MUSEUM OF COMMUNICATION FOUNDATION TRUST Transmitting The Museum of Communication Foundation Members’ Newsletter Professional Curatorial Adviser: Dallas Mechan, Fife Council No. 89 Autumn/Winter 2019 £1.90 to non-members Executive Board Members: Ian Archibald Dave Pack Dorothy Brankin Andrew Starling (Treasurer) Ken Horne (Vice-Chairman) Prof. Tom Stevenson (Chairman) Marion McLean (Charity Secretary)

Subscriptions and changes of address should be sent to the Membership Secretary (see page 19). The Museum of Communication Foundation Trust is a company limited by guarantee, registered in no. 146894. Registered office: 131 High Street, Burntisland KY3 9AA. It is a registered Scottish charity (no. SCO22004), Fully Accredited as a museum by the Museums Libraries and Archives Council, a member of Museums Galleries Scotland and the Fife Museums Forum. E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.mocft.co.uk Tel: 01592 874836

Air Cadet visit rounds off a successful summer season! See Page 9! PRESERVING YESTERDAY FOR TOMORROW

20 MUSEUM OF COMMUNICATION Goudie Lecture Information Request and/or Membership Application/Renewal for 2019-20 Programme 2019 Name ______Throughout 2019, we have been offering a series of Address ______lectures dedicated to the memory of the late ______Dr George Goudie (left), the Museum’s great friend and benefactor. Without his financial support, we Postcode ______Tel. No. ______would not have been able to purchase our E-mail ______Date ______permanent home in Burntisland. I am happy to receive Transmitting by e-mail. Please use the above address. SATURDAY 7 DECEMBER I am interested in the Museum of Communication. Please send me more details. I wish to become a member/renew my membership of the Foundation: 11.30am with lunch to follow Ordinary membership (min £15) £______Christmas Special - 'The Stone of Scone' Unwaged membership (min £7.50) £______Dr David Caldwell Group or family membership (min £20) £______I wish to make a donation £______ADMISSION Total enclosed £______Members: £4 (lecture only), £8 (lecture + lunch) (Cheques payable to the Museum of Communication Foundation Trust, please) Non-members: £5 (lecture only), Please send me a Standing Order Mandate form £10 (lecture + lunch) Please send me bank details so I can arrange a regular internet banking payment If you are a UK taxpayer, the MoC can receive tax back at the current rate for PRE-BOOKING ESSENTIAL every £1 you give - at no cost to you. Please tick the box below. I want all donations I have made to the Museum of Communication Foundation To book a seat contact [email protected] Trust in the past four years, and any donations I make in the future, to be Gift or tel. 01506 823424 Aided until I notify you otherwise. To qualify for Gift Aid, you must pay an amount of UK income tax and/or capital gains tax, at least equal to the tax that we reclaim on your donations in the appropriate tax year. Tax year is 6 April one year to 5 April the next. Current rate Merry Christmas is 25p in the £ as at 6 April 2019. Company Reg No. 146894, Charity Reg No. SCO22004 and Best Wishes for 2020 Please return this form to: Membership Secretary Museum of Communication Foundation Trust to all our Members and Friends 47 Grahamsdyke Road BO’NESS EH51 9ED

2 19 rocket broke away in an arc to the all the bridges on their journey. The EDITORIAL CONTENTS east. We continued to see the two space industry loves to talk in When does a new decade start? Will News & Views 4 flight paths for a few more seconds acronyms. The CRS 17 departed LP the ‘twenties’ start in 2020 or 2021? A Apology and Correction 5 then the sky was dark. After about 8 40 and OCISLY captured the 1st mathematician would say 2021, but TV Comes to Scotland minutes we witnessed the 1st stage stage rocket. (CRS =Commercial for the vast majority, it is 2020. Malcolm Baird 6 rocket approaching the horizon to Resupply Services; LP=Launch Pad; This means that, next year, we are the NE and heard a long, low deep OCISLY=Of Course I Still Love You looking at a whole new decade. If we Film Review: The Current War David & Sheila. Brown rumble as it approached its landing is the name of the drone ship.) continue the theme of centenaries, 8 zone on the drone ship. We went We have come a long way in 50 then the 1920s give us some major Air Cadet Visit 9 back to bed elated to have witnessed years. Space has become a developments, especially in the fields 2019: The Year in Pictures 10 a successful launch. The supply commercial arena with a number of of radio and recorded music. Cable Telegraphy and Standardising vessel docked at the ISS on the different companies competing for 2019 moved us away from the Unit of Electrical Resistance Monday. business, Spacex being only one. marking World War I centenaries and Peter Grant & John Thompson 12 Chris gave some interesting and back into a more general Exhibition, Technology has advanced that Out & About: A Launch from quirky facts in his talk. Cape centred on the 50th Anniversary of rockets are being re-captured and Cape Canaveral Canaveral has at least 40 launch the Moon Landing, but also featuring reused. We no longer wait with Marion McLean 16 pads today. Spacex Rockets are bated breath as each rocket is the technology of several different assembled in Hawthorne, California launched. A look at www.space.com periods. The 80th Anniversary of the and are taken by road to Florida. will let you know when launches are outbreak of World War II in 1939 also of World War II. VE and VJ Day Bear that in mind if you plan a road scheduled whether it is from Florida featured. commemorations will take place in trip! You don't want to be stuck or from a myriad of launch sites 2020 needs to be a year of fresh various places during the year. This behind that convoy if you are in a around the globe. A quick look will approaches for a new decade. However, does all this put too much is where YOU come in. hurry. The website Reddit has posts show how frequent they are today. The emphasis on war? How do we get the of sightings of the convoys. Rockets No fanfare, no worldwide coverage Museum’s most active members will balance right? What key events and have a diameter of 12 feet (or just the Parcelforce and Yodel of meet on Wednesday 27 November to technologies should we be PLEASE LET US thereabout) – so they can pass under space going about their business. start planning for next year, but we projecting? need to know what others think too. KNOW WHAT YOU THINK! Please send us your ideas. YOUR TRANSMITTING Contact details are on the back page. There have already been some AGM suggestions - 2020 marks the 80th The report of the AGM, which took We have almost 200 people on our mailing list, almost half of Anniversary of the Battle of Britain place on 26 October 2019, will whom (including most of our overseas members) are happy to and the 75th Anniversary of the end appear in the next edition. receive Transmitting electronically. This saves us over £300 per year in postage costs! Additionally, contributing members 2020 Exhibition - We need your help! receive their copies in “full, glorious technicolor” - although the For a successful Exhibition in 2020, we need: printed version remains in monochrome! l YOUR ideas - tell us what you’d like to be featured l YOUR expertise - come along and help us put it all together If you’re able to help us save money in this way, please l YOUR support - volunteer as a guide or help in other ways let us know - Eds Contact details are on the back page.

18 3 which has Elon Musk as a principal leads. There would be no launch until News & Views shareholder. They deliver supplies the repair was completed. This was OBITUARY As a lifelong railway enthusiast, he and equipment to the International duly done and the launch was DAVID BYTHEWAY undertook extensive work for the Space Station on a regular basis. rescheduled for 03:11 on Friday Scottish Railway Preservation They are also notable as their first morning. The alarm was set and at Society. It was for him a labour of love stage rockets are landed on a drone 03:00 we made our way to the and played a vital role in its success. ship a few miles offshore so the rocket beach. David’s work for the Museum was can be refubished and used again. A small group had gathered unseen by all save a few Members, However, launches are never including Chris who was browsing but the advice and guidance he gave straightforward and time can be the live feed from Spacex. We eagerly over the years helped us immensely. spent waiting, as with Parcelforce and scanned the horizon to the north, The picture opposite is taken from Yodel. Arriving at Port Canaveral, we seeing people doing the same along We were greatly saddened to hear of the Order of Service at David’s were excited. A launch was the beach and on a nearby pier. At the death of David Bytheway, a funeral on 26 September 2019 at scheduled for the Wednesday. Not so 03:20 Chris announced the launch journalist who did a great deal behind Tillicoultry Parish Church. It shows - the adverts had “Cancelled” written had been abandoned. A great sigh of the scenes to help the Museum from him as he wished to be remembered - across them. A new date was given as disappointment rang out as we its earliest days until quite recently. full of life and enthusiasm. Friday, which allowed time for a trudged back to bed. The reason David was born on 4 July 1947 in DONATION IN MEMORY OF resort staff member to arrange a talk. given was a problem with the drone Aberdeen and died on 16 September THE LATE GEORGE BURT Chris gave an interesting and ship’s ability to safely capture the first 2019, at the age of 72. He started his informative talk. He said we were in a stage rocket. The ship berthed at Port journalistic career with the BBC in good location to see the launch, Canaveral sometime later and the Aberdeen and then occupied although about 13 miles from the problem was sorted. A new launch positions of increasing responsibility launch pad. Better viewing areas time was announced for 02:48 on the with several newspapers, including involved driving to the approach Saturday morning. On Friday the Strathearn Herald, Cumbernauld roads to Cape Canaveral, which is a evening, the alarm was set and at News, Daily Express, Daily Record restricted access area, in the middle 02:30 we once again made our way and Wee County News, which he was of the night, when we were likely to to the beach. Taking our position with instrumental in launching. He also We have received a donation in get lost. His two pieces of important ocean to our right and facing north worked as a Lecturer at Telford memory of the late George Burt information were: 1. Launches can we eagerly scanned the horizon. I College , Edinburgh. GM3OXX, who passed away at the be cancelled at the last minute and 2. was beginning to despair as it was After leaving the Daily Record, age of 81 on 20 September 2017 in Don’t bother taking a camera, just past 02:48 and nothing seemed to be where he was Sub-editor, he Aberdeen. George was for many enjoy the spectacle. If you want to see happening. Chris was not there with established his own business as a years the Chief Electronics spectacular photos of launches try his access to live streaming to let us publicity and public relations Technician in the Department of Googling John Kraus. know if it had been cancelled again. consultant. He specialised in Psychiatry of the University of The initial cancellation of the Eventually we noticed a providing a high-quality, low-cost Edinburgh. Amateur Radio occupied launch was due to a fault at the ISS. yellow/orange glow on the horizon to service to small local firms, charities much of his leisure time. We are One of the two pairs of docking arms the NNW and then we had lift off. A and heritage bodies. It was this that extremely grateful that his family has was not getting power. This has red streak climbed up into the night brought him into contact with the chosen to make a donation to the happened before and the original sky. There was a sonic boom and Museum of Communication.T Museum in his memory. temporary repair was to fit jump white light appeared as the first stage

4 17 APOLOGY 1. The illustration accompanying Out & About AND CORRECTION the article was erroneously that of a The Swedish Connection in standard naval B Class Fairmile ML. A Launch from Cape Canaveral World War II by Air and Sea The correct image appears below. by Ian Dalton 2. In the penultimate paragraph, by Marion McLean Published in Transmitting No. 88 the phrase “On one occasion” should Summer 2019 have been “On some occasions”. We are always keen to ensure that the We apologise to Ian Dalton for information in Transmitting is as these errors. Such errors are rare, but accurate as possible. Regrettably, when they occur, we prefer that after publication, two errors were contributors and readers point them identified in the preparation of this out, so that we can issue a correction. article for printing. Dorothy Brankin, These are: David & Sheila Brown, Editors

50 years ago, on July 20th 1969, we launch site at Cape Canaveral, gathered round small TV screens or seemed a good opportunity to view a tuned in to radio to hear about the rocket launch. A cursory trawl Apollo 11 moon landing and Neil through Google was disappointing; Armstrong’s walk on the moon. That no launches scheduled. Or so it Modified Type 501 MGB Gay Viking historic moment was held in awe, seemed, until a chance conversation anticipation, fear and eventually with an American couple whose son wonderment at man’s achievement. had moved recently to Vero Beach. Please contribute to Transmitting Today, rockets have become the The son had witnessed a launch E-mail your contributions to [email protected] or post them to Parcelforce or Yodel of Space. We per month since moving to Florida The Editors, Transmitting, 70 Main Street, St Ninians, think no more of them than the and there was one scheduled for the STIRLING FK7 9AZ by 31 January 2020. passing lorrries and vans delivering week we would be there. They Transmitting goods to shops and homes. suggested looking at the Spacex Any opinions expressed in are those of the contributors A week to be spent at Port website (www.spacex.com) for more and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Canaveral, a few miles from the US information. Spacex is a company Museum of Communication Foundation.

16 5 TV comes to Scotland by Malcolm Baird This article was first written in 2012 which marked two important anniversaries for television in Scotland. It was 60 years since the BBC started its television service and 55 years since the opening of the independent broadcaster STV. I attended the BBC's inauguration and many years later I viewed the opening STV programme on Youtube.

BBC OPENS IN 1952 Scotland's first television station opened in a wave of optimism on Friday March 14 1952, just a few weeks after the Queen's accession. Television was to be started in Scotland from a new transmitter at Figure 5. This German illustration shows the extent of global telegraphic cables in 1891 (after Wikipedia.) Kirk o'Shotts. The BBC kindly invited before radio communication. Jenkin ACKNOWLEDGMENT the family of John Logie Baird to the delivered the public Cantor lectures This manuscript has been extended inaugural broadcast from its on Submarine Telegraphy to the from a paper presented at the IEEE Edinburgh studio. My sister Diana In the main studio, the VIP Royal Society of Arts in 1866. Figure HISTELCON conference which was and my aunt Annie Baird, John Logie audience was in the focus of live 5 shows the subsequent state of the held in in September 2019 Baird's sister, came over from television cameras and the international cable deployments following the plaque unveiling in the in a hired car for the atmosphere was tense. The pictures Hunterian museum. A full paper on this connecting Great Britain with its occasion. I got an evening leave of on the monitor screens were small topic has also been accepted for IEEE colonies in India, the far east, absence from Fettes College where I and horizontally lined, in black and publication [3]. Australia, and New Zealand. In later was studying for A levels in chemistry white, and they would look primitive REFERENCES times these cable operations were and physics. to a modern audience. But we had [1] J. Hayes, “A History of combined with Marconi's wireless The BBC's new television studios, the novel experience of seeing Transatlantic Cables”, IEEE operations within the company grandly called Broadcasting House, ourselves on television, reminding Communications Magazine, pp 42-48, “Cable and Wireless”. were located at 5 Queen Street. The me of Robert Burns's lines: September 2008. [2] M. Guarnieri, "The Conquest of invitation had specified “Dress -- O wad some Pow'r the giftie gie us In the 1850s and early 1860s the Atlantic", IEEE Industrial Electronics Highland or Dinner Jacket”. Guests To see oursels as ithers see us! telegraphic coded messages were typically limited to only one character Magazine, vol. 8, no. 1, 2014, pp. included Scotland's aristocratic and In his speech opening the 53–56/67. cultural elite (Highland attire), plus a transmitter, the Secretary of State for every four seconds, but, by the early 1870s, much higher rates of about 20 [3] P.M. Grant and J.S. Thompson, handful of London-based BBC Scotland, the Rt Hon James Stuart, “Standardization of the Ohm as a Unit words per minute were typical on the executives (Dinner Jackets) who had found the time to put in a good word of Electrical Resistance, 1861-1867”, shorter route submarine cables. ventured to their new outpost in what for John Logie Baird. This was accepted for publication in Proceedings To be continued they saw as the frozen North. followed by a Prayer of Dedication by of the IEEE, 2019. 6 15 significant personal profits (e.g. the the Very Rev Charles L.Warr, Dean of on 31 August 1957. Until a few years £2,500 annual payments they shared the Thistle and Chapel Royal. Then ago it could be accessed on YouTube from the Atlantic Telegraph the stage was taken over for a few but that link has unfortunately been Companies). Jenkin was, for several minutes of entertainment -- a closed. years, the engineer in charge of performance by the Royal Scottish The programme from STV's international cable laying operations Country Dance Society, with Tim Glasgow studio was far more flashy (holding more than 35 international Wright and his band. than the BBC's segment from patent awards), prior to his By 8 p.m. the studio was off the air Edinburgh five years earlier. The appointment in 1868 as the first and the tension relaxed. A buffet was 1957 viewing audience in Scotland Regius Professor of Engineering at opened and glasses of wine appeared was estimated at a million, compared The University of Edinburgh. while the guests watched the rest of to just a few thousand back in 1952. By the late 1860's, these the evening's programme from There were no dignitaries on STV telegraphic cables consisted of: one London, starting with Television and nor was there any prayer of across the Atlantic, several across the Newsreel. Some of the elite came dedication, but instead a big variety English Channel and Irish Sea, and over and greeted the Bairds, but all show featuring singers and dancers Figure 3 Thomson's cable galvanometer, others spanning the Mediterranean. too soon I had to leave. Aunt Annie and entertainers including Alastair courtesy Hunterian museum, University of To satisfy the requirement for efficient pressed a half-crown coin (12 ½ p) Sim, Ludovic Kennedy and Moira Glasgow. rapid long distance communication, into my hand with the proviso that I Shearer. the installations grew rapidly from spent it on a taxi back to the school. The old video showed us how signalling on long submarine cables, these beginnings, in this, the era Recalled after 60 years, that times have changed, but it was still Thomson entered into a partnership ceremony at Queen Street was a good entertainment for the modern with Cromwell Fleetwood Varley, touchingly innocent and hopeful viewer. It included the great Scottish chief engineer of the Electric and beginning. It was seen by a large comic Jimmy Logan in his prime, and International Telegraph Company. audience in England but the Scottish a filmed interview with Deborah Kerr Varley was a member of the 1859 joint viewing numbers were small, with who had been born in Helensburgh. committee between the Board of only 2730 television licence holders John Logie Baird was not forgotten; Trade and the Atlantic Telegraphic in the whole country. In Helensburgh, James Robertson Justice paid him an Company which advised the John Logie Baird's birthplace, there elaborate tribute and showed a government on cable projects and were just ten licence holders. replica of the early 'Televisor' set. investigated cable failures. The other For me the most poignant part of partner was Henry James Fleeming Television has become a mass Jenkin, an engineer from Newall's medium and BBC Scotland itself may the show was the appearance of my Birkenhead cable factory who had soon be facing radical change driven father's old friend from Helensburgh, been responsible in 1855 for fitting out by political developments. None of Jack Buchanan, in his trademark the Greenock built Elba cable-laying this was foreseen in that bland little costume of top hat and tails. Rather ship. opening ceremony. incongruously he led the audience in Varley was an astute businessman STV OPENS IN 1957 a chorus of "I belong to Glasgow" and and the partnership that he formed "This is Scotland" was an hour of he seemed less relaxed than usual. with Thomson and Jenkin, to exploit entertainment, introduced by the This must have been his last Scottish actor James Robertson their respective telegraphic Figure 4. Fleeming Jenkin, courtesy appearance, as he died of cancer on inventions, yielded these individuals University of Edinburgh. Justice, to mark the opening of STV 20 October 1957.

14 7 anchors and the like. By 1853 further Film Review cables linked Britain with Ireland, Belgium and the Netherlands. A string The Current War of failures on the cables laid in 1853-4 led to more care being taken, both in Westinghouse/Tesla's AC system Although released in the UK in July testing the quality (i.e. resistance) of proves more effective. The film 2019, this film actually premiered in the wire conductor, in assessing the September 2017. However, The explains the technicalities to the level gutta-percha insulation and in Weinstein Company's initial that average cinemagoers can improving techniques for the involvement in its distribution understand – if they have the localisation of the inevitable faults delayed its release, owing to the patience – while effectively which occurred on the installed serious personal allegations made portraying the relative roles of cables, to effect rapid repairs. against Harvey Weinstein. science, capital and publicity. There is The first attempt at laying a On the day we saw the film, a also a very effective juxtaposition of transatlantic telegraphic cable [1] was national daily newspaper published a the role of electricity in both bringing made in 1857 but only 330 miles were review which described it as light to the world and facilitating laid before the cable snapped. In 1858 'cartoonish and shapeless'. This was execution by electric chair. the Atlantic Telegraph Company only one of a number of So why the negative reviews? finally succeeded in linking Ireland to Figure 2. William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, by unfavourable reviews that the film Careful attention to the dialogue is Newfoundland by undersea cable [2]. kind permission of the Master and Fellows has received recently. We can required in order to understand the On August 16, 1858, a congratulatory of Peterhouse, University of Cambridge. understand why these reviews are respective roles of the leading message from Queen Victoria was negative, while at the same time characters, several of whom are of received by the President of the technological advance. Sir William disagreeing with them. very similar appearance, and the United States, James Buchanan. The Thomson (who was subsequently The film examines the motivations technical significance of the events Queen's message took 16½ hours to ennobled as Lord Kelvin in 1892) was and actions of Thomas Edison portrayed. With a lapse in transmit! The President replied and the first person to be invited to sit in (Benedict Cumberbatch), George concentration, the film could quickly this first official exchange over the the House of Lords based on his Westinghouse (Michael Shannon) become incomprehensible. To newly-laid transatlantic telegraph scientific achievements. He served as and Nikola Tesla (Nicholas Hoult) in anyone without an interest in the cable ignited a great celebration in the Professor of Natural Philosophy pioneering electric light in the United subject matter, the film could seem New York! However, regrettably, the from age of 22 for over 50 years at the States. Appropriately, Cragside boring, consisting largely of 'people cable was only operational for one . House in Northumberland, the first talking' without much in the way of month. In these long-distance undersea home in the world to be lit by hydro- action or romantic interest. Subsequent attempts in 1865 and cables only a very small current was electricity, is used as a location, We would like to think that the 1866 used a more advanced cable available at the receiver, which was playing the part of George publicity surrounding the film may design to produce the first successful often implemented with a Westinghouse's mansion. make some people curious about the transatlantic cable. William Thomson galvanometer. Figure 3 shows The 'Current War' relates to the differences between the DC and AC sailed on the cable-laying expeditions Thomson's galvanometer, which was rivalry between the competing DC systems and their application to of 1857, 1858, 1865 and 1866, the the more successful of the two (Edison) and AC (initially electric lighting. This is a story that latter ones resulting in an operating detectors used by the Atlantic Westinghouse, later could perhaps find its way into the cable. The main project leaders were Telegraph Company on its 1858 Westinghouse/Tesla). Edison's DC Museum's 2020 Exhibition. knighted in November 1866, in transatlantic telegraphic cable. system is first to the market, but David & Sheila Brown recognition of this significant To further exploit his inventions for

8 13 Cable Telegraphy and Standardising Air Cadet visit rounds off the Unit of Electrical Resistance (Part 1) a successful summer season! Peter Grant and John Thompson Early in September, I received a call exactly what our Founder, Harry School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh from my grand-daughter, Catherine Matthews dreamed of! I. INTRODUCTION Thomson, who is a Civilian Instructor This visit rounded off a successful The first working telegraphs were built with the 1333 (Grangemouth summer season for the Museum. by several individuals in the 1830s Spitfire) Squadron RAF Air With the First World War centenary and they began to be adopted into Cadets.”Could the Cadets come back years having passed, we chose to practical use for land based to the Museum?” mount a more general exhibition communication prior to the laying of Of course they could! As a result, again, with the 1969 Moon Landing the first undersea telegraphic cable around 20 of them arrived at the as a focal point, but with many old across the English Channel, before Museum on Saturday 28 September, favourites on display, including the attempting to cross the Atlantic the last day of our Summer Murray Optical Telegraph, Cooke & Ocean. Exhibition. Wheatstone electric telegraph replica, A string of subsequent failures on Figure 1. Siemens pointer electric The Cadets were keen to get up Strowger telephone exchange and undersea cables led to an acceptance telegraph, courtesy Museum at the close and learn about the old the recently-acquired Polyphon. of a need to measure, accurately, the Siemens Munich HQ technology on show. This We now look forward to an new resistance of both the wire and combination of interested young year and a new decade of exhibitions! insulation. Prior to 1860 there was no Charles Wheatstone introduced their people and hand-on exhibits is Dorothy Brankin widely-accepted system of electrical first commercial telegraph. units or standards. Werner Siemens developed his Here we give a summary of the pointer telegraph in 1847 and, in developments in telegraphy in Section 1848, built the first substantial 500 km II, before providing an overview of the telegraphic line from Berlin to development of the unit of electrical Frankfurt. These early electric resistance. Sections III and IV discuss telegraphic systems could be used electrical resistance, Section V reports with either overhead wire or cable on the work of the British Association transmission and were often committee and later Sections discuss associated with railway recognition and subsequent communication or signalling. developments. In 1850, the Submarine Telegraph II. TELEGRAPHIC Company laid the first undersea COMMUNICATION telegraphic cable across the English In 1833, Carl Fredrich Gauss and Channel. It was unsuccessful as it Wilhelm Weber constructed one of the comprised a simple copper wire, first practical electromagnetic insulated with gutta-percha, but telegraphs, in Gottingen, Germany, lacking outer armouring. The next which operated over 1 km. Four years year, a cable with armoured outer core later, in 1837, William Cooke and was laid to give protection from ships, The Air Cadets get to grips with yesterday’s technology

12 9 2019 ThE Year

Above: Healthy eating in World War II. Rationing lasted until 1954!

Below: This Round-Sykes Microphone was the BBC’s Above: The 1969 Moon Landing was a major first and is dated 1923. Very heavy - it’s cast iron! theme of the Exhibition.

Below: The different designs of microphone intrigued many visitors!

October ‘Mackie & Me’ in Concert in Pictures

10 11