A Field Study Exploring Plant Genetic Resources in Kachin State and Chin State, Myanmar in 2017

Home , Machanbaw, Machanbaw Township, Maing Ka, Myitkyina District, Putao District, Putao Township

〔AREIPGR Vol. 34: 159-192, 2018〕 doi:10.24514/00001139 Original Paper

Ohm Mar Saw 1), Min San Thein 1), Aung Phyoe Hein 2), Emiko TAKEI 3), Toshiki OSADA 4), Eiji DOMON 5), Kazuo WATANABE 6), Kaworu EBANA 5), Makoto KAWASE 5), 6)

1) Biotechnology, Plant Genetic Resources and Plant Protection Division, Department of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Republic of the Union of Myanmar 2) Yezin Agriculture University, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Republic of the Union of Myanmar 3) Faculty of International Studies, Osaka Gakuin University, 2-36-1 Kishibe-Minami, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8511, Japan 4) Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603- 8047, Japan 5) Genetic Resources Center, National Agriculture Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan 6) Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan

Communicated by N. TOMOOKA (Genetic Resources Center, NARO) Received Nov. 16, 2018, Accepted Feb. 7, 2019 Corresponding author: M. KAWASE (e-mail: [email protected])

Summary

Here, we report a Myanmar-Japan cooperative field study exploring plant genetic resources (PGRs) mainly in northern Kachin State and southern Chin State, Myanmar in November 2017. The field study was conducted in the above-mentioned areas where small exploration missions were dispatched, even though crop diversity was expected. Crop diversity has previously been observed in hilly and mountainous areas in Sagaing Region, which border Kachin State and Chin State. There were four objectives of this field study. First, we planned to survey cultivated and useful plants by visiting villages and marketplaces in Putao district of Kachin State. We visited a large basin and the surrounding hills at altitudes of 370 ̵ 530 m. The major crop in the basin was rice and various legumes, cereals, spices, herbs, medicinal plants, and vegetables were grown in cultivated fields, backyard garden, and in local marketplaces. Second,

- 159 - we intended to visit local villages at higher altitudes of 900 ̵ 1,540 m crossing higher passes in Mindat district of the southern Chin State and vicinity for survey. Although rice was also an important crop in those regions, its cultivation was limited to terraces in the valleys or small basins where irrigation water was available. There were small sloping cultivation fields near farmers’ houses where various crops were grown, as observed in Putao district. Cultivation of elephant foot yam was recently introduced as a cash crop, which might have led to the loss of traditionally grown crops, such as foxtail millet and finger millet. The third objective was to collect PGRs for food and agriculture. We collected 245 plant samples in Putao district of Kachin State (147 samples), Mindat district of Chin State (89) and neighboring Magway Region (8), and Yangon Region (1) of Myanmar, which included legumes (46), cereals (75), spices, herbs and medicinal plants (28), various vegetables (92), and others (4). The fourth objective was to collect the vernacular names and confirm the utilization methods of the crops and useful plants from an ethnobotanical perspective. Shan, Rawang, Jinghpaw and Lisu people often used similar crop names within their respective languages in Putao district of Kachin State. Although they live close to other people in the district, they have maintained their own vernacular names for a variety of cultivated crops. Conversely, Chin people use various words for each crop among villages in Mindat district of Chin State. Consequently, we observed a diversity of cultivated and useful plants in Putao district of Kachin State and Mindat district of Chin State. These were collected as potential PGRs to be conserved at DAR Seed Bank in Myanmar and at the Genetic Resources Center of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), which implements the NARO Genebank Project (NARO GBP) in Japan. We observed the recent introduction of some cash crops, such as elephant foot yam and coffee trees, into the mountainous areas of Chin State, which might have led to the loss of traditionally grown crops, such as foxtail millet and finger millet. Further studies are needed on several wild and/or semi-domesticated Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae plants used by local people both in Kachin State and Chin State for accurate taxonomic identification and analysis of diversity. It is important to consider introducing cash crops and the possible utilization of traditional cultivated and useful plants in order to develop agriculture in hilly and mountainous peripheral areas of Myanmar such as Putao and Mindat districts.

KEY WORDS: Myanmar, Kachin State, Chin State, plant genetic resources, vernacular names

Introduction This report describes a Myanmar-Japan joint field study carried out in the hilly and mountainous areas of Myanmar in November 2017. It was established based on preceding studies in the Naga Self- Administered Zone (Naga SAZ) in Sagaing Region (Domon et al. 2015a, 2015b; Min San Thein et al. 2017; Naito et al. 2017), Kachin State (Kawase et al. 2011; Yamamoto et al. 2011; Watanabe et al. 2007) showing that people from scattered villages in the hilly and mountainous areas had been growing a diversity of traditional crops and varieties mainly in slash-and-burn cultivation fields, backyard gardens (home gardens), and in terrace cultivation fields, and had been collecting useful plants from surrounding places. The present study was planned because the Putao township of Kachin State and southern Chin State were poorly surveyed compared to Naga SAZ. There were four basic objectives of the study. First, we targeted Putao district to survey the diversity of crop plants and useful plants. Putao district is in the northern Kachin State, which is bordered by China to the north and east and by India to the west. Second, we focused the survey on Mindat district of the

- 160 - southern Chin State and vicinity. Those areas are expected to harbor crop diversity based on the results of previous intensive field studies in Sagaing Region (Domonet al. 2015a, 2015b; Min San Thein et al. 2017; Naito et al. 2017), which is located between Kachin State and Chin State. Third, we intended to collect plant genetic resources (PGRs) from the above-mentioned areas, which may be valuable materials for crop improvement and should be conserved in gene banks. These PGRs will be characterized and evaluated, and may serve as suitable materials for studying the genetic diversity of morphological and physiological characters as well as DNA polymorphism. Such analyses will demonstrate the magnitude of genetic diversity in each taxon and overall agro-biodiversity in a given area. Fourth, we aimed to collect the vernacular names and to determine how crops and useful plants are utilized from an ethnobotanical point of view. The diversity of crop names may serve as an indicator of ethnodiversity in the area. The collected plant materials will be analyzed in the future to compare ethnodiversity and agro-biodiversity. This would also lead to a deeper understanding of how local crop varieties of the area have been influenced by socio- economical changes caused through recent democratization in Myanmar. Such influences might also be contributed from neighboring India and/or China. In addition, crop wild relatives (CWRs) and/or semi- cultivated species were of interest during the visit, because several populations of wild Vigna species and wild or semi-cultivated Cucurbitaceae plants were previously identified in Naga SAZ, Kachin State, and Chin State, where a survey of those species was needed.

Methods Putao district of northern Kachin State and Mindat district of southern Chin State in Myanmar were the main target areas of the present field study (Figs. 1 and 2). We visited Putao township and Machanbaw township in Putao district, and Mindat township and Madupi township in Mindat district. We planned the visit in November based on previous experiences in Kachin State (Watanabe et al. 2007; Yamamoto et al. 2011; Kawase et al. 2011) and Chin State (Uga et al. 2006). Access and field work in hilly and mountainous parts of Myanmar were sometimes difficult, particularly for foreign researchers due to poor transportation conditions, language barriers, and/or time-consuming entry permit procedures. A field study was performed and PGRs were collected by a group of specialists from different study fields addressing specific but interrelated objectives, and included Myanmar researchers in the Naga Self-Administered Zone (Naga SAZ) in 2016 (Naito et al. 2017). Therefore, a similar collaborative field research team was organized, consisting of four Japanese scientists and two Myanmar scientists financially supported by three independent funds, as indicated in Table 1. There was a consensus that all results obtained, including PGRs, would be shared as common achievements of the team, conserved in Myanmar and Japan, and be publicly accessible as appropriate. Members of the field study team in Putao district included: Kawase (MK, team leader), Osada (TO), Ohm Mar Saw (OMS), Watanabe (KW), and Aung Phyoe Hein (APH). We joined the team in Yangon on November 3rd, flew to Putao, and visited Putao township and vicinity using two tough, locally hired 4 × 4 vehicles. The team flew to Myitkyina, visited nearby, and then flew to Mandalay and stayed at Nyaung U, where Takei (ET) and Ebana (KE) joined the team. The team visited Mindat district up to Madupi township and vicinity. MK, OMS, and KE are specialists in PGRs conservation, TO is a linguist, ET an ethnobotanist, KW a plant geneticist and biotechnologist, and APH an agricultural student enrolled at Yezin Agriculture University (YAU). OMS was appointed by the Department of Agricultural Research (DAR) and APH was nominated by coordination between YAU and DAR. Domon (ED), Min San Thein (MST),

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Table 1. Itinerary of the field study in Kachin State and Chin States of Myanmar in November 2017 day YY/MM/DD date route KAKEN KAKEN PGRAsia 16H05778 25257416 1 2017/11/02 THU gather at YANGON MK, TO, KW, APH OMS 2 2017/11/03 FRI YANGON - PUTAO MK, TO, KW, APH OMS 3 2017/11/04 SAT around PUTAO MK, TO, KW, APH OMS 4 2017/11/05 SUN around PUTAO MK, TO, KW, APH OMS 5 2017/11/06 MON around PUTAO MK, TO, KW, APH OMS 6 2017/11/07 TUE around PUTAO MK, TO, KW, APH OMS 7 2017/11/08 WED PUTAO - MYITKYINA MK, TO, KW, APH OMS 8 2017/11/09 THU around MYITKYINA MK, TO, KW, APH OMS 9 2017/11/10 FRI MYITKYINA - MANDALAY MK, TO, KW, APH KE MANDALAY - NYAUNG U OMS, ET gather at NYAUNG U 10 2017/11/11 SAT NYAUNG U - PAKKOKU - MINDAT MK, TO, KW, APH KE OMS, ET 11 2017/11/12 SUN MINDAT - MADUPI MK, TO, KW, APH KE OMS, ET 12 2017/11/13 MON around MADUPI MK, TO, KW, APH KE OMS, ET 13 2017/11/14 TUE around MADUPI MK, TO, KW, APH KE OMS, ET 14 2017/11/15 WED MADUPI - MINDAT MK, TO, KW, APH KE OMS, ET 15 2017/11/16 THU MINDAT - CHAUK - NYAUNG U MK, TO, KW, APH KE OMS, ET 16 2017/11/17 FRI NYAUNG U - YEZIN MK, TO, KW, APH KE OMS, ET 17 2017/11/18 SAT YEZIN MK, TO, KW KE ET 18 2017/11/19 SUN YEZIN MK, TO, KW KE ET 19 2017/11/20 MON YEZIN - YANGON MK, TO, KW KE ET 20 2017/11/21 TUE YANGON MK, TO, KW KE ET 21 2017/11/22 WED around YANGON / BAGO MK, ET KE Note: KAKEN 16H05778: Grant-in-Aid Program for Overseas Academic Survey of Basic Research (KAKEN) Type B No. 16H05778 KAKEN 25257416: Grant-in-Aid Program for Overseas Academic Survey of Basic Research (KAKEN) Type A No. 25257416 PGRAsia: PGRAsia Project, an international joint research project on plant genetic resources between NARO and gene banks of Asian countries. MK (Makoto Kawase), TO (Toshiki Osada), OMS (Ohm Mar Saw), ET (Emiko Takei), KW (Kazuo Watanabe), APH (Aung Pyoe Hein), and KE (Kaworu Ebana) were members of the field study team. ED (Eiji Domon) and MST (Min San Thein) served as focal points of official correspondences for the team.

Results and Discussions We visited the target areas around the harvest season of rice and collected local crop varieties as well as wild plant PGRs from the fields. These were dried after harvest or stored in farmers’ houses, huts on the slash-and-barn cultivation fields, or even along the roadside. Relevant information on geographical

- 164 - information, cultivation practices, characteristics, and usage were obtained. We surveyed and collected plant materials in Putao, Machanbaw, and Myitkyina townships of Kachin State (Fig. 1), followed by Mindat and Madupi townships of Chin State, and Saw and Chouk townships of Magway Region, which neighbor Chin State, in time for harvest (Fig. 2). Additionally, we surveyed the road between Yangon and Bago, including Hlegu township of Yangon Region. We recorded crop names, village names, GPS data, sources of plant materials, cultural practices, sowing and harvesting months, and topography. GPS data recorded on different devices showed almost the same longitude and latitude. Because the altitude recorded by GPS devices was not always reliable, this was estimated using Google Earth (Google Inc.) with the GPS location data at every site.

Observations at Putao district of Kachin State Putao (waypoints [WPs] 104, 121 and 132 indicated in Fig. 1) is the principal town of Putao township located in Putao district in the northern part of Kachin State, Myanmar. It is at an altitude of approximately 450 m above sea level. Snow-covered mountains can be seen in the north from downtown Putao (Photo 1). Putao township and adjacent Machanbaw township are in a basin surrounded by mountains with an altitude 1,000 m or higher. The altitude of the visited areas varied from 370 to 530 m. Rawang, Lisu, Shan and Jinghpaw people dwell in these regions, and their Lingua franca is primarily Jinghpaw. Conversely, the Myanmar (Bama) language is also used as the official common language of Myanmar. People in those districts are general multilingual, which occasionally caused some confusion during our interviews with locals, who tried to communicate using a variety of languages. Generally, Khamti-Shan people are mostly Buddhist, Jinghpaw and Rawang people are often Christian, and Jinghpaw people are usually Christian. We surveyed Putao township and neighboring Machanbaw township, which are flat as they are in a broad basin. Those flat areas are suited in paddy fields of Asian cultivated rice,Oryza sativa L. (Photo 2). For example, there are 29,000 acres (11,700 ha) of cultivated fields, of which about 16,000 (about 6,500 ha) are used for paddy fields and the remaining 13,000 (about 5,300 ha) are used mainly for slash-and-burn or shifting cultivation in Putao township (Watanabe et al. 2007). Legumes such as Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers Group Sesquipdalis E. Westphal, V. unguiculata Group Unguiculata E. Westphal, V. umbellata (Thunb.) H. Ohwi et Ohashi, Vicia faba L., and Pisum sativum L., as well as local vegetables such as Brassica juncea (L.) Czern Group Cerua, Cucumis sativus L., Cucurbita maxima L., C. moschata L., Momordica charantia L., Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb., Beninzasa hispida L., Abelmoschus esculenta (L.) Moench, and Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, are often grown in dry fields and private gardens. A variety of spices, herbs and medicinal plants are used widely: Capsicum annuum L., Coriandrum sativum L., Curcuma longa L., C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe, Ocimum basilcum L., Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. frutescens, Zanthoxylum armartum DC. and Zingiber officinale Roscoe are common. Particularly, O. basilcum L. and C. annuum L. are very popular. Those plants are also popular in the mountainous areas of Naga SAZ (Domon et al. 2015a; Min San Thein et al. 2017; Naito et al. 2017). Putao town marketplace is full of local vegetables and fruits harvested from villages surrounding the town (Photos 3 ̵ 6). For example, ridged cucumber (Luffa acutangula [L.] Roxb.), edible fern (probably Diplazium esculentum [Retz.] Sw.), Asiatic pennywort (Centella asiatica [L.] Urban), basil plants (O. basilcum L., and Elsholtzia blanda [Bentham] Bentham), small chestnut (Castanea sp., probably C. mollissima Blume; Photo 6), Indian leek (Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng.), nightshade (Solanum

- 165 - violaceum Ortega, S. virginianum L., etc.), banana (Musa spp.) bud, banana leaf for wrapping material, taros (Colocasia spp.), chayote (Sechium edule [Jacq.] Sw.), wild edged gourd (Gymnopetalum chinense [Loureiro] Merrill.), roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), hooker chives (Allium hookeri Thwaites), radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus [L.] Domin), and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.), as well as global crops including eggplant, Citrus spp., sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), mustard (Brassica spp.) leaf, banana fruits, shallots (Allium cepa var. aggregatum G. Don and some other Allium spp.), various bean sprouts, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne), ash gourd (Benincasa hispida [Thunb.] Cogn.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and cowpea (V. unguiculata [L.] Walpers Group Unguiculata E. Westphal). We visited a slash-and-burn cultivation field in Upper Shan Khang, Putao township (WPs 110 and 111), where rice (O. sativa) and maize (Zea mays L.) had been just harvested (Photos 7 and 8). After Putao district, we visited Myitkyina district. As Myitkyina town is the capital of Kachin State, goods are traded from other places in Myanmar as well as from other countries such as China and Thailand. There is a large marketplace downtown, where large quantities of diverse vegetables were observed; however, the variation was similar to that found in Putao district.

Observations at Mindat district in the southern Chin State and vicinity Mindat district, including Mindat and Madupi townships, is in the Chin Hills, which connect the Naga hills in the North and the Rakhine mountains in the South. Mindat town (WP 157), at an altitude of about 1,400 m, is near the eastern edge of the hills. We visited several villages (WPs 158, 160 and 183) above 1,200 m in Mindat township. The altitude of most villages we visited in the Madupi township ranged from 900 to 1,540 m. Some wild plants were collected at higher altitudes (WPs 162, 163, 170 and 183) or from lower places (WPs 178 and 181) on the road connecting Mindat town and Madupi town. Although rice is also an important crop in this region, its cultivation is limited to terraces in the valleys or small basins where irrigation water is available (Photos 9 and 10). Small sloping cultivation fields were observed near farmers’ houses where white-flowered roselleHibiscus ( sabdariffa L.) with and without anthocyanin on stem (Photo 11), maize (Zea mays L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walpers Group Unguiculata E. Westphal), yam (Dioscorea alata L.), banana (Musa spp.), taro (Colocasia spp.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.). Chayote (Sechium edule [Jacq.] Sw.) were usually grown on a trellis, a tree and a cliff (Photo 12). Spine gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd.; Photo 13) is rare and was found on a hedge surrounding a house. Some cash crops, such as elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius [Dennst.] Nicolson) and coffee (Coffea arabica L.) have been introduced in those areas. Notably, the expansion of elephant foot yam cultivation might have led to the loss of traditionally grown crops (Photos 14 and 15). When MK visited Mindat township and Madupi township in 2005, foxtail millet (Setaria italica [L.] P. Beauv.) and finger millet Eleusine( coracana [L.] Gaert.) were widely cultivated for cooking and brewing, respectively (Uga et al. 2006). Those millets were not observed in the fields, they were provided by Department of Agriculture (DOA) Mindat Office. A villager from Tuiship village, Madupi township reported that alcohol drink habit was eliminated following a discipline policy introduced together with Christianity and the Baptist Church in the 1940’s. Recent cultivation of cash crops, such as elephant foot yam and coffee, may have almost replaced traditional cultivation of those millets.

- 166 - We visited the marketplaces of Mindat town and Madupi town, which included local vegetables and fruits produced by nearby villages (Photos 16 and 17). Most vegetables sold at the marketplaces were similar to those observed at Putao. In addition, nearly matured fruits of Balsam apple (Momordica balsamina L.; Photo 18) and young fruits of ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis [L.] Voigt.; Photo 19) were sold there. Young fruit of wild cucumber (Cucumis hystrix Chkr.) were found in the marketplace at Madupi town. As the saleswoman advised that this species is observed in “taung-ya” or slash-and-burn cultivation fields in the mountain, we assumed that it is semi-domesticated, or that both a true wild taxon and a domesticated taxon exist.

Collected plant genetic resources In total, 245 plant samples were collected in Putao district of Kachin State (147 samples), Mindat district of Chin State (89), neighboring Magway Region (8), and Yangon Region (1) of Myanmar, which included legume (46), cereals (75), spices, herbs and medicinal plants (28), various vegetables (92), and others (4) (Table 2). Among these, 33 samples were tentatively considered as wild plants. Most sampled were CWRs. Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi et H. Ohashi var. nipponensis (Ohwi) Ohwi et H. Ohashi, V. hirtella Ridley, and V. tenuicaulis N. Tomooka et N. Maxted were collected as valuable CWRs. Some “wild” Cucurbitaceae species are not true wild taxa, since they are sometimes sown and grown for food; for example, Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt., Gymnopetalum chinense (Loureiro) Merrill, Momordica balsamina L., and M. dioica Roxb. The collected materials were divided into two subsets; one was to be conserved in the Seed Bank of the Plant Biotechnology, Plant Genetic Resources, and Plant Protection Division (PBPGRPPD), DAR, MoALI, located at Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar for further research and crop improvement, and another set was transferred via a Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA) for the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) of the United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and a phytosanitary certificate issued by the Plant Quarantine Office of DOA, Yangon, Myanmar to Japan to be conserved in the Genetic Resources Center, NARO at Tsukuba, Japan. All plant materials were inspected by the Plant Quarantine Inspectors at Narita Airport. Rice seeds were introduced to Japan with a Special Permit issued by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Japan.

Vernacular names of crops in surveyed areas Printed photos of the 73 crops used during previous trips were shown to local people in the surveyed areas, enquiries were made about which crops were grown, and their vernacular names at the site were collected. As no information on their phonetic systems was provided, the results might represent primary records of vernacular names, which should be corrected by succeeding researchers or by local people. When a writing system was available that used the Roman alphabet, we asked the local people to write the crop names directly. As shown in Table 3, Shan, Rawang, Jinghpaw and Lisu people often used similar words for each crop within their languages in Putao district of Kachin State. Although these people live close to each other, they have maintained their own vernacular names for a variety of cultivated crops. Conversely, Chin people use various words for each crop in the Mindat district of Chin State. Interestingly, Shan people in Putao district and Shan (Thailai Shan) people in Hommalin township, Hkamti district, Sagaing Region use similar words for crops. Notably, vernacular names such as “chinbaung ni” are used for roselle (Hibiscus

- 167 - Table 2. A summary of the plant materials collected in Myanmar in 2017 No of materials collected cultivated / wild Latin name Kachin Chin Yangon subtotal legumes cultivated Glycine max (L ) Merrill 1 1 (46) (37) Lablab purpurea (L ) Sweet 1 1 Phaseolus vulgaris L 2 2 4 Pisum sativum L 2 2 Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 1 1 Vicia faba L 2 2 Vigna umbellata (Thunb ) H Ohwi et Ohashi 2 2 4 Vigna unguiculata (L ) Walpers Group Unguiculata E Westphal 6 7 13 Vigna unguiculata (L ) Walpers Group Sesquipdalis E Westphal 9 9 wild (CWR) Vigna angularis (Willd ) Ohwi et H Ohashi var nipponensis 2 2 (Ohwi) Ohwi et H Ohashi (9) Vigna hirtella Ridley 2 2 Vigna tenuicaulis N Tomooka et N Maxted 3 3 Pueraria phaseolodes (Roxb ) Benth 2 2

cereals cultivated Coix lacryma-jobi L var ma-yuen (Rom Caill ) Stapf ex Hook f 1 1 2 (75) (73) Eleusine coracana Gaertn 2 2 Oryza sativa L 10 21 31 Setaria italica (L ) P Beauv 2 2 4 Sorghum bicolor (L ) Moench 1 1 Zea mays L 20 13 33 wild (CWR) Coix lacryma-jobi L var. lacryma-jobi L 1 1 2 (2) spices, herbs, cultibated Capsicum annuum L 7 2 9 medicinal plants (27) Coriandrum sativum L 3 3 (28) Curcuma longa L 3 3 Curcuma zedoaria (Christm ) Roscoe 1 1 Ocimum basilcum L 3 3 Perilla frutescens (L ) Britton var frutescens 2 2 Zanthoxylum armartum DC 3 3 Zingiber officinale Roscoe 2 1 3 wild (CWR) Zingiber barbatum Wall 1 1 (1) vegetables cultivated Abelmoschus esculentus (L ) Moench 2 2 (92) (75) Alocasia macrorrhizos (L ) G Don 1 1 Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst ) Nicolson 3 3 Benincasa hispida (Thunb ) Cogn 2 1 3 Brassica juncea (L ) Czern Group Cerua 11 2 13 Chenopodium bengalense (Lamarck) Steudel 1 1 Colocasia esculenta (L ) Schott 2 2 4 Cucumis melo L 1 1 Cucumis sativus L 10 4 14 Cucurbita maxima L 9 3 12 Cucurbita moschata L 2 2 Hibiscus sabdariffa L 1 1 Luffa acutangula (L ) Roxb 3 3 Luffa cylindrica (L ) Roem 1 1 Momordica charantia L 4 1 5 Raphanus raphanistrum L ssp sativus (L ) G Beck 1 1 Sesamum indicum L 1 1 Solanum aethiopicum L 1 2 3 Solanum melongena L 2 2 Trichosanthes cucumerina L 2 2 wild (CWR) Coccinia grandis (L ) Voigt* 1 1 (17) Colocasia esculenta (L ) Schott 1 1 Gymnopetalum chinense (Loureiro) Merrill* 3 1 4 Momordica balsamina L * 4 4 Momordica dioica Roxb * 1 1 Solanum violaceum Ortega 1 1 Solanum virginianum L 1 1 Solanum torvum Swartz 1 1 Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour 1 1 Trichosanthes sp 2 2 others wild Hosta sp 1 1 (4) (4) Hedychium sp 1 1 Rhyncanthus sp 2 2

Total 147 97 1 245 Note: Scientific names are ordered alphabetically. * Spontaneous and sometimes sown by people for food. ** Including a few samples from neighboring Magwe Region

- 168 - Table 3. A summary of several major crops compared between ethnic groups in Kachin and Chin States cf Hommalin, Kachin State Chin State Sagaing Region* Common Bama Shan Rawang Jinghpaw Lisu Chin Shan Latin name (Myanmar) name (3 villages) (4 villages) (2 villages) (3 villages) (5 villages) (3 villages) Oryza sativa L saba khauk am mam za thanghu khauk khauk pu abu mum tza chaan khauk pet khauk pe apu chang khauk poat pu sang khauk pel khaud khaud pet Zea mays L pyoung bu khauk pha la gong ngawng usha punpho khauk pha la gung hkainu vakum khaud pha tam bang vikym kra phan san vaikum sangkuem Setaria italica (L ) sat vang sak sagyi swet than P Beauv khauk han mar sap shagi tswet hulo atza sangtyn sangtul vuilawn Glycine max (L ) pebouk thao nout dung de nawhpu ano beli sham bai thou nau Merrill thao nou dang de ano galasi anu beli sam phai thou hae thao naung naw ci cam phai tha panoat Phaseolus vulgaris bo sa pe thao sait sao pa da no sha pre ano thao tho pe thao sou chin- L thai khai nou anaw anu nou jwe song pe kur you thao nga mu bo sa pe sagri pe Vigna umbellata chin pe thao sa poun sha rang shapre ano du ba be tha thou akhan (Thunb ) Ohwi et taung ya pe tho phak akang yi sha pre anu sha la be chik thou na khaud Ohashi ano mai dawn chinapare mai cik ka cik Vigna unguiculata pe lun thao nga mu do ju naw kyu ano mavrui thao sai yaugh (L ) Walpers thao sai su namga naw kyu si anu the shi mai dawn tho youk thao sai sae anoyang mi dawl la za pe Sesamum indicum hnan nga shin nam zin nam uba khie ngar L nga mom sha nam chying nam nyu tipe nga pur nang ben sha ta pleh nga prak mam ta pert za pae Musa spp hnget pyaw kwei chung mu la n gu si ya ma thu pain shi ma kowei gwe jung mu ya ma to hom hin mart khowei ding kil mauk kwe ding ki ding kay thaih Coriandrum nannan pa gyi pan zi pan zi muk chu no song sing gyi hom sativum L paki ban zi hpak kyi mo tsu nu saung sing kyi hong ban zi ko phuki sawng sing hyi hom mang sing nan nan Colocasia esculenta pein u phu gwe nai hpi bai hoo phouk (L ) Schott phuk gwei nai hpaw bi bal hue phoke gwi bit bar muang guiw Dioscorea spp myauk u mant achi nai n khun muji har mang mann chi mazi plum man kai pauk aki golo phym hue man ki balha Hibiscus sabdariffa chinbaung ni chin baung chin baung chin baung ni chin baung twit hen chin baung L chin baung ni chin bonung yar jdu moithu chin paun kim pwon nayan ma cha lap ya ju maipu toem al Capsicum annuum ngayok imphat ma zang ma tsap la zurk mishi ma fid L in pet ma jap la zu san pho ma phe ma phit lazet ruuk taih mart ma phet ruth rut thaih Solanum melongena khayan mahya ziba sa pa ci zu ba su bu bun ma khu L ma chu sep zi pa ci shaba si zu bar su pan dou ma khae ma khyu si bar su pen tuk mai ma khoe pen touh thaih tam poe thaih Cucurbita spp. hpayon upa akhum wa kum ahpu nmai ma phak kham im pa akum hkum khyengi si ar phu phut ma part khom ma pa kum aphu phou ma ma pak khan akum puk phouh phoeh thaih Momordica kyet hin khar ma yat khum kam ka shi gokasi kakaci akka tha ma hkun kat charantia L ma ya khom kam ka ma hu sagasi khakhasu jan ka ma khon khap (kyet hin khar) khakhasa cang kha mau khun khaud an ca rah Note: * Extracted from previous studies in Hommalin township, Hkamti district, Sagaing Region (Min San Thein et al. 2017; Naito et al. 2017) for comparison

- 169 - sabdariffa L.), with the exception of Chin people. “Chinbaung ni” is used widely in Myanmar. Detailed data on vernacular names collected in the present field survey, together with those obtained during previous visits are being compiled and will be reported elsewhere.

Potential crop genetic diversity in Kachin State and Chin State As preliminary studies revealed people of scattered villages in the hilly and mountainous areas of Myanmar such as Naga SAZ of Sagaing Region, a diversity of traditional crops was also suggested in the present field study, and some potentially valuable PGRs were collected in Putao district of Kachin State and Mindat district of Chin State. The plant materials collected will be characterized and evaluated in the DAR Seed Bank and the Genetic Resources Center, NARO in cooperation. Like the Japanese climate, both Kachin State and Chin State have cold winters and hot summers. Genetic diversity may mean that crops harbor useful genes for crop improvement. We were unable to survey the high mountain areas surrounding Putao township because a written permit for entry was delayed. New roads have also been constructed in Chin State, which connect the eastern slope and the western slope of the Chin Hills. Goods and people can be easily transferred in both directions across the Chin Hills. Such socio-economic impacts will inevitably force agricultural change. This may benefit farmers, who will also lose traditional crop diversity. Therefore, slash-and-burn cultivation fields in both areas are expected to harbor large amounts of agro-biodiversity, and ethnodiversity needs to be systematically surveyed as soon as possible. This is because traditional crops are being replaced by newly introduced cash crops, as seen with elephant foot yam in Mindat district. We observed several wild and/or semi-domesticated Cucurbitaceae plants e.g., Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt., Gymnopetalum chinense (Loureiro) Merrill, Momordica balsamina L., and Momordica dioica Roxb., and Solanaceae plants e.g., Solanum violaceum Ortega, Solanum virginianum L., and Solanum torvum Swartz. were used by local people in Kachin State and Chin State. Further studies are needed for accurate taxonomical identification and analysis of diversity. During the field study, the provision of higher education and of necessary support to promote appropriate technology were considered important. Utilization of their own crop varieties and traditionally useful plants might generate new produce acceptable by urbanized people in Yangon, Mandalay, or by foreign consumers, if those traditional crops are reappraised together with the introduction of new crops as appropriate for agricultural production to overcome obstacles such as the availability of arable lands, shortage of information and knowledge, limited investment, and fewer educated and trained people.

Acknowledgements We are deeply appreciative to all local people for their kindness, hospitality, and for discussing they agricultural practices with us and for providing samples of cultivated crops and useful plants. We wish to express our sincere gratitude to the authorities of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation (MoALI), the Republic of the Union of Myanmar for permitting the study. The field study was performed as a cooperative research activities based on the “Memorandum of Understanding for Collaborative Research Project on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture” between the Department of Agricultural Research (DAR), the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI, reorganized as MoALI), Myanmar and National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS, reorganized as the National Agriculture Research Organization, NARO), Japan, which were signed by both parties in 2014. We wish to express our cordial

- 170 - thanks to U Naing Kyi Win, Director General of DAR, MoALI, Daw Nwe Nwe Yin, Director, PBPGRPPD, DAR, and Dr. Pau Sian Kam, Head of the International Relation Section for coordinating preparations for the field study. The team members wish to thank all the Seed Bank staff for processing collected PGRs. The field study and interviews with local people were supported by Daw Su Su Htwe, Manager, DOA Township Office, Hommalin township and her staff. The team sincerely appreciates financial support from 1) a Grant-in-Aid Program for Overseas Academic Survey of Basic Research (KAKENHI) Type B titled “Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources in Southeast Asia toward Implementation of Farmersʼ Rights” (KAKENHI No. 16H05778, Program Leader: Makoto Kawase, University of Tsukuba) granted by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan, partly with 2) a KAKENHI Type A titled “Utilization and Conservation of Endangered Plant Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge and Evaluation of Influence from Local Development Activities and International Economy in Remote Area of Minorities Dwelling” (KAKENHI No. 25257416, Program Leader: Kazuo Watanabe, University of Tsukuba) granted by the JSPS under the jurisdiction of MEXT of Japan, partly with 3) an entrusted program titled “Exploration, Collection and Evaluation of Vegetables Genetic Resources in Myanmar” of NARO Genebank Project, and partly with 4) Plant Genetic Resources in Asia Project (PGRAsia) of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF) implemented by Genetic Resources Center (GRC), NARO in consignment. Safe driving by all drivers was highly appreciated. Thanks for travel coordination and for providing kind information are due to Mr. Mitsuru Nishigki, Sanay Travel, and Tours Co., Ltd., Yangon.

References Domon E, Lyngwa GW, Su Su Htwe, Aung Thiha and Kawase M (2015a) Preliminary field observation of cultivated crops and useful plants in northeast India and adjacent northern Sagaing Region of Myanmar. AREIPGR 31: 295-315. Domon E, Min San Thein, Takei E, Osada T and Kawase M (2015b) A field study collecting cultivated crops and useful plants in Sagaing Region of Myanmar in 2014. AREIPGR 31: 343-365. Kawase M, Wunna and Watanabe K (2011) Second field survey collecting traditionally grown crops in northern areas of Myanmar, 2009. AREIPGR 27: 83-93. Min San Thein, Kawase M, Domon E and Watanabe K (2017) A field study exploring plant genetic resources in Sagaing Region of Myanmar in 2015. AREIPGR 33: 239-263. Naito K, San San Aye, Min San Thein, Aung Phyoe Hein, Takei E, Osada T and Domon E (2017) A field study to explore plant genetic resources in the Sagaing Region and Shan State of Myanmar in 2016. AREIPGR 33: 265-293. Uga Y, Than Sein and Kawase M (2006) Exploration and collection of wild rice in northwestern and southeastern regions of Myanmar, 2005. AREIPGR 22: 63-77. Watanabe K, Ye Tint Tun and Kawase M (2007) Field survey and collection of traditionally grown crops in northern areas of Myanmar, 2006. AREIPGR 23: 161-175. Yamamoto S, Moe Kyaw Aung, Watanabe K, Wunna and Kawase M (2011) Third field survey collecting traditionally grown crops in northern areas of Myanmar, 2011. AREIPGR 27: 95-109.

- 171 - ミャンマー Kachin 州および Chin 州における植物遺伝資源の探索収集現地研究 , 2017 年

Ohm Mar Saw 1)・Min San Thein 1)・Aung Phyoe Hein 2)・竹井恵美子 3)・長田俊樹 4)・土門英司 5)・渡邉和男 6)・江花薫子 5)・河瀨眞琴５), 6)

1) ミャンマー連邦共和国農業畜産灌漑省農業研究局 2) ミャンマー連邦共和国イエジン農業大学 3) 大阪学院大学国際学部 4) 総合地球環境学研究所 5) 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構遺伝資源センター 6) 筑波大学生命環境系

和文摘要本報告は，2017 年 11 月にミャンマーのカチン北部およびチン州南部で日本とミャンマーが共同で実施した植物遺伝資源に関するフィールド研究の報告である．本フィールド研究は隣接するザガイン地方域における先行研究による知見に基づいて，作物の多様性が期待されるが探索があまりなされていない上記の地域を対象に計画，実行された．4 つの目的があった．第一に，カチン州のプタオ県（district）の村や市場を訪れ，栽培された有用植物を調査する．私たちは標高 370 ~ 530 m の広い盆地と周辺の丘陵部を訪れ，主要な作物は盆地のイネであるが，畑，バックヤードガーデン，地元の市場などでさまざまなマメ類，穀類，スパイス，ハーブ，薬草や野菜を確認した．第二に，私たちはチン州南部のミンダッ県及びその近傍の 900 ~ 1,540 m のより高い標高の村々をさらに高い峠を越えながら訪問し調査することを計画した．イネはここでも重要な作物であったが，その栽培は灌漑用水が利用できる谷または小さな盆地のテラスに限られていた．プタオ県と同様に様々な作物が農家の近くの小さな傾斜畑に栽培されていた．近年，新しい換金作物であるコンニャク等の栽培がチン州に導入されアワやシコクビエなど伝統的作物が失われているようある．第三の目的は農業食糧遺伝資源を収集することであった．ミャンマーのカチン州プタオ県で 147 点，チン州ミンダッ地区で 89 点，近接するマグエ地方域で 8 点，ヤンゴン地方域で 1 点の計 245 点を収集した．それにはマメ科植物（46 点），穀類（75 点），スパイス・ハーブ・薬草（28 点），野菜（92 点），その他（4 点）が含まれていた．四番目の目的は，民族植物学的視点から，作物や有用植物の方名（現地語での呼称）と利用方法を収集することであった．作物の名前に関しては，カチン州プタオ県のシャン人，ラワン人，ジンポー人，リス人は異なる村でもそれぞれの言語内では共通性のある作物名を使用する．彼らは地区内で互いに近くに住んでいるにもかかわらず，様々な栽培作物の呼称は独自の方名を維持している．一方，チン人は，チン州のミンダッ地区の調査で各作物について村ごとにある程度異なる呼称を使用している．本研究の結果，私たちはカチン州プタオ県とチン州ミンダット県に多様な栽培植物や有用植物を観察し，それらをミャンマーの農業研究局のシードバンクとわが国の農業生物資源ジーンバンクに保存される植物遺伝資源として収集した．近年チン州の山岳地帯にコンニャクやコーヒーノキなどの換

- 172 - 金作物の導入を確認した．これによって伝統的に栽培されていたアワやシコクビエのような伝統作物が失われた可能性がある．カチン州とチン州の地元住民が利用している野生ないしは半栽培のウリ科植物やナス科植物は，専門家による正確な分類学的同定や多様性分析などさらに研究が必要である．プタオ県やミンダッ県のようなミャンマー周縁部の丘陵・山間地域の農業を発展させるためには，現金作物の導入だけでなく，伝統的な栽培された有用植物の活用の検討も重要と思われる．

- 173 - landrace landrace landrace landrace wild landrace landrace Status of plant sampled landrace wild landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace wild landrace seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed sample Type of Type farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage wild farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage wild marketplace farmer's storage farmer's storage marketplace farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmland farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmland farmland farmland farmland farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmland farmer's storage farmer's storage wild farmer's storage Source m 411 411 411 411 411 411 411 411 411 411 411 411 411 411 411 411 411 411 411 411 415 415 415 415 393 455 446 393 446 523 393 455 523 415 415 406 406 406 523 393 393 523 455 Altitude ″ 4 4 4 9 6 4 9 6 4 4 4 7 9 4 4 4 7 4 7 9 9 7 11 11 11 38 46 46 38 38 44 44 44 46 ′ 21 20 21 21 35 17 24 21 35 24 21 21 21 17 35 17 21 21 20 21 17 21 20 20 17 35 34 34 34 20 20 35 17 17 º 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 Longitude ″ 8 6 8 8 6 6 8 26 14 26 26 12 28 30 26 12 30 26 26 26 12 28 26 26 26 26 14 14 12 39 39 39 12 28 ′ 24 24 24 24 18 25 20 24 18 20 24 24 24 26 18 25 24 24 24 24 26 24 24 24 26 18 19 19 19 24 24 18 26 25 Latitude º 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 111 111 111 111 113 110 113 113 110 113 114 114 114 113 110 106 108 106 106 104 106 104 106 106 106 106 106 107 106 106 108 108 107 107 GPS waypoint Putao Putao Putao Putao Machanbaw Putao Putao Putao Machanbaw Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Machanbaw Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Putao Putao Township

Manzay, Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao Manzay, near Upper Shan Khang, Putao T/S near Upper Shan Khang, Putao Manzay, Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao Manzay, Manzay, Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao Manzay, In Bu Baw, Machanbaw T/S Machanbaw In Bu Baw, Upper Shan Khang, Putao T/S Upper Shan Khang, Putao Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao Manzay, Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao Manzay, T/S Machanbaw In Bu Baw, Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao Manzay, T/S Putao, Putao Manzay, Manzay, Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao Manzay, Upper Shan Khang, Putao T/S Upper Shan Khang, Putao In Bu Baw, Machanbaw T/S Machanbaw In Bu Baw, Upper Shan Khang, Putao T/S Upper Shan Khang, Putao Manzay, Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao Manzay, T/S Putao, Putao Manzay, T/S Shan Gong, Putao, Putao Manzay, Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao Manzay, Upper Shan Khang, Putao T/S Upper Shan Khang, Putao near Upper Shan Khang, Putao T/S near Upper Shan Khang, Putao T/S near Upper Shan Khang, Putao Manzay, Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao Manzay, Shan Gong, Putao, Putao T/S Shan Gong, Putao, Putao T/S Shan Gong, Putao, Putao T/S Upper Shan Khang, Putao T/S Machanbaw In Bu Baw, T/S Machanbaw Baw, Wai N T/S Machanbaw Baw, Wai N T/S Machanbaw Baw, Wai N In Bu Baw, Machanbaw T/S Machanbaw In Bu Baw, Upper Shan Khang, Putao T/S Upper Shan Khang, Putao Upper Shan Khang, Putao T/S Upper Shan Khang, Putao Village name or Village (T/S) near-by/township Date 11/04 11/04 11/04 11/04 11/05 11/04 11/04 11/04 11/05 11/04 11/04 11/04 11/04 11/04 11/05 11/04 11/04 11/04 11/04 11/04 11/04 11/04 11/04 11/04 11/04 11/04 11/04 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/04 11/04 MM/dd faba bean wild Job's tears mustard coriandar English name cowpea yellow fruit nightshade wild egded gourd butternut pumpkin butternut pumpkin chili pepper mustard mustard common bean rice bean bitter gourd pumpkin cucumbar cucumbar cucumbar common pea rice rice rice Chinese pepper maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn okra devil's fiq foxtail millet

lacryma-jobi (Loureiro) Merrill (L ) Moench DC L L L

. L L L L L L var (L Group Unguiculata EWalpers ) Westphal Swartz ? L L L (Thunb ) Ohwi et Ohashi (L ) Czern Group Cerua (L ) Czern Group Cerua (L ) Czern Group Cerua L

armartum (L ) P Beauv

L L L L L L L L L L L

Scientific name Capsicum annuus Gymnopetalum chinense Zanthoxylum Brassica juncea Brassica juncea Brassica juncea Cucumis sativus Cucurbita moschata Phaseolus vulgaris Coriandrum sativum Pisum sativum faba Vicia Cucumis sativus Zea mays Zea mays Cucumis sativus Coix lacryma-jobi Solanum virginianum Oryza sativa Zea mays umbellata Vigna Solanum torvum Setaria italica Oryza sativa Oryza sativa Cucurbita maxima Zea mays Abelmoschus esculentus unguiculata Vigna Cucurbita moschata Momordica charantia Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays 267869 267867 267868 267865 267870 267857 267863 267853 267882 267871 267855 267861 267883 267854 267858 267859 267862 267874 267884 267879 267860 267866 267864 267872 267877 267878 267856 267885 267886 267873 267880 267881 267875 267876 JP JP No ** Sr 011 017 015 016 013 018 005 001 031 019 003 009 032 002 006 007 010 022 033 028 008 014 012 020 026 027 004 034 035 021 029 030 023 024 No * Table 4. Plant materials collected in Kachin and Chin States of Myanmar 2017 4. Plant materials collected Table

- 174 - Glutinous glutinous Farmer Name MrAwng N Bven Zaw MrAwng N Bven Zaw MrAwng N Bven Zaw MrAwng N Bven Zaw Ms Tawng, Roi MsTawng Nang Ms Tawng, Roi MsTawng Nang Ms Tawng, Roi MsTawng Nang Drainage (moderate) (moderate) (moderate) (moderate) moderate moderate moderate moderate good good moderate good moderate good (moderate) moderate moderate (moderate) moderate Soil texture (clay) (clay) (clay) (clay) clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay (clay) clay clay (clay) clay Stoniness (low) (low) (low) (low) low low low low none none low none low none (low) low low (low) low Site (level) (level) (level) (level) level level level level slope slope level slope level slope (level) level level (level) level Topography plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level hilly plain level hilly mountainous mountainous hilly mountainous hilly mountainous hilly hilly hilly plain level plain level plain level plain level hilly Other observations/notes Shan people Shan people, leaf vegetables, seed for oil, leaves available 3 months Shan people, leaf vegetables, leaves available for 6 months Shan people, leaf vegetables, leaves available for 6 months, from 005 different Shan people Shan people Shan people,both young pod and seed are used sown after rainy season steam and boil sown after rainy season,forsoup, fry, vines and leaves for soup boil with rice, boil, and steam boil with rice, boil, and steam roadside bush near a paddy field Jinghpaw people roadside bush semi-long matured seed is boiled young pod for soup & fry, sawn together with ash blckish purple, sawn depending on weather After threshed mix with rice and cock, transplanted in July transplanted in July Both leaf and fruit for vegetables a little bit sticky, Jing Hpaw people a little bit sticky, Harvest month Apr, May Apr, May Apr, may may Nov Jun May Jul, Aug Jul, Oct Oct Jun, Jul Aug Jul, Oct-Dec Jun, Jul Jul, Aug Jul, Jun, Jul Sep, Oct May Sep, Oct Oct Nov Nov Mar May, Jun May, Sowing month Sep Sep Sep Jan Nov Oct-Dec Feb Feb May Jan, Feb Feb Apr, May Apr, Apr Apr Jan, Feb May Apr, May-Jul Jan, Feb Apr, May Apr, Jan, Feb May-Jun Feb May-Jun May Jun Jun Oct Feb Cultural practices slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard backyard backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard, ordinary field (anywhere) backyard backyard backyard backyard backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation

backyard slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation backyard slash-and-burn cultivation backyard slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation backyard backyard slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation irrigated, trnsplanted irrigated, trnsplanted slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard backyard

Local plant name "local variety name" chin aww pat kat khaw pat kat hot num pat kat hot num thayan inpat Thao nga mue pa ggy thao muo thayan kyet kawe matkat thao kan pha lakong lakong tvng gwa (tang kwa) shapre, no ju mayan hwag kom si shu kang, a gang ga ka si may hain hkai nu "tsap la nu" hkai nu "hkai nu" hkai nu "hkai nu" saø, sap am "am hen" am "am kholone" vkøm [akum] kai nu yong pati JP JP No ** 267853 267856 267857 267858 267859 267860 267861 267862 267864 267865 267854 267855 267863 267866 267867 267868 267869 267870 267881 267871 267872 267882 267873 267883 267874 267884 267885 267886 267875 267876 267877 267878 267879 267880 Sr 011 001 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 012 013 002 003 014 015 016 017 018 030 019 020 031 021 032 022 033 034 035 023 024 026 027 028 029 No * Table 4. (Continued). Table

- 175 - landrace landrace landrace landrace Status of plant sampled landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed sample Type of Type rhizome rhizome rhizome rhizome backyard farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage Source farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage m 407 407 407 407 407 406 407 407 407 407 407 406 407 406 407 406 406 406 406 407 407 407 407 407 406 407 407 Altitude ″ 21 21 21 21 21 44 21 21 21 21 21 44 21 44 22 44 44 44 44 21 21 21 21 22 44 21 21 ′ 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 º 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 Longitude ″ 37 38 37 37 37 37 37 39 37 37 37 37 37 39 37 39 38 39 39 39 39 37 37 37 37 39 37 ′ 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 19 21 21 21 21 21 19 21 19 21 19 19 19 19 21 21 21 21 19 Latitude º 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 116 116 118 116 116 116 116 116 114 116 116 116 114 116 116 114 116 114 118 114 114 114 114 116 116 116 116 GPS waypoint Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Township

Nam Kam, Machanbaw T/S Nam Kam, Machanbaw Nam Kam, Machanbaw T/S Nam Kam, Machanbaw Machanbaw, Machanbaw T/S Machanbaw Machanbaw, Nam Kam, Machanbaw T/S Nam Kam, Machanbaw T/S Nam Kam, Machanbaw Nam Kam, Machanbaw T/S Nam Kam, Machanbaw T/S Nam Kam, Machanbaw Nam Kam, Machanbaw T/S Nam Kam, Machanbaw N Wai Baw, Machanbaw T/S Machanbaw Baw, Wai N T/S Nam Kam, Machanbaw T/S Nam Kam, Machanbaw T/S Nam Kam, Machanbaw N Wai Baw, Machanbaw T/S Machanbaw Baw, Wai N Nam Kam, Machanbaw T/S Nam Kam, Machanbaw Nam Kam, Machanbaw T/S Nam Kam, Machanbaw N Wai Baw, Machanbaw T/S Machanbaw Baw, Wai N T/S Nam Kam, Machanbaw N Wai Baw, Machanbaw T/S Machanbaw Baw, Wai N T/S Machanbaw Machanbaw, N Wai Baw, Machanbaw T/S Machanbaw Baw, Wai N T/S Machanbaw Baw, Wai N T/S Machanbaw Baw, Wai N T/S Machanbaw Baw, Wai N T/S Nam Kam, Machanbaw Nam Kam, Machanbaw T/S Nam Kam, Machanbaw T/S Nam Kam, Machanbaw T/S Nam Kam, Machanbaw Village name or Village (T/S) near-by/township Date 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/05 MM/dd soybean turmeric chili pepper mustard mustard okra ash gourd English name giant taro yard-long bean yard-long bean yard-long bean cowpea yard-long bean ginger taro pumpkin pumpkin cucumbar cucumbar rice rice rice rice rice maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn (L ) Moench (L ) G Don (L ) Schott (L Group Sesquipdalis EWalpers ) Westphal L Roscoe L L (L Group Sesquipdalis EWalpers ) Westphal (L Group Sesquipdalis EWalpers ) Westphal (L Group Sesquipdalis EWalpers ) Westphal (L Group Unguiculata EWalpers ) Westphal (Thunb ) Cogn L L (L ) Czern Group Cerua? (L ) Czern Group Cerua L (L ) Merrill L L L L L L L L

Scientific name Cucumis sativus Oryza sativa Oryza sativa Oryza sativa Oryza sativa unguiculata Vigna unguiculata Vigna Cucurbita maxima Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Abelmoschus esculentum Glycine max unguiculata Vigna unguiculata Vigna unguiculata Vigna Oryza sativa Zingiber officinale Cucurbita maxima Benincasa hispida Brassica juncea Brassica juncea Curcuma longa Colocasia esculenta Alocasia macrorrhizos Cucumis sativus Capsicum annuum 267910 267908 267909 267899 267887 267912 267894 267902 267903 267901 267905 267911 267895 267906 267888 267913 267889 267890 267891 267892 267904 267896 267897 267898 JP JP No ** 267893 267907 267900 Sr 058 056 057 048 036 060 043 050 051 053 059 044 054 037 061 038 039 040 041 052 045 046 047 042 055 049a No * 049b Table 4. (Continued). Table

- 176 - Glutinous glutinous glutinous Farmer Name Ms Tawng, Roi MsTawng Nang Ms Tawng, Roi MsTawng Nang Ms Tawng, Roi MsTawng Nang Ms Tawng, Roi MsTawng Nang Ms Tawng, Roi MsTawng Nang Ms Tawng, Roi MsTawng Nang Ms Tawng, Roi MsTawng Nang Tawng, Ms Roi Tawng Ms Nang Drainage Soil texture Stoniness Site Topography hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly Other observations/notes They said that it was found in a bamboo about 10 years ago soft rice Nai Ta They said that it was introdused from white rice blackish purple rice a little late compared with 041 harvest 3-4 months after sawing young shoots & fruits for vegetables vegetables Lisu people small fruit Lisu people leaf for vegetable leaf for vegetable popcorn, boil for food soup and boil as vegetables fry, food, roasted, pounded powder mixed with honey as energy or fermeted young shoots for vegetables, boil seeds young shoots for vegetables, boil seeds shrt pod type Harvest month May, Jun May, Sep, Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct May Oct May Oct Jun May, Aug-Oct Oct, Nov Aug, Sep Oct March (seed) March (seed) Jun-Aug Oct Oct Sep Aug Oct Oct Oct Aug, Sep Sowing month Feb May Apr, May-Jun May Apr, May Apr, May Apr, May Apr, Jan, Feb May Jan, Feb May Dec, Jan Feb Apr, May Apr, Mar-May Apr, May Apr, May Apr, May Apr, Sep, Oct Oct Apr Jun May Apr, May Apr, Apr, May Apr, Jun, Jul Jun, Jul May Apr, Cultural practices backyard slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard backyard backyard backyard slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard, ordinary field backyard, ordinary field backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard plant on rice seedling bed after transplanting of rice slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation, yard long A: black, B: brown type, two slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation, yard long A: black, B: brown type, two ordinary field ordinary field

"local variety name" Local plant name la sung la sung gun kin si mam "ga wa mam" mam "ta nai mam" mam "n bo mam" mam "n bo jang" shapre shapre wa hkum bak la gung ah bu lazuk gwi gwi dvkaq [gwi dakaq] long zeng vkøm puk [akum puk] vkøm svr [akum sar] sau ma nga, manga nam wan a mang nga sa nung yonepati naw ci vm [am] "vm se [am se]" naw yan hang nok naw yan JP JP No ** 267911 267896 267897 267887 267888 267889 267890 267891 267892 267893 267894 267895 267912 267913 267910 267904 267905 267906 267907 267908 267909 267898 267899 267903 267901 267902 267900 Sr 045 046 036 037 038 039 040 041 042 043 044 060 061 059 058 052 053 054 055 056 057 047 048 051 050 049a No * 049b Table 4. (Continued). Table

- 177 - landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace Status of plant sampled landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed sample Type of Type rhizome rhizome farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage backyard farmer's storage farmer's storage farmland backyard village market farmer's storage farmer's storage backyard farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage village market farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage Source village market farmer's storage m 407 407 407 448 457 440 407 474 407 407 457 457 458 439 448 472 407 407 457 445 439 445 458 445 445 445 445 407 407 445 458 407 Altitude ″ 22 22 22 32 20 22 22 33 22 22 20 20 19 27 32 41 22 22 20 40 27 40 19 40 40 40 40 22 22 40 19 22 ′ 34 34 34 30 26 28 34 25 34 34 26 26 25 28 30 25 34 34 26 30 28 30 25 30 30 30 30 34 34 30 25 34 º 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 Longitude ″ 38 38 38 36 44 24 38 24 38 38 44 44 36 24 36 18 38 38 44 40 24 40 36 40 40 40 40 38 38 40 36 38 ′ 21 21 21 12 14 14 21 15 21 21 14 14 19 14 12 15 21 21 14 12 14 12 19 12 12 12 12 21 21 12 19 21 Latitude º 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 118 118 118 118 118 118 118 118 118 118 118 131 123 124 127 123 123 121 121 125 131 122 123 130 125 130 121 130 130 130 130 130 GPS waypoint Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Putao Putao Putao Machanbaw Putao Machanbaw Machanbaw Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Machanbaw Machanbaw Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Putao Township

Machanbaw, Machanbaw T/S Machanbaw Machanbaw, Machanbaw, Machanbaw T/S Machanbaw Machanbaw, T/S Machanbaw Machanbaw, Pha Mar, Putao T/S Putao Pha Mar, Mueladi, Putao T/S Mueladi, Putao Lanno, Putao T/S Lanno, Putao Machanbaw, Machanbaw T/S Machanbaw Machanbaw, Mulashidi, Putao T/S Mulashidi, Putao Machanbaw, Machanbaw T/S Machanbaw Machanbaw, T/S Machanbaw Machanbaw, T/S Mueladi, Putao Mueladi, Putao T/S Mueladi, Putao Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao T/S Lanno, Putao T/S Putao Pha Mar, Mulashidi, Putao T/S Mulashidi, Putao Machanbaw, Machanbaw T/S Machanbaw Machanbaw, Machanbaw, Machanbaw T/S Machanbaw Machanbaw, Mueladi, Putao T/S Mueladi, Putao T/S Putao Pha Mar, Lanno, Putao T/S Lanno, Putao T/S Putao Pha Mar, Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao Pha Mar, Putao T/S Putao Pha Mar, T/S Putao Pha Mar, T/S Putao Pha Mar, T/S Putao Pha Mar, Machanbaw, Machanbaw T/S Machanbaw Machanbaw, T/S Machanbaw Machanbaw, T/S Machanbaw Machanbaw, Pha Mar, Putao T/S Putao Pha Mar, Village name or Village (T/S) near-by/township Date 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/06 11/06 11/06 11/05 11/06 11/05 11/05 11/06 11/06 11/06 11/06 11/06 11/06 11/06 11/05 11/05 11/06 11/06 11/06 11/06 11/06 11/06 11/06 11/06 11/06 11/05 11/05 11/05 11/06 MM/dd turmeric chili pepper chili pepper melon mustard mustard ash gourd English name basil cowpea cowpea yard-long bean ginger chili pepper chili pepper bitter gourd cucumbar sponge gourd taro pumpkin pumpkin pumpkin cucumbar cucumbar Chinese pepper maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn DC L

(L ) Schott L Roscoe L L (L Group Unguiculata EWalpers ) Westphal (L dGroup Unguiculata EWalpers ) Westphal (L Group Sesquipdalis EWalpers ) Westphal L L L L L . (Thunb ) Cogn L L L (L ) Czern Group Cerua (L ) Roem L (L ) Czern Group Cerua L armartum

L L L L L L L L

Scientific name Capsicum annuum unguiculata Vigna unguiculata Vigna Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Colocasia esculenta Benincasa hispida Cucurbita maxima Curcuma longa Capsicum annuum Capsicum annuum Capsicum annuum Zanthoxylum cylindrica Luffa Brassica juncea Cucurbita maxima Zingiber officinale unguiculata Vigna Brassica juncea Momordica charantia Cucumis sativus Ocimum basilcum Cucurbita maxima Cucumis sativus Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Cucumis sativus Cucumis melo 267924 267915 267925 267930 267934 267922 267914 267937 267916 267917 267933 267932 267935 267945 267926 267929 267921 267923 267931 267938 267936 267939 267928 267940 267941 267943 267944 267918 267919 267942 JP JP No ** 267927 267920 Sr 071 063 076 080 069 062 083 064 065 079 078 081 091 075 068 070 077 084 082 085 074 086 087 089 090 088 073 067 072a 066a No * 072b 066b Table 4. (Continued). Table

- 178 - Glutinous Farmer Name MsAnna MsAnna MsAnna MsAnna Ms Khum Ra Ms Khum Ra Drainage moderate moderate (moderate) (moderate) (moderate) (moderate) (moderate) (moderate) moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate Soil texture clay sandy clay (clay) (clay) (clay) (clay) (clay) (clay) clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay Stoniness low medium (medium) (medium) (medium) (medium) (medium) (medium) medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium Site level level (level) (level) (level) (level) (level) (level) level level level level level level level level level level Topography hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly plain level plain level plain level plain level hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hlly hlly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly Other observations/notes bigger fruit Lisu people early type popcorn, boil or bake for food yellow popcorn, boil or bake for food white popcorn, boil or bake for food orange root inside A: small fruit, B: round and big fruit A: small fruit, B: round and big fruit Lisu people white mohyin Lisu people Lisu people Lisu people Lisu people Sawn at anytime before rainy season for leaf Sawn in Nov for seed Brown mustard and white are admixed Kamti Shan people Kamti Shan people Kamti Shan people Lisu people can be sawn at anytime harvest 3 months after sawing Jingpaw people can be sawn at anytime harvest 3 months after sawing Jingpaw people Jingpaw people Jingpaw people Jingpaw people Jingpaw people Jingpaw people another farmer than those who provided 083-089 Jingpaw people the same farmer who provided 090 Jingpaw people Harvest month Aug-Dec May-Jul Sep, Oct Sep, Oct Oct, Nov Oct, Nov Oct, Nov Dec Nov, Sep, Oct Jun, Jul Jan, Feb Jul, Aug Jul, Nov Jun Jan, Feb Mar Aug Jul, (fruit) Oct (seed) Jun Aug, Sep (fruit) Nov (seed) Aug, Sep (fruit) Nov (seed) Sowing month Mar-May Mar-May Feb May Apr, May Apr, May Apr, May Apr, May Apr, Mar Apr, May Apr, Feb, Mar Oct, Nov Apr, May Apr, Feb, Mar Jan Nov Nov Jun May, Feb, Mar Feb-May Feb-May Apr, May Apr, Apr, May Apr, Cultural practices slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard backyard slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation backyard slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation ordinary field slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard

"local variety name" Local plant name lazuk anu anu lo u sha hpi vkømsha [akumsha] ahpu sa nun u sha u sha mugo la zurk sein oo dee machan si (Jingpaw), (Jingpaw), si machan alusashi sein oo dee azap si (Ruwang) u chyie a phu chophi anno bakat ma yan thayan madzunu aphu apu o sha o sha o sha o sha o sha kom kim kom kim ka JP JP No ** 267914 267915 267916 267917 267920 267921 267922 267923 267919 267918 267924 267925 267927 267928 267926 267929 267930 267931 267932 267933 267934 267935 267936 267937 267938 267939 267940 267941 267942 267943 267944 267945 Sr 062 063 064 065 067 068 069 070 071 073 074 075 076 077 078 079 080 081 082 083 084 085 086 087 088 089 090 091 066a 072a No * 066b 072b Table 4. (Continued). Table

- 179 - landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace Status of plant sampled landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed sample Type of Type farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage backyard farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage marketplace farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage backyard Source farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage m 401 401 415 400 443 401 415 448 443 401 448 401 446 448 415 448 415 400 443 448 400 401 443 400 448 415 403 401 448 415 Altitude ″ 6 52 52 48 10 52 52 48 32 52 52 32 52 32 48 32 48 10 52 32 10 52 52 10 32 48 52 52 32 48 ′ 31 31 23 33 27 31 23 30 27 31 30 24 31 30 23 30 23 33 27 30 33 31 27 33 30 23 32 31 30 23 º 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 Longitude ″ 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 5 21 25 21 36 25 36 30 36 21 36 21 25 36 25 36 21 53 36 21 ′ 23 23 21 22 20 23 21 12 20 23 12 20 23 12 21 12 21 22 21 20 12 22 23 20 22 12 21 22 23 12 Latitude º 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 135 135 132 137 134 135 132 131 134 131 135 131 104 135 131 132 131 132 137 132 134 131 137 135 134 137 131 132 136 135 GPS waypoint Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Putao Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Putao Putao Machanbaw Putao Machanbaw Putao Putao Machanbaw Putao Putao Putao Putao Machanbaw Putao Machanbaw Putao Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Machanbaw Putao Putao Machanbaw Township

Kaung Hmu Lon, Machanbaw Kaung Hmu Lon, Machanbaw Kaung Hmu Lon, Machanbaw Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao Man Ku, Machanbaw Svr Køm Dvm [Sa KhumDam], Machanbaw Kaung Hmu Lon, Machanbaw Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao Pha Mar, Putao T/S Putao Pha Mar, Svr Køm Dvm [Sa KhumDam], Machanbaw Pha Mar, Putao T/S Putao Pha Mar, Kaung Hmu Lon, Machanbaw Pha Mar, Putao T/S Putao Pha Mar, Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao Kaung Hmu Lon, Machanbaw Pha Mar, Putao T/S Putao Pha Mar, T/S Putao, Putao Pha Mar, Putao T/S Putao Pha Mar, T/S Putao, Putao Man Ku, Machanbaw Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao Svr Køm Dvm [Sa KhumDam], Machanbaw Pha Mar, Putao T/S Putao Pha Mar, Man Ku, Machanbaw Kaung Hmu Lon, Machanbaw Svr Køm Dvm [Sa KhumDam], Machanbaw Man Ku, Machanbaw Pha Mar, Putao T/S Putao Pha Mar, Putao, Putao T/S Putao, Putao Kam Kyo, Machanbaw Village name or Village (T/S) near-by/township Date 11/07 11/07 11/07 11/06 11/07 11/07 11/07 11/06 11/06 11/07 11/06 11/07 11/06 11/06 11/07 11/06 11/06 11/06 11/06 11/07 11/06 11/07 11/06 11/07 11/07 11/07 11/07 11/06 11/06 11/07 MM/dd radish faba bean mustard mustard mustard coriander coriander English name basil yard-long bean yard-long bean cowpea yard-long bean wild edged cucumbar cucumbar mustard ridged gourd ridged sponge gourd common bean bitter gourd bitter gourd pumpkin pumpkin pumpkin bitter tomato cucumbar common pea maize, corn snake gourd snakegourd Job's tears

(L ) G Beck (RomCaill Hook ex Stapf ) f

sativus L L

(Loureiro) Merrill ma-yuen L ssp L L L L L L (L Group Unguiculata EWalpers ) Westphal (L Group Sesquipdalis EWalpers ) Westphal L L L L (L Group Sesquipdalis EWalpers ) Westphal (L Group Sesquipdalis EWalpers ) Westphal L var (L ) Roxb (L ) Roxb L (L ) Czern Group Cerua (L ) Czern Group Cerua (L ) Czern Group Cerua (L ) Czern Group Cerua L L L

Scientific name Momordica charantia cucumerina Trichosanthes acutangula Luffa Solanum aethiopicum unguiculata Vigna unguiculata Vigna Gymnopetalum chinense Brassica juncea acutangula Luffa cucumerina Trichosanthes Momordica charantia Ocimum basilcum Cucurbita maxima Cucumis sativus L. unguiculata Vigna Cucurbita maxima Zea mays Coriandrum sativum Brassica juncea Brassica juncea Pisum sativum Coriandrum sativum Raphanus raphanistrum faba Vicia unguiculata Vigna lacryma-jobi Coix Phaseolus vulgaris Cucurbita maxima Cucumis sativus Brassica juncea 267969 267970 267954 267964 267968 267946 267958 267951 267961 267971 267953 267965 267960 267949 267955 267947 267957 267974 267962 267950 267975 267967 267963 267973 267948 267956 267972 JP JP No ** 267966 267952 267959 Sr 111 115 116 110 114 117 113 119 118 112 100 092 104 097 107 099 106 095 101 093 103 120 108 096 121 109 094 102 098 105 No * Table 4. (Continued). Table

- 180 - Glutinous Farmer Name Ms Khum Ra Ms Khum Ra Ms Khum Ra Ms Khum Ra Ms Khum Ra Ms Khum Ra Ms Khum Ra Drainage moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate (moderate) (moderate) moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate (moderate) moderate moderate moderate Soil texture clay clay clay clay clay (clay) (clay) clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay (clay) clay clay clay Stoniness medium medium medium medium medium (medium) (medium) low none none none none none none low low low low low low low low low low low (low) low none none Site level level level level level (level) (level) level level level level level level level level level level level level level level level level level level (level) level level level Topography hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level Other observations/notes the same farmer who provided 090 Jingpaw people the same farmer who provided 090 Jingpaw people the same farmer who provided 090 Jingpaw people the same farmer who provided 090 Jingpaw people the same farmer who provided 090 Jingpaw people the same farmer who provided 090 Jingpaw people the same farmer who provided 090 Jingpaw people Spontaneous occurring but sometimes sown in slash-and-burn cultivation leaves are harvested Dec and later, seeds are harvested in leaves are harvested Dec and later, Mar/Apr Shan people Shan people Shan people Shan people Shan people Shan people Shan people Lisu people Shan people Shan people Shan people Shan people Shan people Shan people It take 2 years to grow Shan people orange color outside & inside produced at Upper ShanKhaung Rvwang people seed is called a khum ye Rvwang people Rvwang people leaves can be harvested one month after sawing Rvwang people mixture of 6-month mustard and white Shan people early white variety amaranth seeds mized Shan people Harvest month Aug, Sep (fruit) Nov (seed) Aug, Sep (fruit) Nov (seed) Aug, Sep (fruit) Nov (seed) Oct, Nov Dec Sep Apr May (seed) April Jun Aug Nov Feb Apr, May Apr, May Jul Jul Jun (fruit) Aug (seed) Oct Jun Jun Dec (seed) Apr Mar Sowing month Apr, May Apr, Apr, May Apr, Apr, May Apr, Mar-May Oct, Nov Jan Nov Oct Oct, Nov Nov Mar Jul Oct Oct, Nov Oct, Nov Feb Feb Apr Nov Feb May Feb Nov Nov Nov Cultural practices slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard backyard slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation backyard backyard backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard backyard backyard backyard backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard backyard backyard backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard

Local plant name "local variety name" chara ha si koms sap si ka ta li si sha basi no kyu si no kyu si katan si pakat maloi ngin paky pakat kin ho tho mon tho sai su paka thu kwan thayan pakat ma yan maya khom basim kim in ba aphu thaw gju a khum lv gong [la gong] bvnzi [banzi] pakat pakat kau tho kham pan JP JP No ** 267946 267947 267948 267949 267950 267951 267952 267953 267954 267967 267968 267969 267970 267971 267972 267973 267974 267975 267955 267956 267957 267958 267959 267960 267961 267962 267963 267964 267965 267966 Sr 111 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 110 112 092 093 094 095 096 097 098 099 100 120 121 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 No * Table 4. (Continued). Table

- 181 - wild wild landrace landrace landrace Status of plant sampled landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace wild landrace landrace landrace landrace wild landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace wild landrace fruit seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed both seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed fruit, plant, sample Type of Type rhizome rhizome rhizome rhizome rhizome rhizome village market wild wild farmer's storage NGO storage farmer's storage marketplace farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage marketplace farmer's storage marketplace marketplace marketplace farmer's storage wild farmer's storage farmer's storage village market farmer's storage wild farmer's storage village market Source farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage wild farmer's storage m 446 161 152 143 152 152 427 446 142 152 143 142 143 152 427 427 446 427 424 152 446 152 424 1,440 1,950 2,280 2,360 1,440 1,263 1,263 1,263 1,263 1,263 1,263 1,263 Altitude ″ 3 2 8 8 2 8 8 8 8 6 2 11 11 22 13 13 13 12 13 13 27 12 12 12 16 13 50 13 50 50 50 50 50 33 50 ′ 52 51 24 29 29 24 29 29 23 24 24 58 29 24 24 24 29 47 23 23 24 23 23 29 24 54 29 54 54 54 54 54 23 58 54 º 93 93 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 93 97 97 97 97 97 93 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 93 97 93 93 93 93 93 97 93 93 Longitude ″ 30 55 30 15 50 17 59 50 50 34 30 59 17 50 59 59 59 50 17 34 34 30 34 30 50 30 54 50 54 54 54 54 54 40 54 ′ 23 23 20 34 32 22 22 32 32 20 20 22 22 32 22 22 22 32 25 20 20 20 20 20 32 21 20 21 32 21 21 21 21 21 20 Latitude º 21 21 27 25 25 21 25 25 25 27 27 25 21 25 25 25 25 25 21 27 27 27 27 27 27 25 21 27 21 25 21 21 21 21 21 161 162 102 142 144 160 139 144 144 138 102 139 160 144 139 139 139 144 163 138 138 104 138 144 158 102 158 144 158 158 158 158 158 GPS near 138 near 138 waypoint Mindat Mindat Putao Myitkyina Myitkyina Mindat Myitkyina Myitkyina Myitkyina Myitkyina Putao Putao Myitkyina Mindat Myitkyina Myitkyina Myitkyina Myitkyina Myitkyina Mindat Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Putao Myitkyina Mindat Township Putao Mindat Mindat Mindat Mindat Mindat Mindat

Mindat T/S Mindat T/S Mindat Tone Li Thu, Putao, Putao T/S Thu, Putao, Putao Li Tone Alam near Myitkyina, Myitkyina T Myitkyina Myitkyina, near Alam S Gwae Taw, Myitkyina T Myitkyina Taw, Gwae S Mindat, Mindat TMindat, Mindat S Myitkyina, Myitkyina TMyitkyina, Myitkyina S Gwae Taw, Myitkyina T Myitkyina Taw, Gwae S Gwae Taw, Myitkyina T Myitkyina Taw, Gwae S T Myitkyina Taw, Gwae S Ma Chon Wa, Putao T/S Putao Wa, Ma Chon Tone Li Thu, Putao, Putao T/S Thu, Putao, Putao Li Tone TMyitkyina, Myitkyina S Mindat, Mindat TMindat, Mindat S Alam near Myitkyina, Myitkyina T Myitkyina Myitkyina, near Alam S Myitkyina, Myitkyina TMyitkyina, Myitkyina S TMyitkyina, Myitkyina S Myitkyina, Myitkyina TMyitkyina, Myitkyina S Gwae Taw, Myitkyina T Myitkyina Taw, Gwae S Mindat T/S Mindat Ma Chon Wa, Putao T/S Putao Wa, Ma Chon T/S Putao Wa, Ma Chon T/S Putao, Putao Ma Chon Wa, Putao T/S Putao Wa, Ma Chon near Putao, Putao T/S near Putao, Putao T/S near Putao, Putao T Myitkyina Taw, Gwae S Pon Oho, Mindat, Mindat T/S Pon Oho, Mindat, Mindat Village name or Village (T/S) near-by/township Tone Li Thu, Putao, Putao T/S Thu, Putao, Putao Li Tone Pon Oho, Mindat, Mindat T/S Pon Oho, Mindat, Mindat Pon Oho, Mindat, Mindat T/S Pon Oho, Mindat, Mindat Pon Oho, Mindat, Mindat T/S Pon Oho, Mindat, Mindat Pon Oho, Mindat, Mindat T/S Pon Oho, Mindat, Mindat Pon Oho, Mindat, Mindat T/S Pon Oho, Mindat, Mindat Pon Oho, Mindat, Mindat T/S Pon Oho, Mindat, Mindat Date 11/11 11/11 11/11 11/11 11/11 11/11 11/11 11/12 11/12 11/07 11/09 11/09 11/12 11/09 11/09 11/09 11/09 11/07 11/07 11/10 11/12 11/09 11/09 11/10 11/09 11/09 11/12 11/07 11/07 11/08 11/07 11/07 11/07 11/09 11/07 MM/dd wild gourd wild gourd turmeric chili pepper lablab bean perilla pointed guard sesame English name basil yard-long bean cowpea cowpea zedoary wild edged gourd bitter guard ridged gourd common bean rice bean rice bean finger millet yam bean rice rice Chinese pepper maize, corn maize, corn wild legume wild legume foxtail millet foxtail millet (L ) D C (Loureiro) Merrill DC L (Roxb ) Benth (Roxb ) Benth (L Group Sesquipdalis EWalpers ) Westphal (L Group Unguiculata EWalpers ) Westphal L L Wall L L (Christm ) Roscoe (L Group Unguiculata EWalpers ) Westphal Gaertn (L ) Roxb (L ) Britton var frutescens (LVoigt ) (L ) Sweet (Thunb ) Ohwi et Ohashi (Thunb ) Ohwi et Ohashi L

armartum sp sp (L ) P Beauv (L ) P Beauv

sp L L sp sp L L sp

Scientific name Oryza sativa Oryza sativa Zea mays Curcuma zedoaria Pueraria phaseolodes Pueraria phaseolodes Curcuma longa Zingiber barbatum Hosta Zanthoxylum Rhyncanthus Sesamum indicum umbellata Vigna Capsicum annuum acutangula Luffa Psophocarpus tetragonolobus unguiculata Vigna unguiculata Vigna Lablab purpurea Setaria italica Ocimum basilcum Rhycanthus Gymnopetalum chinense Perilla frutescens Phaseolus vulgaris unguiculata Vigna umbellata Vigna Setaria italica Eleusine coracana Zea mays Coccinia grandis Momordica balsamina Trichosanthes Trichosanthes Hedychium 268008 268009 268010 267983 267990 267995 267988 267976 267997 267994 267980 267984 267999 267991 267987 267998 267989 267992 267977 267978 267986 267979 267981 267996 268007 JP JP No ** 267985 268002 267993 268001 268003 268005 268006 268004 267982 268000 Sr 155 156 157 129 137 142 135 122 144 141 126 130 146 138 134 145 136 139 123 124 133 125 127 143 154 132 149 140 148 150 152 153 151 128 147 No * Table 4. (Continued). Table

- 182 - Glutinous Farmer Name Drainage moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate good good good good good moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate Soil texture clay clay clay clay clay clay clay sandy clay sandy clay sandy clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay Stoniness low low low low medium low none medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium Site level level level level slope level level slope slope slope slope slope slope slope slope slope slope slope Topography undulating undulating undulating undulating plain level plain level plain level plain level hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly hilly mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous Other observations/notes transplanted in July white, soft, good for the elders Lisu people transplanted in July red, hard Lisu people all year around slice, dry and make powder for stomack medicine on a cliff at a river bank, no mature seed on a cliff at an edge of a paddy field provided by a driver, U Maung Soe provided by a driver, U Maung Soe provided by a driver, slash-and-burn cultivation Dan village near snow mountains Yar from Zi harvested all year around from Sumprabon Mr Tu N-gum Ja pods availble from Feb black seed pods availble all year around harvested all year around Myityina market not tall boil three time only seed eaten seed are eaten dehusk, only mix with rice cake, non sticky, sticky one dehusk, only mix with rice cake, non sticky, exist,brewary dehusk by block, mix with beef porriage, cake road side clift road side Harvest month Nov Nov Apr Oct Nov Dec Nov, Dec, Jan Jan, Feb Dec, Jan Dec, Jan Sep, Oct Dec Sep, Oct Sowing month Jun Jun Jan, Feb May, Jun May, Mar, Apr Mar, May, Jun May, Nov May Nov May, Jun May, Jun, Apr, May Apr, Apr, May Apr, Apr, May Apr, Apr, May Apr, Apr, May Apr, Apr, May Apr, Apr, May Apr, Cultural practices irrigated, trnsplanted irrigated, trnsplanted backyard backyard slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard backyard slash-and-burn cultivation backyard slash-and-burn cultivation slash-and-burn cultivation, backyard slash-and-burn cultivation shifting shifting shifting, backyard shifting shifting shifting shifting

"local variety name" Local plant name "e dn [e pu]" "z si si[ze si]" o sha ma hin nyi ji sa nun mate thalin pan u ma chap sum ring si naw gyaawn si naw kyu si naw kyu si naw lap si sha gi shing tawn pan khwo kie gep paw ml wi be tha than than shen pun pho JP JP No ** 267976 267977 267978 267979 267980 267981 267982 267983 267984 267985 267986 267987 267988 267989 267990 267991 267993 267992 267994 267995 267996 267997 267998 267999 268000 268001 268002 268003 268004 268010 268005 268009 268006 268007 268008 Sr 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 140 139 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 157 156 153 154 155 No * Table 4. (Continued). Table

- 183 - landrace wild Status of plant sampled landrace landrace landrace landrace wild wild landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace fruit fruit fruit fruit fruit fruit fruit seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed both seed seed sample Type of Type farmer's storage wild farmland farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage wild wild village market village market farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage backyard farmer's storage village market farmer's storage farmland farmland farmland farmland farmland farmer's storage farmland farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage Source village market farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage m 880 906 903 880 906 950 903 906 906 906 906 906 906 906 1,093 1,093 1,228 1,093 1,093 1,166 1,166 1,228 1,093 1,093 1,093 1,166 1,093 1,093 1,228 1,093 1,093 1,166 1,540 1,093 1,093 Altitude ″ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 45 45 55 44 45 18 18 55 45 33 18 44 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 55 18 34 ′ 21 26 21 26 21 21 25 26 26 26 26 21 25 21 26 21 19 26 21 21 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 25 21 21 26 22 21 21 º 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 Longitude ″ 2 11 11 56 56 26 56 56 31 24 42 42 56 31 56 26 56 28 42 56 56 24 26 26 26 26 56 26 26 26 31 56 56 42 56 ′ 32 40 32 40 32 32 39 40 40 36 36 32 39 32 40 32 34 36 32 32 40 40 40 40 40 32 40 32 40 40 39 32 32 36 30 Latitude º 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 171 178 171 177 171 171 175 176 178 174 174 171 175 171 177 171 173 174 171 171 176 177 177 177 177 171 177 171 177 177 175 171 171 174 170 GPS waypoint Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Township Madupi Madupi

Va Lang Pi, Madupi T/S Lang Pi, Madupi Va Pan Aeng, Madupi T/S Aeng, Madupi Pan Va Lang Pi, Madupi T/S Lang Pi, Madupi Va T/S Aeng, Madupi Pan Va Lang Pi, Madupi T/S Lang Pi, Madupi Va T/S Lang Pi, Madupi Va T/S Pha Neng, Madupi Pan Aeng, Madupi T/S Aeng, Madupi Pan T/S Aeng, Madupi Pan near the guesthouse, Madupi T/S near the guesthouse, Madupi T/S near the guesthouse, Madupi Va Lang Pi, Madupi T/S Lang Pi, Madupi Va T/S Pha Neng, Madupi Va Lang Pi, Madupi T/S Lang Pi, Madupi Va Pan Aeng, Madupi T/S Aeng, Madupi Pan Va Lang Pi, Madupi T/S Lang Pi, Madupi Va Kala, Madupi T/S Kala, Madupi T/S near the guesthouse, Madupi Va Lang Pi, Madupi T/S Lang Pi, Madupi Va Va Lang Pi, Madupi T/S Lang Pi, Madupi Va T/S Aeng, Madupi Pan T/S Aeng, Madupi Pan T/S Aeng, Madupi Pan T/S Aeng, Madupi Pan T/S Aeng, Madupi Pan Va Lang Pi, Madupi T/S Lang Pi, Madupi Va T/S Aeng, Madupi Pan Va Lang Pi, Madupi T/S Lang Pi, Madupi Va T/S Aeng, Madupi Pan T/S Aeng, Madupi Pan T/S Pha Neng, Madupi Va Lang Pi, Madupi T/S Lang Pi, Madupi Va T/S Lang Pi, Madupi Va Village name or Village (T/S) near-by/township near the guesthouse, Madupi T/S near the guesthouse, Madupi Tuiship, Madupi T/S Madupi Tuiship, Date 11/13 11/14 11/13 11/14 11/13 11/13 11/14 11/14 11/14 11/14 11/14 11/13 11/14 11/13 11/14 11/13 11/13 11/14 11/13 11/13 11/14 11/14 11/14 11/14 11/14 11/13 11/14 11/13 11/14 11/14 11/14 11/13 11/13 11/14 11/13 MM/dd ash guard wild azuki bean English name cowpea cowpea cowpea cowpea cowpea wild bean wild bean wild edged cucumber ginger mustard mustard pumpkin pumpkin cucumbar cucumbar sorghum rice rice rice rice rice rice rice rice maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn

nipponensis

(Dennst ) Nicolson (Loureiro) Merrill L L Roxb (LWalpers ) (L Group Unguiculata EWalpers ) Westphal Roscoe L (Thunb ) Cogn (LWalpers ) (L Group Unguiculata EWalpers ) Westphal (LWalpers ) (L ) Moench N et NTomooka Maxted N et NTomooka Maxted L L (Willd ) Ohwi et H Ohashi var (L ) Czern Group Cerua L L L L L L L L L L L L L L (Ohwi) Ohwi et H Ohashi Scientific name Amorphophallus paeoniifolius unguiculata Vigna unguiculata Vigna Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Solanum aethiopicum unguiculata Vigna Benincasa hispada Cucurbita maxima bicolor Sorghum Oryza sativa Oryza sativa Brassica juncea Cucumis sativus Cucumis sativus Gymnopetalum chinense Momordica dioica Zingiber officinale Oryza sativa tenuicaulis Vigna Oryza sativa unguiculata Vigna Zea mays Zea mays Cucurbita maxima Oryza sativa Oryza sativa Oryza sativa Oryza sativa tenuicaulis Vigna angularis Vigna Zea mays unguiculata Vigna Brassica juncea (L.) Czern Group Cerua 268020 268043 268011 268034 268013 268014 268019 268032 268042 268028 268030 268025 268021 268037 268018 268026 268027 268022 268039 268040 268041 268023 268033 268035 268036 268044 268015 268016 268031 JP JP No ** 268029 268012 268038 268045 268024 268017 Sr 167 190 158 181 160 161 166 179 189 175 177 172 168 184 165 173 174 169 186 187 188 170 180 182 183 191 162 163 178 176 159 185 192 171 164 No * Table 4. (Continued). Table

- 184 - Glutinous Farmer Name Drainage good good good good good good good good good good good good moderate good moderate good good good good good good good good moderate good good good Soil texture loam clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay Stoniness medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium medium low medium low medium medium medium low low low low low none low low low Site slope slope slope slope slope slope slope slope slope slope slope slope level slope level slope level level level level level level level level level level level Topography mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous Other observations/notes 4 years ago most eaten fresh pod harvest in Sep, seed color black fresh pod harvest in Sep, late mature 2 weeks later than No 159, reddish brown seeds pop corn, damaged corn for pig, yellow color, latest cultivar pop corn, damaged corn for pig, yellow color, among three type:No; 161/162/163 , pop corn, damaged corn for pig, black seed, earliest cuitivar among three type:No;161/162/163 pop corn, damaged corn for pig, yellow color, sweet and pop corn, damaged corn for pig, yellow color, sticky fried fruits fresh pod, reddish brown color, like No: 165 fresh pod, reddish brown color, boil and fried, orange color, intercropping with various kind boil and fried, orange color, of crops stem for sugar, seeds for pop corn and soup stem for sugar, not sticky mix hull color individuals were identified but not separated select the good place for cultivation (higher and moisture), separately cultivated from not sticky rice eat leaves and flower market market market market transplant in july roadside transplant in May, sticky transplant in May, early type late type leaves and fruits, orange color little aromatic transplant in late July, good eating quality transplant in late July, long culm near the bridge near the paddy field small panicle, yellow seed black seed color leaves and flowers are used for boil pickles Harvest month Nov Nov Nov Nov Jul Sep Sep Sep Oct, Nov Nov Sep, Nov Nov Nov after June Nov Nov Nov Jun Nov Jul, Aug Jul, Nov Nov Nov Nov Aug Nov Dec Sowing month May, Jun May, Apr, May Apr, Apr, May Apr, May May May Apr, May Apr, Apr, May Apr, Apr, May Apr, Apr, May Apr, Apr, May Apr, Apr, May Apr, Apr, May Apr, Apr Mar, Apr Mar, Apr May Mar Mar Mar Jul 15 Jul 7 Jul 13 Jul 13 Jun Jun Nov Cultural practices shifting, backyard shifting, backyard shifting, backyard shifting, backyard shifting, backyard shifting, backyard shifting shifting, backyard shifting, backyard shifting, backyard shifting shifting shifting shifting shifting terraced terraced backyard backyard backyard terraced terraced terraced terraced backyard backyard backyard

"local variety name" Local plant name mai dung mai dung vai kym vai kym vai kym cang thulk thai mai dung an mai phouh sen pa sen thar aung me pi nal cang swat vai kym vai hnong phoe thaih pi nal mi buet tham hrim cang swat paw gon ho mi dawn atha mar JP JP No ** 268011 268012 268013 268014 268015 268016 268017 268018 268019 268020 268021 268022 268023 268024 268025 268026 268027 268028 268029 268030 268031 268032 268033 268034 268035 268036 268037 268038 268039 268040 268041 268042 268043 268044 268045 Sr 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 No * Table 4. (Continued). Table

- 185 - landrace landrace wild Status of plant sampled wild landrace wild wild wild wild landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace landrace wild landrace landrace landrace seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed sample Type of Type rhizome village market village market village market village market farmer's storage wild wild farmer's storage wild wild wild wild farmer's storage farmland backyard farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmland farmland farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage farmer's storage backyard wild Source farmland village market farmer's storage farmer's storage m 795 467 460 164 460 164 460 164 460 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,440 1,304 1,651 1,304 1,304 1,304 1,228 1,397 1,397 1,397 1,304 1,304 1,304 1,304 1,304 1,304 1,304 1,304 1,304 1,397 1,166 1,304 1,304 Altitude ″ 1 11 11 11 11 18 41 18 18 22 31 19 18 31 55 40 40 40 40 18 18 18 18 19 31 18 18 18 18 18 19 31 18 18 18 ′ 4 4 4 4 4 25 54 28 25 25 28 58 58 25 25 58 58 57 57 57 57 25 25 25 25 28 25 25 25 25 25 28 26 25 25 º 93 93 93 93 93 94 94 94 93 93 93 94 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 94 94 93 93 93 93 93 94 94 93 93 93 Longitude ″ 2 1 3 3 3 18 18 18 56 55 17 17 18 55 31 17 17 18 20 20 20 20 18 18 18 18 55 18 18 18 18 18 55 42 18 ′ 41 23 35 41 41 21 21 27 22 22 41 21 39 22 22 41 22 22 22 22 41 41 41 41 21 27 41 41 41 41 41 27 21 36 41 Latitude º 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 179 183 181 179 179 187 188 150 160 160 179 188 175 160 160 179 179 179 179 179 179 188 150 179 179 179 179 179 150 188 174 GPS (157) (157) (157) (157) waypoint Madupi Mindat Madupi Madupi Madupi Saw Saw Chouk Mindat Mindat Madupi Saw Madupi Mindat Madupi Mindat Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Saw Chouk Mindat Mindat Mindat Mindat Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Madupi Chouk Township Saw

Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S Nga Leang, , Madupi Mindat T/S Mindat Madupi T/S Madupi Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S Nga Leang, , Madupi Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S, Magway Saw T/S, Magway Thaung Htet, Saw Chauk T/S, Magway Chauk T/S Mindat, Mindat T/S Mindat, Mindat Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S, Magway Thaung Htet, Saw Pha Neng, Madupi T/S Pha Neng, Madupi Mindat, Mindat T/S Mindat, Mindat Madupi, Madupi T/S Madupi, Madupi Mindat, Mindat T/S Mindat, Mindat Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S Nga Leang, , Madupi Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S, Magway Thaung Htet, Saw T/S, Magway Chauk T/S Mindat (from Kin Hlih), Mindat (from M'kui Mnu), T/S Mindat (from Kyung Laong), T/S Mindat Acoh), Mindat Mindat (from Pang T/S Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S Nga Leang, , Madupi Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S Nga Leang, , Madupi Nga Leang, , Madupi T/S Nga Leang, , Madupi Chauk T/S, Magway Chauk Village name or Village (T/S) near-by/township Thaung Htet, Saw T/S, Magway Thaung Htet, Saw Date 11/14 11/15 11/15 11/14 11/14 11/16 11/16 11/16 11/16 11/16 11/14 11/16 11/14 11/16 11/15 11/16 11/14 11/14 11/14 11/14 11/14 11/14 11/16 11/16 11/16 11/15 11/15 11/15 11/15 11/14 11/14 11/14 11/14 11/14 11/16 MM/dd chilipepper wild Job's tears English name wild azuki bean egg plant wild bean wild legume wild legume balsam apple balsam apple balsam apple cucumbar cowpea bitter guard taro red eggplant cucumbar roselle rice rice rice rice rice rice rice rice rice rice rice rice maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn maize, corn tree spinach wild snake guard

nipponensis L (Lamarck) Steudel Lour lacryma-jobi L L L L L L (L ) Schott L D Don) L L var N et NTomooka Maxted L (Willd ) Ohwi et H Ohashi var Ridley Ridley L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L

C. giganteum Scientific name (Ohwi) Ohwi et H Ohashi Momordica charantia Oryza sativa Oryza sativa Oryza sativa Oryza sativa Oryza sativa Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Solanum melongena Cucumis sativus L. Hibiscus sabdariffa Capsicum annuum tenuicaulis Vigna Chenopodium bengalense (syn angularis Vigna Coix lacryma-jobi hirtella Vigna Oryza sativa Oryza sativa radiata Vigna hirtella Vigna Momordica balsamina Oryza sativa tricuspidata Trichosanthes Solanum aethiopicum Cucumis sativus Momordica balsamina Momordica balsamina Colocasia esculenta Oryza sativa Oryza sativa Oryza sativa Oryza sativa 268075 268076 268077 268074 268060 268064 268046 268063 268057 268061 268065 268069 268070 268058 268068 268047 268078 268079 268048 268049 268050 268051 268071 268067 268053 268054 268055 268056 268062 268072 JP JP No ** 268066 268080 268073 268052 268059 Sr 211 222 223 224 221 207 193 210 204 208 212 216 217 205 215 194 225 226 195 196 197 198 218 214 200 201 202 203 209 219 213 227 220 199 206 No * Table 4. (Continued). Table

- 186 - Glutinous Farmer Name Drainage good moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate good good moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate Soil texture clay clay clay clay clay clay clay loam clay clay clay clay clay clay clay clay Stoniness low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low low Site level level level level level level level level level level level level level level level level level Topography mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous mountainous plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level plain level Other observations/notes cooking sticky rice, black awn, color pericarp, good for health black awn, sticky black hull, awn, white pericarp, sticky sticky rice, reddish brown hull major variety in high yielding, good eating quality, not sticky, this village yellow color yellow and black color good eating quality, good price black color, yellow color leaves can harvest in July near the gate of Nga Leang Baptist Charch cooking transplant in july, gultinous transplant in july, transplant in july transplanted in August, aromatic transplanted in uncertain species Madupi market, uncertain species Mindat market small fruits, Mindat market than Nosmall fruits, larger 221, Mindat market Mindat market 130-day variety office provided by Mindat DOA 140-day variety office provided by Mindat DOA 130-day variety office provided by Mindat DOA 135-day variety office provided by Mindat DOA Harvest month Jul,Nov early October Oct, Nov Oct, Nov Oct, Nov Oct, Nov July Oct Oct Oct Jun, Jul Jul Nov Nov Jun, Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Sowing month Jan Mar end of March Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Jun Jun Aug Jul Cultural practices backyard shifting shifting shifting shifting shifting shifting shifting shifting shifting backyard backyard backyard transplanted transplanted transplanted

Local plant name "local variety name" azem tai di kul ka thlang ca mum mizu ca sawk ma du cang ca koen ca caum ca nak ca koen boek ta po thai tang thai na bok al paet thai ta hai kai nga cheik kauk nhyin pen neuk ney pyi hnwe mizo shain ta bhule ship JP JP No ** 268046 268047 268048 268049 268050 268051 268052 268053 268054 268055 268056 268057 268058 268059 268060 268061 268062 268063 268064 268065 268066 268067 268068 268069 268070 268071 268072 268073 268074 268075 268076 268077 268078 268079 268080 Sr 211 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 No * Table 4. (Continued). Table

- 187 - Status of plant sampled fruit seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed sample Type of Type rhizome rhizome wild Source 20 m 1,397 1,397 1,397 1,397 1,397 1,397 1,397 1,397 1,397 1,397 1,397 1,397 1,397 1,397 1,397 1,397 Altitude ″ 7 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 ′ 11 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 º 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 96 93 93 93 93 Longitude ″ 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 20 20 20 20 ′ 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 19 22 22 22 22 Latitude º 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 17 21 21 21 21 GPS (157) (157) (157) (157) (157) (157) (157) (157) (157) (157) (157) (157) (157) (157) (157) (157) waypoint Mindat Mindat Mindat Mindat Mindat Mindat Mindat Mindat Mindat Mindat Mindat Mindat Hlegu Mindat Mindat Mindat Township Mindat

Mindat (from Lailacong Thai), Mindat (from Lailacong T/S Mindat Mindat (from Ro), Mindat T/S Mindat (from Ro), Thai), Mindat (from Lailawng T/S Mindat T/S Mindat (from Ro), Mindat (from Hle Kacong), T/S Mindat (from Pang Acoh), Mindat Mindat (from Pang T/S Acoh), Mindat Mindat (from Pang T/S Acoh), Mindat Mindat (from Pang T/S Mindat (from Hle Kacong), T/S Mindat (from Pang Acoh), Mindat Mindat (from Pang T/S Mindat (from Bacung Tre), Mindat Tre), Mindat (from Bacung T/S Mindat (from Bacung Tre), Mindat Tre), Mindat (from Bacung T/S Mindat (from Bacung Tre), Mindat Tre), Mindat (from Bacung T/S Reservior, Yeik of Nga Moe SW Yangon T/S, Phaung Gyi, Hlegu Mindat (from Bacung Tre), Mindat Tre), Mindat (from Bacung T/S Mindat (from Bacung Tre), Mindat Tre), Mindat (from Bacung T/S Mindat (from Hle Kacong), T/S Village name or Village (T/S) near-by/township Date 11/15 11/15 11/15 11/15 11/15 11/15 11/15 11/15 11/15 11/15 11/15 11/15 11/15 11/22 11/15 11/15 11/15 MM/dd chili pepper English name egg plant elephant yam white yam Job's tears perilla maize, corn cowpea finger millet indian night shade common bean rice bean taro wild taro pumpkin maize, corn foxtail millet (Rom Caill ) Stapf ex Hook f (Dennst ) Nicolson (Dennst ) Nicolson

ma-yuen L Ortega (L ) Schott (L ) Schott L L L L var (Thunb ) Ohwi et Ohashi (L ) P Beauv L

Scientific name frutescens Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. Setaria italica Zea mays L. Zea mays Phaseolus vulgaris Walpers unguiculata (L.) Vigna umbellata Vigna Cucurbita maxima Coix lacryma-jobi Eleusine coracana Gaertn. Solanum melongena Solanum violaceum Capsicum annuum Colocasia esculenta Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Colocasia esculenta 268094 268081 268092 268096 268097, 268098 268090 268082 268084 268091 268093 268086 268088 268089 268085 268083 JP JP No ** 268087 268095 Sr 241 228 239 243 244 237 229 231 238 240 233 235 236 232 230 234 242 No * Note: * Collection No is designated as COL/(country)/(year)/(collecting organizations)/(Sr No ) for each No** JP is a unique ID number when registered in NARO Genebank Table 4. (Continued). Table

- 188 - Glutinous Farmer Name Drainage poor Soil texture clay Stoniness low Site level Topography plain level Other observations/notes provided by Mindat DOA office provided by Mindat DOA provided by Mindat DOA office provided by Mindat DOA provided by Mindat DOA office provided by Mindat DOA provided by Mindat DOA office provided by Mindat DOA provided by Mindat DOA office provided by Mindat DOA provided by Mindat DOA office provided by Mindat DOA provided by Mindat DOA office provided by Mindat DOA provided by Mindat DOA office provided by Mindat DOA provided by Mindat DOA office provided by Mindat DOA provided by Mindat DOA office provided by Mindat DOA provided by Mindat DOA office provided by Mindat DOA provided by Mindat DOA office provided by Mindat DOA provided by Mindat DOA office provided by Mindat DOA provided by Mindat DOA office provided by Mindat DOA provided by Mindat DOA office provided by Mindat DOA provided by Mindat DOA office provided by Mindat DOA wild, probably diploid, in a Oryza rufipogon population pond near the roadside Harvest month Sowing month Cultural practices

"local variety name" Local plant name k'cho k'khi htang pumgho pumgho k'kho m7kyei m'lai k'bei ng mai pum htang k'he bukbun k'ha khag ang k'kha m'ship ba m'htan m'htan pain u yain JP JP No ** 268081 268082 268083 268084 268085 268086 268087 268088 268089 268090 268091 268092 268093 268094 268095 268096 268098 268097, Sr 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 No * Table 4. (Continued). Table

- 189 -

Photo 1. Snow-covered mountains can be seen in the Photo 2. There is a wide basin in Putao and northPhoto from 3 the A downtown variet of ofPutao vegetabl township Machanbaw townships of Putao district, Kachin State of Myanmar. The basin is suited for paddy rice production.

Photo 3. A variety of vegetables were seen in a Photo 4. Roselle, Chinese water spinach, hooker marketplaceP of Putao ns itownship. chive, winged bean, and chayote were for sale at a

marketplace in Putao township. These are popular vegetables in other areas in Myanmar.

Photo7 We 5. Bundles isited a of edibleash- fernnd- (probablyurn Photo 6. Unidentified small chestnut (Castanea Diplazium esculentum [Retz ] Sw.) were sold at a sp., probably C. mollissima Blume) was seen at a marketplacecultivat in on Putao field township. at U S marketplace of Putao township.

- 190 -

Photo 7. We visited a slash-and-burn cultivation Photo 8. Harvested rice, maize, and sweet potato

field in Upper Shan Khang, Putao township (WPs on a slash-and-burn cultivation field in Upper 110to 10and 111),Hand where t rice r shhad been ng just f r harvested. ce n Shan Khang, Putao township.

p Photo 9. Rice terrace in a valley of Mindat Photo 10. Hand threshing of rice in a harvested district,wit Chin and State. w paddy field in a valley of Mindat district, Chin State.

Phototo 13 11. Whitepine flowered gour roselle is rare plants y founwith and Photo 12. Chayote was grown on a wooden without anthocyanin on stem in a small field of trellis in Mindat district of Chin State. Mindata hedge district, Chinsurrou State

- 191 -

Photooto 13 6. SpineA v gourd riety is of rare vegetables and was found we on a Photo 14. Elephant foot yam was recently t 1 . Ha ve d e phant foot y hedge surrounding a house. This photo was taken introduced into Chin State. in Mindatdisplayed district of Chinat State. lo al This marketpla plant has also or s were stored n warehou been identifiedn M nd in Putao t d stricdistrict ofo KachinChin State S

Photo 15. Harvested elephant foot yam corms were Photo 16. A variety of vegetables were displayed at storedoto 17. in a Vegetawarehouse. a local marketplace in Mindat district of Chin State

from the early morning.

Photo 17. Vegetables displayed in a local Photo 18. Young and matured fruits of balsam marketplace in Mindat district of Chin State apple at a local marketplace in Mindat district

were produced in[ここに力 adjacent villages.] of Chin State. This is a cultivated crop closely related to bitter gourd.

Photo 19. Young fruits of ivy gourd at a local marketplace in Mindat district of Chin State. This is cultivated in Chin State and widely in other areas of Myanmar.

- 192 -