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(ACIP) General Best Guidance for Immunization
8. Altered Immunocompetence Updates This section incorporates general content from the Infectious Diseases Society of America policy statement, 2013 IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline for Vaccination of the Immunocompromised Host (1), to which CDC provided input in November 2011. The evidence supporting this guidance is based on expert opinion and arrived at by consensus. General Principles Altered immunocompetence, a term often used synonymously with immunosuppression, immunodeficiency, and immunocompromise, can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary immunodeficiencies generally are inherited and include conditions defined by an inherent absence or quantitative deficiency of cellular, humoral, or both components that provide immunity. Examples include congenital immunodeficiency diseases such as X- linked agammaglobulinemia, SCID, and chronic granulomatous disease. Secondary immunodeficiency is acquired and is defined by loss or qualitative deficiency in cellular or humoral immune components that occurs as a result of a disease process or its therapy. Examples of secondary immunodeficiency include HIV infection, hematopoietic malignancies, treatment with radiation, and treatment with immunosuppressive drugs. The degree to which immunosuppressive drugs cause clinically significant immunodeficiency generally is dose related and varies by drug. Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies might include a combination of deficits in both cellular and humoral immunity. Certain conditions like asplenia and chronic renal disease also can cause altered immunocompetence. Determination of altered immunocompetence is important to the vaccine provider because incidence or severity of some vaccine-preventable diseases is higher in persons with altered immunocompetence; therefore, certain vaccines (e.g., inactivated influenza vaccine, pneumococcal vaccines) are recommended specifically for persons with these diseases (2,3). Administration of live vaccines might need to be deferred until immune function has improved. -
Asplenia Vaccination Guide
Stanford Health Care Vaccination Subcommitee Revision date 11/308/2018 Functional or Anatomical Asplenia Vaccine Guide I. PURPOSE To outline appropriate vaccines targeting encapsulated bacteria for functionally or anatomically asplenic patients. Routine vaccines that may also be indicated but not addressed here include influenza, Tdap, herpes zoster, HPV, MMR, and varicella.1,2,3 II. Background Functionally or anatomically asplenic patients should be vaccinated to decrease the risk of sepsis due to organisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B, and Neisseria meningitidis. Guidelines are based on CDC recommendations. For additional information, see https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult-conditions.html. III. Procedures/Guidelines1,2,3,6,7,8 The regimen consists of 4 vaccines initially, followed by repeat doses as specified: 1. Haemophilus b conjugate (Hib) vaccine (ACTHIB®) IM once if they have not previously received Hib vaccine 2. Pneumococcal conjugate 13-valent (PCV13) vaccine (PREVNAR 13®) IM once • 2nd dose: Pneumococcal polysaccharide 23-valent (PPSV23) vaccine (PNEUMOVAX 23®) SQ/IM once given ≥ 8 weeks later, then 3rd dose as PPSV23 > 5 years later.4 Note: The above is valid for those who have not received any pneumococcal vaccines previously, or those with unknown vaccination history. If already received prior doses of PPSV23: give PCV13 at least 1 year after last PPSV23 dose. 3. Meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-CRM, MENVEO®) IM (repeat in ≥ 8 weeks, then every 5 years thereafter) 4. Meningococcal serogroup B vaccine (MenB, BEXSERO®) IM (repeat in ≥ 4 weeks) Timing of vaccination relative to splenectomy: 1. Should be given at least 14 days before splenectomy, if possible. -
Menhibrix® Meningococcal Groups C and Y and Haemophilus B Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine
MenHibrix® Meningococcal Groups C and Y and Haemophilus b Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine Age Indications for Menhibrix ® Vaccine Vaccine Administration Menhibrix® (GSK): for aged 6 weeks through 18 months at increased - Intramuscular (IM) injection in the anterolateral aspect of risk for meningococcal disease (see below) the thigh for most infants younger than 1 year of age In older children, in the deltoid muscle of the arm Indications for Use and Schedule - Indicated for active immunization to prevent invasive disease - 1-1.5 inch, 22-25 gauge needle - Use professional judgment in selecting caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C and Y and needle length Haemophilus influenzae type b. Storage and Handling - Four doses (0.5 mL each) by intramuscular injection at 2, 4, 6, and 12 through 15 months of age. The first dose may be - Store in the refrigerator between given as early as 6 weeks of age. The fourth dose may be 35º-46º F (2º-8º C); Do NOT freeze Hib-MenCY-TT given as late as 18 months of age. - Protect vials from light. - Keep in the original box · Minimum interval - 8 weeks between doses - Administer vaccine immediately after drawn up in syringe MenHibrix will be supplied to select providers designated by the Georgia Immunization Office. HIGH- RISK INFANTS 6 WEEKS THROUGH 18 MONTHS OF AGE: Persons with persistent complement component pathway deficiencies Persons with anatomic or functional asplenia Complex congenital heart disease with asplenia Sickle cell disease Persons living in or traveling to countries in which N. meningitidis is hyper-endemic or epidemic. CONTRAINDICATIONS • An anaphylactic (severe allergic) reaction to a prior dose or a component of any meningococcal-, H. -
Vaccinations for Pregnant Women the Table Below Shows Which Vaccinations You May Or May Not Need During Your Pregnancy
Vaccinations for Pregnant Women The table below shows which vaccinations you may or may not need during your pregnancy. Vaccine Do you need it during your pregnancy? Influenza Yes! You need a flu shot every fall (or even as late as winter or spring) for your protection and for the protection of your baby and others around you. It’s safe to get the vaccine at any time during your pregnancy. Tetanus, diphtheria, Yes! Women who are pregnant need a dose of Tdap vaccine (the adult whooping cough vaccine) during each pregnancy, prefer- whooping cough ably in the early part of the third trimester. It’s safe to be given during pregnancy and will help protect your baby from whooping (pertussis) cough in the first few months after birth when he or she is most vulnerable. After Tdap, you need a Tdap or Td booster dose every Tdap, Td 10 years. Consult your healthcare provider if you haven’t had at least 3 tetanus- and diphtheria-toxoid containing shots some- time in your life or if you have a deep or dirty wound. Human No. This vaccine is not recommended to be given during pregnancy, but if you inadvertently receive it, this is not a cause for papillomavirus concern. HPV vaccine is recommended for all people age 26 or younger, so if you are in this age group, make sure you are HPV vaccinated before or after your pregnancy. People age 27 through 45 may also be vaccinated against HPV after discussion with their healthcare provider. The vaccine is given in 2 or 3 doses (depending on the age at which the first dose is given) over a 6-month period. -
The Compelling Need for Game-Changing Influenza Vaccines
THE COMPELLING NEED FOR GAME-CHANGING INFLUENZA VACCINES AN ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENZA VACCINE ENTERPRISE AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE OCTOBER 2012 The Compelling Need for Game-Changing Influenza Vaccines An Analysis of the Influenza Vaccine Enterprise and Recommendations for the Future Michael T. Osterholm, PhD, MPH Nicholas S. Kelley, PhD Jill M. Manske, PhD, MPH Katie S. Ballering, PhD Tabitha R. Leighton, MPH Kristine A. Moore, MD, MPH The Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP), founded in 2001, is a global leader in addressing public health preparedness and emerging infectious disease response. Part of the Academic Health Center at the University of Minnesota, CIDRAP works to prevent illness and death from targeted infectious disease threats through research and the translation of scientific information into real-world, practical applications, policies, and solutions. For more information, visit: www.cidrap.umn.edu. This report was made possible in part by a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. This report is available at: www.cidrap.umn.edu This report was produced and designed by Betsy Seeler Design. © 2012 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Contents Preface...............................................................................................................................................................2 Executive Summary..........................................................................................................................................5 Chapter.1. -
Immunizing Children Against Hepatitis B -- a Training Module
Cover Immunizing Children Against Hepatitis B A Training Module For Vaccinators Training Resource Series, Revised March 2006 Adapting This Training Module for Your Program This module was developed as a prototype for training immunization providers on hepatitis B disease and vaccine. Sections of this module will need to be adapted for the local context before use. Recommended Steps for Adaptation • Thoroughly review the training module and mark sections that may require adaptation for your country or region. ADAPTATION NOTES are included throughout the module. These notes should be deleted once you have finalized your version of this document. • Adjust the level of technical detail and language so that it is appropriate for the staff you are training. • Delete sections that discuss vaccine formulations and schedules not used in your country. • Add or change examples to reflect actual situations in your country. Add or change pictures to reflect the ethnic or cultural preferences of your audience. • Adapt the section on waste management and disposal of sharps to reflect local policies (for example, waste management policies may be different in rural and urban settings). • Translate the training module into the appropriate language. Be sure to check that new page numbers coincide with the table of contents. • Create handouts for participants. Delete the Trainer’s notes and Adaptation notes from the word processor version of this document, then print the simplified file as a participant handout. If your manual will be in English or French, request a free Microsoft Word version of the module from PATH: Post: PATH Email: [email protected] 1455 NW Leary Way Fax: 206-285-6619 (USA) Seattle, Washington 98107 USA Website: www.path.org Acknowledgements Much of the information in this module was adapted from documents produced by PATH and the World Health Organization. -
The Covid-19 Vaccine Guide
Copyright © 2021 by Kathryn M. Edwards, MD, Walter A. Orenstein, MD, DSc (Hon), and David S. Stephens, MD All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without the express written consent of the publisher, except in the case of brief excerpts in critical reviews or articles. All inquiries should be addressed to Skyhorse Publishing, 307 West 36th Street, 11th Floor, New York, NY 10018. Skyhorse Publishing books may be purchased in bulk at special discounts for sales promotion, corporate gifts, fund- raising, or educational purposes. Special editions can also be created to specifications. For details, contact the Special Sales Department, Skyhorse Publishing, 307 West 36th Street, 11th Floor, New York, NY 10018 or [email protected]. Skyhorse® and Skyhorse Publishing® are registered trademarks of Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.®, a Delaware corporation. Visit our website at www.skyhorsepublishing.com. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available on file. Cover design by Laura Klynstra Image Credits: Cover image – ©2021 Emory University, created by Satyen Tripathi, MA CMI Figure 1 – Orenstein WA, Ahmed R. Simply put: Vaccination saves lives. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2017;114(16):4031-4033 – Copyright (2017) National Academy of Sciences Figure 2 – Provided by Destefano F, Immunization Safety Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Website: www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/iso.html. Figures 3a & b – From Georgia Department of Public Health. Website: https://dph.georgia.gov/covid-19-daily-status- report. Figure 4 – ©2021 Emory University, created by Michael Konomos Figures 5a & b – ©2021 Emory University, created by Michael Konomos Figure 6 – ©2021 Emory University, created by Michael Konomos Figure 7 – Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature. -
CDC Vaccine Storage and Handling Guide
Table of Contents General Information Vaccine Storage and Handling Best Practices 5 Selected Biologicals Diphtheria Toxoid-, Tetanus Toxoid- and acellular Pertussis-Containing Vaccines DTaP: DAPTACEL, Infanrix, Tripedia 11 DTaP-IPV: KINRIX 11 DTaP-HepB-IPV: Pediarix 11 DTaP-IPV/Hib: Pentacel 11 Haemophilus influenzae type b-Containing Vaccines Hib: ActHIB, Hiberix, PedvaxHIB 15 Hib-HepB: Comvax 15 DTaP-IPV/Hib: Pentacel 11 Hepatitis-Containing Vaccines HepA: Havrix, VAQTA 19 HepB: Engerix-B, Recombivax HB 19 HepA-HepB: Twinrix 19 Vaccine Storage and Handling Guide and Storage Vaccine National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease DTaP-HepB-IPV: Pediarix 11 Hib-HepB: Comvax 15 Human Papillomavirus Vaccines HPV2: Cervarix 23 HPV4: Gardasil 23 Vaccine Storage and Handling Guide —————————————————————————————— Page 2 Table of Contents Influenza Vaccines LAIV: FluMist 27 TIV: Afluria, Fluarix, FluLaval, Fluvirin, Fluzone, Fluzone High-Dose, Fluzone Intradermal 29 Measles-, Mumps- and Rubella-Containing Vaccine MMR: M-M-RII 33 MMRV: ProQuad 69 Meningococcal Vaccines MCV4: Menactra, Menveo 37 MPSV4: Menomune 41 Pneumococcal Vaccines PCV13: Prevnar 13 45 PPSV23: Pneumovax 23 45 Poliovirus-Containing Vaccine IPV: IPOL 49 DTaP-HepB-IPV: Pediarix 11 DTaP-IPV: KINRIX 11 Vaccine Storage and Handling Guide and Storage Vaccine National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease DTaP-IPV/Hib: Pentacel 11 Rotavirus Vaccines RV1: ROTARIX 53 RV5: RotaTeq 53 Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine TT: Tetanus Toxoid 57 Vaccine Storage and Handling Guide —————————————————————————————— -
Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (Whooping Cough), Hepatitis B, Polio (Poliomyelitis) and Hib (Haemophilus Influenzae Type B)
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), hepatitis B, polio (poliomyelitis) and Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) Immunisation Information The National Immunisation Program Whooping cough is most serious in babies under 12 months of age and often requires admission to hospital. Whooping provides free diphtheria, tetanus, cough can lead to complications such as haemorrhage, whooping cough, hepatitis B, polio convulsions, pneumonia, coma, inflammation of the brain, and Hib vaccine to infants at two, permanent brain damage and long term lung damage. four and six months of age. Around one in every 200 children under six months of age who catches whooping cough will die. Diphtheria Whooping cough can be caught through coughs and Diphtheria is caused by bacteria which are found in the sneezes from an infected person. Parents and family mouth, throat and nose. Diphtheria causes a membrane to members are the main source of infection for babies. grow around the inside of the throat. This can make it difficult to swallow, breathe and can even lead to suffocation. Hepatitis B The bacteria produce a poison which can spread around The hepatitis B virus affects the liver and can cause: the body and cause serious complications such as • fever paralysis and heart failure. Around 10 per cent of people • nausea and diarrhoea who contract diphtheria die from it. • tiredness Diphtheria can be caught through coughs and sneezes • dark urine and yellow skin. from an infected person. Hepatitis B virus is usually spread through contact with Tetanus the body fluids (blood, saliva, semen) of an infected person, or from mother to child at birth. -
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B
Haemophilus influenzae type b HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B (HIB) VACCINES FOR AUSTRALIAN CHILDREN: INFORMATION FOR IMMUNISATION PROVIDERS This fact sheet provides information on Hib disease and the available vaccines to assist immunisation providers in the delivery of Hib vaccinations to children. Disease and epidemiology • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a bacterium that causes a range of clinical syndromes such as meningitis, pneumonia and epiglottitis, particularly among young children. • Introduction of Hib conjugate vaccines into routine vaccination programs has led to a dramatic decline in the incidence of Hib disease in many regions of the world. • In Australia, Hib conjugate vaccines were first introduced into the routine vaccination schedule in 1993, leading to a more than 95% reduction in the reported incidence of Hib disease. Who should be vaccinated? • Hib-containing vaccine is recommended for all infants from 2 months of age and also for people with special vaccination requirements, such as people with asplenia and people who have received haematopoietic stem cell transplants. • Infants should be given 3 primary doses of Hib vaccine at 2, 4 and 6 months of age and a booster at 18 months of age. Vaccines • The current Hib conjugate and monovalent vaccines used in the National Immunisation Program are PRP-T vaccines. These vaccines contain the capsular polysaccharide of Hib, polyribosyl-ribitol phosphate (PRP), linked to a tetanus toxoid carrier protein. • Previously used PRP-OMP vaccines are no longer available and have been discontinued for use in Australia since 2017. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines for Australian children | NCIRS Fact sheet: June 2018 1 Hib enters the body through the upper respiratory tract via The disease droplets, after direct contact with either asymptomatic Causative agent carriers or patients with Hib disease. -
Evolving Pharmacovigilance Requirements with Novel Vaccines and Vaccine Products
Evolving pharmacovigilance requirements with novel vaccines and vaccine products Situation paper Draft prepared by: • Patrick Zuber, Martin Friede, Brigitte Giersing (WHO) • David Kaslow (PATH) • Bob Chen (Brighton Collaboration) • Marion Gruber (US FDA) Disclaimer: This working paper will be updated following the GACVS anniversary symposium The views presented here are those of their authors alone and do not represent the position of the World Health Organization nor of the other affiliated institutions 1 Table of content Executive summary ................................................................................................ 3 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 5 Vaccines and vaccine technologies pipeline ........................................................... 5 Safety considerations ............................................................................................. 8 Viral vectors .............................................................................................................................................. 8 Genetic attenuation of live organisms .................................................................................................... 10 Adjuvants and novel formulations .......................................................................................................... 12 Combination vaccines and increasing valency ....................................................................................... -
COVID-19 Vaccine Trials Overview
COVID-19 Vaccine Trials Overview The Johns Hopkins Center for American Indian Health is evaluating whether an investigational vaccine, created by Pfizer/BioNTech, is effective in preventing COVID-19 disease. Currently, there is no licensed vaccine against the virus that causes COVID-19 and finding a safe and effective vaccine is critical to stopping the spread of COVID-19 and protecting our communities. The Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial is being conducted at more than 150 sites around the world. Sites on Navajo Nation will join the trial in September 2020. Who is Johns Hopkins University Center for American Indian Health? • Founded in 1991 at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, the Center works in partnership with Native Nations on public health interventions in over 140 Native communities in more than 20 states. • Johns Hopkins Center for American Indian Health has worked in partnership with the Navajo Nation, White Mountain Apache Tribe, Indian Health Service and Tribal Health Organizations on studies aimed at reducing disease and improving the health and well-being of Native people. Past studies include three successful Phase 3 clinical trials of vaccines that are now used as part of routine immunizations that all children around the world receive: the Hib vaccine (against a leading cause of meningitis), the Prevnar-7 vaccine (against a leading cause of pneumonia) and the rotavirus vaccine (against a leading cause of infectious diarrhea that can have severe effects in infants). All studies have been done by research personnel who are trained in the conduct of clinical trials, with the guidance of the communities, and with the oversight of the Tribal IRBs.