 19 WA Ref. TBC
ABP Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps WSI and Project Design for Archaeological Works
holes are thought to have comprised the remains of a sub-circular post built structure, with an internal diameter of 4.6m. This structure may have been bounded to the east by a north-south aligned fence line formed by five post holes. To the east of the fence line, there were five post holes that may have represented the remnants of a larger post built structure. A small assemblage of pottery, struck flint, burnt flint and animal bone was recovered from the prehistoric post holes. The prehistoric remains may have been part of a larger settlement, which extended to the north beyond the development site, and into the footprint of the proposed new all weather sports pitch and possibly the proposed construction areas to the north. The remains were considered to potentially be of regional significance (WA 2009).
5.3.8 The DBA (WA 2014a) also noted that early 20 th century practice trenches have been identified from aerial photographs in this area. A geotechnical trial pit excavated in this location revealed that the extant topsoil horizon directly overlies the chalk natural (WA 2014e).
Proposed works in this area comprise 4 Phase 1 trenches and 2 phase 2 trenches (the latter to be excavated following resolution of ecological constraints and completion of tree clearance works). Areas2004 and 2005 5.3.9 The design proposals indicate that existing structures located within Purvis Lines will be demolished to make way for a number of new technical buildings (LA0681, LA0682, LA0683, LA0684, LA0685, LA0686, LA0689, LA0690) and car parking areas (LXC650, LXC651). The DBA (Wessex Archaeology 2014a) highlighted that an extensive undated (though possibly Late Bronze Age to Romano-British date) field system has been mapped in this area from aerial photographs, while earlier military structures and the former military railway are known to have been located in this area.
5.3.10 Previous archaeological investigations in the vicinity have been of limited scale; a small watching brief in 2006 observed no archaeological features in this area, possibly due to truncation (WA 2006). Across this area, the current topsoil was observed to directly overlie the chalk natural within numerous recently excavated geotechnical trial pits (WA 2014e).
Area 2004;Proposed works in this area comprise 40 Phase 2 trenches, to be excavated following the resolution of potential environmental constraints and the completion of demolition works. Pending the timetabling of the works, the demolition of extant structures within this area will be monitored via watching brief. Area 2005;Proposed works in this area comprise 6 Phase 2 trenches, to be excavated following the resolution of potential ecological constraints and remediation of ground contamination. Area 2006 5.3.11 A number of new RHQ (LA0669, LA0668, LA0667), technical buildings (LA0665, LA0688, LA0687, LA0663, LA0672) and parade ground (LXP002) are proposed to be constructed to the west of Watson Road and north of Horne Barracks. No previous archaeological investigations were reported to have taken place in this part of the Site by the DBA (WA 2014a). However, the excavations of numerous geotechnical trial pits were monitored during the recent watching brief in this part of the Site (WA 2014e). These investigations revealed that thick (e.g. up to 1.9m) deposits of made ground were present across much of the northern part of this area, as it was used as tip for many years. The southern area around proposed technical buildings LA0687 and LA0663 revealed natural geology at c.0.50m below the current ground surface and therefore the survival of archaeology in this area is a possibility. 20 WA Ref. TBC
ABP Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps WSI and Project Design for Archaeological Works
Proposed works in this area comprise 12 Phase 2 trenches, to be excavated following tree clearance, the resolution of potential ecological constraints and remediation of ground contamination. Area 2007 5.3.12 A new P&RTF building (LA0671) is proposed to replace existing structures in the north- western part of the Site. Two new all-weather pitches are also included in the development proposals to the south of the P&RTF (LXS032, LXS033). The DBA (WA 2014a) identified no record of any previous archaeological investigation in this part of the Site. A geotechnical trial pit excavated in this part of the Site revealed that layers of made ground sealed a buried soil horizon to a depth of 1m from the modern ground surface, suggesting that at least part of the area has been protected from truncation (WA 2014e).A possible Bronze Age or Iron Age ditch was excavated during a watching brief conducted prior to the establishment of the football pitch immediately to the north of this area in 2005. In addition to widespread evidence of modern disturbance, service trenches, a track way likely associated with the early 20th century hutted camp, and backfilled ‘zigzag’ practice trenches were also encountered (WA 2005). Further surviving remains may be encountered in this area.
Proposed works in this area comprise 4 Phase 2 trenches, to be excavated following tree clearance, demolition works and the resolution of potential ecological constraints. Pending the timetabling of the works, the demolition of extant structures within this area will be monitored via watching brief prior to trenching. Area 2008 5.3.13 Two new technical buildings (LA0666, LA0670), an RHQ (LA0662) are proposed to be constructed to the north of Roberts Barracks. Two phases of earlier trial trenching in the immediate vicinity of these development areas identified no significant archaeological features, though some evidence of localised modern disturbance and deposits of made ground up to c.1.1m thick were recorded (WA 1993; 2007a). These observations accorded with the results of recent monitoring of geotechnical investigations which also identified asbestos contamination in Test Pit 1385 (WA 2014e). Accordingly, the potential for surviving remains appears to be relatively low in this area, though cannot be entirely discounted.
Proposed works in this area comprise 2 Phase 2 trenches, to be excavated following tree clearance and the resolution of potential ecological constraints. Pre- development/ site clearance works may risk impacting on buried archaeological remains (if present) within this location, and as such, these works may be monitored via watching brief. Works are proposed within the footprint of a small new building LA0256 would be addressed via watching brief. Area 2009 5.3.14 The development proposals also include the demolition of an existing building (LA0401) and the construction of a new medical and dental centre (LA0692) south of the Packway. This new development lies within the northern limits of the Stonehenge component of the Stonehenge and Avebury and Associated Sites WHS. An evaluation conducted in 1999 immediately adjacent to this site revealed a few features such as gullies, building footings and a track way, although they were all thought to be modern in date. A watching brief carried out in 2008 during the construction of a new community centre immediately to the south revealed traces of modern brick structures and services, though no archaeological
21 WA Ref. TBC
ABP Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps WSI and Project Design for Archaeological Works
remains of earlier date were observed (WA 2008c). A layer of made ground was observed to underlie the topsoil and to overlie the chalk natural (which was present at a depth of c. 0.55m from the modern ground surface) during monitoring of a geotechnical pit in this location (WA 2014e).
Proposed works in this area comprise 2 Phase 1 trenches. Pending the timetabling of the works, the demolition of the extant structures within this area will be monitored via watching brief. Areas2010-2012 5.3.15 The design proposals include extensive reconfiguration and expansion of Horne and Roberts Barracks, including demolition of a considerable number of existing structures and construction of new JRSLAs(LA0648, LA0649, LA0655, LA0656, LA0657, LA0652, LA0650, LA0694, LA0653, LA0651), car parking areas (LXC653 and LXC 654), Sports pitch (LXS028) and a JR dining centre (LA0654).The proposed works are to be located immediately north and east of the scheduled Long Barrow in Larkhill Camp (National List no. 1012167), therefore associated archaeological features may be encountered.
5.3.16 A series of 12 evaluation trenches and five hand-dug test pits were also excavated during 2001 to the west of Watson Road, within Areas 2010 and 2011. No archaeological remains were encountered, with the exception of 12 modern postholes and re-deposited chalk rubble surfaces (WA 2001). Geotechnical pits excavated across this area during 2014 revealed that the top of the natural chalk was buried beneath deposits of made ground at depths of up to 1.2m from the current ground surface, although the thicknesses of these layers varied considerably across the area.
Area 2010 and 2011;as these locations have previously been subject to archaeological investigation, no further works are proposed in these areas. Area 2012;Proposed works in this area comprise 6 Phase 1 trenches, and 7 Phase 2 trenches, the latter to be excavated following decommissioning and demolition of existing buildings and tree clearance. Pending the timetabling of the works, the demolition of the extant structures within this area will be monitored via watching brief prior to Phase 2 trenching. Area 2013 5.3.17 A number of new JRSLAs (LA0644, LA0645, LA0646, LA0647) and an all-weather pitch (LXS029) are proposed between Cator Road and Whinyates Road. This area was investigated during two programmes of watching brief monitoring in 2009 and 2014 (WA 2009b; 2014e) which revealed no features of archaeological significance, evidence of extensive truncation due to landscaping, and layers of made ground.
As earlier investigations in this location have indicated that the archaeological potential within this area is likely to be nil, no works are proposed in this area. Area 2014 5.3.18 Further JRSLAs (LA0636, LA0637, LA0638, LA0639, LA0640, LA0641, LA0642,LA0643) are proposed on land immediately east of Congreve Road. Geotechnical test pits monitored in this area by WA (2014e) revealed natural chalk at depths ranging between 0.20 and 0.60m below the current ground surface. The survival of archaeological remains in this area is therefore a possibility. However, layers of made ground up to 2m in thickness were also observed to overlie the natural chalk at the eastern edge of this area, suggestive earlier remodelling had occurred during the preparation of the existing car park.
22 WA Ref. TBC
ABP Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps WSI and Project Design for Archaeological Works
Proposed works in this area comprise 7 Phase 1 trenches and 1 Phase 2 trench, the latter to be excavated following tree clearance. Area 2015 5.3.19 Immediately north of the Packway and to the south of Roberts Barracks, a new SRSLA and mess (LA0679, LA0661) are proposed, in addition to a new car parking area (LXC014). A number of existing structures will be demolished in this location. Two test pits monitored in this area in 2014 revealed natural geology between 0.40 and 0.60m below the current ground surface (WA 2014e).
Proposed works in this area comprise 2 Phase 1 trenches and 1 Phase 2 trench, the latter to be excavated following demolition works (pending the timetabling of these works). Pending the timetabling of the works, the demolition of the extant structures within this area will be monitored via watching brief. It is assumed that the establishment of the new car parking area (LXC014) will entail the reconfiguration of an existing car park, and therefore no works are currently proposed in this location. Should detailed construction proposals indicate that any works in this area will involve intrusive groundworks, this will be addressed during subsequent works. Area 2016 5.3.20 A new grass sports pitch is proposed to the west of Stirling Barracks (LXS023) in an area within which traces of an undated field system have been mapped from analysis of aerial photographs. A geotechnical pit excavated adjacent to the proposed grass pitch indicated that the topsoil directly overlies the chalk natural in this area(WA 2014e).
Proposed works in this area comprise 5 Phase 1 trenches. Area 2017 5.3.21 A second grass sports pitch is proposed to the north-east of Alanbrooke Barracks (LXS021).Two phases of watching brief monitoring have been carried out in 2010 and 2011 adjacent to the proposed grass pitch. During the construction of a car park immediately to the west, a number of modern features were observed cutting the natural geology. An assemblage of residual worked flint, of possible Bronze Age date, was recovered from both the topsoil and the modern features; this was considered to be indicative of the known background level of prehistoric activity in the area. To the south of the proposed pitch, severe modern disturbance was observed truncating the natural deposits(WA 2011b). The second watching brief to the south revealed no archaeological features or finds due to the shallow nature of the construction level which did not expose the natural geology(WA 2011c). Geotechnical pits excavated at the south-western corner of the proposed grass pitch indicated that the topsoil directly overlies the chalk natural in this area (WA 2014e).
Proposed works in this area comprise 5 Phase 1 trenches. Area 2018 5.3.22 A new officer’s SLA and mess (LA0680) and car park (LXC657) are proposed to the south of Alanbrooke Barracks. Although evaluation trenches excavated to the east and west in 1993 and 2007, respectively, identified layers of made ground up to 1.1m overlying the natural geology, though no archaeological features were noted(WA 1993; 2007a).However, a geotechnical pit excavated in this area in 2014 demonstrated that the topsoil directly overlies the natural chalk geology. Accordingly, the archaeological potential of these areas is unknown. 23 WA Ref. TBC
ABP Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps WSI and Project Design for Archaeological Works
Proposed works in this area comprise 4 Phase 1 trenches. Area 2019 5.3.23 A small new technical building (LX0900) is proposed to be located outside of the camp perimeter, to the north-east of Purvis Lines. No previous investigative work is known to have taken place in this location. As such the archaeological potential in this area is unknown.
Due to the limited scale of the construction proposals in this location it is considered that any potential archaeological implications may be addressed via monitoring via watching brief. Area 2020 5.3.24 A new car park (LXC665) and parade ground are proposed to the south of the Royal Aircraft Establishment. Geotechnical pits monitored in this area revealed that the surface of the natural chalk directly underlies the topsoil, although the absence of an upper degraded surface to the chalk suggested that the area has been truncated (WA 2014e). The extent to which this truncation may have eradicated any archaeological potential is uncertain. Asbestos contamination was encountered within the topsoil in this area during the monitoring of geotechnical works ( ibid .)
Proposed works in this area comprise 5 Phase 2 trenches, to be excavated following confirmation of asbestos contamination removal. Area 2021 5.3.25 A new all-weather sports pitch (LSX027) and car park (LXC656) are proposed to the north of Roberts Barracks. As noted previously (in relation to Area 2008), earlier trial trenching in the immediate vicinity identified no significant archaeological features, possibly due to modern disturbance (WA 1993; 2007a). Recent monitoring of geotechnical investigations in this area also identified asbestos contamination (WA 2014e). Though it is possible that this location has been subject to modern disturbance, the archaeological potential of the area remains uncertain.
Proposed works in this area comprise 9 Phase 2 trenches, to be excavated in the event that remedial works are undertaken to remove ground contamination. Area 2022 5.3.26 The design proposals include provision for new grass sports pitches, car parking areas and other facilities (LXS030, LXS031, LXS022, LXS024, LXS025, LA0693, LXC664) to be located to the east of the main camp, on land adjacent to Tombs Road. It is understood that part of this area has been subject to prior investigation during the Stonehenge Riverside Project, a major research programme carried out throughout 2003-2009. These components of the ABP proposals are also located in close proximity to the Scheduled Monument of Durrington Walls and Woodhenge (National List no. 1009133). However, the location of these elements of the ABP proposals lay outside of the site boundary considered by the preceding DBA (WA 2014a). As such, the baseline information pertaining to this area has not currently been assessed in detail.
5.3.27 Accordingly, the proposals may require the preparation of a supplementary heritage statement to identify the scope of works in this location
24 WA Ref. TBC
ABP Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps WSI and Project Design for Archaeological Works
5.4 Perham Down Area 3001 5.4.1 The development proposals include the construction of four JRSLAs (SWO640, SWO641, SWO642 and SWO643),a small all-weather sports pitch (PXS018) and an additional car parking area (PXC657) immediately to the north of the existing structures of Cachy Barracks. The extrapolated line of the Scheduled Boundary Earthwork on Lamb Down (National List no. 1009833) passes adjacent to these proposed development areas. The wooded area in this location does not appear to have been built upon during the working life of the Camp, suggesting that archaeological features (possibly associated with the Scheduled Monument) may be encountered during these works. The location of the proposed sports pitch was formerly occupied by the Corporals Club, a pre-WWII structure which was recently demolished. Archaeological monitoring of geotechnical trial pits excavated in these locations revealed that a layer of made ground up to c.0.7m thick overlaid the degraded chalk geology (WA 2014e).
Proposed works in this Area comprise 1 Phase 1 trench and 6 Phase 2 trenches, to be excavated following tree clearance and the resolution of ecological constraints Areas 3002-3004 5.4.2 Extensions to an existing SR mess (SWA605) are also included in the design proposals, in addition to further car parking areas (PXC654 and PXC658); the latter of these will also necessitate the demolition of an existing obstacle course (PXO001). This area has previously been extensively evaluated (WA 2003). These investigations revealed limited evidence of prior disturbance and a small number of archaeological features of uncertain origin. A geotechnical pit excavated in this area also revealed a stratigraphic sequence that was largely undisturbed by modern activity (WA 2014e).
Any potential archaeological implications may be addressed via watching brief. Area 3005 5.4.3 A new officer SLA building (SWO651) is also proposed in the southern part of the Site. A geotechnical test pit observed in this area revealed a largely undisturbed stratigraphic sequence (WA 2014e). This suggests that this area (which is located a short distance to the north of the Scheduled Boundary Earthwork on Lamb Down) may retain some potential to contain buried archaeological remains.
Proposed works in this Area comprise 1 Phase 2 trench, to be excavated following tree clearance and removal of ecological constraints. Watching brief monitoring may be undertaken during site clearance works. Area 3006 5.4.4 A secure compound (PXH652), resources yard (PXH010), an unspecified technical facilities area (PXH651) and Log Node Office (SWO654) are proposed at the western edge of the Site. This will also necessitate the existing security fence to be relocated a short distance to the west. These works are located immediately adjacent to a series of linear features identified from aerial photographs, which suggest the presence of field systems, boundary ditches and/or track ways. Accordingly, the potential exists for archaeological features associated with these to extend into the proposed development areas. No geotechnical trial pits were excavated in this area during the recent archaeological watching brief (WA 2014e), and no earlier intrusive investigations are known to have taken place in this part of the Site.
25 WA Ref. TBC
ABP Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps WSI and Project Design for Archaeological Works
Proposed works in this Area comprise 5 Phase 2 trenches, to be excavated following tree clearance, removal of ecological constraints and reduction of the existing bund in this location. The reduction of the existing bund in this location will be monitored via watching brief prior to trenching taking place. Area 3007 5.4.5 Also included in the proposals are a new vehicle garage (SWO649), technical storage building (SWO650), offices (SWO648), unspecified technical facilities areas (PXH653 and PXH654), a bridge lay down area (PXH650) and car park (PXC652), which are to be constructed to the north of Stibbon Road. The DBA (Wessex Archaeology 2014c) did not identify record of any previous archaeological investigation in these areas. However, three geotechnical trial pits were excavated in this area during the recent archaeological watching brief; these investigations revealed the presence of several modern services, and layers of made ground of at least 3m in thickness. The thick layers of made ground presumably derived from landscaping/levelling works required to establish the existing technical facilities area immediately to the south. Although apparently considerably disturbed, the top of the natural geology was observed at c. 0.8m from the current ground surface at the edge of one of the trial pits (WA 2014e). As noted above, undated linear features have been identified from assessment of aerial photographs adjacent to this area, while chance finds of Romano-British pottery have also been reported in the vicinity.
Proposed works in this Area comprise 6 Phase 2 trenches, to be excavated following tree clearance, removal of ecological constraints and reduction of the existing bund in this location. The reduction of the existing bund in this location will be monitored via watching brief prior to trenching taking place. Area 3008 5.4.6 The design proposals include provision of new all-weather sports pitches (PXS011, PXS016 and PXS017), a grass sports pitch (PXS012), an obstacle course (PXO002) and sports pavilion (SWO655) in the northern part of the Site. The existing security fence will also be repositioned in this area. New SR/Officer SLA (SWO645) and mess facilities (SWO644) are proposed to be constructed, along with additional car parking areas (PXC653, PXC655 and PXC656) to the south of the new sports pitches. Recent monitoring of geotechnical test-pits across this part of the Site sporadically revealed deposits of made ground. However, the stratigraphic sequences observed across much of this area during the watching brief appeared to be largely undisturbed (WA 2014e). The preceding DBA (WA 2014c) highlighted that find spots of Romano-British pottery and undated linear features (identifiable from aerial photographs) have been recorded in this part of the Site, suggesting that buried archaeological remains may be encountered.
Proposed works in this Area comprise 4 Phase 1 trenches and 19 Phase 2 trenches, to be excavated following tree clearance and removal of ecological constraints and ground contamination. Areas 3009-3011 5.4.7 The proposals also include provision for a number of a new P&RTC building (SWO653), small all-weather pitches (PXS013 and PXS014), car parking areas (PXC650 and PXC651), RHQ Offices (SWO647), and technical buildings (SWC009 and SWA 632) in Swinton Barracks. Little can be definitively stated with regard to the archaeological potential of these development areas, due to a lack of earlier investigations. However, layers of made ground were observed to overlie the chalk geology in these areas to
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ABP Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps WSI and Project Design for Archaeological Works
depths ranging from 0.3-1.1m below the modern ground surface during the recent archaeological watching brief (WA 2014e).
Area 3009; Proposed works in this Area comprise 5 Phase 1 trenches and 1 Phase 2 trench, to be excavated following site clearance. Area 3010; Proposed works in this Area comprise 3 Phase 1 trenches. Area 3011; Proposed works in this Area comprise 1 Phase 2 trench, to be excavated following removal of ecological constraints. No trenching is proposed in the footprint of a small extension to an existing building, it being considered that watching brief monitoring may be more appropriate in this instance. Area 3012 5.4.8 The footprint of a further proposed car parking area (PXC659) has previously been subject to archaeological evaluation (WA 2003), which revealed no archaeological features or deposits (likely due to modern disturbance).
As this location has previously been evaluated, no works are proposed in this Area. Area 3013 5.4.9 The proposals include the establishment of a new grass sports pitch (PXS010) to the east of the main camp. No previous archaeological investigations are known to have been carried out within the footprint of the proposed sports pitch. However, the DBA (WA 2014c) noted that aerial photographic evidence suggests the potential for archaeological features in the vicinity (including a possible undated field system and early 20th century practice trenches).
Proposed works in this Area comprise 5 Phase 1 trenches. Area 3014 5.4.10 A small new structure is proposed to the south of an existing sports field at PXS015. This area is not known to have been targeted by any prior investigation, and as such the archaeological potential of the area is uncertain.
No works are proposed in this location; due to the limited scale of the development proposals in this area it is considered that watching brief monitoring may be more appropriate. Area 3015 5.4.11 Finally, a new parade ground (PXP001) is proposed in the southern part of the camp. Demolition works (SWC013) would also be required to clear space for the parade ground. Previous development is likely to have adversely affected the survival of, though possibly not entirely removed any buried archaeological remains in this location.
Proposed works in this Area comprise 3 Phase 2 trenches, to be excavated following decommissioning and demolition of existing structures. Prior to the trenching, the necessary demolition works will be monitored via watching brief. 5.5 Tidworth Area 4001 5.5.1 The development proposals (Figure 2) include a new all-weather sports pitch (TXS603), car parking area (TXC650) and new SLA blocks (AL0631 and AL0632), to be located in the south-western part of the Site. This area was extensively evaluated by trial trenching
27 WA Ref. TBC
ABP Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps WSI and Project Design for Archaeological Works
in 2003 (WA 2003), which revealed only sporadic areas of truncation due to past ground- reduction. However, the only archaeological features identified in this area comprised a single undated ditch and posthole. Monitoring of geotechnical trial pits in this area of the Site also revealed evidence that remodelling of the natural topography had taken place (WA 2014e). However, this suggested that, while some areas have been truncated, other areas may retain some potential to contain surviving remains.
Proposed works in this Area comprise 6 Phase 1 trenches. As much of this location has previously been evaluated, no further works are proposed in this Area. Area 4002 5.5.2 A further small all-weather sports pitch (TXS604) is proposed immediately to the east of the aforementioned works. The footprint of the new pitch coincides with the location of a structure (AL0061) which was surveyed by WA in 2006, in advance of demolition proposals (WA 2007b). It is uncertain if the structure is still extant.
Proposed works in this Area comprise 1 Phase 1 trench. Areas4003-4010 5.5.3 A number of new technical buildings (AL0637, AL0638, AL0639, AS0650, AL0641, ALA402, ALA300, ALB300, ALA301, AL0635, AL0636, AS0649, AS0648) and a car parking area (TXC652) are proposed to be located in the north-western part of the Site. A small number of extant structures in this area would also be demolished as part of the proposals (AL0009, TXF001 and JE0610).
5.5.4 These works would coincide with an area that has not previously been subject to extensive archaeological investigation. As such, the archaeological potential of this area is presently uncertain. However, thick layers of modern made ground (exceeding 2.1m in one instance) were observed to overlie the natural chalk geology in this area during the recent monitoring of geotechnical trial pits (WA 2014e). This suggests that the area has been subject to a degree of disturbance, although it is possible that any surviving archaeological remains may be buried at some depth from the current ground surface.
5.5.5 Despite this, there are indications that significant archaeological remains could be encountered in the north-western part of the site; a Scheduled linear boundary (National List no. 1015482) lies to the north of the camp perimeter. It is possible that the boundary may have originally extended through the camp; its projected route may therefore lie within the footprint of the proposed development areas. In addition, the ‘Seven Barrows’ Scheduled Monument (National List no. 1015481) lies in close proximity to the northern edge of the site, which may suggest that associated remains may extend into the proposed development areas. Extensive field systems, boundary ditches and track ways have been identified from crop marks to the west of the camp, while a group of possible First World War practice trenches have been identified at the northern-central edge of the site.
Area 4003; 1 Phase 1 trench is proposed in this Area. Area 4004; 3 Phase 1 trenches are proposed in this Area, in addition to 1 Phase 2 trench, to be excavated following tree clearance. Area 4005;1 Phase 1 trench is proposed in this Area. Area 4006; 1Phase 1 trench is proposed in this Area. Area 4007;1Phase 1 trench is proposed in this Area. 28 WA Ref. TBC
ABP Bulford, Larkhill, Perham Down and Tidworth Military Camps WSI and Project Design for Archaeological Works
Area 4008; 1 Phase 1 Trench and 9 Phase 2 trenches (to be excavated following removal of ecological constraints and remedial works to remove ground contamination) are proposed in this Area. Watching brief monitoring may be required during the construction of a small extension to an existing building. Area 4009; Watching brief monitoring may be required during the construction of small extensions to an existing building. Area 4010; Watching brief monitoring may be required during the construction of an extension to an existing building. Area4011 5.5.6 New car parking areas (TXC658 andTXC659) are proposed to the north of Jellalabad Barracks. Though programmes of historic building recording (WA 2007b) have been undertaken in this area, no previous intrusive archaeological investigations are known to have taken place in these locations. However, a trial trench evaluation carried out in 2002 immediately to the north at Lucknow Barracks revealed a small number of archaeological features which contained Romano-British pottery and prehistoric struck and burnt flint (WA 2002). Though localised disturbance was encountered during the investigation, there was no major truncation. Despite prior development, the potential exists for buried archaeological features and deposits to survive in the area of the proposed new car parks. However, the DBA (WA 2014d) identified no specific indications that any such remains may be encountered in this location.
Proposed works in this Area comprise 4 Phase 1 trenches. Area 4012 5.5.7 A new grass sports pitch (TXS602) and cark park (YTXC655) are proposed to be established to the south of the main camp. The DBA (WA 2013c) noted that a number of Bronze Age burials were reportedly discovered to the south-east of this area in 1923, while aerial photographic evidence suggests the presence of ring-ditches to the south- west and west.
Proposed works in this Area comprise 6 Phase 1 trenches. Areas 4013 and 4014 5.5.8 Additional sports pitches (TXS600 and TXS601) and associated car parking areas (TXC661 and TXC662) are also proposed to the east of the main camp. Observations of geotechnical pits in these areas suggest that prior disturbance or truncation may be limited (WA 2014e).
Area 4013; proposed works in this Area comprise 6 Phase 1 trenches. Area 4014;proposed works in this Area comprise 8 Phase 1 trenches. Areas4015-4021 5.5.9 The remainder of the works specified by the development proposals are predominantly located within the southern half of the site with officers SLAs (AS0640, BP0630), JRSLAs (AS0641, AS0642, DE0623, DE0621, DE0622), RHQ (CA0630, AS0651), and car parking areas (TXC656, TXC654); these areas have previously been investigated archaeologically via trial trenching in 2003 (WA 2003). Evidence of modern disturbance and layers of made ground were encountered in these areas, in addition to layers of colluvium. The recent watching brief (WA 2014e) corroborated earlier indications that these areas have been subject to varying degrees of modern disturbance, deposition of made ground and truncation. Despite the limited array of archaeological evidence uncovered during the 2003 trial trenching, the subsequent chance discovery of a group of four early Bronze Age
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cremation burials in this area during ground works in 2007 underscores that the potential remains for isolated, yet significant archaeological remains to survive within areas of the Site that have previously been investigated.
Area 4015;5 Phase 1 trenches are proposed within previously unevaluated locations. Construction of a small extension (JEA605) to an existing building may be monitored via watching brief. Area 4016; A single evaluation trench has previously been excavated in this location (WA 2003), which revealed no archaeological features, although little evidence of earlier truncation. Accordingly, 1 Phase 1 trench is proposed in this area. Area 4017; No works are proposed in this Area, as the location has previously been investigated by trial trench evaluation, which revealed evidence of extensive truncation across this area (WA 2003). Area 4018; 2 Phase 2 trenches are proposed in this area, following demolition and site clearance works. The demolition of an existing structure in this location will be monitored via watching brief prior to trenching. Area 4019; No works are proposed in this location due to the limited scale of the building proposed extension. Area 4020; 1 Phase 2 Trench is proposed in this location, to be excavated following tree clearance. Construction of a small extension (BPB077) to an existing building may be monitored via watching brief. Area 4021;1 Phase 2 Trench is proposed in this location, to be excavated following site clearance. Construction of a small extension (ASB077) to an existing building, and expansion of an existing car park (TXC654) may be monitored via watching brief. Areas 4022 and 4023 5.5.10 Alterations to an existing parade ground (LU0085) and an extension (LUA022)to an existing structure are proposed to be located in the eastern part of the camp. These locations have previously been investigated by trial trenching. Although evidence of modern disturbance or truncation was encountered only sporadically, only two features of archaeological origin (both E-W aligned ditches of uncertain, though possibly Romano- British date) were identified (WA 2002).
Area 0422; as this location has largely been evaluated previously, no works are proposed. Watching brief monitoring may be considered if intrusive works are required during development of the parade ground. Area 4023; as this location has previously been evaluated,no works are proposed. Area 4024 5.5.11 A new car parking area is proposed at Zouch Market, to the north of Mooltan Barracks. Though previously developed, a number of First World War practice trenches have been identified from crop mark evidence in this location, suggesting that buried remains related to these may survive. However, a geotechnical trial pit excavated in this part of the site revealed the presence of services and layers of made ground to depths of at least 2.3m from the modern ground surface (WA 2014e).
5.5.12 This element does not appear in the latest design proposals. If it were to go ahead, further trenching may be required.
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6 EVALUATION AND WATCHING BRIEF METHODOLOGIES
6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 The following methodologies are proposed in order to meet the aims and objectives of the fieldwork (see Section 4.1 ).All works will be carried out in accordance with the CIfA’s Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation (2014a) and Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Watching Brief (2014b), excepting where they are superseded by statements made below.
6.1.2 A copy of the agreed WSI and relevant previous archaeological reports will be made available to the site director to enable the adequate interpretation of exposed features/deposits during fieldwork and to ensure that the agreed programme of works is understood and completed satisfactorily.
6.1.3 Any significant variations to this WSI will be agreed with the Client and WCAS prior to being implemented.
6.2 Programme 6.2.1 As noted above, the overall programme of trial trenching will be implemented in a minimum of two Phases, while the watching brief will be likely to take place intermittently, according to the timetable of development and pre-development works.
6.2.2 The timetabling of the works will be established following consultation with the Client. Regular contact will be maintained between WA and the Client in order to ensure that the delivery of the works is integrated with the ABP construction and pre-development programme.
6.2.3 WCAS will be notified by WA at least five days prior to commencement of the works and reasonable access will be arranged for site inspections to ensure that the archaeological investigation is progressing satisfactorily, as required.
6.3 Evaluation methodology 6.3.1 All trenches will be laid out using GPS/TST in general accordance with the layouts given in Figures1-12 .Minor adjustments to the layouts may be required to take account of any on site constraints such as vegetation or located services and to allow for manoeuvring. The trench locations will be tied in to the Ordnance Survey National Grid.
6.3.2 The trial trenches will be excavated using a tracked mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless ditching bucket. Where possible, excavation will be undertaken in discrete 0.20 spits and will cease at the upper surface of significant archaeological features/deposits or the in situ natural geology or the construction level whichever is encountered first. Any area requiring excavation beyond 1.2m in depth will be stepped or battered.
6.3.3 Prior to machine excavation, investigation locations will be scanned by Wessex Archaeology using a cable avoidance tool and genny. The position of all detected services will be marked on the ground. Areas where services are located by the cable scan will not be excavated.
6.3.4 All machine excavation will be under constant archaeological supervision and will cease immediately if significant evidence is revealed.
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complex stratification, funerary contexts, settlement evidence and structures. Any such remains of this nature will be protected and not left exposed to the deleterious effects of weathering, or other forms of deterioration.
6.3.6 Each trench will be cleaned by hand where appropriate and planned prior to any hand- excavation. A representative section, not less than 1m in length, of deposits through each trench from ground surface to the top of the natural geology will be recorded.
6.3.7 The aim of this exercise is not to undertake a full excavation, but to establish presence/absence and to characterise the archaeological remains through assessment and sampling of the resource.
6.3.8 A sample of each feature type, for example pits, postholes, and ditches, will be excavated and recorded. The selection of features for excavation will be determined on the basis of their form, fill, and stratigraphic relationship and in order to ensure a broad characterisation.
6.3.9 In the event of the identification of an exceptional number and/or complexity of archaeological deposits, sample excavation will be more circumspect and will aim to be minimally intrusive. Excavation will, however, be sufficient to resolve the principal aims of the evaluation and to a level agreed with the Client and WCAS.
6.3.10 Where complex archaeological stratification is encountered, deposits will be left in situ and alternative measures to assess the depth of this stratification agreed with WCAS. Where modern features are seen to truncate the archaeological stratification, and where practicable, these will be carefully removed without damage to surrounding deposits to enable the depth of stratification to be assessed.
6.3.11 Should highly significant remains be encountered during the course of any trial trenching (e.g. remains that might satisfy the criteria to be considered for designation as a Scheduled Monument), discussions will be held between WCAS, the Client and Wessex Archaeology as to the viability of preserving the remains in situ .
6.3.12 Once the fieldwork has been completed to the satisfaction of the Client and WCAS, the trenches will be backfilled and left level on completion. The backfilled material will be compacted intermittently using the machine bucket in order to avoid air pockets and soft spots. No other reinstatement or surface treatment will be undertaken.
6.4 Watching brief methodology 6.4.1 Continuous archaeological monitoring via watching brief of any pre-development works will be carried out in the areas specified in Section 5 , where these activities could impact on, or expose deposits of archaeological interest. This will be undertaken by at least one experienced and suitably qualified archaeologist, subject to the number of site operations being undertaken at any one time.
6.4.2 The outcome of continuous monitoring arrangements will be reviewed at the end of specific elements of the pre-development works, or else periodically. In the event that it can be reasonably demonstrated that archaeological remains are unlikely to be encountered within a given area, arrangements may be altered to allow for periodic archaeological monitoring or complete cessation of the watching brief.
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6.4.3 These arrangements and other aspects of the watching brief works, as outlined below, will be agreed between WA and the Client by means of a protocol (to be established), which should be approved by WCAS and the Client.
6.4.4 A degree of flexibility will be extended to WA staff in terms of the authority to direct certain aspects of the pre-development works, in order that the aims of the works are fulfilled, without altering the scope of, or unreasonably delaying the programme of the groundworks. Where practicable, and without causing unreasonable delay to the groundwork programme, any monitored pre-development works will be halted whilst investigations are carried out by WA staff.
6.4.5 Machine monitoring may be necessary as part of the watching brief. Insofar as is practicable, where archaeological deposits are likely to be exposed during machine monitoring, then soils will be removed using a toothless ditching bucket, in order to leave a smooth, clean surface for inspection.
6.4.6 In the event archaeological deposits and features, including human remains (see below), are revealed, these will be identified and the Client informed. Identified remains will also be made clear to those undertaking the pre-development works, who will allow reasonable access to WA staff in order to facilitate the excavation and recording of the archaeology present. Areas of archaeological interest will be marked up and suitably protected in advance of their investigation and clearance.
6.4.7 Where archaeological features or deposits are encountered, sufficient excavation will take place to allow appropriately detailed records to be compiled, in accordance with the aims of the works. The manner in which this is undertaken will conform to expectations as to what is realistically achievable, taking into account relevant health and safety considerations and within reasonable access terms agreed with the Client.
6.4.8 Where the presence of archaeological remains has been established, and where safe to do so, excavations will be entered at the maximum safe depth (usually c. 1.2m, but less if loose sands/gravel are present) to examine the stratigraphy in exposed sections. After excavation has progressed beyond this depth, recording will take place without entering the trench unless adequate safety measures have been agreed with a competent person.
6.4.9 Selected faces of any exposed sections through the underlying stratigraphy within watching brief areas will be cleaned with appropriate hand tools, to a degree sufficient to facilitate recording.
6.4.10 Should significant remains be encountered, which might necessitate additional archaeological measures, temporary arrangements to restrict disturbance will be agreed, pending further discussions between the Client, WA and WCAS.
6.4.11 In circumstances that require a contingent excavation it will be necessary to agree a programme for this, extending the scope of archaeological works, whilst ensuring no unreasonable delay is caused to the ground works programme. Where any such additional archaeological works are required, arrangements for implementing this will be developed by WA and agreed with WCAS and the Client.
6.4.12 Should highly significant remains be encountered during the course of any watching brief (e.g. remains that might satisfy the criteria to be considered for designation as a Scheduled Monument), discussions will be held between WCAS, the Client and WA as to the viability of preserving the remains in situ .
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6.5 Recording 6.5.1 All exposed archaeological features and deposits identified during the works will be recorded using Wessex Archaeology's pro forma recording system. Details of Wessex Archaeology's recording system are available on request.
6.5.2 A complete drawn record of excavated archaeological features and deposits will be compiled. This will include both plans and sections, drawn to appropriate scales (1:20 for plans, 1:10 for sections), and with reference to a site grid tied to the Ordnance Survey National Grid. The Ordnance Datum (OD) height of all principal features and levels will be calculated and plans/sections will be annotated with OD heights.
6.6 Photography 6.6.1 A full photographic record will be maintained during the evaluation using digital cameras equipped with an image sensor of not less than 10 megapixels. This will illustrate both the detail and the general context of the principal features and the site as a whole.
6.6.2 Digital images will be subject to managed quality control and curation processes which will embed appropriate metadata within the image and ensure long term accessibility of the image set.
6.7 Survey 6.7.1 All as-dug locations, associated archaeological remains and other features of relevance to the works will be digitally surveyed using GPS within the OS NGR system, but also including heights above OS datum (Newlyn). The electronic survey record will be periodically downloaded and retained within the site archive, with co-ordinate and/or datum information transposed onto the appropriate paper archives.
6.8 Artefacts 6.8.1 All artefacts will be retained from excavated contexts unless they are of undoubtable recent modern origin, in which case a written note will be kept in the context record. Excavated spoil will be visually scanned for artefacts. Where appropriate, a metal detector will be used to enhance artefact recovery.
6.8.2 Any artefacts requiring conservation or specific storage conditions will be dealt with immediately in line with First Aid for Finds (Watkinson and Neal 1998).
6.8.3 Ironwork from stratified contexts will be X-rayed and stored in a stable environment, along with other fragile and delicate material. The X-raying of objects and other conservation needs will be undertaken by Wessex Archaeology in-house conservation staff or other appropriate approved conservation centres. Suitable material, primarily the pottery, worked flint and non-ferrous metalwork, will be scanned to assess the date range of the relevant assemblages.
6.8.4 Appropriate material, primarily the pottery, worked flint and non-ferrous metalwork will be assessed, the results of which will form part of the final report.
6.8.5 All retained artefacts will, as a minimum, be washed, weighed, counted and identified. All artefacts recovered during the excavations on the Site are the property of the landowner. They are to be suitably bagged, boxed in accordance with the guidance given by the relevant museum and generally in accordance with the Museums and Galleries Commission’s Standards in the Museum Care of Archaeological Collections (1992).
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6.8.6 On completion of the archaeological post-excavation programme, and with the permission of the landowner, it is anticipated that any artefacts will be deposited with the relevant museum.
6.9 Environmental sampling 6.9.1 Bulk environmental soil samples for the recovery of plant macro fossils, wood charcoal, small animal bones and other small artefacts will be taken from a range of well-sealed and dateable contexts or features. The samples will be of an appropriate size. Samples will not be taken from the intersection of features.
6.9.2 Bulk environmental soil samples will be processed by standard flotation methods and scanned to assess the environmental potential of deposits, but will not be fully analysed. The flot will be retained on a 0.25/0.5mm mesh, with residues fractionated into 5.6/4mm, 2mm, 1mm and 0.5mm and dried as appropriate. Coarse fraction (>5.6/4mm) will be sorted, weighed and discarded, with any finds recovered given to the appropriate specialist. Finer residues will be retained until after analysis.
6.9.3 If waterlogged deposits are encountered, an appropriate environmental sampling strategy will be devised and agreed with WCAS as appropriate. These samples would then be processed by standard waterlogged flotation/wet sieving methods.
6.9.4 Where appropriate monolith and/or contiguous column samples will be taken for the recovery of molluscs and to consider sub-sampling for pollen and/or diatom assessment, and for consideration of soil micromorphological and soil chemical analyses. Appropriate specialist advice will be sought where needed.
6.9.5 Where appropriate samples may be taken and sieved to aid in artefact recovery. For both inhumations and cremation related deposits, the burial deposit will be sampled and processed following the specialist guidelines. In the case of samples from cremation related deposits the flots will be retained on a 0.5mm mesh, with residues fractionated into 4mm, 2mm and 1mm. In the case of samples from inhumation deposits, the samples will be artefact sieved through 9.5mm and 1 mm mesh sizes. The coarse fractions (9.5 mm) will be sorted with any finds recovered given to the appropriate specialist together with the finer residues.
6.10 Human remains 6.10.1 In the event of discovery of any human remains (articulated or disarticulated, cremated or unburnt), they will be left in situ , covered and protected. Following discussions with the Client and WCAS, the need for and appropriateness of their excavation/removal or sampling as part of the works will be determined. Where deemed appropriate, the human remains will be fully recorded, excavated and removed from the Site subject to compliance with the relevant Ministry of Justice Licence which will be obtained by Wessex Archaeology.
6.10.2 Should human remains require excavation, this and post-excavation processing will be undertaken in accordance with WA protocols, current guidance documents (e.g. McKinley 2013) and in line with the standards set out in IfA Technical Paper 13 Excavation and post-excavation treatment of cremated and inhumed remains (McKinley and Roberts 1993). Appropriate specialist guidance/site visits will be undertaken if required. The final deposition of human remains following analysis will be in accordance with the requirements of the Ministry of Justice Licence.
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6.11 Treasure 6.11.1 In the event of the discovery of any material covered or potentially covered by the Treasure Act of 1996 Wessex Archaeology will immediately notify the client and WCAS. All necessary information required by the Treasure Act (i.e. finder, location, material, date, associated items etc.) will be reported to the Coroner within 14 days.
6.12 Monitoring 6.12.1 The work will be monitored by WCAS and all reasonable access will be provided to the works. Any changes in the agreed project design will be discussed and agreed with WCAS before implementation.
6.13 Progress meetings 6.13.1 Regular meetings will be held between the Client, WCAS, WA and other relevant stakeholders and consultees as appropriate, in order to review the progress of the works.
6.14 Access 6.14.1 The Client will make all arrangements to enable access, including security clearances, necessary for the undertaking of the works specified in this document.
7 POST EXCAVATION AND REPORTING
7.1 Interim reporting 7.1.1 The timetabling of the works will be contingent upon the scheduling of pre-development and development works. As a result, it is likely that the overall programme of works will be delivered episodically.
7.1.2 In order that the results of individual components of the works can inform the iterative design of the overall programme of works, and ultimately any subsequent works, a series of illustrated Interim Reports will be produced.
7.1.3 These Interim Reports will be compiled by WA at the conclusion of discrete components of the works and distributed to WCAS and the Client. Where appropriate, the results of multiple components of the works (for example, where these are undertaken concurrently, or in rapid succession) may be compiled in a single Interim Report.
7.1.4 The presentation of the results of the works in this manner will inform discussions which are to be held regularly during progress meetings including the Client, WA, WCAS and other relevant parties or stakeholders (see Section 6.13 ).
7.1.5 Interim Reports will include, as a minimum:
The circumstances of the work undertaken; A brief description of the fieldwork methodology employed; A summary of the results of the fieldwork; Recommendations for further work, if considered appropriate; A reconsideration of the methodology employed; and A site plan depicting the location of the works described.
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7.2 Final report 7.2.1 Upon completion of the fieldwork, the results of the Stage 1 works will be compiled into a final illustrated report which will be forwarded to the Client and WCAS for comment and approval. The report will conform to the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation (CIfA 2014a), the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Watching Brief (CIfA 2014b) and will comply with the requirements of WCAS.
7.2.2 The report will, as a minimum, include the following elements:
A non-technical summary; An account of the background to the project and circumstances of work; The aims and objectives of the project , including a description of the relevant fieldwork and post-fieldwork project methodologies; The results of the work, which will include: A factual report including tabulated data, describing all archaeological remains (features, artefacts etc.) discovered during the works, and including a consideration of their location, form, function, date, preservation and significance, supported by any appropriate figures or photographs considered necessary; a consideration of the archaeological and environmental potential of deposits; a consideration of the archaeological significance of the development sites in their broader historic and landscape setting; and a reconsideration of the methodology employed. Recommendations regarding further archaeological work necessary on site in advance of, or during, development; References to all primary and secondary sources consulted; and Details of the archive and its proposed location. 7.2.3 Once completed and approved, the final report including figures will also be made available in digital format. Unless specifically instructed otherwise, this will be as a fully hyperlinked and bookmarked Adobe Acrobat PDF file. Digital copies of the raw data, report text, figures and electronic drawings will be made available to client upon request.
7.2.4 On completion of the work, a digital copy of the report in PDF/A format will be provided to the WCAS. This report will be passed to the Historic Environment Record (HER).
7.3 Site archive 7.3.1 On completion of the report, a cross-referenced and internally consistent archive will be produced. The complete site archive, which may include paper records, photographic records, graphics, artefacts, ecofacts and digital data, will be prepared following the standard conditions for the acceptance of excavated archaeological material by the appropriate Museum, and in general following nationally recommended guidelines (SMA 1995; CIfA2014d and 2014; Brown 2011; ADS 2013).
7.3.2 All archive elements will be marked with the Site/accession code and a full index will be prepared. The project archive will be held at the offices of Wessex Archaeology, Southern Region, at Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire. In due course the archive will be deposited
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with a relevant and suitable museum under a project code, to be confirmed. It is hoped that, with the landowner’s permission, the finds can be deposited with the rest of the archive.
7.3.3 No charge will be made for the temporary storage of the project archive during the period when WA is undertaking analysis and reporting and for a period of up to three months from submission of the final report. However, if, after completion and submission of the report, finds and archives cannot be deposited with the relevant museum due to circumstances beyond WA’s control, a charge will be made for storage. A charge for storage may also be made where a delay is caused by a lack of confirmation of post- fieldwork analyses and reporting, if the delay exceeds three months.
7.4 OASIS report 7.4.1 On completion of the report, an OASIS pro forma 1will be initiated and key fields completed on Details, Location and Creators Forms. All appropriate parts of the OASIS online form will be completed for submission to the HER. This will include an uploaded .pdf version of the entire report (a paper copy will also be included with the archive).
7.5 Discard policy 7.5.1 WA follows the guidelines set out in Selection, Retention and Dispersal of Archaeological Collections; Guidelines for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (SMA 1993), which allows for the discard of selected artefact and ecofact categories which are not considered to warrant any future analysis. Any discard of artefacts will be fully documented in the project archive.
7.5.2 The discard of environmental remains and samples follows nationally recommended guidelines (SMA 1993; 1995; English Heritage 2002).
7.6 Security copy 7.6.1 In line with current best practice ( e.g. Brown 2011) on completion of the project a security copy of the written records will be prepared, in the form of a digital PDF/A file. PDF/A is an ISO-standardised version of the Portable Document Format (PDF) designed for the digital preservation of electronic documents through omission of features ill-suited to long-term archiving.
7.7 Copyright 7.7.1 The full copyright of the written/illustrative archive relating to the site will be retained by Wessex Archaeology Ltd under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 with all rights reserved; excepting that it hereby provides an exclusive licence to the Client for the use of the report by the Client in all matters directly relating to the project as described in the specification.
7.7.2 Any document produced to meet planning requirements may be copied for development control, planning and educational purposes without recourse to the Copyright owner, the copyright owner to be given full acknowledgment in any reproduction of material.
7.7.3 Wessex Archaeology will assign copyright to the client upon written request, but retains the right to be identified as the author of all project documentation and reports as defined in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (Chapter IV, s.79).
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7.7.4 Wessex Archaeology will also grant licence to the relevant museum for the use of the archive for educational purposes, including academic research, providing that such use shall be non-profit making, and conforms to the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003.
7.7.1 This document, the subsequent report and the archive generally, may contain material that is non-Wessex Archaeology copyright (e.g. Ordnance Survey, British Geological Survey, Crown Copyright), or the intellectual property of third parties, which we are able to provide for limited reproduction under the terms of our own copyright licences, but for which copyright itself is non-transferable by Wessex Archaeology. All remain bound by the conditions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 with regard to multiple copying and electronic dissemination of this document and subsequent report.
8 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND STAFFING
8.1 Personnel 8.1.1 The work will be directed in the field by an appropriately experienced archaeologist who will normally be a member of the Institute for Archaeologists and a core member of Wessex Archaeology’s staff.
8.1.2 The work will be under the overall management of Andy Crockett as Wessex Archaeology’s Southern Regional Manager. Simon Cleggett, as Project Manager, will visit the fieldwork as appropriate to monitor progress and to ensure that the scope of works is adhered to. Monitoring visits may also be undertaken by Wessex Archaeology's Health and Safety Co-ordinator.
8.1.3 The appointed Project Manager and experienced archaeologists will be involved in all phases of the investigation through to its completion, oversee the day-to-day operations of the evaluation fieldwork and post-excavation assessment of results.
8.1.4 The analysis of any finds and environmental data will be undertaken by Wessex Archaeology core staff or external specialists, using Wessex Archaeology's standard pro forma recording system. The work will be carried out under the supervision of the appropriate departmental managers under the overall direction of the Project Manager.
8.1.5 Information on Wessex Archaeology and external finds and environmental specialists can be provided on request.
8.1.6 All nominated Wessex Archaeology staff will be appropriately qualified and experienced for their project role. Wessex Archaeology reserves the right to replace nominated personnel with staff of equivalent or greater experience. Notwithstanding, as one of the largest professional archaeological organisations in the country, Wessex Archaeology has sufficient flexibility and resources to ensure all client requirements can be met without compromise.
9 STANDARDS
9.1 Quality assurance and code of practice 9.1.1 Wessex Archaeology is registered as an archaeological organisation with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.
9.1.2 Wessex Archaeology endorses the CIfA’s Code of Practice (2014c) and the Code of Approved Practice for the Regulation of Contractual Arrangements in Field Archaeology.
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9.1.3 All core staff would be of a standard approved by Wessex Archaeology, be employed in line with the CIfA’s Code of Practice (2014c) and be members of the CIfA or be appropriately qualified.
9.1.4 All work will be carried out in line with the CIfA’s Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Evaluations (2014a) and Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Watching Brief (2014b).
9.1.5 Wessex Archaeology operates a Project Management system. All projects are undertaken under the direction of the Project Manager who is responsible to a Regional Manager, who ensures the maintenance of quality standards within the organisation. The Chief Executive has ultimate responsibility for all of the Trust's work.
9.1.6 Projects are managed in accordance with English Heritage guidelines outlined in the document Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MoRPHE) (English Heritage 2009). At all stages the manager will carefully assess and monitor performance of staff and adherence to objectives, timetables and budgets to ensure that the project meets Wessex Archaeology's quality standards and is adequately programmed and resourced within Wessex Archaeology's portfolio of project commitments.
10 INSURANCE AND HEALTH AND SAFETY
10.1 Policy and Risk Assessment
10.1.1 Health and safety considerations will be of paramount importance in conducting all fieldwork. Safe working practises will override archaeological considerations at all times.
10.1.2 All work will be carried out in accordance with the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and the Management of Health and Safety Regulations 1992, and all other relevant Health and Safety legislation, regulations and codes of practice in force at the time.
10.1.3 Wessex Archaeology will supply a copy of their Health and Safety Policy and a Risk Assessment to the Client before the commencement of any fieldwork. The Risk Assessment will have been read and understood by all staff attending the Site before any groundwork commences.
10.1.4 The Risk Assessment will be logged on a pro forma sheet, which will include a checklist of safe working practices, safety equipment, emergency procedures and specific information relating to environmental conditions likely during fieldwork. Members of the fieldwork teams will remain in visual contact at all times.
10.1.5 Wessex Archaeology has both public liability (£10,000,000) and professional indemnity insurance (£5,000,000), copies of which can be provided on request.
11 OUTLINE OF POTENTIAL ADDITIONAL WORKS
11.1 Overview
11.1.1 Following on from, and informed by the results of the investigations outlined above, it is likely that additional archaeological works will be required in certain locations within the proposed ABP development sites.
11.1.2 The overall aim of any additional works would be to achieve preservation by record, to a degree commensurate with the significance of the remains, and the degree of impact
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which may be predicted to occur. Should highly significant remains be encountered during the course of any additional works (e.g. remains that might satisfy the criteria to be considered for designation as a Scheduled Monument), discussions will be held between WCAS, the Client and WA as to the viability of preserving the remains in situ .
11.1.3 Future detailed proposals for additional works, including arrangements for post excavation assessment, reporting and archiving, will be specified in a dedicated project design, to be agreed with the Client and WCAS. In the interim, a general outline of the methods which may be employed for additional works is presented below.
11.2 Open area excavation
11.2.1 The purpose of open area excavation would be to examine the archaeological resource within a given area within a framework of defined aims and objectives, to seek a better understanding of and compile a lasting record of that resource, to analyse and interpret the results, and to disseminate them.
11.2.2 Circumstances under which open area excavation is likely to be contemplated would include areas within which significant archaeological remains are confirmed, or strongly suspected to exist, and which would be subject to a substantial degree of disturbance or total eradication due to the implementation of the development proposals.
11.2.3 Areas identified as requiring open area excavation would be subject to removal of topsoil and overburden to the first significant archaeological horizon, or the level of the natural geology, whichever is reached first. This would be undertaken by a 180° backhoe loader or 360° excavator (as circumstances require), fitted with a wide toothless bucket, under the continuous supervision of an experienced and competent archaeologist with the authority to halt and direct machine excavation.
11.2.4 All archaeological features and deposits will be surveyed using a Total Station/GPS and related to Ordnance Survey. Exposed archaeological remains will be cleaned by hand where necessary for the acceptable definition of such. A sufficient sample of the features surveyed will be investigated by hand-excavation and fully recorded in order to fulfil the specific aims and objectives of the project.
11.2.5 All excavation fieldwork of this nature would conform to the standards laid out by the CIfA in their Code of Conduct (2014c) and Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation (2014e).
11.3 Strip, map and sample excavation
11.3.1 The purpose of strip, map and sample excavation would be to identify specific archaeological foci within an extensive area of potential or to expose the spatial characteristics of extensive archaeological landscape elements, such as field systems, prior to selecting locations for targeted sample excavation. As with any areas considered for open area excavation, this work would be undertaken within a framework of defined aims and objectives.
11.3.2 Areas identified as requiring strip, map and sample excavation would be subject to removal of topsoil and overburden to the first significant archaeological horizon, or the level of the natural geology, whichever is reached first. This would be undertaken by a 180° backhoe loader or 360° excavator (as circumstances require), fitted with a wide toothless bucket, under the continuous supervision of an experienced and competent archaeologist with the authority to halt and direct machine excavation.
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11.3.3 All archaeological features and deposits will be surveyed using a Total Station/GPS and related to Ordnance Survey. Following this, initial characterisation of the archaeology through sample hand excavation and recording will proceed. The aim will be to provide an initial assessment of the complexity, preservation, extent and depth, character and chronology of the features present. This will involve a limited sample of investigations targeted at feature intersections and across the range of feature types present. The sampling will take account of the spatial arrangement of the features.
11.3.4 Informed by the characterisation stage, more detailed sampling and excavation may be required in order that key areas are investigated in sufficient detail to understand them both in respect of themselves and also in relation to their surroundings. Additional work will be focused on adding to the spatial, chronological, functional and environmental context of the investigated areas.
11.3.5 All strip, map and sample excavation will conform to the standards laid out by the CIfA in their Code of conduct (2014c)and Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation (2014e).
11.4 Watching brief 11.4.1 In addition to the methods outline above, it is anticipated that additional works will be likely to include precautionary measures in the form of areas subject to an archaeological watching brief. These areas are likely to comprise either:
areas within which the development works will entail only a very limited degree of ground disturbance/limited risk of impacting on buried archaeological remains; areas within which insurmountable obstructions or constraints would preclude other more extensive types of investigation; and areas within which prior investigation has indicated extensive levels of modern disturbance, but within which the archaeological potential is not considered to have been entirely eradicated and there exists a residual risk of encountering buried remains. 11.4.2 The purpose of any watching brief would be to enable, within the resources available, the preservation by record of archaeological features and deposits, the presence and nature of which could not be established (or established with sufficient accuracy) in advance of development.
11.4.3 Where the resources allocated to, and circumstances of the watching brief itself are not sufficient to enable any archaeological remains encountered during the works to be investigated and recorded to a satisfactory and proper standard, additional archaeological works (e.g. open area excavation/strip, map and sample excavation) may be required.
11.4.4 All watching brief fieldwork would conform to the standards laid out by the CIfA in their Code of Conduct (2014c)and Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Watching Brief (2014b).
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