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Priestley Lowth Rudiments of English Rudiments of English Short Introduction to English Joseph Addison — Joseph Addison Lord Bolingbroke Lord Bolingbroke Lord Bolingbroke — — John Dryden — Adam Ferguson — — James Harris — David Hume David Hume — Samuel Johnson Samuel Johnson — — — John Milton — Mary Wortley Montague — Alexander Pope Alexander Pope Alexander Pope William Shakespeare — William Shakespeare — Adam Smith — — Tobias Smollett — — — Edmund Spenser Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift — — Arthur Young( — Edward Young — — Bible — Bible — The Critical Review — Preceptor — — The Rambler — — The Spectator The Spectator —
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1st edition (1761) 92 pages 2nd edition (1768) 200 pages N N/# pages N N/# pages proscriptions 13 0.14 79 0.40 prescriptions 13 0.14 23 0.12 total 26 0.28 102 0.51
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author Joseph Addison (1672–1719) John Newberry (bap. 1713, d. 1767) New Testament John Arbuthnot (bap. 1667, d. 1735) Alexander Pope (1688–1744) William Blackstone (1723–1780) Malachy Postlethwaite (1707?–1767) William Cadogan (1711–1797) Richard Price (1723–1791) George Colman (1732–1794) William Shenstone (1714–1763) Charles–Marie de la Condamine (1701–1774) Smith Adam (bap. 1723, d. 1790) John Dryden (1631–1700) Tobias Smollett (1721–1771) Adam Ferguson (1723–1816) Bolingbroke (Henry St. John, Viscount) (1678–1751) James Harris (1709–1780) Laurence Sterne (1713–1768) David Hume (1711–1776) Jonathan Swift (1667–1745) Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon (1609– George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham (1628– 1674) 1687) Samuel Johnson (1709–1784) Horace Walpole (1717–1797) John Locke (1632–1704) Unca Eliza Winkfield (pseud.) Catharine Macaulay (1731–1791) Arthur Young (1741-1820) George Martine (1702–1741) Bible (‘Matthew’ & ‘Romans) John Milton (1608–1674) anonymous An Universal History Edward Wortley Montagu (1713–1776) anonymous Female Foundling Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (bap. 1689, d. anonymous World Displayed 1762)
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! ' rank in Sundby source citations in Sundby 1 Jonathan Swift (1667–1745) 224 2 New Testament 221 3 David Hume (1711–1776) 214 4 Joseph Addison (1672–1719) 177 5 Alexander Pope (1688–1744) 155 6 The Spectator 149 7 Old Testament 130 9 John Dryden (1631–1700) 97 10 John Milton (1608–1674) 90 11 Clarendon (Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of) (1609–1674) 64 12 Bolingbroke (Henry St. John, Viscount) (1678–1751) 64 15 John Locke (1632–1704) 43 18 Tobias Smollett (1721–1771) 37 23 Samuel Johnson (1709–1784) 26 26 James Harris (1709–1780) 21 29 Laurence Sterne (1713–1768) 16 36 Mary Wortley Montagu (bap. 1689, d. 1762) 10 39 William Shenstone (1714–1763) 9 58 Arthur Young (1741-1820) 5 67 George Colman (1732–1794) 4 71 Adam Ferguson (1723–1816) 4 72 William Blackstone (1723–1780) 4 91 Edward Wortley Montagu (1713–1776) 3 116 Malachy Postlethwaite (1707?–1767) 2 134 John Newbery (bap. 1713, d. 1767) 2
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Priestley1761 Priestley1768 grammar notes grammar notes verb N /10,000 N /10,000 N /10,000 N /10,000 cannot 6 5.30 0 0.00 5 5.30 12 6.30 may 43 38.2 11 48.1 35 37.2 75 39.3 might 10 8.90 2 8.70 5 5.30 19 10.0 must 21 18.7 4 17.3 15 16.0 12 6.30 ought to 6 5.30 2 8.70 0 0.00 18 9.40 should 7 6.20 5 21.8 5 5.30 42 22.0 would 17 15.1 2 8.70 0 0.00 63 33.0 require 3 2.70 6 26.2 2 2.10 29 15.2 seem 9 8.00 7 30.6 9 9.60 92 48.2
Lowth1762 Lowth1763 grammar notes grammar notes verb N /10,000 N /10,000 N /10,000 N /10,000 cannot 8 5.00 2 3.60 12 6.80 5 6.40 may 47 29.1 17 30.4 52 29.3 28 36.0 might 5 3.10 3 5.40 5 2.80 2 2.60 must 15 9.30 5 8.90 17 9.60 6 7.70 ought to 3 1.90 30 53.6 3 1.70 40 51.5 should 6 3.70 5 8.90 6 3.40 6 7.70 would 18 11.1 14 25.0 20 11.3 18 23.2 require 10 6.20 12 21.4 10 5.60 15 19.3 seem 15 9.30 14 25.0 14 7.90 22 28.3
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1761 1761 1768 1768 1762 1762 1763 1763 grammar notes grammar notes grammar notes grammar notes Priestley require, ought to, 1761 — — seem would grammar Priestley require, 1761 — ought to ought to seem notes ought to, cannot, cannot, Priestley require, ought to, may, ought to, 1768 seem, may, must, would grammar should, must, ought to, would would would ought to, might, Priestley require, ought to, 1768 — should, ought to seem, notes seem, should would cannot, Lowth may, ought to, 1762 — must, require, — grammar ought to, seem would Lowth ought to, 1762 ought to ought to require, — notes seem cannot, Lowth may, ought to, 1763 — must, — require, grammar ought to, seem would might, Lowth ought to, ought to, 1763 ought to — require, seem, notes seem should
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JPLC-1 JPLC-2 JPLC-3 Warrington 1762–1767 Leeds 1767–1772 Calne 1773–1780 N /10,000 N /10,000 N /10,000 experiment(s) 78 76.71 air(s) 136 58.98 air(s) 55 66.34 air(s) 65 63.93 experiment(s) 57 24.72 experiment(s) 27 32.57 wire(s) 39 38.36 account(s) 42 18.21 thing(s) 20 24.13 vane(s) 34 33.44 subject(s) 37 16.05 account(s) 15 18.09 electricity 33 32.45 thing(s) 33 14.31 pleasure 13 15.68 point(s) 29 28.52 water 32 13.88 subject 13 15.68 glass 27 26.55 person(s) 29 12.58 friends 12 14.48 account 18 17.70 work 28 12.14 favour 11 13.27 candle(s) 17 16.72 history 26 11.27 opportunit(y)(-ies) 11 13.27 flame / phial 16 15.74 repository 24 10.41 volume(s) 11 13.27 grammar 3 2.95 grammar 2 0.87 grammar 0 0.00 language 1 0.98 language 2 0.87 language 0 0.00
JPLC-4 JPLC-5 JPLC-6 Birmingham 1780–1791 London 1791–1794 Northumberland 1794–1804 N /10,000 N /10,000 N /10,000 air(s) 274 61.18 time 47 31.26 thing(s) 261 24.43 time 121 27.02 son(s)(‘s) (38) 38 25.28 country 216 20.22 experiment(s) 102 22.78 country 33 21.95 account(s) 180 16.85 water 92 20.54 friends 32 21.29 son(s)(‘s) 162 15.17 retort(s) 78 17.42 thing(s) 29 19.29 place(s) 156 14.60 acount(s) 72 16.08 acount(s) 26 17.30 friends 124 11.61 subject 49 10.94 funds 23 15.30 subject(s) 124 11.61 heat 43 9.60 house 21 13.97 history 122 11.42 iron 41 9.16 state 18 11.97 part(s) 109 10.20 history 40 8.93 brother(s) 16 10.64 house 104 9.74 grammar 1 0.22 grammar 0 0.00 grammar 1 0.09 language 4 0.89 language 1 0.67 language 4 0.37
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JPLC-1 JPLC-2 JPLC-3 JPLC-4 JPLC-5 JPLC-6 1762–1767 1767–1772 1773–1780 1780–1791 1791–1794 1794–1804 Warrington Leeds Calne Birmingham London Northumberland wire experiments spar experiment sons things vanes air things retorts go copies experiments copies experiments air funds country electricity battery air things riot son point noxious – water seditious congress experiment things – retort settle notes tourmalin green – inflammable dissenters thankful electrical colours – copies court dollars glass minutes – acid riots peace candle repository – iron rioters place
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': ; * H8?:/ + F" " '*+5'!++ 22 2 #+#
keywords JPLC vs. CEECE 1750–1800 positively key negatively key 1. air 11. repository 1. love 11. word 2. experiments 12. publications 2. lord 12. night 3. history 13. print 3. pray 13. child 4. philosophical 14. retorts 4. miss 14. children 5. copies 15. printing 5. heart 15. mother 6. copy 16. acid 6. poor 16. home 7. inflammable 17. experiment 7. know 17. day 8. printed 18. iron 8. king 18. god 9. water 19. son 9. morning 19. man 10. phlogiston 20. funds 10. tell 20. say
!# " 2 "" " '*+5'!++ " " 6 % ! "
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( (( B ( :
@('( B6 ( (9 8 ( A 8 ( ( ( ( ( 8 ( ( A (( ( ( ( (( ( D(37)8 B 90 "8163B2 * %77% ( ( ( ( ( 2 2 ( (I; ; ( ( 6 (( 2 B χ ( 8( ((( ( \ B ( ] ( ] ( ] ( ] +
G7%703"'4(")%$2)#0))1$)'$()1( : : ( &)2%E) ( ( ( : : B ( ? ! 6" * " 8 ( ( &) 2%E) ( ? E !HI (( # (( (
(&)2%E) ? !6" (( 19 &)'97) : ( (&)2%E) 2%E) C &) B( ( ( (2%E) ? !6" # 8( ( &) 2%E) : &) ? !6" # ( &)138
: ( 6 2( 0$ 8
: B ::1 0$
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2%E) A ( ( ? !6" : C 2%E) ( ( # "BB%H .9 % (B % %' 3'%6 "8163B2 * %77% (
% 3'3@6) )( %BB3E)% 3'3@6) "8163B2%BB3E)493') (3B 38' "8(381 4) & ( (9381(4) & ( BD00) 381B I F ( H 7 % 3'3@6) & %7 69E)( & %7 &D 8)(
:( ( ( &) 2%E) F ( B ( ( : 29 &8C 9(D' 398 9 "8163B2 * %77% ( ( F H / : (( ( 8 89 @%BB 9E) A ( ( %& ; ( ( H &B96D )')D ) ( 8 %BB3E) ( H &B96D ) %BB3E) ( ( ? !6" BB ( ((2%E) F (
( % 3E) '97) ()'%H 0%66 06H 19 1 9 @%BB ) D 8 B %H 23 2) D8! B%BB3E)%9 7% 398'&%7& %B( ' 3E)%9 7% 398':2%E):2%(%(&)(&0 %( ( %B (( H +
: (( &) 2%E) 6 06 # (&) # 3 3B2 * %77%
2 ( B H ( ; ! ( ( '! ( (':(:':(:! 6
E6 B ( ( ( 2%E) ( ( ( ( &) ( ( ( (? 29 &8 9(D' 398 9 "8163B2 * %77%
/ H B 8 ' ( / ( ( ( / ( ' ( H ( ( ( : %7 '97)': %B 198)': %7 1 9 8': %B 0%66)8 H %7 ( ( ( ' ( (6
E (&) : %BB3E) 09 7 &) [ B A 8 ( (&) B6
: ( (( ( ? ( % ) ( B ) E)( %(& ( %B ')%B)( %(& I %B%79D8 )( (
:( ( ( (2%E) ( 8 2
? !6" (&) ((&)2%E) %& (&) ( ? ! 6" F B6 I ( (( ( ( ( A ( ( D(37)8 B 90 "8163B2 * %77% FB (( &) 2%E) B &) 2%E) (
: ( %7 2%E) ( %(&: B ((( (( ( ( I : & %7 0%66)8: ' (: & 2%E) 0%66)8 ( ' B ( ( B97) 37) 38 23B (%H38 23B 29D I & 2%E) 0%66)8' ( (( #
E (&) ( * * (2%E) ( * ( ( &)2%E) ( ( (2%E) ( &) ( ? +
E ( ( (( ( (( ( D(37)8 B 90 "8163B2 * %77% B( B
: : B (&) 2%E) ( 2 : ( 2 : &)2%E) ? !6" ( : ( ( 2( ( ( ( : ( : ( ? !6" 8 8 )(D') ? !6" ( ( ( ( 2 8 ( (&)2%E) ( * " ( ( 6 +( * " ( ? !6" F ( ( ( : ( 2
2 E ( * " ( (&)2%E)(( ( ( ( ( 8 ( ( F (: ? !6"(( : B ( ( * " : ? !6" + (( ( ( ( 2( (? !6" ( (( (&)2%E) (B E ? !6" ( A[2%E) &))8 [ ( ( &)2%E) 8 2%E)&)
:1$')0'$( ( ' ( ( : E
2 ( 8 ( ( ( ? !6" # : ( E (C B ( ( 3B (2%B ? !6" +
91 2 ( (( ( 2 ( 2 (( '97) % 3E) 19 )'9E) 73B'% H ) D 8 &)'97)%5 3B)%(E%8')(37383B21) 7)) )79E)B) 2%@@)8& )%538' )%B) @%BB )(D') ( ( ' ( ( ( (
be have total verb N /10,000 % N /10,000 % N advance 8 0.38 100% 0 0.00 0% 8 a/rise 1 0.05 11% 8 0.38 89% 9 arrive 32 1.54 89% 4 0.19 11% 36 become 9 0.43 82% 2 0.10 18% 11 break 5 0.24 100% 0 0.00 0% 5 come 21 1.01 46% 25 1.20 54% 46 diminish 7 0.34 100% 0 0.00 0% 7 get 3 0.14 43% 4 0.19 57% 7 go 14 0.67 58% 10 0.48 42% 24 happen 0 0.00 0% 6 0.29 100% 6 increase 4 0.19 80% 1 0.05 20% 5 meet 1 0.05 14% 6 0.29 86% 7 miscarry 0 0.00 0% 12 0.58 100% 12 pass 0 0.00 0% 5 0.24 100% 5 recover 16 0.77 89% 2 0.10 11% 18 reduce 5 0.24 100% 0 0.00 0% 5 remove 6 0.29 86% 1 0.05 14% 7 return 11 0.53 92% 1 0.05 8% 12 set 5 0.24 71% 2 0.10 29% 7 all verbs 184 8.84 60% 124 5.96 40% 308
#)2%E) ( 2P 8 (&)2%E) ( ( ( (? ! 2
6" ( ( ( B(&) B(2%E) ( B ? !6" E : (&)2%E) ( (&)2%E) 2
be have total verb N % N % N R&B 18th century, 1st half 850 82% 188 18% 1,038 R&B 18th century, 2nd half 554 67% 270 33% 814 R&B 19th century, 1st half 1,078 33% 2,144 67% 3,222 JPLC 184 60% 124 40% 308
#)2%E) (? !6" ( 2(? !6" ( &) ( F ( (( 2? !6" ( (( (( (( ( (( 2 ( ( ? !6"
C ((( ( ( ( ( 2 (&) 2%E) +
be have total period N /10,000 % N /10,000 % N JPLC-1 1762–1767 5 4.9 56% 4 3.9 44% 9 JPLC-2 1767–1772 16 6.9 50% 16 6.9 50% 32 JPLC-3 1773–1780 7 8.4 54% 6 7.2 46% 13 JPLC-4 1780–1791 20 4.5 48% 22 4.9 52% 42 JPLC-5 1791–1794 21 14.0 87% 3 2.0 13% 24 JPLC-6 1794–1804 115 10.8 61% 73 6.8 39% 188 total 1762–1804 184 8.84 60% 124 5.96 40% 308
C ( )2%E) 2P : 2 2 ( (( (&) 2%E) ( ( (&)2%E) : 2 ( 2 ( ( ( (&)( 2 2B ( ( 2%E)( 2 2 : &) ( ? !6" : ( 2%E) $ $? !6" ( ( I E ( # 2 : 2 (( (&)2%E) 8 (( ( ( (( ( ( 2
$ $ &) $ 2%E) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2 2 2 2 2 2
E 6 2 2( : ( ;( 8 ( ( ( 2 ( ( ( (&)2%E)(
be have total style N /10,000 % N /10,000 % N formal 14 5.5 56% 11 4.3 44% 25 informal 170 9.3 60% 113 6.2 40% 283 total 184 8.84 60% 124 5.96 40% 308
H ( ( ( 2P :( ( ( &)2%E) : ( &)2%E) ( $ &)$ 2%E) ( &) 2%E) ( ( +
? !6"* ((&)2%E) ( ( ; B F( ( B ( ((&) ( (( (2%E) ( &) ( ( 2%E) ( (A ( ( ( (( (
? !6" ( 2%E) (( ( C381 ? !6" ( 2( 2%E) ((
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: B: :( ( $ ) %0'( % 4'6 %# ? /
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( $%) ')0'$ '
: &)52%E) 2 ( (( ( &) 2%E) ( ( ( ( +
be have synsemantic environment N /10,000 N /10,000 p past perfect 22 1.06 22 1.06 >0.05 perfect infinitive 5 0.24 18 0.86 <0.01 -ing constructions 2 0.10 4 0.19 >0.05 conditional contexts 8 0.38 7 0.34 >0.05 optative contexts 5 0.24 15 0.72 <0.05 iterative contexts 0 0.00 3 0.14 <0.05 durative contexts 5 0.24 10 0.48 >0.05 negative contexts 21 1.01 8 0.38 <0.05 other 111 5.33 43 2.07 <0.0001
#)2%E) 2 2%E) :( ( ( ((2%E) B ( ((2%E) F ( (( 2%E) B ( ((&) ( : ( # ( # ( ((&) (
: C B ':B '''1 : :
I ( ( %(&F ( %( &'%1' : ( B I B
( 2%E) ( ( I ( (( ( ( 2
* ( ( 2%E) ( * * ( (&) 6 B ( 2 ( (* * ( (* (( (B38') 2 : ( 2 (
be have context N /10,000 N /10,000 p< pastness/duration 15 0.72 44 2.11 0.001 recentness/momentariness 43 2.07 7 0.34 0.0001
2 (&)2%E) 2 ( ( : ( (( E B (2%E) ( ( ( &) ( ( F ( : ( 2 : ( (&)2%E) : ( : +
( ( ( &)2%E) : ( ( 2( &)'97)I ) D 873B'% H )'9E) 19% 3E)'97) : ( : &)52%E) ( 2 ( ( ( ( ? ! 6"
Joseph Priestley Letter Corpus Rydén & Brorström be have total be have total verb N % N % N N % N % N become 9 82% 2 18% 11 12 75% 4 25% 16 return 11 92% 1 8% 12 27 71% 11 21% 28 miscarry 0 0% 12 100% 12 4 20% 1 80% 5 recover 16 89% 2 11% 18 30 81% 7 29% 37 go 14 58% 10 42% 24 169 77% 50 23% 209 arrive 31 89% 4 11% 35 68 85% 12 15% 80 come 21 46% 25 54% 26 93 72% 37 28% 130
#)2%E) 2 ? !6" (
#" $/" : B ( ((&) ( &)'97) ( (( ( &)'97) 2? !6" 2%E) (( : ( ( 38 2) '9D B) 90 % H)% ( C ( (2%E) &)'97)(
1E &)13873B'% H? !6" ( ( ( &)2%E) ( ( ( 2
(( ( 2%E) I
(89 ( B ( (( &)
: A ( ( : ( ( ($%2%# ? /
*( &)2%E) &)'97) ? !6" ( ? !6" ( : B (
".-' 8 ( ((&) ( (( ( ) D 8 2? !6" :( ( ( 4DB ( ( (&)
I ( 0() ')0'$ ( 6 :
:( ( (( 2&) ( 2%E) B38') ( B 2) (%H &)09 ) H)B ) (%H I ( (
2 ( 89 :$" * ( 89 ( ( ( ( +
) 4 %' 4()'4 (B (')0'$($
F (2%E) ) D 8 2 (2%E) (
/& $ /3B'% H( ( ( ? !6" ( *( (( ( 2 73B'% H ( : ( ( (73B'% H( (
8 ( "))'(1#('':( I B /
? "))' 1 #('': C
? !6"( ( 2%E) 2 ( ( ( 2%E) 73B'% H ( : (&) 2 / ? ! 6" ( 2%E) ( ( (&) ( 2%E) ( ( ( (2%E) 73B'% H 2
( ((
" $4" &) 2%E) ( )'9E) ? !6" 2 ( ((&) 8 &) 2%E) )'9E) (*
( '%1' 8
: ( : ( (( (: ( :2( ( '%1': : : 6 8
: ( ( 4DB ( ((&) : ( ( &) )'9E)
? ( 0() '%1'(( ((: I B
(( (* (
F '%1' ( ' ( ( (( I B C
8 &) ( )'9E) ( (( ( #) ( F (2%E) )'9E) (
3 )73'%6 (300DB398( %(& ( (( ? +
( ( ( )'9E) (( ( ( ((&)
*$ ( &)2%E) ( 19 F 2%E) ( (? !6"&) ( 8 ? !6"2%E) ( 19 ( 2 ( ( ( ( (2%E)&) ( : ( ( ( (2%E)
B ( ' %$ /
: ( 89 ( (&)
: ( ' ( '$%2%$
( (&)[ ? !6" ? ! 6"( &) 19[ 9 ( 2 B ( ((&) 2
: ( ( ( '%$ )% ())"(
( ( 89 *9 2%E) B ( (( (2%E) ( '97)[
: B ( ( :B: 1%$)%$4&" /
) ( 1%$'4%$ 6 ;
( ( : ( 2%E)
&4" ( (( ( (% 3E) 2 (? !6" : ( ( &) ( 2 ( ? ! 6" ( % & &) ( ( % 3E) ( * ( &) ? !6" ( ( % 3E) 2B ( ( (&) :( ( ((&) 2 +
: ( : (' 0()( ''1 ) "$4 #%%! /)B ( H
2(2%E)
C ( 0() ''1 ( C
( ( 2 (2%E) ( ( ((2%E) ( % 3E)[ &) ( ( ( % 3E) 2
:(''1$#': ( I B C
(&)[% 3E)[ 2 ? ( %E) ( % 3E) ( ((2%E)
$/" : &) 2%E) ('97) ( ? !6" 6 (( B ( ? 6" &) ( F ( 2 ( (( ? !6" ( &) ( 6381 2%E) ( 2
# 8 ( ( 2 ( (( (&)2%E) ( ( ? !6" (&) '97) 297) # 8 2 ( '97) 23 2) 23 2) ( (&)
6 $%#)' B 8 ( : 8/
: '97) 23 2) ( * ( '97) (2%E)
: (B :1 %# )' : (((: ( ( B
:((2%E) '97) 23 2) 2 B ( : ('97)[ ( '97) 2 : &)2%E) ( ( ( (2%E) 8 ( &)
8 ( '%#$ /
:( ( ( ( 2(2%E) (
I ( ( - %#( B I / +
:( ( ((&)2%E) '97) 2
? !6" ( (( ( (&)[ A (( ( (&)[ &) A 2) 3B '2%81)( * (( ( 8 B 2) 3B '2%81)( * (( ? ! 6" (( ( (&) ( (( (2%E) ( ; ( ( ( ( 6? !6"* "( (2%E) ? !6" '* " * " &) ( 2%E) ( * " ? !6"( (&) ( ( 2 H ( ( ( (( &)2%E) H[ ( ( ( ( 8 ( '97) 19 ( ( 2%E) % 3E) &) 2 &)2%E) ? !6" ( ( ( ( ? ! 6" 2
F ( ( ( ? !6" #A 8 ( ( &)2%E) ( 2%E) ( ( &) ( * (
( ( ( $( 2 # $( (#(( ( ( ( ( 2 F: ( I( ( (
G7*7%(0 0$)1#%% : : ( A D(37)8 B 90 "8163B2 * %77% ( A : B ( 8 8 ! B6
4 * (( ( ( ? B6 # +
F ! ( A ( C ( %& (0 0$)1% & ( ( F ! E? # ( ( ( A %& C A A ? A A ( 30 29D12 : (D(37)8 B 90 "8163B2 * %77% A (30 29D12 )7) &)09 ) 2) 2) )7')@ 2% B9)E) 297B9)E) ( 3B2381 %&A ( B ( @) 2%@B8 8 (( %& ( A ( '984D8' 3E)(( A ( ( ( A ( ( ( : (( ( ( A (
:( : ( 2/
: B / 1 ( : I 2
:( ( B %# : ; 2
I ( ( ' : ( ( 8 8
:B ; : ( #4"" ((
: ( ( A : ( ( ( ( ( 8 #( " ( A ( ( %& A (% & ( ( (( ( ' 9D6(B29D6(7312 " F ! B %&( ( ( F ! ( ( ( A */ ( ( D(37)8 B 90 "8163B2 * %77% B( F ( ( (
A ( ( (( $") ( %(&; (( ( ( I1$ ( (( #
: ( ( ( ( 8 6A EB C I ;# +
( ( A ( A
2 F : ( ')0'$(())" C 8(( 6A EB I ;.2) %@) B 90 #)84%738 % %85638
; ( 7%H (B) 6) B F ( ( ( 7%H '%66( (( A#/ P 09B)@2 )663DB # ) D 8BB) 6) ( A2) ( ( A ( ( %&A (( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( @9 )8 3%6 799( : (( ( ( ( A
( A B ( ( A ( A A A ( A E 8 A ( ( A 30 29D12 297 &)09 ) 2) 2) ) ) D86)BB )7')@ 29 )E) 29 B9)E) 2% )E) 2% B9)E) 29)E) 29B9)E) 297B9)E) 6)B D8 36 366%B30%6 29D12B9 2% 8 :A )E) )7) 2
8 '%8'9D6(7%H7312 7DB B2%66B29D6( 366 9D6(8 E :
( A : ( ( A 8(: ( A : ( A 9 &) ( ( A ( %B ) )
8( 2 ( A ( ( A 29B9)E) 2% B9)E) D8 36 %6 29D12 29 B9)E) )7) )E) 8 A %B 30) ))7')@ 29 )E) )E) A ( A ( ( A 30 2975 29D12 &)09 ) 2) 2) D86)BB 2% )E) 29)E) 6)B 366B9 2% ( ( A A ( A ( ( A ( ( ( A ( (( ( ( (
5 A A (( ( A ( ( +
subjunctive indicative periphrasis total conjunction N /10,000 % N /10,000 % N /10,000 % N if 131 6.29 59% 16 0.77 7% 76 3.65 34% 223 tho’/though 5 0.24 5% 70 3.36 69% 26 1.25 26% 101 before 1 0.05 11% 4 0.19 44% 4 0.19 44% 9 whether 21 1.01 45% 10 0.48 21% 16 0.77 34% 47 unless 1 0.05 20% 0 0.00 0% 4 0.19 80% 5 whatever 19 0.91 61% 4 0.19 13% 8 0.38 26% 31 whoever 1 0.05 50% 1 0.05 50% 0 0.00 0% 2 lest 0 0.00 0% 0 0.00 0% 4 0.19 100% 4 till 11 0.53 42% 2 0.10 8% 13 0.62 50% 26 so that 0 0.00 0% 8 0.38 38% 13 0.62 62% 21 total 190 9.13 41% 115 5.52 25% 164 7.88 35% 469
( A 2 : ( A : ( ( A ( 2 (
subjunctive indicative periphrasis total period N /10,000 % N /10,000 % N /10,000 % N JPLC-1 10 9.83 59% 1 0.98 6% 6 5.90 35% 17 JPLC-2 30 13.01 57% 4 1.73 8% 19 8.24 36% 53 JPLC-3 9 10.86 39% 7 8.44 30% 7 8.44 30% 23 JPLC-4 46 10.27 46% 21 4.91 22% 33 7.37 33% 100 JPLC-5 13 8.65 39% 8 5.32 24% 12 7.98 36% 33 JPLC-6 82 7.68 34% 74 6.93 30% 87 8.14 36% 243 total 190 9.13 41% 115 5.52 25% 164 7.88 35% 469
C ( A 2 2
C ( ( ((
( 2 8 ( ( A ( ( ( ( ( A ( E ( ( ( A ( ( ( A
$ @) 3@2 %B3B $ 38(3'% 3E) $ $ BD&4D8' 3E) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2 2 2 2 2 2
E ( A 8 (( ( ( : (
6 ( 2 ( ( +( ( +
(( I( 2 2 ( ( ( ( ( A : +( ( ( (( 2 ( 6 ( A ( (' (( B ( ( 2 ( ( ( ( ( A ( 8 (E 2 ( (( (( ( 2 2 2 ( A ( ( ( 2 ( ( A ( ( ( 2 8 (B
subjunctive indicative periphrasis total style N /10,000 % N /10,000 % N /10,000 % N formal 28 11.05 52% 10 3.95 19% 16 6.32 30% 54 informal 162 8.86 39% 105 5.74 25% 148 8.86 36% 415 total 190 9.13 41% 115 5.52 25% 164 7.78 35% 469
H ( A 2 ( ( 2
8 ( A ( ( ( ( (( ( ( (( ( A ( ( ( ( : ( A ( ( ( ( ( ( 8 ( ( (( B ( A A &)09 )6)B 29D12 D86)BB 29)E) B ( B B ( : ( A 30 297 2) 2) 2% )E) 366B9 2%
&% 8 ( 30 ( A ( ( A ( 2 (30 ( $( A A 30 ( A ( ( (( ( ( ( 8 ( %& ( 30 ( ( A ( A ( 8 ( ( 2 B F 2 2 ( ((( B ( A 30 :( ( A ( ( ( ( A +
( 8 ( ( A ( ( F(( ( ( (# ( A # ( :A ( ( ( (
.$75.$-* ( 29D12 A 2 ( 297# # 29D12 .2975 29D12 ( A (30 : ( $( ( A A ( 297 (30 : 2975 29D12 ( ( ( A (( ( ( ( A ( ( / ( ( ( ( ( A # # ( I ( 2975 29D12 ( ( ( (( ( A ( : ( (( ( (
4"." I 2) 2) ( A A 2 ( 2
( ( A ( ( # (( B ( # ( + B30 297 ( 2) 2) 2 ( ( (( ( (
4."4" A 2% )E) ( ( ( A (( : B ( ( 2 ( ( ( 2% )E) ( ( 2 + ( ( A ( ( ( ( 2 :( 2% )E) ( ( A ( ( A : ( ( (( ( A B $$ ( A ( : B ( (( ( A ( $( (( ( ( ( (
.& A 366 ( ( A +
( ( ( 2 ( ( (( ( ( A 366 ( ( A F ( ( E ( # ( # 366 ( ( ( (( ( ( ( 366 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( A ( (( ( ( A B ( ( ( (
$ .. A B9 2% ( ( 2 : A B9 2% A ( A ( ( 2 2 ( (( ( 8 ( ( A ( (( ( ( / ( (( ( ( / ( ( ( A ( #
366 D8 36 D8 366 2 2
# ( (( ( ( ( A ( A 30 29D12 297&)09 ) 2) 2) ( A (30 2) 2) 8 ( 2) 2) ( ( ( A :(B * A &)09 ) A ( ( ( A :( ( A B
: ( A
( ( #" 2(( : A ( ) ) ( %B ( ( A ( ) ) ( %B
: :B2 %(&:( 2': ( : ( ' %& : I B /
:( 2(( ( (B ( : ': ( : F
A 2 : ( A A ) ))7')@ 29 )E) 6)B 29)E) 297B9)E) +
( ( A 30 2975 29D12 &)09 ) 2) 2) D86)BB 2% )E) )E) 366%B 30B9 2% (
subjunctive indicative total conjunction N /10,000 % N /10,000 % if 8 0.38 26% 23 1.10 74% 31 tho’/though 0 0.00 0% 7 0.34 100% 7 before 0 0.00 0% 7 0.34 100% 7 whether 0 0.00 0% 3 0.14 100% 3 unless 0 0.00 0% 1 0.05 100% 1 whatever 0 0.00 0% 1 0.05 100% 1 ever 0 0.00 0% 4 0.19 100% 4 till 0 0.00 0% 2 0.10 100% 2 as if 0 0.00 0% 1 0.05 100% 1 so that 0 0.00 0% 4 0.19 100% 4 total 8 0.38 13% 53 2.55 87% 61
( A ) ) %B 2#" ( %B ( ( ( A :( ( A 30 A A 2 ( ( A ( EA D86)BB 2% )E) %B 30 ( (( ( ( ( ( A (' B ( ( ( ( A ( ( A ( ( 2 ( ( ( A ( 2
subjunctive indicative total period N /10,000 % N /10,000 % N JPLC-1 1 0.98 17% 5 4.92 83% 6 JPLC-2 1 0.43 25% 3 1.30 75% 4 JPLC-3 0 0.00 0% 1 1.21 100% 1 JPLC-4 3 0.67 20% 12 2.68 80% 15 JPLC-5 1 0.67 33% 2 1.33 67% 3 JPLC-6 2 0.19 6% 30 2.81 94% 32 total 8 0.38 13% 53 2.55 87% 61
C ( A 2#" E ( ( A : ( ( A ( ( 2
$
$
$ A $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2 2 2 2 2 2
E ( A 2 +
E ( ( ( A (
: (#" ( ( A ( F ( (( ( ( A ( ( 2 2 ( 2 B ( 2 ( C (( ( ( (( ( (A ( A B ( ( A ( (
subjunctive indicative total style N /10,000 % N /10,000 % N formal 2 0.79 15% 11 4.34 85% 13 informal 6 0.33 13% 42 2.30 88% 48 total 8 0.38 13% 53 2.55 87% 61
; ( A 2#" 8(( ( ( ( ( : ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( A B ( ( : 2
( A 2975 29D12 ( (B ( ( F ( A D86)BB 2% )E) %B 30 366 ( ( A 30 2975 29D12&)09 ) 2) 2) )E) B9 2% B ( ( ( ( ( ( &)09 ) ( (( ( (( ((
8 * %77% 90 2) "8163B2 %81D%1) 2 ( (( ( A (( (A ( 8 I2 ( IB ( (8 A ( 8 ( (( (D(37)8 B 90 "8163B2 * %77% A 4) B2%66 9E) %5) 237 29D12 2) D8' B ' 4) B2%66 9E) %5) 237 29D12 2) D88) 2I D8B ( 2 * ( ( : ( ( ( ( ( A 30( ( A ( ( ( 30 ( +
A : A 29D12 A 30 8 ( ( ( A (( 2 : A 29D12 30 ( 29D12 A &)09 )B9 2% ( : ( A A ( ( ( A ( B :(A 2975 29D12&)09 )B9 2% (( 2( ( B ( (
subjunctive indicative periphrasis total context N /10,000 % N /10,000 % N /10,000 % N uncertainty 5 0.24 11% 7 0.34 15% 34 1.63 74% 46 certainty 1 0.05 1% 75 3.60 88% 9 0.43 11% 85
2 ( A 2 ( ( ( ( A ( ( E (( ( ( A ( :( (( 2
( ( A (
8 ( ( ( A E ; %(& %(& ( A ( 8 ( ( (( ( ( A
: A ( ( ( A ( ( ( ( %(&8 ( ( ( ( A ( ( A ( A ( 8
8 ( ( 8 ! B6 # ( ? (8?2F? # ( 2 ( ( ( A I (( ( (( A 2 ( (( ( ( +
subjunctive indicative periphrasis corpus N % N % N % JPLC 192 41% 160 34% 119 25% Lowth 12 11% 59 53% 40 36% ARCHER 14 30% 20 42% 59 53%
; A A 2? (8?2F? 8 ! B6 2 ( * (( ( ; ( ( ( A ( ( A ( ( * ( ( A 2 ( 2 ( 8?2F? ( C ( ( A 8?2F?( : ( A F ( ( ( A 8 ( ( 2 8?2F? ( ( 2 ( (8?2F? 8 ( 2 ( : ( 8?2F? A ( 2
subjunctive indicative periphrasis corpus N % N % N % JPLC 192 41% 160 34% 119 25% ARCHER 1700–1749 41 24% 62 37% 62 39% ARCHER 1750–1799 46 25% 75 41% 64 35% ARCHER 1800–1849 67 26% 100 39% 93 36%
; A A 2 ( 8?2F? 8 ! B6 : ( ( 8?2F? ( ( A F ( ( A ((( ( ( (8?2F? ( ( A
( #" 2 ( ? (8?2F?8 ! B6 corpus subjunctive indicative JPLC 13% 87% Lowth 35% 65% ARCHER 28% 72%
; A A (#" 2 (8?2F? 8 ! B6 ( ( ( ( A 8?2F? : ( +
( ( A 8 (( 2 8?2F?
( ( A ( ( ( ( : : ( ( A A A ( ( A ( ( ( ( A F ( ( A # # ( ( ( ( ( 2 : ( A ( : ( ( ( A E ((( ( ( ( 8 ! B6 ( A %(& ( ( 2 ( ( ( A ( 8 ( ( ( A ( ( A ( 2975 29D12B9 2% ( ( : ( 2975 29D12 29D12 A A 2
(( ( : ( (( ( ( A * ( ( ( D(37)8 B 90 "8163B2 * %77% A ( ( ( ( B( ( I 8 ( ( ( A ( %& ( ( A ( B ( ( ( 8 8 ! B6 ( ? B6 B ( B 29 &8 9(D' 398 9 "8163B2 * %77% % & ( ( ( ( ( ( 8 ! B6 ( ( A ( ( 2 2B B ( D(37)8 B 90 "8163B2 * %77% 2 2 B ( I ( A +
( ( ( ( ( ( ( 8 ( ( ( ( ( A ( 2975 29D12 ( : ( ( A ( :( ( F ( ( A D(37)8 B 90 "8163B2 * %77% ( ( A
G707&'&%()%$&"#$) : : : A( )./+6 + E ( ( ( ( F((
; @ )@9B3 398 ( ( ( $" * ( ( I ( ( ( 2
( ( ( F ! (
C 2 2 : ( ( 2 ( 2 ( ( (
$# &*.$$ $'." . ( 2 ( : 2 + %0&
: :( ( @5A: B % ( B A ( I
8( 2 2% 98
:A E? : ( : A ? 2 )): %$ ?
8 ( ( 90
(+ : )2(#0%()% ( I
8; ( ( ( ( #E !HI ((? C # ( : %& ( ( C : ( +
(
: ( ( : A ( F: ( (: %' ( ( B( /
$.&$' $'." . ( ( 2 ( (38 (( 23'2 (38 ( (
B 2: $ ( $ 2 ' $2:( ( B ( B (( ; ; /
2 2%
:(2) : % : ( ( (( ? 8
( ( : ( 2
% B: '%#% &6B,6 : %& ? ((; ( 2
)./+6 + ( ( ( ( ( B %9 6) 7B/9() 8 "8163B2 -B%1)6 ( # B ( ( 6 C ( ( )./+6 + #)./+ 6 + ( ( ( * (; ( ( D(37)8 B 90 "8163B2 * %77% %& ') )8 9 98(98 '.23B 3B 2) 2381 & %7 @6)%B)('.23B 3B 2) 2381 & %7 @6)%B)( ( : * ; ( ( ( (
: ( ( ( 90 9(( ( ' )% ( ( ( ( '( ( ( ' ( (( ( #
8 9 )./+6 + # 8 ( +
+ )./+6 + ( ( 2% ( ( ( D(37)8 B 90 "8163B2 * %77% ( B 2% ( % &( B ( 29 23'2' 2% ( # ( ( ( ( D(37)8 B 90 "8163B2 * %77% ( 29 &8 9(D' 398 9 "8163B2 * %77% ( B
((? A (;( ( %(& ' ( ( ' ( ( ? ( ' ; #
B 9 ( : ( (*( ( 2 ( ( ( (
; ( : ( ( 2 : 2
(( ( 90 9
38538 9 3 209 % &H0 97 985D@98 : ( )./+6 + * : ( 38 %''9 C (%8') 3 2 ( ( ( %&9D %&9E) %0 ) %1%38B %73( %79819B : &)09 ) &)238( &)69 &)8)% 2 &) ))8 &)H98( '98') 8381 (D 381 635) 8)% 89 3 2B %8(381 9E) B38') 2 9D12 9 % (9B:D8() D@I 3 238 3 29D 8 B )./+ 6 + : ( ( 2 ( 381 2 ( ( + )./+6 + # : H )./+6 + # / )./+ 6 + # (
8B ( ( )2%% 2 8
: ( ( ( ( (( 2 ( (
9I ( )./+ 6 + ; ( B ( (( +
(
2 ( ( 2 ( ( (
optional contexts obligatory contexts total subcorpus N /10,000 % N /10,000 % N /10,000 JPLC-1 6 5.9 40% 9 8.9 60% 15 14.8 JPLC-2 4 1.7 15% 22 9.5 85% 26 11.3 JPLC-3 2 2.4 14% 12 14.5 86% 14 16.9 JPLC-4 15 3.3 28% 39 8.7 72% 54 12.1 JPLC-5 2 1.3 10% 19 12.6 90% 21 14.0 JPLC-6 18 1.7 15% 100 9.4 85% 118 11.0 total 47 2.3 19% 201 9.7 81% 248 11.9
2 IA ( I ( B ( ( 2 2 ( ( E B ( ( (E ( 2 2 2 2 ( 2
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2 2 2 2 2 2
E 2 : ( 2 B /: B ( ( ( (
preposition fronting preposition stranding total subcorpus N /10,000 % N /10,000 % N JPLC-1 33 32.5 85% 6 5.9 15% 39 JPLC-2 64 27.8 94% 4 1.7 6% 68 JPLC-3 23 27.7 92% 2 2.4 8% 25 JPLC-4 93 20.8 86% 15 3.3 14% 108 JPLC-5 22 14.6 92% 2 1.3 8% 24 JPLC-6 237 22.2 93% 18 1.7 7% 255 total 472 22.7 91% 47 2.3 9% 519
( 2 ( ( ( 2 E E E +
( ( 2 ( ( ( ( ( ( B ( ( (
$ $ ( $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2 2 2 2 2 2
E ( ( 2 E ( ( ( ( (( B 2 ( ( B ( ( ( (( 2 2
(
2 2 2 2 2 2
E / ( ( ( 2 (( ( ( ( ( ( (
preposition fronting preposition stranding total style N /10,000 % N /10,000 % N formal 77 30.4 91% 8 3.2 9% 85 informal 395 21.6 91% 39 2.1 9% 434 total 472 22.7 91% 47 2.3 9% 519
( ( ( 2 : ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( (( 2 +
( 2 ( (( 2
( ( ( 2( )./+6 +( ( # 8?2F? ; ( ( )./+6 + ( ( ( )./+6 + )./+6 + ( $ $ ( ( #( +( ( ( ( ( ( 2 $ $ ( : ( ( 6 B B ; ( $$ $ ( 2 ( ( $$$ ; ? ( ( (( ( $ $ ( ( ( ( 2 (( ( +( )./+6 + '; 2
preposition stranding preposition fronting corpus /10,000 % /10,000 % ARCHER 1700–1749 (multiple genres) 3.8 29.1% 9.2 70.9% ARCHER 1750–1799 (multiple genres) 2.3 21.4% 8.4 78.6% Bluestocking Corpus 1738–1778 8.7 38% 14.2 62% Joseph Priestley Letter Corpus 1762–1804 2.4 9% 22.6 91%
( )./+6 + ; 2 : ( ( ; 6 B 2 ( 6 B 2 ( 8?2F? 2 : 6 B ( ( B ( ( ( ( F ( ( 6 B 2 8?2F? (( ( ( (( ( 2 8?2F? # 6 ( 8?2F? # 2 B (
! ; ( ( ( 8 ( ( ( E ( ( ? #( +
? ( ( ( ( 8
E ( ( ( E 2 ( : ( ( ( :( ( 09 ( (
: ( : %' - 2:( I I
( 9 ( (
: * ;6 FB $2: %(& %; & 6
F 38 6 ( (( : ( 9 (
( ' A )% - ( I 2
E B B E : 9 ( ( 9 ( I (DB ( ( 23'2 ( ( 8 ( (
A % % % & I B /
B B ( 90: 4D(1) 90 2% %8H 7%8 3B '%@%&6) ( 3B 4D(1) 2% %8H 7%8 3BI 9 3B '%@%&6) 90 (
: *: ( )./+6 + ( ( 8?2F? *8 (E C 8 ;( ( ( ( A
%:& " %(&: ( ( ( ( )./+6 +
)./+6 + ( ( ( ( ; +
( ( ( ( (( )./+6 +
% & ( ( * ( ( )./+6 + #
(( I ( ( (( ( ( (( F( (( (( ( (( : A B (
: ( ( ( 6 B 2 8?2F? (( 28?2F?# B ( ((( ( ( ( )./+6 + 6 B 2 ( ( ; 8 ( 8?2F? ( 2 6 B 2 ( (( :( ( (( ( 2
G717"0##'4$%$"0(%$( ( ( ( ( ( &)2%E) ( (( ( A A ( ( D(37)8 B 90 "8163B2 * %77% B 8 : ( :(( &)52%E) ( F &) ( 2%E) ( ( (( I A ( ( 8 (( F ( A ( ( ( ( I (( ( ( (( ( ( : ( (( ( ( ( # B # ( ( (( B +
( 2 ( ( ( 2 2 2 :( + 8 ( B( ( ( (B 8 ((( B( ( ( :( ( : ( ( ( #( ( (? ( ( 2
21234A9)549 `dX
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" ) $ !! " f year named edition status pages size price place publisher 1761 [first edition] edition 92 12mo 1s.6d. London R. Griffiths 1762 — reprint — 8vo 2s.6d. — — 1763 — reprint 12mo — — — 1768 [Another edition 200 12mo 2s.6d London T. Beckett & P.A. de Hondt; J. edition] 8vo 2s. Johnson 1769 [Another reprint 202 12mo 2s.6d. London T. Becket & P.A. de Hondt; J. edition] 3s. Johnson & (J.) Payne 1769 — reprint 12mo 1s.6d. London T. Beckett & Hardy (Becket; Hardy?) 1771 [Another reprint 202 12mo 1s.6d. London J. & F. Rivington; T. Lowndes edition] 2s.6d. S. Crowder; T. Becket & Co.; ‘neat’ J. Johnson 2s. ‘sewn’ 1772 The Third edition 192 12mo 1s.6d. London J. & F. Rivington; T. Lowndes Edition et al. 1772 The Third reprint 202 8vo — J. & F. Rivington; T. Lowndes; Edition S. Crowder; T. Becket & Co.; J. Johnson 1773 Fourth edition edition 192 12mo 3s. London J. & F. Rivington; T. Lowndes; S. Crowder; T. Becket & Co.; J. Johnson 1784 The Fourth edition 192 12mo — Dublin P. Byrne Edition (pirate) 1786 A New edition 106 12mo 1s.6d. London J. F. & C. Rivington; J. Edition, 2s. Johnson; G. G. J. & J. Corrected Robinson; J. Nichols; W. Lowndes 1789 A New reprint 106 12mo — London J., F. & C. Rivington; J. Edition, Johnson Corrected G. G. J. & J. Robinson; J. Nichols; W. Lowndes 1798 A New edition 230 12mo 1s.4d. London J. Johnson; F. & C. Rivington; Edition, ‘new, G. G. & J. Robinson; J. Corrected bound’ Nichols; W. Lowndes
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" ) # ! $ ) * % & $$! " ! g name of partners place of business (dates at that years in business location) business Becket & de Thomas Becket (?–?) 73 Tully's Head, corner of Adelphi, 1767–1776 Hondt3 Peter Abraham de Hondt (?–?) Strand (1760–1776) (Brownsword Elias Brownsword (?–?) 11 Budge Row (1740–1765) 1740–1781 &) Hardy Hardy (?–?) S. Crowder Stanley Crowder (d. 1795) 2 Paternoster Row (1767–1775) 1763–1775 Ralph Griffiths Ralph Griffiths (1720?–1803) Dunciad, Strand (1759-1772) 1747–1772 Johnson & Joseph Johnson (1738–1809) 8 Paternoster Row (1769–1770) 1768–1770 Payne John Payne4 (?–?) J. Johnson Joseph Johnson (1738–1809) Paternoster Row (1765–1770) 1770–1809 72 St. Paul's Churchyard (1770– 1815) T. Lowndes Thomas Lowndes (1719–1784) Fleet Street (1756–1771) 1751–1784 77 Fleet Street (1772–1786) W. Lowndes William Lowndes (1753?– 77 Fleet Street (1784–1791) 1784–1822 1823) 76 Fleet Street (1792–1796) J. Nichols John Nichols5 (1745–1826) 4 Red Lion Passage, Fleet Street 1766–1799 (1767–1820) J. & F. John Rivington (1720–1792) St. Paul's Churchyard (1711–1853) 1768–1777 Rivington Francis Rivington (1745–1822) J. F. & C. John Rivington (1720–1792) St. Paul's Churchyard (1711–1853) 1777–1792 Rivington Francis Rivington (1745–1822) Charles Rivington (1754–1831) F. & C. Francis Rivington (1745–1822) St. Paul's Churchyard (1711–1853) 1792–1810 Rivington Charles Rivington (1754–1831) G. G. J. & J. George Robinson (1737–1801) 25 Addison's Head, Paternoster Row 1785–1793 Robinson George Robinson (d. 1811) (1764–1822) John Robinson (d. 1813) James Robinson (?–?) G. G. & J. George Robinson (1737–1801) 25 Addison's Head, Paternoster Row 1794–1801 Robinson George Robinson (d. 1811) (1764–1822) John Robinson (d. 1813)
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" )* ! +! 9 1, - feature proscription/rule example /source “…s his”for genitive “absurd” Pope; Spectator “…s’s”(p. 5f) indefinite article with plural “can never be used” – noun (p. 7f) ye instead of you as 2nd “by the complaisance of the present – person nominal pronoun plural times” (p. 9f) which as relative pronoun “use hath now appropriated who to – relating to persons (p. 11f) persons” as for that / which (p. 11f) “seems quite foreign to the general Hume Essays Moral and use” Political p.227 whose as genitive of which in “this observation [...] is Mr. Johnson’s Hume “Pleasure whose non-poetical texts (p. 11f) nature” preterites for past participles: “make a participle different from the – wrote instead of written or preterite” took instead of taken as past participle (p. 17f) very frequent ellipsis of “seems to be a fault” – relative pronouns (p. 33) use of orthographical figures: “not used with approbation, except in – aphæresis, syncope, apocope very familiar writing, or verse” (p. 37) use of mixed metaphors (p. “absurd” – 38) tautology in a sentence (p. 48) – – fronting of the prepositions of “give too great a stiffness and – and to (pp. 50–51) formality” use of figurative language (p. “Strong, bold figures, that have no – 54) natural connection with one another, ought not to stand too near together” ifi 888'6&1%'A
" ), ! +! 9 1,2- feature proscription/rule example / source gallicisms (p. x) “greatly [...] injure the true idiom” – very frequent omission of “seems to be a fault” – relative pronouns (p. 46) use of orthographical figures “are not used with approbation, (p. 46) except in very familiar writing, or verse” contraction of weak –ed verb “not admitted in solemn language” – declension to –t (p. 53) ...s’s instead of ...ses for plural “it seems better to add es” Addison on Medals p.79 nouns (p. 57) pluralisation of mass nouns “the effect is very disagreeable” Robertson History of Scotland (pp. 63–64) vol.1, p.74; Preceptor vol.2, p.435; Ulloa Voyage vol.1, p.304 * mean instead of means as “Dr. Lowth pleads for it”, “our ears – singular noun (p. 64) [...] do not easily admit this form” plural verbs/demonstratives “the singular number seems to be Pope; Smollet Voltaire vol.18, with nouns of singular more common and is therefore p.131; Hume History vol.4, signification but plural form, preferred”, “the singular number p.426; English Merchant, p.7; e.g. means, pains, news (pp. would have been better” Locke 64–67) “…s his”for genitive “absurd” Pope; Spectator “…s’s”(p. 68) my every thought instead of all “seems to sound harsh” Smollet Voltaire vol.25, p.82; my thoughts (p. 73) & vol.18, p.10; Harris Three Treatises, p.189 a million men instead of a “will hardly be admitted [...] whereas – million of men (p. 74) a thousand men is quite familiar” comparison of ‘categorical’ “not uncommon to see” Clarendon; Hume History adjectives, e.g. perfect (p. 78) vol.4, p.426; Price * double comparative / “still a greater impropriety”, “it Lowth superlative (p. 78) offends my ears” superlative for comparative (p. “a very pardonable oversight” Bolingbroke on History vol.1, 78) p.231 * adjectives for adverbs (p. 80) “the practice is hardly to be approved, Hume Essays, p.11; except in cases where long custom Shenstone’s Works vol.2, p.45 has made the examples quite easy” them for those / these (p. 91) “find this fault even in writing” Devil upon Crutches that for so great / such a (pp. “common construction is generally Hume History vol.5, p.288; 91–92) preferable” Hume History vol.8, p.317 what for which (p. 92) “should not be used” Hume Essays, p.74 ifp
feature proscription/rule example / source improper use of somewhat (p. “seems to be used improperly” Hume History vol.1, p.371 94) who for which (p. 97) “there is generally a harshness”, “will Macaulay History vol.3, p.21; hardly authorize the use of it”, “in the Smollet Voltaire vol.6, p.187; style of history, there can seldom be a & vol.9, p.141; & vol.9, p.227; propriety in it” & vol.2, p.32; Hume History vol.8, p.312; Hume Essays, p.298 who for which when referring “seems to be harsh” Cadogan to children (pp. 98–99) who for which when referring “still more improperly applied” Johnson Rasselas vol.1, p.4 to animals (p. 99) whose referring to things (p. “I do not think [...] the construction Hume; Harris Hermes; Swift 99) generally pleasing” Tale of a Tub who / which after adjective, “cannot be admitted” Rise and Fall of Antient especially in the superlative Republics, p.282; Hume degree (p. 100) History vol.5, p.415; & vol.6, p.10 use of different relatives, in a “ought to have been” Hume History vol.2, p.262; series of clauses, referring to Universal History vol.25, the same antecedent (pp. 101– p.117 102) * nominative case for oblique: “aukward construction” World Displayed vol.1, p.163; “the chaplain intreated my Fair American vol.1, p.141 comrade and I”for “...and me”(p. 102) oblique case for nominative: “a French construction” Fair American vol.2, p.53 “my father and him have...”for “my father and he have...”(p. 103) neuter verbs used transitively “French construction”, “foreign to the Hume History vol.2, p.56; & in reciprocal constructions (p. idiom of the English tongue”, “can vol.1, p.121; & vol.5, p.383; 108) never take generally” Macaulay History vol.3, p177 variant spelling of preter “particularly bad” Bolingbroke on History vol.1, tenses and past participles pp.26, 68, 92; Hume Essays, when they are homophone p.282 with the present tense: red as preter and past participle of to read (p. 124) * preterite for past participle “peculiarly aukward” Postlethwaite on Commerce, (p. 125) Pref. p. 11 omission of have in perfect “in many cases [...] writers are Hume History vol.6, p.248; tense (pp. 126–127) certainly faulty” Harris where for rel. pron.+prep. (p. “French idiom” Hume History 133) hence / whence / thence + “seems [..] to be improper”, “it is Swift Tale of a Tub; Dryden preposition (pp. 133–134) superfluous”, “yet the practice is very ifq 888'6&1%'A
feature proscription/rule example / source common”, “omission would seem stiff and disagreeable” ...–ing nouns derived from “ought not to govern another word, Hume History vol.7, p.117 verbs used to govern another without the intervention of a word without a preposition (p. preposition” 156) * improper use of of instead of “leaned to the French idiom”, Hume History vol.4, p.251; & other prepositions (pp. 158– “departed from the genius of the vol.5, p.185; & vol.1, p.206; & 160) English tongue”, “with would have vol.2, p.65; vol.6, p.283; vol.1, been more proper”, “regard to the p.401; vol.7, p.161; vol.2, French idiom” p.71; vol.1, p.292; vol.6, p.63; Dryden * superfluous use of of (p. “superfluous”, “derived [...] from the Hume Essays, pp.81, 78, 258; 160) French”, “had better be omitted” Montague Rise and Fall of Antient Republicks, p.137 * omission of of (p. 161) “resembles the French idiom” Addison on Medals, p.23 use of to with words that “does not seem to suit the English Bible Romans; Milton; govern dative in Latin and language” Dryden; Bolingbroke on French (p. 162) History vol.1, p.136 * to for other prepositions: for, “for is more usual”, “seems to be used Hume History vol.4, p.191; of, against, upon (p. 163) improperly” Hume Essays, p.133; Hume History vol.6, p.323; Dryden; Locke; Smollet Voltaire vol.1, p.178 * for instead of other “had better have been supplied by Smollet Voltaire vol.1, pp.203, prepositions (pp. 163–164) other prepositions” 30; Addison; Dalembert History of the Expulsion of the Jesuits, p.132; Law Tracts vol.1, p.70 * superfluous use of for (p. “only used in familiar and colloquial Law Tracts vol.1, p.184; 164) style” Shakespeare * with instead of other “would have been more proper”, “had Hume History vol.4, pp.176, prepositions (pp. 164–165) better have been substituted” 10; Smollet Voltaire vol.3, p.65; Harris three Treatises, p.205; Addison; Newberry New Testament; Dryden; Preceptor; Pope * improper use of on / upon (p. “seems to be used improperly” Addison on Medals; Pope; 166) Swift; Hume History vol.7, p.355; & vol.3, p.5; & vol.8, p.75; Hume Political Essays, p.12; Macaulay History, p.112 * in instead of other “some other preposition would be Hume History vol.1, p.402; & prepositions (p. 167) more agreeable to the English idiom”, vol.5, p.162; Swift; Addison; “might with advantage be changed”, Law Tracts vol.1, p.45; vol.8, “agreeable to the French idiom” p.68 * ellipsis of in (p.168) “hardly suits grave style” Hume History vol.7, p.315 * improper use of from (p. “had better be changed” Hume History vol.7, p.315; & ifr
feature proscription/rule example / source 168) vol.8, p.259 * superfluous use of from: “seems to be superfluous” Hume History vol.8, p.282 “forbear from”(p. 168) * use of among in conjunction “cannot be used” Hume Essays, p.92 with every (p. 168) * use of “known under the “seems to be some impropriety” Hume Political Essays, p.71 general name of”(p. 169) separation of adjective from its “should not be separated” Hume Political Essays, p.196 substantive (p. 170) separation of of from the noun “will not bear to be separated [...] Hume History vol.2, p.445; it precedes or follows (p. 172) without a disagreeable effect” Harris three Treatises, p.190; Walpole Anecdotes; Johnson Rasselas vol.2, p.32 separation of genitive from “particularly aukward” Hariot Watson vol.1, p.27 word that usually follows it (p. 173) of + connected words “is properly French, and does not Johnson Rasselas vol.2, p.54; preceding the verb on which succeed very well in English” & vol.1, p.32; Addison on they both depend, when they Medals, p.12 depend on a following noun (p. 174) S-V-inversion after than (p. “does not easily follow” Hume History vol.7, p.71 175–176) insertion of nominative case “we are disappointed, if the verb do Hume History vol.6, p.389; between negative particle and not immediately follow” Hume Essays, p.173 verb in negative context (p. 176) insertion of word between “no other word should be interposed” Addison on Medals, p.29; nominative case and verb Smollet Voltaire vol.18, p.152 (noun follows verb) in interrogative contexts (p. 176) no insertion of nominative “a still worse effect” Hume History vol.7, p.77; & after verb in negative context vol.7, p.362 (p. 176) negative particle put between “not well situated” Addison on Medals, p.29; active participles of auxiliaries Johnson Rasselas vol.2, p.9; & and passive participles of other vol.1, p.16 verbs (p. 178) interposition of substantive / “cannot be interposed […] without a Hume History vol.3, p.362; phrase between relative and disagreeable effect”, “a still worse vol.4, p.99; Sterne Tristram antecedent in genitive case (p. effect” Shandy vol.1, p.10; Hume 179) History vol.4, p.225; vol.3, p.362 separation of object of “should not easily be separated” Smollet Voltaire vol.2, p.73; affirmation from its verb by Bolingbroke on History vol.2, other clauses (p. 179) p.310; Hume History vol.1, p.415 ifs 888'6&1%'A
feature proscription/rule example / source consistently placing adverbs “by no means suits the idiom of the Hume History vol.2, p.46; after the verb (p. 180) English tongue” vol.2, p.342 active participle placed before “imitation of [...] Latin”, “a very Macaulay History vol.3, p.283; its substantive (p. 182) aukward construction in English” Lennox Female Quixote vol.1, p.132 use of plural verb form with “manifestly harsh” Johnson; Hume History vol.6, multiple related subjects of an p.14; Hume affirmation (p. 184) plural pronoun referring to “would have been better” Hume History vol.8, p.47; collective noun (p. 185) Fair American vol.2, p.26 * plural verb form with “it seems harsh”, “there is an Johnson; Hume History vol.8, collective noun (p. 186) harshness” p.108; & vol.1, p.306 joining of words which are “it seems wrong”, “there does not Hume History vol.1, p.179; attributes of unity to nouns in seem to be the same propriety” vol.8, p.92 the plural (pp. 188–189) plural verb form with co- “faults” Spectator; Addison on Medals, ordinated clauses: or ... or ... p.30; Bolingbroke on History, are for or ... or ... is (p. 190) p.123; Condamine Travels, p.60 erroneous use of particles (pp. “ill put”, “does not well supply the Hume History vol.6, p.63; & 194–198) place of”, “leans more to the French”, vol.5, p.51; vol.2, p.100; vol.2, “does not seem to admit”, “a very p.422; vol.6, p.280; Hume common fault”, “it is very common to Essays, p.286; & p.329; forget” Bolingbroke on History vol.2, p.180; Addison on Medals, p.46; Brown; Hume Essays Moral and Political, p.227; so soon as for as soon as (p. “does not read so well” Swift Tale of a Tub, p.55 195) that for when/till after “French idiom”, “would be more truly Hume History vol.6, p.5; comparative (pp. 196–197) English” Bolingbroke on History vol.1, p.121 such for who/such “a very common fault” Hume History vol.7, p.289 as/(s)he/they/these (p. 197) scarce(ly) + than (p. 197) “does not admit of” Smollet Voltaire same particle for two clauses “very common to forget” Addison on Medals; Hume that require different particles History vol.4, p.35 (pp.197–198) faulty two-part negation “often occasion embarrassment to the Hume Essays, p.133; Addison (p.198) writer” on Medals, p.16 no for neither (p. 199) “does but ill supply the place of” Hume History vol.4, p.174 comparative + but instead of “not an easy correspondence” Hume History vol.5, p.105 than (p. 199)
ift
" )1 ! +! 9 1, - feature prescription/rule example /source comparison of certain “like polysyllables” Mr. Johnson disyllabic adjectives (p. (S.J. Dictionary) 8f) use of ‘conjunctive preter “analogy of the language seems to require that both the “We shall tense’ (p. 15f) tenses be put upon a level in this respect” overtake him though he run/runs” different forms for “ought to take advantage of every variety that the “a book is preterite and participle (p. practice of good authors will warrant”, “make a written, not 17f) participle different from the preterite” wrote” “the ships are taken, not took” use of was with singular “ought not the verb […] to be plural”, “we always say Hume Essays you in conjunctive you are” p.224 preterite (pp. 20–21f) emphatic do (p. 21) “expresses the affirmation with greater emphasis” use of shall and will (pp. “when we simply foretel, (sic.) we use shall in the first 22–23) person, and will in the rest”, “when we promise, threaten, or engage, we use will in the first person, and shall in the rest” different uses of present “can, signifies a present power; may, a right […] to do and past forms of can and something that is not yet done”, “could and might, may (p. 22) signify […] a power and right to do what is affirmed, but imply the intervention of some obstacle or impediment” English word order (p. 33) “admits of no other disposition of the words without either intirely altering the sense, or leaving it ambiguous”, “the subject in the sentence must precede the verb, and […] the object must follow it” joining of grammatical “that must be substituted instead of as” Tatler No.160 and ungrammatical clauses (pp. 34–35) use of mixed metaphors “every word with which the metaphorical term is “extinguishing (p. 38) connected, should in the strictest propriety of language the seeds of be applicable to it” rebellion” perspicuity (p. 48) “he must make the principal proposition the most conspicuous”, “those which contain nothing more than circumstances, or illustrations, must be thrown into the form of adjectives, adverbs, metaphors, &c.” harmony of style (p. 49) “must carefully avoid […] too frequent recurrence” importance of style: “we ought rather to aim at perspicuity and strength of correctness vs. perspicuity expression, than exactness in the punctilios of (61) composition” ige 888'6&1%'A
" )2 ! +! 9 1,2- feature prescription/rule example /source ‡ emphatic do (p. 37) “renders the affirmation the more emphatical” ‡ use of shall and will (p. “when we simply foretel, [sic] we use shall in the first 37) person, and will in the rest”, “when we promise, threaten or engage, we use will in the first person, and shall in the rest” ‡ different uses of present “in the absolute form […] can signifies a present power; and past forms of can and may a right […] to do something that is not yet done”, may (p. 38) “the conditional forms could and might, signify likewise, a power and right to do what is affirmed, but imply the intervention of some obstacle or impediment” ‡ Adj-N agreement (p. 41) “They must agree in number” ‡ S-V agreement (p. 42) “They must have the same number, and person” ‡ verb with two S (sing.) “The verb corresponding to them must be in the plural” (p. 42) use of elder vs. older (p. “elder, and eldest seem to refer to priority of rank or 76) privilege, in consequence of age; whereas older and oldest, respect the number of years only.” comparison of certain “like polysyllables” Mr. Johnson disyllabic adjectives (p. (S.J. Dictionary) 77) deviant uses of that (p. 92) “In all these cases, however, it should seem that the common construction is generally preferable” which to refer to the name “which ought to be used, and not who” of a person, but not the person (p. 99) which to refer to person “when we want to distinguish one person of two, or a (p. 100) particular person among a number of others. We should say, Which of the two” preposition & case (p. “the oblique case should follow prepositions” 105) comparatives & case (p. 105) use of ‘conjunctive preter “analogy of the language seems to require that both the “We shall tense’ (pp. 117–118) tenses be put upon a level in this respect” overtake him though he run/runs” different forms for “ought to take advantage of every variety that the “a book is preterite and participle (p. practice of good authors will warrant”, “make a written, not 123) participle different from the preterite of a verb” wrote” “the ships are taken, not took” Hume Essays, p.262 igf
feature prescription/rule example /source use of be or have with “when I say, I am fallen, I mean at this present instant”, mutative intransitive verbs “if I say, I have fallen, my meaning comprehends, (p. 128) indeed, the foregoing; but has, likewise, a secret reference to some period of time past […] implying some continuance of time, which the other form […] does not” a with h-initial nouns (p. “It should seem, that as a without n is prefixed to a 147) consonant, it ought to suffice before an h that is sounded” use of prepositions (p. “Different relations, and different senses, must be 154) expressed by different prepositions” word order: articles & “When a sentence begins with the words all, many, so, Addison On Adj. (p. 172) as, how, too, and perhaps some others, the article a is Medals, p.27 elegantly preceded by the adjective and followed by its correspondent substantive” word order: articles & “Most other particles must be places before the Smollet Voltaire Adj. (p. 172) adjectives” vol.1 p.181 number agreement (pp. “A number of persons [...] should, nevertheless, be Account of 183–187) spoken of as in the plural number”, “It is a rule, that two Geneva, p.19 distinct require the verb to be in the plural number [...] Johnson if the subjects of the affirmation be nearly related, the verb is rather better in the singular number”, “In the former case, the verb ought to be plural, in the latter it ought to be singular” person agreement (p. 192) “as the word you is confessedly plural; the verb [...] ought to be plural too” corresponding particles (p. “when one of them is found towards the beginning of a 193) sentence, the other is expected to follow in some subsequent part of it”, “The same seems to require that” igg 888'6&1%'A
" )3 $ !+ " !. archive & collection number of letters used American Philosophical Society. Joseph Priestley Papers; Benjamin Vaughan Papers; 83 Benjamin Franklin Papers – Hays Calendar 1-I, 1-II, 2-II, 4-I, 4-II, 5-I, 5-II, 6 –II; Franklin-Bache Papers, Scientists Collection. Philadelphia, PA, USA Birmingham City Archives. Soho Collection (NRA 22549 Watt, NRA 9497 Boulton) 28 MS3219/4/86, MS3219/4/110, MS2319/4/112; MS3782/12/24, MS3782/12/25, MS3782/13/53; Joseph Priestley Collection by Samuel Timmin. [http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/ngine/custom/people.asp?theme=47&tex t=0] (accessed 1 April 2010). Birmingham, UK Bodleian Library. MS. Eng Misc. c.132. Oxford, UK 20 Dr. Williams’ Centre for Dissenting Studies. Letters of Dr. Joseph Priestley. London, 98 UK. Microfilm by Microform. Ref. D04988. ISBN: 9781851171026 Haverford College Library. Charles Roberts Autograph Collection – coll 220. Haverford, 4 PA, USA Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Benjamin Smith Barton Papers; Dreer Collection; 28 Gratz Collection; Conarroe Collection; Logan Papers; Etting Collection; Thomas McKean Papers. Philadelphia, PA, USA Library of Congress. The Thomas Jefferson Papers. [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem 9 /collections/jefferson_papers/mtjdigit.html] (accessed 1 April 2010). Washington D.C., USA Massachusetts Historical Society. letters from various collections. Boston, MA, USA 27 Noord-Hollands Archief. Archief van Martinus van Marum. Haarlem, NL 4 Nottinghamshire Archives. Sir George Savile, vol. XIII, ref. DD/FJ/11/1/7/100, ref. 4 DD/FJ/11/1/7/107, ref. DD/FJ/11/1/7/211, ref. DD/FJ/11/1/7/366. Nottingham, UK North Yorkshire County Record Office. John Wyvill. Northallerton, UK 2 Pennsylvania State University. Special Collections Library, Rare Books and 9 Manuscripts, Joseph Priestley Papers, 1777-1835, Accession 1961-0022R. University State Park, PA, USA Royal Society of London. Royal Society Manuscripts Collection; Josiah Wedgwood 56 Papers MM/5/1 to MM/5/33, MM/20/46 to MM/20/50; Canton Papers MS/597, MS/598, MS/599. London, UK State Library of New South Wales. Series 06.189, Series 06.128. 2 [http://www2.sl.nsw.gov.au/banks/series_06/06_189.cfm], [http://www2.sl.nsw.gov.au/banks/series_06/06_128.cfm] (accessed 1 April 2010). Sydney, AUS University of Birmingham. Special Collections, Main Library, JP. Birmingham, UK 14 Warrington Public Library. Correspondence with John Wilkinson NRA 9201. 45 Warrington, UK
igh
" ) / "!+%%!+ " !. organisation letters American Philosophical Society APS Benjamin Vaughan Papers BVP Benjamin Franklin Papers BFP Joseph Priestley Papers JPP Franklin-Bache Papers FBP Scientists Collection SCC Bodleian Library BLO Letters to Richard Price LRP Birmingham City Archives BCA Soho Papers SOP Priestley Collection PRC British Library BRL British Library Collection BLC Dr Williams’s Library DWL Letters of Joseph Priestley LJP Haverford College Library HCL Charles Robertson Autograph CRC Collection Historical Society of Pennsylvania HSP Benjamin Smith Barton Collection BSB General other collections GEN Library of Congress LOC Thomas Jefferson Papers TJP Massachusetts Historical Society MHS George Thatcher correspondence GTC John Adams correspondence JAC General other collections GEN State Library of New South Wales NSW Joseph Banks Papers JBP Noord Hollands Archief NHA Martinus van Marum archief MVM Nottinghamshire Archives NOA Sir George Savile correspondence SGS North Yorkshire County Record Office NYR Letters to Christopher Wyvill LCW Pennsylvania Sate University PSU Joseph Priestley Papers JPP Royal Society of London RSL Josiah Wedgwood Papers JWP John Canton Papers JCP Royal Society Manuscripts Collection RSM University of Birmingham UOB Special collections SPC Warrington Public Library WPL John Wilkinson correspondence JWC igi 888'6&1%'A
" ) " ! . q
Abercrombie, James (1758–1841) American Episcopal minister Adams, John (1735–1826) American politician, second US president Ashdowne, William (1723–1810) Unitarian preacher Banks, Sir Joseph (1743–1820) naturalist, president of the Royal Society Barbauld, Anna Laeticia (1743–1825) poet, essayist Barton, Benjamin Smith (1766–1815) naturalist Belsham, Thomas (1750–1829) Presbyterian minister Boulton, Matthew (1728–1809) manufacturer, entrepreneur Bretland, Joseph (1742–1819) Presbyterian minister, schoolmaster Canton, John (bap. 1718–1772) electrician, schoolmaster Canton, William (fl. 1773–1804)? schoolmaster Cappe, Newcome (1733–1800) Unitarian minister, preacher Cardale, Paul (1705–1775) Presbyterian minister & theologian Carey, Matthew (1760–1839) publisher, author Constable, William (1721–1791) collector Crouch, Martha (fl. 1786–1791) sister of Joseph Priestley Eden, William (1744–1814) 1st Baron Auckland, reformer Mr. Emans (fl. 1788) unknown Franklin, Benjamin (1706–1790) politician, diplomat, inventor Gurney, J. (fl. 1793) unknown Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826) American politician, third US president Johnson, Joseph (1738–1809) bookseller Lind, James (1716–1794) naval surgeon (or perhaps (1736–1812) physician) Lindsey, Hannah (fl. 1770–1803) wife of Theophilus Lindsey Lindsey, Theophilus (1723–1808) Unitarian minister, theologian Livingston, Robert R. (1746–1813) American politician Logan, George (1753–1828) American physician, politician Mansell, Judith (fl. 1791–1797) unknown van Marum, Martinus (1750–1837) Dutch physicist McKean, Thomas (1734–1817) Chief Justice of Pennsylvania Mr. McKinney (fl. 1794) unknown Michell, Henry (fl. 1780) unknown
q01A41AB&7'A67B16%4C&'#('E#&&@'AA''AB0#B%7C4&67B$'1&'6B1(1'&. igp
Mitchill, Samuel Latham (1764–1831) professor at Columbia College Morse, Jedediah (1761–1826) geographer Parker, William (1762–1818)? master glassmaker Parks, Samuel (fl. 1789) unknown Percival, Thomas (1740–1804) physician Phillips, R. (1767–1840)? bookseller Price, Richard (1723–1791) dissenting minister, mathematician Robins, R. (fl. 1781) unknown Dr. (James?) Ross (fl. 1798) unknown Rotheram, Caleb (1738–1796) Presbyterian minister, tutor Savile, Sir George (1726–1784) politician Scholefield, Radcliffe (fl. 1772–1799) dissenting minister Seddon, John (1724–1770) librarian Warrington Academy Smith, Willam (1756–1835) member of parliament Thatcher, George (1754–1824) United States congressman Turner, William (1714–1794) dissenting minister Walker, George (1734?–1807) Presbyterian minister, mathematician Vaughan, Benjamin (1751–1835) diplomatist, political reformer Vaughan, John (1756–1841) businessman Vaughan, William (1752–1850) promoter of the London docks Watson, Richard (fl. 1795) nephew of John Wilkinson Watt, James (1736–1819) inventor, industrialist Wedgwood, Josiah (1730–1795) master potter Wedgwood, Thomas (1771–1805) chemist Wilkinson, John (1728–1808) ironmaster Withering, William (1741–1799) physician Wyvill, Christopher (1738–1822) political reformer Protestant Dissenters of Great Yarmouth igq 888'6&1%'A
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