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CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Nepal is an agricultural country. Most of the people of the is depends on the agriculture. The way of production is different from place to place. is also one of the potential areas for the agriculture. In this area, most of the people are engaged in agricultural production. They produce seasonal crops and vegetables. Now a day, to increase the production and to earn maximum profit farmers are using pesticides knowingly or unknowing. The pesticide was mean any chemical that is used to bait, repel, or control (by killing) any pest (including invertebrates and vertebrates), weeds and animal and plant diseases (vector control) and the effect shall mean any harmful influence, either directly or indirectly incurred by the pesticides used for controlling pests, weeds, and diseases. Similarly, environment shall mean, any environment including agricultural, rural and urban and associated components, there of (soil, water and air) (Giri, 1990).

In developing countries, pesticide is mainly used for two reasons-(i) for the improvement of public health (control and eradication of vector-borne diseases) and (ii) for the pest control in agriculture and with the commencement of industrial sector, it is inevitable. These pesticides range from persistent and accumulative organochlorines (DDT, BHC, and Aldrin) to the non or less-persistent and non-accumulative organophosphates, carbamates, and synthetic pyrethroids.

Pesticides could be hazardous, if users lack the proper information about the problem and solution, time for decision making, market facility to purchase desired pesticides, choice of pesticides, proper application and knowledge to take precaution, storage facilities, and the consequences of negligence.

Consequences of misusing the chemical pesticides would be very fatal to human beings; after cycling through the whole ecosystem, eventually it would come back to human as different forms; it just like our turn will come and we are waiting. By different medium, it contaminates air, water, and soil. Pesticides such as BHC, DDT,

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aldrine, chlordane, dieldrin, lindane, diazinon are probable carcinogens that can cause birth defects, reproductive problems, and liver, kidney, and neural damage in humans.

According to FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) “A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances that are intended for preventing, destroying, controlling and mitigating any pest including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feed stuffs or substances which may be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids or other pests in or on their bodies.” (Dahal, 1995)

Until 1980s, most of the people of Nepal remained unaware of modern chemical pesticides and were dependent upon traditional organic techniques for killing pests. The history of the use of pesticide in Nepal started in 1955 when Paris Green, gamaxane, and nicotine sulfates were imported from the US for malaria control. In 1960, DDT was introduced in Nepal which convinced people that it was capable of destroying flies, mosquitoes, lice etc. In the succeeding years several categories of pesticides including organocholrine in 1950s, organophosphate in 1960s, carbamates in 1970s and synthetic pyrethroids in 1980s found their entry into the country. The Nepal Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP) in the 1950s was the first major channel to utilize pesticides in Nepal. The Department of Agriculture, GON, initiated the application of chemical pesticides for crop protection during the second half of the 1960s. The use of pesticides for plant protection has steadily increased, with the introduction of high yielding varieties of rice, maize and wheat. In 1977, the Nepal Pesticides and Chemical- Industries, Private Limited (NEPCIL) was established in Bahadurgunj, Kapilvastu District to supply BHC dust, Malathion (50 percent), Nepcil Parathion, Celphos et cetera.

Because of the hazardous aspects of pesticides, as alternatives, now a days, the concept of IPM (Integrated Pest Management) has been widely discussed and could be an escape.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that relies on a combination of common-sense practices.

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IPM programs use current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment. This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest damage by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment.

Now a day’s pesticide use in vegetables and its negative impact in farmers and clients become greater problems in Nepal. So i am going to conduct a study “Pesticide use in vegetables and its health hazards in farmers and clients of Belbari Municipality Belbari -8, Belbari Municipality is located about 28 km east of Municipality the center market place of Morang district. Belbari is bounded on the west by and Khursene, On the east by Laxmi Marga and Bhaune , On the North by and on South Bauni Gaun Palika .

In the present scenario pesticide use in agricultural production is globalized problem. Most of the country is suffering from the maximum uses of pesticide in agricultural production and its harmful consequences. In Belbari there is also excess use of pesticide in vegetables and it creates the greater health problems in both farmers and clients.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The term ‘Pesticide’ has wide scope in the field of agriculture. Rapidly growing population always demands high agricultural production. So that as a option of high production farmers choose pesticide to their crops.

A rough estimation of entomologists for crop loss due to insect pests amounts to 10-15 percent of the total yield that does not include post-harvest losses. This corresponds to millions of hard earned rupees lost to insect pest alone.

Eventually, all agree unanimously that pesticides are essential and can be considered as an inevitable giant. ‘Inevitable giant’ in this case neither excluded completely nor it gives compatible results in the long run.

Taking the history of the development of science and technology, human is the primary factor for the all innovations what we have in this century and of course, without

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having sound health it could have never achieved. Thus, there is always a need of a very sound health. Unfortunately, however man eats man’s invention and nothing has been perfect till yet. There is always some adversity hiding with it and spills out with opportunities to get some preys.

Over-use of pesticides brings different kinds of problems, such as: In cycles of environment, It makes air polluted, There is always risk of water (surface and ground) contamination, Adverse effects in agro-ecosystem, Hazardous effects on human health, Adverse effects on flora and fauna, Risk of collapsing of diversity of flora and fauna, Pesticide residue in food, High tolerance capacity in insects, Loss of production. So using pesticide directly and indirectly effect to farmer and clients health.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The general objectives of the study will be to assess the pesticide use in vegetables and its health hazards in farmers and clients of the study area. The specific objectives of the study are listed below:

1.3.1 To assess the knowledge of pesticide use in vegetables among farmers and clients.

1.3.2 To assess the safety practice adopted by farmers while using pesticides in vegetables farming.

1.3.3 To find out harmful effect of pesticide in the health of farmers and clients. 1.4 Significance of the Study

Every study has its importance in different contexts, aspect and references. This study also has its own importance. The significances of the study are as follows:

1.4.3 It would be helpful to aware the people about negative impact of pesticides. 1.4.4 It would be helpful to raise awareness among vegetables use farmers and clients. 1.4.5 It would be helpful to find out the existing situation of pesticide use. 1.4.6 It would provide information to those interested in the field.

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1.4.7 It would help to further researcher such a type of research problem. 1.4.8 It would be useful for NGOS, INGOS and GOS programs to be launched in related area.

1.5 Delimitation of the Study

This study has its own limitation due to time and resource constraints. So, it focuses only on particular area which has been investigated within the limit of the researcher capacity. It was delimited to the following areas.

1.5.3 This study was limited only on the responses of respondents of the Belbari Municipality, Belbari-8 of Morang District. 1.5.4 Only 300 respondents were taken for the study. 1.5.5 This research study included only Pesticide use and its impact among farmers and clients. 1.6 Operational Definition of key Terms

Pesticides: are substances meant for attracting, Seducing and then destroying or mitigating any pest.

Vegetable: is an edible plant or its part, intended for cooking or eating raw.

Hazard: is a situation that poses a level of threat life, health, property or environment.

Farmer: is a person engaged in agriculture.

Clients: are recipient of goods or services in return for monetary or other valuable considerations.

Agriculture: is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, bio-fuel, medicine and other products used to sustain and enhance human life.

Globalization: is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products and other aspects of culture.

Agro-ecosystem: is the basic unit of study in agro ecology and somewhat arbitrarily defined as a spatially and functionally coherent unit of agricultural activity

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and includes the living and nonliving components involved in that unit as well as their interactions.

CHAPTER – II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The review of the literature is generally a vital and obligatory part of any research that helps to gain useful and background information about the problem over the study. For the proposed research work the literature review will be done through general review, In which different books, journals, previous research works, reports, arts, articles, plans and policies and published and unpublished written documents related to the subject matter will reviewed and review of empirical study will be done while conducting the research work. Theoretical literature is a main part of this section. Under this subheading the researcher can review and present the theories, principles, laws, ideas etc. which are published in books, articles, journals and directly related to own research topic. After reviewing above theoretical, empirical literature and other data, the researcher have got various theories, principles, ideas and knowledge about pesticide use and its impacts among farmers and clients health.

2.1 Theoretical Literature

According to the FAO International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides (1986), “Toxicity is a physiolAZogical or biological property which determines the capacity of a chemical to do harm or produce injury to a living organism by other than mechanical means.

Another property of pesticides, besides being toxic, is their persistence. Persistence can be defined as the quality of a pesticide to occur as an effective residue for a period of time due to its low volatility and chemical stability. Pesticide persistence in the environment is generally measured in terms of its half-life or the length of time required for the quantity of the compound to be reduced in half.

As a pesticide is supposed ideally to remain long enough to kill the target organisms and then be decomposed to harmless degradation product but sometimes it creates very complex problems of environmental hazards. The finding of minute residues in food,

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water, air and soil pose serious concerns for human health. Organochlorine insecticides (DDT and dieldrin) have high environmental persistence. As mentioned above, DDT is a persistent chemical once introduced into the environment; it keeps circulating for many years. It is interesting to note the manner in which DDT accumulates in the food chain.

A persistent pesticide has a special position in environmental pollution because it may remain in soil long enough (a) to be assimilated by plants and accumulate in edible portions (b) to adhere to edible portions of root caps (c) to be transported with eroding soil particles to nearby water ways or (d) to accumulate in earthworms and then show up in high levels in bird feeding on the worms.

Persistence pesticides are detrimental to human health. Persistence pesticides are being widely used throughout the world and in many cases, are used with virtually no knowledge of their potential long-term effects on human health.

The pesticide shall mean any chemical that is used to bait, repel or control (by killing) any pest (including invertebrates and vertebrates), weeds and animal and plant diseases (vector control). Pesticides are poisons that at certain circumstances at certain doses will kill certain portion of targeted animal’s population that is considered harmful. The dose is expressed in terms of lethal dose for 50 percent of the targeted population.

2.2 Empirical Literature

Karmacharya (2012) conducted a study on pesticides use on agriculture and its socio- economic contexts, in Panchkhel VDC, Kavre, Nepal. Panchkhel VDC lies in the Kavre District. It covers an area of 20.19 square kilometers. Vegetable production has become very popular in many parts of Nepal same as Panchkhel VDC is also one of the popular area for the growing different vegetables crops, which are sold at nearby towns especially in Kathmandu valley. The objectives of the study are to assess the amount the amount of pesticide used in that area, to document different types of pesticides that are being used in the study areas and to provide the scientific data to the government body for further researches. The researcher used preliminary field visit is administrated to farmers. Who were randomly selected. To earn high profit farmers in the research area had started growing cash crops such as vegetables in the of traditionally grown

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crops.

Atreya (2006) conducted a research on the title “The knowledge of pesticides uses practices: A gender differences in Nepal.” The main objectives of the study was to findout gender difference on pesticide use Knowledge, Attitude and Practices for identifying pesticide ricks sectional descriptive study design was conducted among farmers. Atreya collect the data through interview around 434 households. The major findings of the study were, Almost all respondents were aware of negative impacts of pesticide use on human health and environment environment. However, females were at higher risk due to lower level of pesticide use safety and awareness. More than 50% females had never been to school and only 8% individuals were found trined in IPM. Almost all males and females didn’t smoke, drink and eat during pesticides application and also believed that pesticides are harmful to human health plant diversity and their environment.

Thapaliya (2014) conducted a research on the title Hazardous Aspect of Pesticide use in Agriculture. The main objective of the study was to study the use pattern of pesticides and to study the negative impacts of the pesticide use. The study was carried out on the basis of descriptive research design and respondents were selected with random sampling design where out of 2176 farmers, only 50 respondents were selected. The major findings of the study were, out of the total respondents, 30% of the farmers found to be using pesticides for 3 or more years while only 12% found for 25 or more years and 18% of the respondents were for 20 or more years and 20% were found using for 10 or more years. Likely 30% farmers storied unused pesticides locked cabinet inside house, 52.50% unlocked cabinet inside the house, 10% storied in locked store room, 5% outside the house and 2.50% storied another place than above described. Samely 34.21% of household members of farmers are suffering from eye problems, 26.31% from asthma, 18.42% from skin disease 15.78% from skin disease, 15.78% from bronchitis, 2.63% from heart disease and 2.63% from cancer.

Khatri(2015) conducted a study on “knowledge and use of pesticides and its effect on the health of Farmers at Devinagar VDC in palpa District. The objectives of the study are to explore the knowledge and use of the pesticides among the farmers, to assess the safety practice adopted by farmers while using pesticides and to examine the effect of

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pesticides on the health of farmers. The study was based on quantitative descriptive type of research design. Study was consisted of 150 respondents from the study area and to collect the data interview schedule was applied. The major findings of the study were, Out of 150 respondents, 39.02% respondents said that the reason of using pesticides is to kill pest, 44.71% respondents said that the reason of using pesticide is to increase productivity, 16.26% respondents said that reason of using pesticides is to prevent vegetable from pest, likewise, 93.33% respondents would wash their hand, foot after using pesticides, 22 % Respondents wear found to be sometime worn gloves, 49.33% would never, whereas 28.67% didn’t know the way of using gloves. Same as 3.33% respondents were found to de always worn glass, 13.33% would worn sometimes, 50% never worn, Whereas 33.33% didn’t know about the way of using it. To solve the problems Khatri said the awareness program or seminar on the right use of pesticides or on the use of natural method should be conducted time and again. Instead of pesticides, natural method should be adopted to kill pests or to get them run away such as urine of cow, mixture of ash and water can be sprayed on the crops.

2.3 Implication of Literature for the study

The review of the related literature is one of the guideline to prepare the proposal, the review which gives us knowledge about the related subject, some implication of literature review is given below in this study.

 Review literatures helped to write background of the study.  It helped to make objectives of research.  It helped to choose research design.  It helped to select the sample size.  It helped to prepare data collection tools.

2.4 Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework sets out the concepts that underline the preparation and presentation of the study: it is the practical tools which assist the reports when developing and revising study. This conceptual framework conceived to analyze the harmful effect of pesticide, causes of pesticide use, its improving factors and how to get the better health.

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Farmers are knowingly and unknowingly using the pesticide in vegetables farming. Some of the farmers, they are using it because they don’t know the harmful effect of pesticides and others reason are to earn high profit, to increase their production to store vegetables for long time, easily available of pesticide or lack of strict rules and regulation about it. By using this pesticide people are suffering from different type of health problems. Such as: Headache, Vomiting, Skin Irritation, Eye Irritation, Dizziness, Cancer etc. to solve this problem we most aware people about harmful effect of pesticide, we should flow the withdraw period of pesticide use. we should en crease farmers to product the organic vegetables and also for the farmers to use the organic vegetables and government should make strong rules to the use of maximum pesticide and banded pesticide. If we flowed above rules and regulation then we should have healthy life.

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Knowledge and Use of Pesticides and its Effect on the health

Causes of Pesticide Use Effect of Pesticide on Human Health  Lack of knowledge  To earn high profit  Headache  To increase their production  Vomiting  Skin irritation  To store for the long time  Easily available  Eye irritation  Lack of legal provision  Dizziness  Cancer

Improving Factors

 Aware people about its harmful effect  Flow withdraw period of pesticide before harvest  Focus organic vegetable production  Develop the market for organic production  Healthy Life

Development of KAP

Improve Health Status

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CHAPTER – III

METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY

This chapter discusses a set of methods which are employed to conduct the research. The whole study will be carried out the basis of primary and secondary data. Reliable and relevant study will be carried out the basis of can be made possible only by applying scientific methods. Hence the primary purpose of this chapter will discuss and design the framework of research. Different procedures of research methodology will be applied which are as follows:

3.1 Research Design

This study was carried out on the basis of quantitative descriptive type of research design because of its concern to disclose the hazardous aspect of the pesticide use. The study compiled the information on the use pattern, and negative impacts of the use.

3.2 Population of the Study

The total population of Belbari-8 was 16,121 (CBS 2011). Among them, 7,529 are male and 8,592 are female. With a total 2,541 households, the population density is 245.8 per sq. km. of the total land and is 574 per sq. km. of the agricultural land.

3.3 Sources of Data

The primary data was collected from the farmers and the clients of concerned area. Similarly, secondary data will also used for the study and be collected from published and unpublished written documents from individuals, experts and organization related to the study.

3.4 Sampling size and Sampling Procedure

The universe of the study was the farmers of the study area out of 9 wards, only one ward that is ward no. 8 has been selected and Out of 1176 farmers, only 300

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respondents will select with lottery method, using random sampling and be surveyed with the help of schedules.

3.5 Data Collection Tools and Techniques

For the primary data, interview schedule, survey was applied. For the secondary data, different published and unpublished written data was consulted.

3.6 Data Analysis and Interpretation Procedure

The data collection via different techniques and tools will be applied. Firstly, processed or edited with verification and the conclusions will be drawn out after much analysis. For the analysis, different kinds of sample statistical tools will use as required.

After that the data had analyzed and interpreted with the help of tables, graphs, figures and charts then obtained data of this study will be interpreted in comparison with others studies.

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CHAPTER-IV ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULT

This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of result based on the answer of the respondents. These statuses are the influencing factor of respondent’s knowledge and Pesticide use in vegetables and its health hazards in farmers and clients. Analysis and interpretation of data collected from the field survey were done with help of diagrams, tables and mathematical tools.

4. 1 Number of Years Using Pesticides Most of the people of the study area are unaware about the pesticide use. They have a little bit knowledge about the use of pesticide and its adverse effect on human health but they have been using pesticides for a long run.

Table 4.1: Numbers of Years Using Pesticides No. of Years using Pesticides No of Respondent Percentage 3 years and more 90 30.00 10 years and more 84 28.00 15 years and more 60 20.00 20 years and more 30 10.00 25 years and more 36 12.00

Out of the total respondents, 30 percent of the farmers were found to be using pesticides for 3 or more years while only 12 percent of the farmers were found for 25 or more years and 10 percent of the respondents were for 20 or more years while 20 and 28 percents of the respondents were found using for 10 or more years and 15 or more years respectively.

4.2 Sources of Chemical Pesticides There were two places found which distributed the chemical pesticides – shops and Sajha. Most of the farmers buy from the shop because they are near by the area and some go to Sajha for price and quality and others prefer both.

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Table 4.2: Sources of Chemical Pesticides Sources of Chemical Pesticides No. of Respondent Percentage Shop 120 40.00 Sajha 74 24.80 Both 106 35.20

Among the respondents, 40 percent farmers would prefer shops instead of Sajha because of the long distance to the Sajha and the chemical pesticides found in both places would be same while 24.8 percent farmers would prefer Sajha not because the quality of the chemical pesticides and service it provided were better; the reason was same that Sajha was near to visit than shops but 35.2 percent of the respondents would prefer both, shop and Sajha, because they had both options.

4.3 Sources of Knowledge about Chemical Pesticides Through the field survey, it is clear that most of the farmers depend primarily on their friends or other farmers and some of them know it through the practices of their parents. Table 4.3: Sources of Knowledge about Selection of the right Chemical Pesticide Knowledge about pesticide No. of Respondent Percentage Advice from friends or other farmers 124 41.20 Advice from agricultural stations 6 2.00 Knowledge from parents 43 14.40 From own experience 5 1.60 Radio/pamphlets 16 5.20 Pesticide shops 36 12.00 JT/JTA 70 23.60 A big portion of the respondents (41.20 percent) were found depending upon their peers or other farmers while some of them (14.40 percent) had known it through the practices of their parents when s/he had been an associate and another remarkable portion of the respondents (23.60 percent) had depended on JT/JTA for finding out the right chemical pesticide for a disease. Some of farmers (12.00 percent) had also depended upon pesticide shops.

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4.4 Safety Precaution While asking about whether the shop/Sajha, where the farmers purchased chemical pesticides, told them about the safety precaution or not, 60 percent of the respondents answered positively but 25 percent of them said they told only if asked and 15 percent of them responded negatively.

Table 4.4: Safety Precaution Provide safety precaution No of respondent Percentage Yes 180 60.00 No 46 15.20 If ask 74 24.8 Precautionary Measures Use No. of Respondents Percentage Yes 205 68.40 No 95 31.60

All the farmers were asked whether they knew about the safety precaution and all of them responded positively.

All of them know about the modern equipment for using chemical pesticides but nobody is taking it seriously and a big bulk of respondents (68.40 percent) was found ignoring to take precautionary measures even if they knew. Only 31.60 percent of them used precautions but not the full as prescribed by authority; most of them just covered their mouth and nose with a handkerchief.

After applying the pesticide, all of them washed their hands with soap and water and most of them found taking bath after the application.

4.5 Storage and Disposal Patterns

One of the most important things that the farmer who use pesticides in their field should know about the storage of the remaining pesticides and its container some of the respondents agreed that there would be some pesticide remained after the season . If

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some chemical pesticides remained, that would be used in the next season. No farmers would throw it away.

Table 4.5(i): Storing Unused Pesticides Storing Unused Pesticides No. of Respondents Percentage Locked store room/shed 28 9.20 Locked inside house 102 34.00 Unlocked cabinet inside the house 145 48.40 Outside the house 18 6.00 Others 7 2.40

Almost half of the population (48.4 percent) stored their unused pesticides in an unlocked cabinet inside the house but they were found keeping it far from the reach of children while only the 6 percent of the farmers wrapped their unused pesticides with plastic bags and hanged it somewhere outside the house; far from children, and 34 percent of the respondents stored their unused pesticides in a locked cabinet inside the house while 9.20 percent of them had their own store room for these pesticides.

Table 4.5(ii): Disposal of Pesticide Containers Disposal of Pesticide Containers No. of Respondent Percentage Throw away 208 69.20 Use for another purpose 46 15.20 Sell 31 10.40 Bury 15 5.20

Out of all respondent, 5 percent of the farmers responded that they would bury the containers after the use of the chemical pesticides while 11 percent and 15 of them said they would sell and use for another purposes respectively. Large no. of respondent replied that they throw the containers of the pesticides.

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4.6 Impacts of the Use The survey revealed that big proportions of the respondents had ill-health symptoms after the application of pesticides to their crops (e.g. nausea, headache, skin rashes, and eye irritation).

Table 4.6: Health problem faced after the Application Health Symptoms after the Application No. of Respondents Percentage Eye irritation 44 22.00 Skin rashes 42 21.00 Headache 38 19.00 Nausea 36 18.00 Throat pain 12 6.00 Cough 10 5.00 Fever 10 5.00 Vomiting 6 3.00 Chest pain 2 1.00 200 100.00

It is clear that 80 percent of the farmers surveyed responded positively that they had some health problems after the application of pesticides and out of them, 22 percent said eye irritation, 21 percent said skin rashes, 19 percent said headache, 18 percent responded as Nausea, 6 percent cough and 5, 3, 1 percentage said fever, vomiting and chest pain respectively.

4.7 Vegetables Market The survey reveals that large no. of people buy vegetables. Almost half of the respondents have been buying vegetable but the number is increasing gradually in recent years. It shows that people are attracted to buy vegetables rather than production.

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Table 4.7(i): No. Of Years People Buying Vegetables Years No. of Respondent Percentage Less than 5 years 126 42.00 Less than 10 years 90 30.00 Less than 15 years 48 16.00 More than 15 years 36 12.00 300 100.00

The study shows that 16% clients buy vegetables from 15 years, 30% clients buy vegetables from 10 years, 42% clients from 5 years 12% clients from more than above describe years. Even though the production of the vegetable occurs near by the client most of them prefer to buy from shop. The farmers sell all the vegetables in large quantity so they do not prefer to sell in retail but some of them do. The farmers sell large quantity to the Mondi and some people buy from there. Vegetable shop buys from Mondi and sells it to the consumers. Table No 4.7(ii): People Buy Vegetables from Buy Vegetables from No. of Respondent Percentage Vegetables Shop. 198 66.00 Vegetable’s Mondi 66 22.00 Farmer’s house 36 12.00

According to the study 12% clients buy vegetables from Farmer’s house, 22% clients from Vegetable’s Mondi, 66% from Vegetables Shop.

4.8: Vegetables Use by Client In the survey lots of people or respondent have different opinion about the production of vegetables by themselves. More than one third respondents want to test new vegetable and buy daily for consumption. Almost similar numbers of these respondents replied as their production is not enough for them and have to buy from others.

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Table No 4.8: Reason to Buy Vegetables Reason to Buy Vegetables No. of Respondent Percentage For different test 120 40.00 Busyness 108 36.00 Not enough Production 48 16.00 No land 24 8.00

The study revels 36% clients buy vegetables because of busyness, 8% clients because they have no land, 16% because their production is not enough for them and 36% because they want to eat different vegetables.

4.9: Organic Vegetables Large no. of respondents knows about the organic vegetable and its benefits but they do not buy the organic vegetable. Even though they are aware about its negative effect most of them buy inorganic because of amiability, cost, busyness.

Table No 4.9: Knowledge about organic vegetables Knowledge about organic vegetables No. of Respondents Percentage Yes 270 90.00 No 30 10.00 Buy organic vegetables No. of Respondents Percentage Yes 12 4.00 No 288 96.00 Reason not to buy organic vegetable No. of Respondents Percentage Not available 210 70.00 Expensive 60 20.00 Very far to buy 30 10.00

According to the study 90% clients have an idea about organic vegetables where rest of others doesn’t know about it. Out of them only 4% clients buy organic vegetables and other do not. Among them 10% clients say that they do not buy organic vegetables because they have to go very far to buy it, 70% say organic vegetables are not available, 20% say it is so expensive.

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4.10: Impact on Health of Clients Due to the excessive use of the pesticide in the vegetable, people are leading to the different health issues. Most of the respondent replied positively about the negative impact of pesticide use vegetables. They noticed the different types of symptoms and diseases. Table No 4.10: Impact on Health of Clients Impact on Health of Client No. of Respondents Percentage Yes 240 80.00 No 60 20.00 If Yes Effect on taste 156 65.00 skin rashes 36 15.00 eye irritation 24 10.00 notice fever 12 5.00 Vomiting 6 2.50 Headache 6 2.50

The study shows that 80% clients notice impact on their health by using of pesticides use vegetables. Where, most of them felt effect on that is 65%. 15% notice skin rashes, 10% notice eye irritation, 5% notice fever, 2.5% in each of vomiting and headache.

4.11: Effect of Pesticides on humans, animals and plants

Pesticides are designed to kill and because their mode of action is not specific to one species, they often kill or harm organisms other than pests, including humans, animals and plants. Most of the respondents know about the effect of pesticides even though they are using it regularly.

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Table 4.11: Effect of Pesticides on humans, animals and plants Pesticides effect on humans, animals No. of Respondent Percentage and plants Yes 288 96 No 12 4

The survey and collect data revealed that 96 percentage of know about the its effects and rest of 4 percentage do not know about it.

There were many farmers who do vegetable farming and they said that for the purpose of vegetable farming, they had to use pesticides heavily, otherwise there would be lost so they responded that they used pesticides even when they were transporting it to the consuming area; big cities like Biratnagar, Damak, Kathmandu etcetera and community markets. They themselves acknowledged that the vegetables, which were sold out, were heavily contaminated and could pose dangerous impacts to human health. So, the residue level of the chemical pesticides in the vegetables had to be high.

4.12 Summary of Findings

Description of the Pesticides was done with secondary data which was consulted with key informants, as described in the conceptual framework, for the purpose of checking faults. The Thesis “Pesticide Use in Vegetables and its Health Hazards in Farmers and Clients of Belbari Municipality, Morang was carried out to find out the knowledge and use of pesticides among the farmers and clients to assess the knowledge of pesticides use in vegetables among farmers and clients, to assess the safety practice adopted by farmers while using pesticides in vegetable farming and to find out harmful effect of pesticides in the health of farmers and clients. The study consisted of 300 samples of farmers and clients were sampled out to collect the data by interview and using a set of questionnaire. In agriculture most of the farmers are unaware of pesticide types, level of poisoning, safety precaution and potential hazard on health and environment, which is directly and indirectly effects on life.

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The research design used in this study was basis on descriptive research design because of its concern with finding the impact of the pesticide use. The data were collected primarily from the farmers of the study area. Secondary data were collected from different kinds of published and unpublished written documents and the various organizations. To collect the data, random sampling was done from the whole population of the study area. Interview, field survey and observation were the different techniques to collect the data. They were analyzed with different diagrams to find the result and draw the conclusion.  Out of the total respondents, 30 percent of the farmers were found to be using pesticides for 3 or more years while only 12 percent of the farmers were found for 25 or more years.  Among the respondents, 40 percent farmers would prefer shops instead of Sajha, 24.8 percent farmers would prefer Sajha and 35.2 percent of the respondents would prefer both, shop and Sajha.  A large number of the respondents that is 41.20 percent were found depending upon their peers or other farmers for using pesticides while 14.40 percent had known it through the practices of their parents and some of farmers that is 12.00 percent had also depended upon pesticide shops.  60 percent of the respondents answered positively that the shop or sajha told them about the safety precaution and 15 percent of them responded negatively.  A big bulk of respondents (68.40 percent) was found ignoring to take precautionary measures even if they knew and Only 31.60 percent of them used precautions.  Almost half of the population (48.4 percent) stored their unused pesticides in an unlocked cabinet inside the house while only the 6 percent of the farmers wrapped their unused pesticides with plastic bags and hanged it somewhere outside the house; far from children, while 9.20 percent of them had their own store room for these pesticides.  Out of all respondent, 5 percent of the farmers responded that they would bury the containers after the use and Large no. of respondent ( %) replied that they throw the containers of the pesticides.

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 It is clear that 80 percent of the farmers surveyed responded positively about health problems after the application of pesticides and out of them highest 22 percent said eye irritation, and least 1 percentage chest pain.  The study shows that 16% clients buy vegetables from 15 years, 30% clients buy vegetables from 10 years, 42% clients from 5 years 12% clients from more than above describe years.  According to the study 12% clients buy vegetables from Farmer’s house, 22% clients from Vegetable’s Mondi, 66% from Vegetables Shop.  The study revels 36% clients buy vegetables because of busyness and least 8% clients buy vegetables because they have no land.

 According to the study 90% clients have an idea about organic vegetables out of them only 4% clients buy organic vegetables and other do not. Among them 10% clients say that they do not buy organic vegetables because they have to go very far to buy it, 70% say organic vegetables are not available, 20% say it is so expensive.  The study shows that 80% clients notice impact on their health by using pesticides use vegetables. Where, most of them felt effect on that is 65%. 15% notice skin rashes, 10% notice eye irritation, 5% notice fever, 2.5% in each of vomiting and headache.  The survey and collect data revealed that 96 percentage of know about the its Negative effects.

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter entails the summary of the whole research, conclusions drawn, and recommendation from the researcher. The data found through the field work visualize the real scenario of the study area.

5.1 Conclusion Nepal is a landlocked country. Most of the people in Nepal were depends in an agricultural. In this research, data collection was done in wards-8 of Belbari in Morang. Three hundred farmers were sampled out in accordance with the concept of random sampling method and they were interviewed and with a set of questionnaires. Majority of the farmers 30 percent surveyed had started using chemical pesticides for more than three years while 12 percent of farmers were found using chemical pesticides for more than twenty-five years. The sources of chemical pesticides were pesticide shops and Sajha and 35.2 percent of the farmers visited both kinds of source for fetching pesticides. Regarding safety precaution, 31.6 percent of the farmers surveyed ignored it while only about 68.4 percent of the farmers took the safety precaution, but after the application of pesticides, all of the farmers surveyed washed their hands with soap and water and most of them took bath. Most of the farmers surveyed had eye irritation, skin rashes, headache, and nausea. 80 percent of the farmers had some ill- health problems after the application of the pesticides. In case of the vegetables, there were high risks of high residue level so the vegetables posed a high risk to public health. Farmers wanted to discontinue the practice but did not have any way out. People have been buying vegetables for several years but the trend has been increasing now a day. 42 percent of people are buying vegetables for less than five years. The main reason to buy vegetables for40percent is different test and 36 percent of clients buy vegetables because of busyness. Most of them (66 percent) buy vegetables from nearby shop while only 12 percent of clients buy directly from farmers’ house. Even though 90 percent of people know about organic vegetable only 5 percent buy organic rest of clients do not buy because of not availability and expensiveness. 80 percent of the clients think that they have negative impact in their health after pesticide used vegetables out of them 65 percent of people find different in test and others have skin

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rashes, eye irritation, notice fever, vomiting and headache. Even though 96 percent people know about Effect of Pesticides on humans, animals and plants, they have been using pesticide regularly.

5.2 Recommendation Every research has its own findings, conclusion and recommendation and this research can't be exception in this regard. The main purposes of this study are to find out the knowledge and use of pesticides among the farmers and clients to assess the knowledge of pesticides use in vegetables among farmers and clients, to assess the safety practice adopted by farmers while using pesticides in vegetable farming and to find out harmful effect of pesticides in the health of farmers and clients. It is expected that the following recommendations are helpful for all the farmers and clients of Belbari Municipality Belbari-8, Morang and other interested farmers as well.

On the basis of the findings, the following recommendations are given:

5.3 Recommendation and further improvement From the analysis of the results of the survey, the following recommendations can be presented for further improvement.

a. The awareness programme or seminar on the harmful effects of the pesticides should be given to the all farmers and clients. b. Alternatives ways (urine of cows, mixture of ash and water) must be given priority. c. Pesticide containers and date-expired pesticides must be disposed correctly; otherwise, it can bring a menace to the human environment. In this regard, the Government of Nepal must be conscious and must provide some incineration facility. d. Facilities for the laboratory tests of different environmental components must be provided in every district to check the pollution. e. Different provisions should be exposed in front of the farmers so that they become more conscious about public health. f. There must be some kind of controlling system which ensures the low level of pesticide residue in the crops and vegetables.

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g. The concepts of IPM (Integrated Pest Management) must be promoted. h. As the study site is very vulnerable to the contamination of the pesticides use because people of the study area use groundwater for household purpose including for drinking purpose so the water of the study area must be tested to ensure that the water is potable. i. The vegetables of the study area must be tested for the record of the residue level so that the level of the residue can be checked as well as can be useful in future.

5.4 Recommendation for National Policy

Policy makers, planners' local authorities and interested persons or organizations need to recognize problems of people in that area to make change and improvement in the condition of the people. Following are some recommendations for national policy a. An effective enforcement of the Pesticide Act, 2048 and Pesticide Regulation, 2050 is urgent. b. While formulating and revising the national policy, the issue on pesticide and its impact on human health should be focused on priority. c. A strong awareness program on pesticide and its impact should be included in the national policy of the government. d. Government should make strikes rules and regulation to the farmers who use a lot of pesticides and banded pesticides.

5.5 Recommendation for Further Research

On the basis of the experience and findings of the study the researcher recommends the following points for further studies: a. This research covers large study sample and area for further research. b. This type of study can be done in other places in Nepal. c. Experimental study should be carried out to find out the knowledge on the use of pesticides and its effects on the health of farmers. d. Further study can be conducted on "A comparative study on the pesticides-used farming and organic farming."

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REFERENCES

Arora et al. (2011) “use of pesticides in nepal and impacts on human health and environment” The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:13, Jun.2012

Basnyat, S.(1999). Studies on effect of pesticides in soil inhabiting bacteria of pesticide applied cultivated fields of Kathmandu valley. An unpublished M.Sc. thesis submitted to Microbiology Department, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur.

Dahal, L. (1995) “A Study on Pesticide Pollution in Nepal”, National Conservation Strategy Implementation Project, Kathmandu.

Giri, M. K. (1990). Pesticide and our environment: A report of the seminar on pesticide and our environment for environmental management and planning. Research Centre for Environmental Management and Planning, Kathmandu.

Khanal P.(2010). Educational research methodology. Kirtipur Kathmandu: Sunlight Publication

Lekhak, H. D. and Lekhak, B. (2003).Natural Resource Conservation and Sustainable Development in Nepal, Kshitiz Publication, Kathmandu.

Ranjitkar, A. K. (1985). “Water Supplies and Treatment Technologies in Developing Countries – Application to Nepal.” Unpublished data pp 7-8

THT, 2006, “Coke-Pespi pesticide scare”, The Himalayan Times (THT) (Perspectives) 27, August.

1991, “Nepal Rajpatra (Nepal Gazette), Part 2, Vol. 41(12)”, Ministry of Law, Kathmandu, Nepal.

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APPENDIX Interview Schedule

Name: Cast: Age: Occupation: Education: Religion: 1. How long have you been using pesticide? a. Before 15 years b. Before 10 years c. Before 5 years d. Others......

2. Where do you obtain your pesticides from? a. Shops b. Sajha c. Both d. Others 3. How do you know which pesticide to use? a. Advice from friends or other farmers b. Advice from JTA/agriculture stations c. From own experience d. Radio/Television e. Others 4. Do they tell you about the safety precaution which must be taken while using these pesticides? a. Yes b. No c. If ask 5. Do you take any precautionary health measures, when appling pesticides? a. No b. Yes

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6. What kind of equipment do you use for pesticide application? a. Modern equipment b. Hand c. Both d. Other If yes, what kind of? (a) Wear rubber gloves (b) Cover mouth and nose (c) Both A and B (d) Nothing 7. Do you wash your hands after applying pesticides? a. No b. Yes If yes, how? (i) With water only (ii) With mud and water (iii) With soap and water (iv) Others......

8. Where do you store unused pesticides? (a) Out the home (b) In open space (c) In a locked store room (d) Others

9. What do you do with the pesticide containers? (a) Use for another purpose (c) Throw away (b) bury (d) sell

10. Do you notice any ill-health symptoms after applying pesticides? a. Yes b. No If Yes, what kind of ? (i) Vomiting (ii) Fever (iii) Headache (iv) Eye Irritation (v) Skin Rashes (vi) cough (vii) All of above (viii) Others......

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Interview schedule for the Clients

Name: Cast: Age: Occupation: Education: Religion: 1.How long have you been buying vegetables? (a) 15 years (b) 10 years (c) 5 years (d) Others 2. From where you buy vegetables? (a) Farmer’s house (b) Vegetable’s mondi (c) Vegetables shop (d) Others

3. Why you buy the vegetables? a. Because of busyness b. Because we have no land c. Because our production is not enough for us d. Because we want to eat different vegetables

4. Do you have any idea about organic vegetables? a. Yes b. No 5. Do you buy organic vegetables? a. Yes b. No If no why...... (i) Far market (ii) It is not available (iii) It is so expensive (iv) Other

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6. Do you notice any impact of vegetables use pesticide? a. Yes b. No If yes what kind of ...... (i) Effect on test (ii) Eye irritation (iii)Skin rashes(iv) Headache (v) Vomiting (vi) Fever (v) Others

7. In your opinion, can pesticides affect humans, animals and plants in your surroundings? (a) Yes (b) No