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The Yosemite Butterflies Kenneth E Volume 5 29 December 2004 Number 1 The Taxonomic Report OF THE INTERNATIONAL LEPIDOPTERA SURVEY THE YOSEMITE BUTTERFLIES KENNETH E. DAVENPORT 1, 2, 3 6601 Eucalyptus Drive #325, Bakersfield, California 93306 TEXT 1 Staff Researcher, The International Lepidoptera Survey, Goose Creek, South Carolina 2 Field Associate of Entomology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, California 3 Museum Associate: Colorado State Museum/ Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado YOSEMITE BUTTERFLIES AN UPDATED SURVEY OF THIS SECTOR OF THE SIERRA NEVADA INTRODUCTION “Yosemite National Park embraces 1,189 square miles When Garth and Tilden did their ecological survey of of the most diversified territory to be found in the Sierra the Yosemite sector of the Sierra Nevada in 1963, they listed Nevada. From the edge of the San Joaquin Valley at near 134 species of butterflies for the region. While their studies sea level it extends to the crest of the Sierra divide, (which included Oakley Shields as a contributor) centered culminating in Mt. Conness, Mt. Dana and Mt. Lyell, each inside Yosemite National Park, they included records for the over 13,000 feet in elevation. Between these extremes west slope foothills, high country east of Yosemite National occurs a wide range of climatic conditions, giving rise to a Park from the Tioga Pass/Saddlebag Lake region, and the wealth of plant and animal life scarcely to be duplicated Mono Basin for comparison with the butterfly faunas of elsewhere on the North American continent.” Thus wrote other National Parks. John S. Garth and J. W. Tilden in their introduction to This publication updates the Garth and Tilden study. Yosemite Butterflies in their classic publication published by New species have been described or recognized since 1963, the Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera in 1963. or have been discovered within the region. Common and The millions of visitors who enter Yosemite National scientific names have changed. Many new locations for Park every year are handed a map and information that important regional species are now known. The Yosemite introduces the visitor to the natural features of the Park. sector covered in this publication is widened to include the Most will visit Yosemite Valley with its scenic sheer granite Sonora Pass Road region (SR 108) and Walker (Mono cliffs, like El Capitan and Half Dome, and its breath-taking County) at the north end; Shaver and Huntington Lakes waterfalls like Yosemite, Bridalveil, Nevada and Vernal (Fresno County) and the Mono/Inyo County line at the south Falls. The Merced River flows through Yosemite Valley and end. The western boundary extends to the Sierra Nevada foot trails make many of these scenic attractions accessible. foothills at the east end of the San Joaquin Valley. Mono There are Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum County localities (including Glass Mountain and vicinity to (Lindl.) J. Buchholz) groves, impressive granite domes and SR 120) at the east boundary of the study area are difficult to high elevation roads like the Tioga Road (SR 120) that characterize, but data from there is needed to provide a full enable motorists to cross Tioga Pass at 9,945’. The region is understanding of the region’s fauna. a land of majestic mountains, streams and meadows. Some of the 1963 Yosemite Butterflies records are The Sierra Nevada was primarily formed by block repeated herein, however, the focus here is supplementary faulting and gradually gains elevation on the west slope until records based on collections (and some sight records) made one reaches the Sierran divide (this is the Californian since Garth & Tilden (1963). Some important records made Province), then drops rapidly into the Mono Basin (the prior to 1963, but not included in the 1963 publication, are Artemesian or Great Basin Province), many thousands of included in the records section herein. Some of Garth & feet lower. Granite (a plutonic igneous rock) is the dominate Tilden’s records document important county records or “building block” of the range. The wide range of granite in species poorly known from the region: these may be in- the region is evident and a challenge for study by geologists. cluded. Some apparent 1963 misidentifications are Volcanic activity was also a significant force in forming the discussed. The majority of the records given herein are from region (Matthes, 1930; Hill, 1975; Huber, 1989) as seen in outside the park boundaries. the Sonora Pass region just north of the Park and in the Insect collecting within National Parks is only by Mono Basin east of the Sierra. permit from the National Park Service. However, almost all The high country of Yosemite is made up of numerous species occurring in the Park can be collected in surrounding peaks exceeding 12,000’, the highest being Mt. Lyell at National Forests. Observation and photography can add to 13,114’. This region is characterized by granite domes and our knowledge of Yosemite National Park butterflies. No rock. Precipitous cliffs present serious dangers to hikers and species limited to the Park are considered endangered or lepidopterists who dare not lose track of where they stand. threatened, but some in the region have limited ranges and Streams, flower filled meadows and tundra cover the terrain occur only in or near California. Others are limited to the between the peaks during the area’s brief summer creating Sierra Nevada and occur largely in the Yosemite region, some of the most beautiful scenery in North America. though some range somewhat further north or south. One Winters are long and harsh with heavy snowfall at the such species is the greenish Sierra Sulphur (Colias behrii) of middle and higher elevations on the west slopes of the Sierra the high Tioga Pass region which ranges south to Sequoia Nevada. Visitors may feel they are much further north when National Park. Such interesting butterflies draw those they find heavy snowbanks, ice covered lakes and snow interested in studying, observing or collecting them to the covered mountains here even in early summer! Yosemite region with its incredible scenic wonders. _________________________________ THE SURROUNDING NATIONAL FORESTS “The visitor driving to and from Yosemite Valley “Should he seek an area comparable to the Park's high commonly arrives by one of three routes from the west country he will find it at Saddlebag Lake, accessible by and leaves by another. These are California state high- road from Tioga Lake...Other east slope mountain lakes ways 41 via Coarsegold and Wawona, 140 via Mariposa accessible from Highway 395 are Lundy Lake, the and El Portal (the All-Year Highway) and 120 via Virginia Lakes, and the June Lake circuit.” Since then, Groveland and Buck Meadows. For many miles one lepidopterists regularly visit the region east of Tioga Pass, travels through wooded foothills of the Sierra and Stani- Saddlebag Lake, the north slope of Mt. Dana and various slaus National Forests, where opportunities for observing ridges and meadows in the region, all accessible from butterflies are equal to those within the National Park, Tioga Road or trailheads along that or adjacent roads. while collecting is unrestricted.”(Garth and Tilden, 1963). Many have also followed Garth and Tilden's Visitors from the east arrive by making the steep pre- example in collecting or watching butterflies in the Inyo cipitous climb from Lee Vining to Tioga Pass by way of and Toiyabe National Forests on the Sierra Nevada east Tioga Road (SR 120) which winds westward towards slope and Mono Lake region. Current national policy Yosemite Valley. allows the non-commercial collecting of butterflies in Classic areas within these National forests for butter- national Forests but some local restrictions may exist. flies have been added and studied since 1963. Oakley Much more is now known about the Great Basin Shields has published information about the butterflies fauna and what butterflies occur along U.S. Hwy. 395 at found at Briceburg, Jerseydale and Mather. Ken Daven- the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada in Mono County. port, Paul Opler, Al Rubbert and others have explored Little of this information has been published or is south of the park boundaries at Coarsegold, Oakhurst, available to the average person interested in butterflies. Sugar Pine, Fish Camp and the Fresno Dome region. James R. Mori, Bruce and Bret Boyd, and George T. Some of the rarest butterflies in North America are Austin have contributed much new information for the common in this region between 5000' to 6000' elevation. area from north of Mono Lake to Walker. Other lepidopterists (including Michael Smith and James The information obtained in these surrounding R. Mori) have explored the Sonora Pass Road (SR 108) National Forests comprises the bulk of the specific with Sonora Pass having become a classic locality in collecting localities and dates added in this updated which to study butterflies. survey of the Yosemite sector of the Sierra Nevada. Some Garth and Tilden added the following on collecting additional records from inside the Park are also added. prospects in the high country outside the National Parks: LIFE ZONES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES “The incline from El Portal on the west to the Sierra flies found in the Sierra Nevada foothills will be different Crest as the eastern Park boundary may be subdivided from those found in the mid-elevation forests which in into five regions or life zones, each supporting a turn will differ from those found in high elevation forest, distinctive flora and fauna. These zones, in ascending and those in turn will differ from those found above order are Upper Sonoran, Transition, Canadian, Hudson- timberline on the highest Sierra Nevada Peaks. The but- ian and Arctic-Alpine.” Garth and Tilden explained that terflies in meadows will differ from those on granite the Lower Sonoran zone was found in the adjacent San peaks above timberline.
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