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ECORFAN Journal-Mexico ECONOMY Poverty Incidence in The 961 Article ECORFAN Journal-Mexico ECONOMY December 2014 Vol.5 No.12 961-972 Poverty incidence in the Province of Santa Elena: poverty opinion in Julio Moreno OLIVES- Juan, CARCELÉN- Francisca, BENAVIDES- Arturo, ALEJANDRO- Carola Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena, La Libertad, Ecuador. Received November 21, 2012; Accepted March 22, 2013 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ This paper presents a comparative analysis of the development variables involving poverty reduction, with the statistical information is to identify relevant aspects of spatial inequality within the province of Santa Elena for the different trends and conditions set poverty experienced some peninsular parishes regarding the cantonal capitals and nearby parishes to these urban spaces. Poverty, NBI, Ecuador, Humand Development ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ Citation: Olives J, Carcelén F, Benavides A, Alejandro C. Poverty incidence in the Province of Santa Elena: poverty opinion in Julio Moreno. ECORFAN Journal-Mexico 2014, 5-12: 961-972 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ † Researcher contributing first author. © ECORFAN Journal-Mexico www.ecorfan.org 962 Article ECORFAN Journal-Mexico ECONOMY December 2014 Vol.5 No.12 961-972 Introduction The process of change of the Ecuadorian State generates a favorable situation to understand Statistics show that in Latin America the impact of social policies.It has been there has been a significant reduction in expanded the Access to databases, especially poverty, although it remains one of the most the public nature data with processed statistics unequal regions in the world. According to of primaly sourcesand, also with access to data ECLAC the major inequalities are territorial, from different census and socioeconomic between groups and several dimensions of surveys, conducted periodically in the country. human development. Despite the progress in This process joins the priority to generate the HDI (ANNEX), these gaps may hide knowledge in the state policy. significant difficulties in terms of the achievement of human development. (ECLAC Despite the National progress, 2010). significant gaps remain in the availability of local processed information (provincial, Ecuador shows encouraging results and cantonal, parish), which is certainly a barrier in is presented as a country that reduced poverty in the evaluation and diagnostication of and inequality (measured by the Gini index improvements in the intitutional actuating and variation); however despite these advances, the execution of policies in the territory. Ecuadorian society is still far from achieving the ideal situation of justice and social equity. One of the relevant aspects of this study is the ability to articulate the interdisciplinary The study also attempts to identify capacities in the Organization and Development relevant aspects of territorial inequality inside Community (Faculty of Social Sciences and the province of Santa Elena, expressed in Health) of the Universidad Estatal Península de different development and poverty experienced Santa Elena, to review the variables that that are living some peninsular parishes respect influence the development conditions of the to the county seats and parishes near these Province of Santa Elena. urban spaces. Considering the great efforts in the This study starts with a review of country to eradicate poverty, this paper reviews general literature to conceptualize poverty and the behavior of this variable in Ecuador in inequality. Poverty is analyzed in terms of recent decades, with the information from the incomes and unsatisfied basic needs, from data National Census of Population and Housing of provided by the census of Polpulation and 1990. Housing since 1990. In the case of Santa Elena, both analysis and census data have been At the same time, is set a comparative reinforced with the Land management plan of analysis of the behavior of this variable with the the Province 2012-2021, a document with an data from the Province of Santa Elena, making important economic, political and social a review of intercensal level periods and series diagnosis. of time from the last years, relating these behaviors with some relevant historical aspects on the mainland. ISSN-Print: 2007-1582- ISSN-On line: 2007-3682 Olives J, Carcelén F, Benavides A, Alejandro C. Poverty incidence in the Province ® of Santa Elena: poverty opinion in Julio Moreno. ECORFAN Journal-Mexico ECORFAN All rights reserved. 2014, 5-12: 961-972 963 Article ECORFAN Journal-Mexico ECONOMY December 2014 Vol.5 No.12 961-972 Historical and theoretical context As aresult these people or groups do not reach an adequate physical and psychological References related to poverty are diverse () and development and therefore do not have access they have been adapted over time from diverse to the diverse economic, social and cultural ideological currents, taking into account other possibilities of modern society (ECLAC, 1997) aspects that affect the people and dynamic societies, becoming a multidimensional concept and a permanent construction. Likewise, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) notes that "poverty refers Both the concept and the measurement to the provisions of those in households to of poverty have significantly evolved satisfy their basic needs" but also related to the ();povertysituations in developing countries "absence of certain individual and collective have raised demands of conceptualization, capabilities" (1997). It is incorporated other proposals that exceed the theoretical elements and is associated to "the deprivation frameworks, leading to obtain ambiguous of the most fundamentalopportunities and results. However, the concept still has a choices of human development: live a healthy, descriptive meaning of a social situation and for creative and long life to enjoy a decent standard that reason it should be studied within the of living, freedom, self-respect and others framework of a theory of income distribution "(SIISE, 2001) and social inequalities in general (Altimir 1979). The World Bank definition also associated the poverty to the lack of resources Traditionally poverty has been regarded needed to ensure the wellbeing material but as the absence or lack of wellbeing expressed in highlighting issues such as the access to food, a structural situation that prevents people housing, land and other assets "Poverty entails a satisfy their basic needs, by excluding them lack of resources which leads to hunger and from the minimum threshold to expand their physical deprivation "(University of Guayaquil, human potential. Poverty is the lack and denial 2002). of the prerequisites for human development (Larrea, 2006). Another approach, which emphasizes consumption asan appearance, is part of the The emphasis on meeting basic needs methodology of the Integrated System of Social (NB) is present in the methodological Indicators of Ecuador (SIISE), which orientation of studies sponsored by considered as poor "those who belong to international organizations such as the households whose per capita consumption in a Economic Commission for Latin America and given period is below to the poverty line, which the Caribbean (ECLAC), which conceives is understood as the monetary equivalent of the poverty as the situation affecting households cost of a basic basket of goods and services per that fail, relatively stable, the necessary person per period of time (usually fortnightly or resources to satisfy the basic needs of its monthly) "(SIISE, 2001). members. The cited references are the multidimensional nature of poverty, the variety of factors that can determine it and extensive network of institutional actors who analyze it. ISSN-Print: 2007-1582- ISSN-On line: 2007-3682 Olives J, Carcelén F, Benavides A, Alejandro C. Poverty incidence in the Province ® of Santa Elena: poverty opinion in Julio Moreno. ECORFAN Journal-Mexico ECORFAN All rights reserved. 2014, 5-12: 961-972 964 Article ECORFAN Journal-Mexico ECONOMY December 2014 Vol.5 No.12 961-972 This obviously gives rise to a variety of Aplication of the case study ways to measure it, between estimations based on income, consumption, unmet basic needs, The study assumes as a valorative framework, high levels of inequality, low levels of that the poverty is a situation in which there is education, low level of institutionalization, low absolute or relative deprivation of the productivity of the economy, among others. satisfaction of a set of central human needs, both psychological and political material In Latin America the predominant forms to (Hammarskjold Report, 1975; Ghai, 1977). estimate the incidence of poverty is based on However, given the availability of information the Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN) whose and technical legal, instances that handle the definition, described in studies of the Andean policy management in our country, this first Community of Nations and SIISE, considers analysis of poverty from the two most common with poverty level to households which may methods of measurement1: one based on the have one of the following conditions (Mideros levels of income (Y) and the other based on the 2012). unsatisfied basic needs (NBI), identifying the main changes and their potential
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