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CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Nepal Is

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CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Nepal Is 1 CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Nepal is an agricultural country. Most of the people of the Nepal is depends on the agriculture. The way of production is different from place to place. Morang district is also one of the potential areas for the agriculture. In this area, most of the people are engaged in agricultural production. They produce seasonal crops and vegetables. Now a day, to increase the production and to earn maximum profit farmers are using pesticides knowingly or unknowing. The pesticide was mean any chemical that is used to bait, repel, or control (by killing) any pest (including invertebrates and vertebrates), weeds and animal and plant diseases (vector control) and the effect shall mean any harmful influence, either directly or indirectly incurred by the pesticides used for controlling pests, weeds, and diseases. Similarly, environment shall mean, any environment including agricultural, rural and urban and associated components, there of (soil, water and air) (Giri, 1990). In developing countries, pesticide is mainly used for two reasons-(i) for the improvement of public health (control and eradication of vector-borne diseases) and (ii) for the pest control in agriculture and with the commencement of industrial sector, it is inevitable. These pesticides range from persistent and accumulative organochlorines (DDT, BHC, and Aldrin) to the non or less-persistent and non-accumulative organophosphates, carbamates, and synthetic pyrethroids. Pesticides could be hazardous, if users lack the proper information about the problem and solution, time for decision making, market facility to purchase desired pesticides, choice of pesticides, proper application and knowledge to take precaution, storage facilities, and the consequences of negligence. Consequences of misusing the chemical pesticides would be very fatal to human beings; after cycling through the whole ecosystem, eventually it would come back to human as different forms; it just like our turn will come and we are waiting. By different medium, it contaminates air, water, and soil. Pesticides such as BHC, DDT, 2 aldrine, chlordane, dieldrin, lindane, diazinon are probable carcinogens that can cause birth defects, reproductive problems, and liver, kidney, and neural damage in humans. According to FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) “A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances that are intended for preventing, destroying, controlling and mitigating any pest including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feed stuffs or substances which may be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids or other pests in or on their bodies.” (Dahal, 1995) Until 1980s, most of the people of Nepal remained unaware of modern chemical pesticides and were dependent upon traditional organic techniques for killing pests. The history of the use of pesticide in Nepal started in 1955 when Paris Green, gamaxane, and nicotine sulfates were imported from the US for malaria control. In 1960, DDT was introduced in Nepal which convinced people that it was capable of destroying flies, mosquitoes, lice etc. In the succeeding years several categories of pesticides including organocholrine in 1950s, organophosphate in 1960s, carbamates in 1970s and synthetic pyrethroids in 1980s found their entry into the country. The Nepal Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP) in the 1950s was the first major channel to utilize pesticides in Nepal. The Department of Agriculture, GON, initiated the application of chemical pesticides for crop protection during the second half of the 1960s. The use of pesticides for plant protection has steadily increased, with the introduction of high yielding varieties of rice, maize and wheat. In 1977, the Nepal Pesticides and Chemical- Industries, Private Limited (NEPCIL) was established in Bahadurgunj, Kapilvastu District to supply BHC dust, Malathion (50 percent), Nepcil Parathion, Celphos et cetera. Because of the hazardous aspects of pesticides, as alternatives, now a days, the concept of IPM (Integrated Pest Management) has been widely discussed and could be an escape. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that relies on a combination of common-sense practices. 3 IPM programs use current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment. This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest damage by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment. Now a day’s pesticide use in vegetables and its negative impact in farmers and clients become greater problems in Nepal. So i am going to conduct a study “Pesticide use in vegetables and its health hazards in farmers and clients of Belbari Municipality Belbari -8, Belbari Municipality is located about 28 km east of Biratnagar Municipality the center market place of Morang district. Belbari is bounded on the west by Biratchowk and Khursene, On the east by Laxmi Marga and Bhaune , On the North by Letang Municipality and on South Bauni Gaun Palika . In the present scenario pesticide use in agricultural production is globalized problem. Most of the country is suffering from the maximum uses of pesticide in agricultural production and its harmful consequences. In Belbari there is also excess use of pesticide in vegetables and it creates the greater health problems in both farmers and clients. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The term ‘Pesticide’ has wide scope in the field of agriculture. Rapidly growing population always demands high agricultural production. So that as a option of high production farmers choose pesticide to their crops. A rough estimation of entomologists for crop loss due to insect pests amounts to 10-15 percent of the total yield that does not include post-harvest losses. This corresponds to millions of hard earned rupees lost to insect pest alone. Eventually, all agree unanimously that pesticides are essential and can be considered as an inevitable giant. ‘Inevitable giant’ in this case neither excluded completely nor it gives compatible results in the long run. Taking the history of the development of science and technology, human is the primary factor for the all innovations what we have in this century and of course, without 4 having sound health it could have never achieved. Thus, there is always a need of a very sound health. Unfortunately, however man eats man’s invention and nothing has been perfect till yet. There is always some adversity hiding with it and spills out with opportunities to get some preys. Over-use of pesticides brings different kinds of problems, such as: In cycles of environment, It makes air polluted, There is always risk of water (surface and ground) contamination, Adverse effects in agro-ecosystem, Hazardous effects on human health, Adverse effects on flora and fauna, Risk of collapsing of diversity of flora and fauna, Pesticide residue in food, High tolerance capacity in insects, Loss of production. So using pesticide directly and indirectly effect to farmer and clients health. 1.3 Objectives of the Study The general objectives of the study will be to assess the pesticide use in vegetables and its health hazards in farmers and clients of the study area. The specific objectives of the study are listed below: 1.3.1 To assess the knowledge of pesticide use in vegetables among farmers and clients. 1.3.2 To assess the safety practice adopted by farmers while using pesticides in vegetables farming. 1.3.3 To find out harmful effect of pesticide in the health of farmers and clients. 1.4 Significance of the Study Every study has its importance in different contexts, aspect and references. This study also has its own importance. The significances of the study are as follows: 1.4.3 It would be helpful to aware the people about negative impact of pesticides. 1.4.4 It would be helpful to raise awareness among vegetables use farmers and clients. 1.4.5 It would be helpful to find out the existing situation of pesticide use. 1.4.6 It would provide information to those interested in the field. 5 1.4.7 It would help to further researcher such a type of research problem. 1.4.8 It would be useful for NGOS, INGOS and GOS programs to be launched in related area. 1.5 Delimitation of the Study This study has its own limitation due to time and resource constraints. So, it focuses only on particular area which has been investigated within the limit of the researcher capacity. It was delimited to the following areas. 1.5.3 This study was limited only on the responses of respondents of the Belbari Municipality, Belbari-8 of Morang District. 1.5.4 Only 300 respondents were taken for the study. 1.5.5 This research study included only Pesticide use and its impact among farmers and clients. 1.6 Operational Definition of key Terms Pesticides: are substances meant for attracting, Seducing and then destroying or mitigating any pest. Vegetable: is an edible plant or its part, intended for cooking or eating raw. Hazard: is a situation that poses a level of threat life, health, property or environment. Farmer: is a person engaged in agriculture. Clients: are recipient of goods or services in return for monetary or other valuable considerations. Agriculture: is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, bio-fuel, medicine and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. Globalization: is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products and other aspects of culture. Agro-ecosystem: is the basic unit of study in agro ecology and somewhat arbitrarily defined as a spatially and functionally coherent unit of agricultural activity 6 and includes the living and nonliving components involved in that unit as well as their interactions.
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