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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting VICTORY OVER AZTEC IDOLATRY: SAN MIGUEL ARCÁNGEL BY LUIS JUÁREZ By MARCELA VARONA CARRILLO A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2015 1 © 2015 Marcela Varona Carrillo 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I really appreciate the help I received from my thesis director Dr. Maya Stanfield-Mazzi. I am grateful for her kindness, guidance, and patience. Her instruction encouraged me to conduct deeper research and to better understand the artwork I engaged. I am also deeply thankful for the other two members of my committee, Dr. Elizabeth Ross and Dr. Efraín Barradas, for their help, comments, and suggestions. And I want to express my sincere thanks to the staff of the School of Art and Art History for the opportunity and support they have provided me. I am greatly thankful for the entire staff of the Centennial Museum and Desert Gardens, Special Collections at the UTEP Library, Dr. Max Grossman, Dr. Ronald Weber, Dr. Cheryl Martin, Therese Bauer, and Anne Perry for their assistance. And a special thanks to the people who helped me in my research in Mexico City: Clara Bargellini, Abraham Villavicencio, Edén Zárate, and Juan Pacheco. I am infinitely grateful for my parents, Cristina Carrillo and Alfonso Varona, who have always supported me unconditionally in my studies. I thank my brother and sisters, as well as the rest of my family for supporting me in my decisions. In the same way, I appreciate the help and support of all my friends who, in different ways, have encouraged, supported, and helped me during this journey. To each and every one of you, my deepest thanks. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................3 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................6 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................9 2 SAN MIGUEL ARCÁNGEL BY LUIS JUÁREZ ....................................................................11 Luis Juárez ..............................................................................................................................11 Description of San Miguel Arcángel ......................................................................................12 Style ........................................................................................................................................15 Attribution ...............................................................................................................................20 Location ..................................................................................................................................23 Church and Convent of Jesús María ................................................................................23 Academia de San Carlos ..................................................................................................29 Pinacoteca Virreinal de San Diego ..................................................................................31 Museo Nacional de Arte (MUNAL) ................................................................................33 3 THE OLD WORLD ................................................................................................................37 The Apocalypse ......................................................................................................................37 Saint Michael in Europe .........................................................................................................38 Michael in the Scene of the Apocalypse .........................................................................38 Significance and Iconography .........................................................................................41 The Devil in Europe ................................................................................................................48 Iconography .....................................................................................................................50 Anti-superstition Treatises ...............................................................................................53 Idolatry ............................................................................................................................55 Idols and Idolaters ...........................................................................................................57 4 THE NEW WORLD ...............................................................................................................66 The Spanish Conquest ............................................................................................................66 The Aztecs ..............................................................................................................................67 The Impact of Spanish Colonization and the Demonization of the Aztec Deities .................73 The Inquisition in Colonial Mexico ........................................................................................77 Scenes of the Apocalypse in the New World .........................................................................79 Saint Michael in New Spain ...................................................................................................85 Significance .....................................................................................................................85 Iconography .....................................................................................................................86 4 The Devil in New Spain .........................................................................................................90 European Background .....................................................................................................90 Representation of the Aztec Gods ...................................................................................90 Interpretation of San Miguel Arcángel by Luis Juárez ...........................................................95 The Archangel Michael as a Spanish Conqueror ............................................................95 The Devil as an Aztec god ...............................................................................................98 LIST OF REFERENCES .............................................................................................................106 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................113 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1 Luis Juárez, San Miguel Arcángel, c. 1615. Oil on wood, 172 x 153 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte (MUNAL), Mexico City. .......................................................................35 2-2 Jan Brueghel the Elder, A Flemish Fair, 1600. Oil on copper, 47.6 x 68.6 cm. Royal Collection Trust, United Kingdom. ...................................................................................35 2-3 Luis Juárez, The Marriage of the Virgin, c. 1620-35. Oil on canvas, 83 x 57 inches (215.8 x 144.8 cm). The Davenport Museum of Art, Iowa. ..............................................36 2-4 Luis Juárez, El ángel de la guarda, c. 1615. Oil on wood, 173.5 x 149.5 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte, Mexico City. .........................................................................................36 3-1 Detail of War in Heaven. Norman, c. 1320. From The Apocalypse. Color, gold, silver, and brown ink on vellum, 12 1/8 x 9 inches (30.7 x 23 cm) overall. The Metropolitan Museum of Art; The Cloisters Collection. New York. .................................60 3-2 Master of Castelsardo, The Archangel Michael (detail), from the Retablo di Tuili, 1498-1500. Tuili, San Pietro. .............................................................................................60 3-3 Raphael, Saint Michael Trampling the Dragon, 1518. Oil on canvas, 106 3/8 x 63 inches (270 x 160 cm). Musée du Louvre, Paris. ...............................................................61 3-4 Workshop of Rubens, Saint Michael Expelling Lucifer and the Rebellious Angels, ca. 1622. Oil on canvas, 149 x 126 cm (58.7 x 49.6 in). Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid. ...............................................................................................................................61 3-5 Saint Michael Fighting the Dragon. Altar frontal from Church of Soriguerola (Gerona), late 13th century. Museum of Catalan Art, Barcelona. ......................................62 3-6 Saint Michael and the Dragon, Spanish Valencian Painter, ca. 1405. Tempera on wood, gold ground. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. .........................................62 3-7 Bartolomé Bermejo, Archangel Michael, 1468. Oil and gold on wood, 179 x 82 cm. National Gallery, London. ..................................................................................................63 3-8 Saint Michael and Luzbel, copy of a painting by Martín de Vos. Original from Parroquia de la Cuesta, Soria, now in the Museo de Burgo de Osma, Soria, Spain. .........63 3-9 Martín de Vos, Saint Michael, 1581. Oil on wood. Cuautitlán, Mexico. ..........................64
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