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Threats to Our Existence.Indd “Threats to Our Existence”: Persecution of Ethnic Chin Christians in Burma Chin Human Rights OrganizaƟ on “Threats to Our Existence”: Persecution of Ethnic Chin Christians in Burma September, 2012 © Chin Human Rights OrganizaƟ on 2 Montavista Avenue Nepean ON K2J 2L3 Canada www.chro.ca Photos © CHRO Front cover: Chin ChrisƟ ans praying over a cross they were ordered to destroy by the Chin State authoriƟ es, Mindat township, July 2010. Back cover: Chin ChrisƟ an revival group in Kanpetlet township, May 2010. Design & PrinƟ ng: Wanida Press, Thailand ISBN: 978-616-305-461-6 “Threats to Our Existence”: PersecuƟ on of ethnic Chin ChrisƟ ans in Burma i Contents CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... i Figures and appendices .................................................................................................. iv Acronyms ..................................................................................................................... .. v DedicaƟ on ...................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ viii About the Chin Human Rights OrganizaƟ on................................................................... ix RaƟ onale and methodology ........................................................................................... ix Foreword ..................................................................................................................... ... xi ExecuƟ ve summary and key recommendaƟ ons ............................................................. xii Chapter One – The authorities and religious freedom in Burma ................... 1 1.1. Religion in Burma ............................................................................................ 5 1.2. Burman naƟ onalism and Buddhism ................................................................. 6 The creaƟ on of the Union of Burma ...................................................................... 6 The U Nu and General Ne Win eras ....................................................................... 7 The SLORC and SPDC era ....................................................................................... 8 ‘BurmanizaƟ on’ in other ethnic areas ................................................................... 9 The current nominally-civilian government and Buddhism ................................... 10 Border Areas NaƟ onal Races Youth Development Training Schools ...................... 11 1.3. DiscriminaƟ on, repression, and persecuƟ on of Muslims .................................. 14 1.4. DiscriminaƟ on, repression, and persecuƟ on of ChrisƟ ans................................ 15 Chapter Two - Background on the ethnic Chin from Burma ............................ 17 2.1. The role of ChrisƟ anity in the formaƟ on of Chin ‘naƟ onal idenƟ ty’ ................. 18 2.2. The strengthening of Chin naƟ onal idenƟ ty ..................................................... 20 2.3. Rapid militarizaƟ on post-1988 and its consequences ....................................... 24 2.4. The current poliƟ cal, economic, and social context ......................................... 27 The November 2010 elecƟ ons ............................................................................... 27 Ongoing ceaseĮ re talks ......................................................................................... 29 Economic and social condiƟ ons ............................................................................. 30 Chapter Three - The human rights legal framework .......................................... 33 3.1. The right to freedom of religion under internaƟ onal human rights law ............ 34 3.2. The intersecƟ on between ethnicity and religion .............................................. 37 “Threats to Our Existence”: ii PersecuƟ on of ethnic Chin ChrisƟ ans in Burma 3.3. PersecuƟ on as a crime against humanity ......................................................... 38 3.4. The culture of impunity in Burma .................................................................... 40 Myanmar NaƟ onal Human Rights Commission .................................................... 42 Chapter Four - Discrimination, repression, and persecution of Chin Christians ............................................................................................................ 43 4.1. DiscriminaƟ on ................................................................................................. 44 4.2. Widespread restricƟ ons .................................................................................. 48 RestricƟ ons on renovaƟ ng and construcƟ ng churches .......................................... 48 Case Study One: Discriminatory restricƟ ons, Chin State................................... 52 Closure of churches, ‘house’ churches, and orphanages ....................................... 53 4.3. DestrucƟ on of crosses ..................................................................................... 53 Case Study Two: Cross destrucƟ on, Chin State ................................................. 58 Case Study Three: Cross destrucƟ on, Chin State .............................................. 59 4.4. ViolaƟ ons of freedom of religious assembly .................................................... 60 Case Study Four: ChrisƟ an conference disrupted, Chin State ........................... 61 4.5. Threats, inƟ midaƟ on, and harassment of pastors and missionaries ................. 62 4.6. Arbitrary arrest, detenƟ on, torture and ill-treatment of church workers, pastors and missionaries ................................................................................. 63 Case Study Five: Torture of church worker, Chin State ..................................... 65 Torture and ill-treatment of Chin pastors and missionaries in Arakan State ......... 66 Case Study Six: Torture of pastor, Arakan State ................................................ 67 4.7. Rape and sexual violence ................................................................................ 68 Case Study Seven: Torture and rape, Chin State ............................................... 70 4.8. Portering for the Burma Army in Chin State ..................................................... 71 SelecƟ ve portering ................................................................................................ 71 ViolaƟ ons of freedom of religious assembly and portering for the Burma Army .. 72 Torture and ill-treatment during portering ........................................................... 73 Case Study Eight: Torture of missionary, Chin State ......................................... 74 4.9. DistorƟ on of Buddhism as a State tool of oppression ...................................... 75 Forced relocaƟ on and land conĮ scaƟ on to build Buddhist infrastructure ............ 76 Forced labour to build pagodas and monasteries ................................................. 77 Case Study Nine: Forced labour to build a pagoda, Chin State ......................... 80 “Threats to Our Existence”: PersecuƟ on of ethnic Chin ChrisƟ ans in Burma iii Chapter Five - Induced and coerced conversion of Chin Christians ............... 83 5.1. The role of the Ministry of Religious Aī airs ..................................................... 84 Lu thatana pyu [Buddhist laymen] ........................................................................ 87 5.2. Induced conversion ......................................................................................... 89 Ongoing food security crisis .................................................................................. 89 5.3. DiscriminaƟ on and the food security crisis ...................................................... 92 Case Study Ten: Discriminatory pracƟ ces, Chin State ....................................... 94 Case Study Eleven: RestricƟ ons on humanitarian aid, Chin State ..................... 95 5.4. Border Areas NaƟ onal Races Youth Development Training a.k.a. Na Ta La Schools and the Chin ......................................................................... 96 Management of the Border Areas NaƟ onal Races Youth Development Training Schools .............................................................................. 99 Key factors in recruitment ..................................................................................... 100 Inducements and methods of recruitment ............................................................ 101 Case Study Twelve: Coerced conversion, Chin State ......................................... 104 The distorƟ on of Buddhism at the Na Ta La schools .............................................. 105 Hard labour and military training ......................................................................... 106 Coercion to convert to Buddhism .......................................................................... 107 Case Study Thirteen: Coerced conversion, Chin State ....................................... 109 Case Study Fourteen: Coerced conversion, Rangoon ........................................ 110 Case Study FiŌ een: Coerced conversion and de-facto military conscripƟ on, Sagaing Region ........................................................................... 111 Chapter Six - Conclusions and recommendations
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