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Range management Newsletter

85/3Aagast, 1985

Editor: Don Burnside, Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 417, Kalgoorlie, W.A. 6430 (090) 211666

Auu.u.. ~elaad Soclet)' CouncU 1985 The Secret8l'Y's address is: President: Ken Hodgkinson C/ - SoU Conservation Service of N .S. W. Vlee·Preslclent: DenzUMIDs P.O. Box 459, immediate Put Broken HID, N.S.W ., 2880 President: Ray Perry Phone (080)880254 Secretary: David Eldridge 1'reMarer: Tony Grice SabecrlptJon Secretary: D8l'Y1 Green

Regl8tered by: AutnJJa Po.t-Pabllcadon No. WBG 1499 Contents

EdItorial ...... Page 1 CouncD Business - Who's Who on CouncU •...... , ...... • Page 3 - 1986 Biennial Conference ...... Page 5 - Subscriptions ...... Page 5 - Australian Rangeland Society TravelUng FeUowship ...... Page 5 - New Members ...... Page 5 From Around the Traps - South Australian Branch News ...... Page 6 Management of Shrub Infested Rangelands - An integrated Approach to Shrub Contol...... Page 7 The Use of Goats in Range Management ...... Page 9 Field Day - Goats for Shrub Control - Goat Production in the Cobar District ...... Page 12 - Control of Hop Bush at "Kaleno" Station ...... Page 15 Features - The Kimberley Pastoral Industry ...... Page 16 - Dog Fence Goes Electric ...... Page 20 - The Electronic MOl Run ...... Page 21 Books ...... Page 22 Notices ...... Page 22 Australian Rangeland Society Members - July 1985 ...... Page 23 EDITORIAL However, I must take Dr. Schapper up on the way jn which he appears to ignore the real need for developing a land ethic, because in his view, the economic realities Don Bumside don't allow us to take such luxury seriously. Thus while I stand by my suggested 15 concepts which we should I have just been reading the latest issue of the teach in our schools (p. 15, R.M.N. May 1985), the need Australian Rangeland Journal which contains Michael now is not to abandon our education programme, but to Young's article about Pastoral Land Tenure options in modify the financial incentives available to landholders Australia. The confusing array oflease/ tenure in such a way as to make it possible for them to act as conditions for the use of our rangelands never ceases to temporary trustees and stewards of the community's resources. It is for that reason that I have written to Ian amaze me and reminds me ofthe wav in which we have McLaughlan, President of the N .F.F. to suggest that been left with different railway gaug~s in the various concern for our rural land by the community at large, is states! Certainly both situations are equally irrational. It does surprise me, that in the mid 1980's, the state not what he has called "Petty Emotionalism", but is in legislators have not yet achieved some sort of national fact a ver\, good reason why producer organisations consensus (that word again!) concerning the best should be much more proactive in encouraging sound overall form of land tenure for Australia's rangelands. land management. Both Schapper and It seems that each state is pursuing its own system, McLaughlan are correct in pointing out the financial often dictated to by historical constraints that are no constraints in making this a priority for present land longer really important. I can't believe that the physical holders. That is why if the N.F.F. which represents all and economic framework of rangeland use is so farmers and graziers, is to make a special effort to different between states. After all, many of our improve the image of rural producers, it should rangeland environments are no respectors of ~tate demonstrate first its intention of acting as responsible boundaries! Surely there is some avenue where the land managers. To do this back at the ranch, they will various state tenure systems can be brought closer need political support for incentive schemes. together and placed on a more national foundation, or is So let's remember, we do not have an either/ or this just wishful thinking on my part. choice, we are faced with both economic and ecological Mike Young makes some worthy suggestions for the realities and it behoves us as a society to demonstrate proper functioning of a "Continuous Leasehold" our understanding of both these issues. system that would operate in the best interests of the lessee and the wider community. I feel sure that these ideas would find general acceptance in the bush - but From: Tony O'Brien it is not only in the bush that existing ideas about Senior Agricultural Consultant (International) tenure need revitalising. There is also a need to Kempsey, N.S.W. 2440 introduce these ideas (and the rational for them) to people who influence the direction and performance of I am "resting" between overseas assignments and the pastoral industry from outside - such as catching up on my mail, particularly at this moment my financiers, stock agents, accountants and so on. I would Range Management Newsletter. I would make the suggest that the Australian Rangeland Society could following comments in support of George Gardiner and take on the role of informing the group of people about Gus Gintzberger. the needs and constraints of the industry, in this issue Through thirty years associated with range and in others. management, I have been ofthe opinion that in pastoral areas our job should be to maximise the production of forage/herbage (whatever you want to call it!) for livestock production. If that means re-inforced or LETTERS TO THE EDITOR replacement pastures to better utilise the climatic conditions for digestible organic matter production, rather than high proportions of unusable organic From: Brian Roberts matter, especially waste lignin, then so be it. Darling Downs Institute of Advanced Education Preservation of pristine conditions or achievement of Toowoomba, 4350 fireclimax or non-fireclimax are all totally irrelevant to livestock production. Preservation of pristine or Thank you for your excellent issue of May, 1985. fireclimax or non-fireclimax conditions are for flora• I am particularly interested in responding to your fauna reserves and national parks. Administrators and invitation to comment on Dr. Henry Schapper's article production scientists should be concerned with on Administration of Range Regeneration. production, not with turning the arid zone into one Dr. Schapper makes a number of very important national park. points about the advantages of district grazier Soil management and forage management to ~ommittees giving the lead in rangeland improvement, maintain dynamic equilibrium, with sufficient species rather than the initiative being left to the State diversity and layering of the community to iron out Department or C.S.I.R.O. In South Africa we found that production lumps and provide drought reserves, such committees, in the form of active Veld have to be melded with livestock management Management Study Groups, worked very well. In all requirements in units of sufficient size to be economic. cases the local extension officer or researcher was It is practical ecology and socio-economics which guide invited tojoin, often as secretary. production.

1 . Have there been any sociological studies to show than medics in "colonising" areas. There genera whether overgrazing is a product of' 'property size include !h:merocarpum, Trigonella and Onobo!)'chis related economic pressure", or personal management which co-exist with the last ofthe medics and the attitudes to short term production minimisation clovers, and beyond. Further down the scale of irrespective of property size? Has the pace of rural moisture/nutrition availability are such general as reconstruction and property size increase in the semi• ~grolobium, Factorovsky~, and !:!ypocrepis which is a arid zone of Australia kept pace with property growth in relatively early coloniser. freehold areas? In fact no herbaceous legumes are primary colonisers Please let us get off the hook that perennials are the of denuded sites in semi-arid or arid conditions. They only real point of interest in long term studies, whether will only invade areas colonised by other species. It will enclosed or not. As annuals are a dominant factor in be interesting to follow the productive persistence and livestock production, as distinct from livestock spread of the accessions introduced by Gus' "Yellow l'ersistence/ survival, they should have a more Trailer", when the effects of cultivation disturbance dominating role in vegetation studies. have gone, (as distinct from the longer term effects of Having studied in/or worked in twelve countries with the pits). The nature of the pre- and post- treatment Mediterranean semi-arid climates, (plus another dozen vegetation and soil conditons and the assorted climates) and wrestled with the problems or comparisons between pit and interpit areas will be most man-made deserts and identifying indigenous species interesting information to have. for revegetation; I have come to realise there are many Another genus of particular interest to Australian useful species for Australian conditions to be found in conditions is Astragalus, from the "Syrian Desert" in flora overseas, besides those which are naturalised Jordan (and other countries of the Middle East and already. South West Asia) . Of interest in Jordan is the overlap of A lot of our past efforts at evaluating introductions the Saharo-Arabian and the Irano-Turanian floras ofthe have been wasted because we have been concentrating hot and the cool " desert" plant geographical areas. on the extension of species which had been successful There are many non-toxic, non-spiny, annual and in more humid areas or successful in the different perennial Astragalus spp_of good grazing habit suitable climates ofthe U.S.A. for improving pasture composition and suitable for I There are always the "genetic release" exceptions, introduction into the final stages of developing stable but a climatic-edaphic ecological approach would help grass legume pastures in semi-arid (and arid) in plant introduction for Australian semi-arid conditions. There is also a Lotononis species conditions. We don't have enough Australian scientists recorded for these hot desert regions. becoming familiar with the flora of other semi-arid Just as many species are already naturalised. The regions; looking at the climatic-edaphic effects most useful introductions will be able to spread in their determining distribution, so that ecologically sound right ecological niche, at the particular stage of systematic selections can be made for different degradation/ improvement which suits them, given purposes and different areas. But there is now a "small sources of seed production in those ecological niches. army" of Australians consulting overseas, both short term and long term, who can opportunistically send back material with notes on climatic-edaphic - altitude / latitude conditions. . Unfortunately most of the material I have sent back, for mixed winter-summer rainfall semi-arid conditions, has been wasted because of inertia and pre-conceived ideas about certain species, despite the enclosed statements with the seed. A little more openness of mind on part of our scientific administration staffs would not go astray, plus some better capacity to deal with ephemeral seed supplies! Gus Gintzberger and Peter Skinner are to be commended on their efforts. However, I would query Gus on the description of where medics are found in the cycle of degradation and their suitability as "prime colonisers" . Gus' experiences may be different than mine. As degradation increases and/ or as rainfall decreases, both related to reduction in available moisture and available nutrient supply, the species mixture of medics and/or other legumes changes. W ooll)cburr medic (Medicago minima) and cut leaf medic (Medicago laciniata) are two ofthe last medics to survive. But they do not occur where soil degradation and vegetlUion degradation are extreme. They occur in "better areas" within the range of degradation. Past the point of demise of medics there are other legumes which still occur; that is they are more primary

2 COUNCIL BUSINESS Vice-President: Denzil MUis Originally I came from a sheep and cattle property outside Holbrook in southern N .S. W. In 1965 footrot Who's Who on Council, 1985/86 drove my family north to the Traprock area west of Warwick in southern Queensland - an area renouned President: Ken Hodgkinson for it fine wool. I was educated in Brisbane and graduated with a degree in Agriculture Science from Queensland University in 1970. After working as a full time tutor in Farm Management Economics for a year I joined the Queensland Department of Primary Industries. From 1973 until 1982 I worked as an Agricultural Economist - initially based in Brisbane working with the Pig and Dairy industries in S. E. Queensland. During this time I was active in the Agricultural Economics Society. I returned to the grazing industry in 1978 and was based in Charleville where I was one of two economists covering the area from the N . S. W. border to the Gulf. Since moving to Charleville my interests in income tax and estate planning increased and I completed a Masters thesis in 1983 on intergenerational transfer of rural family assets. As a followup to this work I conducted a series of personnel management workshops for graziers looking in particular at the problems that arise when fathers and sons (and mothers and daughters) work and live together on the same property. In 1983 our second child was born and so with two children under two I reluctantly left the D.P.!' to address more pressing needs. At present I am finishing a Commerce degree (professional student?) and am working part time as a financial adviser and taxation consultant in the grazing industry. I see communications are one of the pressing problems in the Rangelands. We need to improve The new President of the Australian Rangeland communications between research workers, extension Society is Dr. Ken Hodgkinson. Ken lives in Deniliquin, workers, administrators and the grazier and his family New South Wales, where he works in CSIRO's Division and also the general public. I would hope that improved of Wildlife and Rangelands Research as a Principal communications would lead to better recognition for Research Scientist. rangeland workers and an improved understanding by Ken is a Kiwi who came to Australia 22 years ago the public of the value of the rangelands of this country. after completing a Degree in Agriculture Science at New Zealand's Massey University. He came to do post• graduate studies in Agronomy at the University of New Immediate Past President: Ray Perry England's Rural Science Faculty (Armidale, N.S. W.) ~md decided to settle here. Since joining CSIRO in 1968 Ken has been researching the effects of grazing and fire on semi-arid rangelands in eastern Australia. Currently he is completing a major study on the use of prescribed burning for shrub control in semi-arid woodlands. Ken has a wide appreciation of rangeland issues from working in a multidisciplinary team and travelling extensively in Australia and overseas. In 1975 he spent 10 months studying rangeland management in the U.S.A., Mexico, and South Africa. In August he will be attending the International Grasslands Congress in Japan to participate in a special session on grazing management. Ken is married and has two teenage children. In his spare time he enjoys gardening of native plants, bush walking, public speaking with a Rostrum Club and sideline participation in Rugby Union.

3 . Ray Perry graduated B.Sc(Hons) in 1946 and M.Sc. My time out west commenced in 1978, when, shortly in 1955, both from the University of Adelaide. He after joining the Soil Conservation Service, I was posted joined the CSIRO Division of Soils in 1947 and to Condobolin. From there I moved to Hay, thence to transferred to the Division of Plant Industry (North Broken Hill, where I have been working for two years. Australia Regional Survey) in 1948. For the next 12 A few years ago I spent 12 months on a Steppe years he worked in, and led, a series of inter• Redevelopment Project in Algeria, undertaking a soil disciplinary land resource inventories covering most of and vegetation survey. northern Australia. His interests turned to Range My spare time is spent restoring old furniture, Management and in 1960-61 he spent a year at the stopping the house from falling in around me and University of Arizona studying Range Science and keeping the weeds under control. I study Italian one Watershed Management. night per week and am an active member of the Broken On his return to Australia he became Officer-in• Hill Repertory Society. I have recently taken a fancy to Charge ofthe CSIRO Alice Springs Research Station, collecting old porcelain and china and can often be but continued as leader ofthe Resource Inventory found in Adelaide in search ofthe illusive bargain. I Section of the Division of Land Research working on have been flying for two years now, but unfortunately, resource inventories in Australia and Papua-New only when finances permit. Guinea. In 1969 be became Leader of the newly-formed My work in Broken Hill revolves around rangeland CSIRO Rangelands Research Unit and played a major management, particularly the management of saltbush role in introducing the science of Range Management bluebush pastures. From time to time the occasional in Australia. In 1973 he transferred to Perth when he soil survey comes my way, with a bit of woody weed became Chief of the new Division of Land Resources control thrown in for variety. Management which incorporated the Rangelands Research Unit. When the Division was reorganised in 1982 he continued as Chief of the new Division of Treasurer: Tony Grice Groundwater Research. o Ray is a Foundation Fellow ofthe Australian A Bachelor of Science Degree at the University of Academy of Technological Science and has served as Sydney enabled me to indulge my broad interest in President of the Ecological Science of Australia and the things biological but did not bring me into contact with Australian Rangeland Society. He has published over those parts of Australia west of the Great Dividing 60 papers on various aspects of resource inventory and Range. For me, the existence of an expansive inland management and is co-editor of the book" Australian sea was still a tenable hypothesis until 1977. In that Arid Zones" and two international volumes" Arid Land year, as a Research Assistant in the School of Biological Ecosystems". He has extensive international Sciences, Macquarie University, I became involved in experience on all Continents, mainly as a consultant for work based at the Fowlers Gap Research Station. This UNESCO, UNEP, and the Colombo Plan. involvement initiated my interest in arid-zone biology Ray is married and has two daughters. Tracey got a in general and arid-zone plant demography in degree in Biology at Murdoch University and is particular. currently doing a postgraduate course in Horticulture at Subsequently, I completed a doctorate through Bernleigh College in Melbourne. Kirsten did a degree Macquarie University, investigating the comings and in Photography at RMIT. In his earlier years he played goings of several of the so-called' 'woody weeds" with 1st grade hockey and was a competitive swimmer and which much of W estern New South Wales has been lifesaver. Nowadays he plays tennis socially and swims blessed. Currently as a Research Officer with the newly for recreation. established Rangeland Unit of the New South Wales Department of Agriculture, my direct concern is with the rrianagement ofthe natural pastures of semi-arid Secretary: David Eldridge areas. While my frame of reference is still that of a biologist, I recognise a definite need to integrate a biological understanding with the economic and social aspects of rangeland management.

Presidents Report to Annual General Meeting, 1985

Ray Perry C.S.I.R.O: Perth, W.A.

In the first year t!tat Council was based in Perth, it was concerned almost entirely with arranging the Second International Rangelands Congress. The President was chairman of the Central Committee for organisation ofthe Congress and the Secretary was convenor of one ofthe Symposia. The Congress was"'• successful with 480 participants from 42 countries. This

4 success was due in no small way to the hard work of 1986 Biennial Conference Peter Joss, the Conference Secretary. Financially there was a small profit. Council has received and accepted an offer from WaI The previous Council had arranged for a number of Whalley to host and organise the next biennial amendments to the Articles and Memoranda of conference at the University of New England. Armidale Association. One of the important amendments was in August. 1986. Further details will be in future provision for Honorary Membership to be awarded for newsletters but put the date in your forward planner "distinguished service to the Society or to nowl Rangelands" . The Perth Council discussed implementation of this amendment over several meetings and laid down procedures for nomination; we decided that. to Subscriptions maintain the prestige ofthe award. two percent of membership was an appropriate upper limit for Members are reminded that annual sUbcriptions are honorary membership and decided that no more than due on January. 1st of each year. The new half of this number should be appointed in the first two Subscriptions Secretary Daryl Green. will place a two years of awards. It was also decided that detachable sheet in the last Range Management News• nominations should stand before Council for three letter of the year. This will have a cut-off reply slip and years if not elected in the first year. In 1985 honorary members will know whether they are financial or not. membership was awarded to two members - Mr. D. G. Wilcox and Mr. W. Bolton-Smith. Australian Rangeland Society TraveUlng Fellowship During its tenure Council also decided to encourage The establishment of the fellowship was announced Branch formation. in the beliefthat Branches are the in the last Range Management Newsletter 8512. The mainstay ofthe Society and its activities. It agreed to Travelling Fellowship Fund is open to applications from provide capitation grants of 20 percent of the members wishing or intending to travel in pursuit of subscriptions of Branch members. Some problems means to better range management in Australia. remain in deciding which members can be claimed by Council is most anxious to receive applications for various branches but the main aspects of the system are funds this year. They must be with Council no later in place. than November 30 this year. The conditions applying to The Society's Branches at Broken Hill. Adelaide and the fellowship are fully detailed in Range Management Carnarvon. continue to set the pace for field-based Newsletter 8512. activities under the aegis of the Society. Council was pleased to support its re-establishment of a branch at Bourke, N .S.W., thanks to the initiative of Phil Fogarty of the Soil Conservation Service of N . S. W. New Members Considering the current favourable financial position of the Society, the Treasurer proposed, and Council Faerlec W. Bartholomaeus, agreed, to establish a travelling fellowship to assist Jamestown, S.A. land managers and students who wish to investigate a topic connected with range management with fares up Tim Denaly, to a maximum of $1500. Dept. of Environment and Planning, Adelaide, S .A. The Range Management Newsletter continues to keep the membership informed in a regular and Warren P. Fargher, readable way: four copies have been published in Wirrealpa Station, Blinman, S.A. Kalgoorlie during the year, and the Society is indebted to the lively editorship of Don Burnside. Miss A. L. Gibson, During the two years that Council has been in Perth Port Augusta, S.A. the publication of the Australian Rangeland Journal has been made more efficient. The Journal now appears on N. Hiern, schedule, in a new format, and is attracting more Dept. of Mines and Energy, Parkside, S.A. papers. The issue which :tppeared at the end of 1984 was the last copy edited by Ms. Gillian Crook. The E. G. Hughes, Society extends its most grateful thanks to Ms. Crook Adelaide, S.A. and Ms. Warrener for getting the journal published with minimal delay. The Editorship passed to Mr. J. A. Illeroo Past. Co. Lawson and the chairman of the Editorial Committee to via Port Augusta, S.A. Dr. R. B. Hacker. The first issue ofthe Journal for 1985 was delayed due to these changes. A. J. and P. A. McBride Pty. Ltd. In conclusion, I would like to record my thanks to Mr. Adelaide, S.A. Colin Lendon, Mr. Peter Curry, and Mr. Alan Payne, who have done an excellent job as Secretary, Treasurer David Michael, and Subscriptions Secretary respectively for the past Buckleboo Station, Buckleboo, S.A. two years and to wish the incoming Council every success in managing the Society's affairs during the G. D. and A. Mills, next two years. Myola Station, Whyalla, S.A.

5 O. L. Mould, included in the garden. Members were shown severilf Eurilla, Heathfield, S.A. videos of the site and of the work already undertaken on the greening ofthe new ~eigh Creek. James R. Morgan, The Garden has the support of all political parties Mulyungarie Station, Cockburn, S.A. and many conservation and gardening organisations. A Friends of the proposed garden Group has been Nilpena Pastoral Company, S.A. formed to assist in the necessary fund raising. John described in detail the benefits ofthe proposed Bruce G. Nutt, garden: Pandurra Station, Port Augusta, S.A. Education - the garden could provide education at all levels from primary school to post-graduate. Dr. D. N. Parkes, Extension/ Advisory Service - a part ofthe education Newcastle, N.S.W. would be to provide local advice to people about arid zone species. I. R. and B. A. Read, Research - much work is still needed on the Wirraminna Station, Port Augusta, S.A. propagation, management etc. of both native and exotic species with potential for use in the arid zone. R. M. Warwick, Tourism - the tourism aspect, while not being of Holowiliena Station, Carricton, S.A. foremost concern, would nonetheless be of considerable importance to Port Augusta. Employment - the garden would provide some Ian Watson, employment directly and should provide jobs for many Lone Cove, N.S.W. people in the hospitality industry. Seed Production - it is envisaged that the site will W ooramel Pastoral Company, produce seed of arid zone species in commercial Wooramel Station, Carnarvon, W.A. amounts. John outlined the proposed work plan for the garden and reiterated the need for general community support of the concept to ensure the sufficient funds were made FROM AROUND THE TRAPS available to establish this unique garden. Anyone interested in becoming a member of the garden's Friends group should contact John via the Port Augusta South Australian Branch News council.

Plant Identification Course 1985 MeUssa Gibbs The Plant Identification Course will be held at University of Adelaide Middleback this year in the first week of September. Joan Gibbs will again run this excellent course. This year the course will also cover a different area of flora An Arid Zone Botanicai Garden for Port Augusta which has recently been found to contain some rare species. Another bonus for those attending the course The South Australian Branch of the Australian this year will be the presence of Prof. Neil West and his Rangeland Society held a meeting at the Marleston family (see below) who will be keen to find out more College ofT.A.F.E. on 31st July which was attended by about Australian flora and exchange ideas about about 60 members and friends including members of rangeland vegetation with Australian pastoralists. the Conservation Commission, Friends ofthe Botanical Garden and Men ofthe Trees. The meeting was Visiting Rangeland Scientist preceeded by a guided tour of the excellent facilities Professor Neil West ofthe Department of Range at the College. For grower members the highlight ofthe Science, Utah State University, U.S.A., has been tour was the Wool School where students learn both the awarded a National Science Foundation grant for a study practical and technical side of dealing with wool once it in collaboration with Dr. R. T. Lange of Adelaide is off the sheeps back. University, entitled: Mr. John Zwar, Supervisor of Port Augusta's Parks "U.S. - Australian Cooperative Research on the and Gardens, who is a highly regarded botanist has Relationship of the EstabUshment of Chenopod Shrubs been campaigning for an Arid Zone Botanical Garden (Atriplex) to Microenvironments". for Port Augusta since 1981. While overseas in 1978 Prof. West will spend the period August 1985- John realised that while many of Australia's arid zone January 1986 inclusive as Middleback Field Centre plants are used extensively overseas for fuel, forrests Visiting Scientist, working between the Adelaide and farms, there is no centre for their display, University Botany Department and Middleback Station. cultivation and research in Australia. He may be contacted during his visit through Dr. Bob The Port Augusta City Council has put aside 3 square kilometres for the proposed garden in an area on the Lange at Adelaide University or through Andrew Nicolson at Middleback Station (086455105). Prof. outskirts of the town with an outback character. The West is very keen to meet and talk to pastoralists with proposed site is on the Stuart Highway and is bounded experience in Australian rangeland conditions. on one side by Spencer Gulf, with an area of mangroves ... grasses are tolerant of fire . ... after a burn you must let perennial grass regenerate and seed . ... in adult shrub areas more than one fire may be MANAGEMENT OF SHRUB INFESTED necessary. RANGELANDS - BOURKE, APRIL 26, 1985 Graham Harrington, in his topic' 'Effect of Fire on Many of the papers presented at the seminar were in Shrubs and Grasses" concluded:- the last issue of Range Management Newsletter. ... fire controls shrubs whether seedlings or adults, but However, a couple were left over and we have included effect varies. them in this issue. Ross O'Shea did a good job of ... low intensity fires are effective. extracting the key points from each of the other ... burn when shrubs are seedlings to avoid shrub speaker's presentations. At the conclusion of the next induced productivity decline. summary, he presented two models of the shrub ... big shrub seedling years are big fuel years. invasion and rehabilitation process. In the second ... burning opportunities decrease as shrubs mature. model, he introduces goats into the grazing picture. ... burnt shrubs produce less seed. ... perennial grasses may "out compete" shrub Terry Mitchell's paper from that seminar concerning seedlings in the first summer after germination. goat grazing goes into their role in that environment at ... in the absence of fire the natural plant community in some length and almost serves as a "how to do it" this area is woodland. manual. Mike Young, when reviewing the economics of fire was adamant that:- ... shrubs have a severe effect on the productivity of a grazing enterprise . ... not burning in a shrub encroaching situation appears An Integrated Approach to Shrub Control to be a short course to bankruptcy . ... burning can have high short term costs if a drought Ross O'Shea follows the bum. Department of Agriculture, N .S. W. ... benefits of burning become substantial as time progresses after the bum. Shrub control is a beneficial by-product of rangeland plant community management or as it is usually known From my earlier talk on "Prescribed Burning" I as rangeland management. believe the following points can be highlighted:- Prior to reviewing the main points of the previous ... prescribed burning is a strategy which employs fire to speakers we should establish what is meant by achieve plant community management. rangeland management. ... it is imperative to plan prescribed burning into the I believe that rangeland management aims to: overall management strategies on the property. - maintain or improve pastoral productivity. ... sufficient time and effort must be put into planning - maintain or improve the resource base on which the the burn to ensure a safe controlled bum. pastoral industry functions. ... it appears that autumn and spring are the cost viz: soil and plant resources. effective times to bum.

An examination ofthe main points made by the Ian Beale, when speaking on the "Arabella Grazing speakers at this seminar will enable us to develop Trial stated that the lowest stocking rate:- management strategies and subsequent tactics to ... produced similar wool production per ha to the achieve shrub control. heavier treatments. ... it had lower fluctuations in numbers of animals Sandy Booth, when discussing the topic of grazed. "Understanding Woody Shrubs" highlighted the ... it had increased pasture yield. following key points. ... it encouraged desirable grass species. - hopbush sets seed at 1 metre height, turpentine SOcm. - "outlier" bushes are of great concern. Terry MitcheU, in his paper' 'The Use of Goats in - big germination/ survival events are infrequent. Range Management" explained that:- - shrubs are long lived and drought tolerant. ... goats include a proportion of "browse" in their diets - disease and predation are not useful for control. and thus have a wider range offorage in their diet - perennial grasses may "outcompete" shrub seedlings than other livestock . in the first summer after germination. ... goats will move and browse evenly over an entire paddock. Ken Hodgkinson, when discussing the' 'Effect of ... depending on plant community, goats can be added to Fire on Shrubs and Grasses" concluded that:- a paddock containing sheep and will compliment not ... reduced fire frequency has created the shrub compete for forage . problem. ... goats can be adequately fenced and managed. ... shrub mortality depends on species and height. ... depending on plant community, experience has ... seasons and intensity has little effect on shrub shown that goats can be used for shrub controll mortality. management.

7 And finally Phil Fogarty when examining the "Role * shrubs are fire susceptible up to 80cm high. of Mechanical and Chemical Treatments" , * shrubs do not produce seeds till they are 80cm. concluded:- * shrubs less than lOcm high are susceptible to * these treatments can be alte~natives to or used in competition from perennial grass. conjunction with oth~r techniques. * vel par controls adult shrubs. * they are expensive and should be used for specific purpose reasons. The second model shows a proposed management * there are many forms of mechanical treatment. decision making process for a plant community * often follow up treatment is necessary following dominated by mature palatable shrub species and mechanical operations. incorporates either goats on a sustained yield * chemicals such as vel par can playa role in shrub production basis or goats at high stocking rates in management. conjunction with fire to renovate the plant community. The model assumes goats utilise browse. Having now reviewed the main points raised by each I must say again that these are simplistic models but of the earlier speakers the question is how can these be I believe they do show how different tactics can combined to provide a integrated approach to shrub compliment one another to achieve desirable management. productivity. I should say firstly that any suggestions raised here In conclusion there is an observation which Greg and must be general because no two situations are the I have made that I wish to relate to you. This same. If you want to discuss your situation please observation concerns a Grazier's ability to adopt sound contact an Advisory officer who can do this with you, rangeland management practices, thus ensuring using inputs that are relevant to your situation. productivity maximisation both now and in the future, I elected to demonstrate an integrated approach by and property size. the use of two models for rangeland management. They We have found that graziers with larger properties have been designed using the points made by the have a much greater flexabiIity to roll with conditions, speakers and I stress that they are simplistic. either seasonally or as related to plant community, than graziers on smaller properties. Smaller holdings do not The first model shows a proposed management have the physical flexability to allow the incorporation decision making process for an invading shrub problem of any of the above management options. These on soft red country. It incorporates fire and grazing graziers are in a continual cycle of reducing management and assumes:- productivity and land degradation.

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The Use of Goats in Range Management Goats prefer more fibre than either sheep or cattle, and they are known to use it more efficiently. Most browse is relatively high in fibre and this may explain Terry Mitchell why goats prefer more browse than do other stock. Department of Agriculture However, browse is not an essential component of goat Dubbo, N .S. W. diets, but a relatively high fibre content seems to be important. Where goats are being run on pasture it is Observations made in the Western Division of common to see them eating the bark off trees during N. S. W. have confirmed that goats are useful in the late winter when pastures are very lush. If roughage is management and utilisation of Australia's semi-arid available at that time, goats will not strip the bark off rangelands. Experience in similar areas ofthe world, trees. such as Texas and South Africa, has also shown that The plants, or parts of plants, that are eaten by goats goats are a useful tool and are efficient users of semi• vary throughout the year. This appears to be related to arid rangelands. the stage of maturity of the plant; for example, goats do not eat thistles while they are in the rosette stage, Diet however, when they begin to run-up a flower stalk, the When another livestock species is introduced into a .goats eat that off. In the paddock many plants appear to range site, changes in rangeland composition can be be unused until, for no obvious reason, they begin expected. This is because each species of livestock has eating them. a different preference for the available plant species. In broad terms, sheep are considered to prefer short herbs Behaviour and grasses, cattle mid to long grass, and goats more Goats are very mobile. They move over the whole fibrous plant parts such as grasses and browse. These paddock on a regular basis, covering it at least once a are general observations, while more detailed study day, They tend to have several camp sites where they shows that there is considerable overlap between the rest during the middle of the day and at night. These diets of all herbivores particularly during periods of , .sites change so there may be no apparently regular feed shortage, such as drought or when stocking 'pattern to their grazing. During their travel they are 'pressure is high. observed to sample a great many plant species, Goats are considere.d'to be "browsers", because stopping to feed at only a few. It is suggested that they c' they eat the leaves of trees in preference to other plant are taste testing the range of available plants so that material. This is partially true, as they do not eat they know when particular species are palatable. It is browse exclusively, but its inclusion in their diet common to see some species apparently uneaten for an increases the range of available forages to be more than extended period, and then for the goats to completely that of other livestock. defoliate all available forage within a few days. A misconception is that goats will eat anything. At kidding, does seek a sheltered position to give Goats are in fact very selective feeders, although they birth. When the kids have been born, groomed and fed, do select from a very wide range of plants. the doe encourages them to settle down into a nest like

9 area. This may be a trampled area of long growth which and many are important in stabilising soils on steep provides bedding within a circle of taller growth for slopes. Thus controlled management of many woody wind protection. The action causes mechanical damage weeds can be of benefit to both goats and range sites. to the plants which inhibits their growth. Effective control of some weeds, such as bracken fern, has Stocking Strategies resulted from this behaviour. As well as using stock species to manipulate range Kids love to climb and jump on logs, rocks or banks. composition, other stocking strategies can be used such Adult goats are willing to use any of these to help them as seasonal resting or grazing, high or low grazing get to preferred feeds. This agility can cause problems pressure and rotational grazing. when fencing in rough terrain and it could also be a Resting, or deferment, is a strategy that can be used problem if soil is bared on steep slopes as continual to increase the vigour of desired plant species. This is trampling could slow pasture coverage. However most often achieved by deferring the grazing of a because of their agility, goats are particularly adept at pasture to allow the desired plants to reach their foraging on steep slopes that are infested with physiological maturity, which is most commonly seen economically important weeds. as a successful seeding. This practice does not mean Goats feed to a greater height than sheep. They do that a paddock has to be completely de-stocked, this by standing on their rear legs and browsing into however it does require that the livestock which prefer shrubs. Feral goats will generally browse to a greater the desired plants be removed at critical times. height than others and are thus considered more useful It was common practice (0 suggest that heavy for scrub control. stocking pressure was essential when using goats to control many woody weeds. Later experience has CompUmentarity shown that goats will control many problem species at At moderate stocking rates the preferences of moderate stocking pressures. This is usually a more different livestock species can be balanced against the desirable practice as neither the goats or range sites are relative abundance of their preferred plants so that too greatly stressed. more even use of all plant species is achieved. The value of rotational grazing versus set stocking Similarly, species composition of a range site can be will continue to be debated. However there have been influenced by the relative abundance of some clear advantages for each system demonstrated in livestock. Careful inventory of the plant species present particular situations. For example, the persistence and gives a clear indication ofthe livestock best suited to its productivity of lucerne i~ greater under rotational use. All range sites contain several plant species. Each grazing, whilst productivity from pastures composed of of these is more or less preferred by different livestock annual species rarely shows any advantage to any other

species. For balanced utilisation, i.e. when all plants 0 system than set stocking. are consumed to the same degree so that none are Combinations of various strategies are used in some favoured, then it is likely that more than one livestock situations. A combination of deferment and rotation is species should be grazed. used in rest-rotation grazing systems in rangeland When a range site is dominated by one plant species States in U.S.A. Other systems use a combination of but a balanced mixture is desired, then the introduction high stocking pressure and rotation in systems of a livestock species that prefers the dominant plant, described as high intensity-short duration grazing will allow other plants to increase in vigour and density. systems. Experience has shown than in many situations goats The desirability of running mixed species flocks/ can be added to existing stocking pressures without herds, versus single species groups, will in many apparent adverse effects. The ability of a range site to situations be personal. There are time when single carry goats in excess of its current sheep capacity will species groups may be desirable, such as kidding, vary greatly between sites. It is thus impossible to lambing or mating. However, the value of one system suggest that an increase of a fixed proportion is over another is not clear. possible. Under many conditions, a high proportion of goats can be added to existing stocking pressure in the Fencing short term. However, within a relatively short period, The cpntrol of livestock is of vital importance to their often a year or two, the goats are seen to be competing management and to the management of rangelands. A with the other stock for available feed. In this situation, comprehensive discussion of fencing is contained in goat feed is often the accumulation of growth from Agfact A7.2.1, "Fencing For Goats", published by the previous years that has been left by other stock. Once N . S. W. Department of Agriculture. used, the feed that is available to the goats will have grown in response to the current seasonal conditions, so Supplementation that a situation that allowed an apparently large The need to provide supplements to livestock on open increase in overall stocking pressure is seen to come range will usually result in discussion for and against. back to being capable of sustaining a similar or slightly There is little doubt that increases in production are increased stocking pressure. unlikely to result from the indiscriminant use of Goats are often introduced primarily for the control of supplements. However, there are some specific woody weeds. Depending on the species of weed, they situations where supplements may be useful. Also, are more or less effective. However, the owner often there are some issues that need to be discussed when recognises the value of goats and chooses to manage considering the merit of supplements. These notes will what was previously the weed. This can be important as be confined to the use of mineral and salt supplements. some woody weeds have value as a drought reserve, Under many conditions producers feel that they need to

10 do "something" to help their stock. This is often during because more grass and herbage should grow on the times of nutritional stress when a supplement mayor soil and so slow the flow of water over the soil surface may not be of real use to the stock but is of allowing it to infiltrate into the soil. psychological value to the owner. One of the major .The main paddock has been grazed by goats for problems of feeding supplements in block form, is about four years at about a goat to three or four hectare. knowing if all stock are licking the block. In most At this stocking rate about 20 to 30 percent of the situations it is impossible to know if all stock are seedling mulga has been killed while the presence of licking, if some are licking enough to get a high enough perennial grasses has increased markedly. Sections of intake or if some are licking too much. Some· this paddock had mulga growing at densities of up to supplements can be administered in other ways such as 24,000 stems per hectare, so that a death rate of 20 to being dissolved into drinking water. 30 percent is not going to see a huge loss in mulga One of the most commonly fed minerals is calcium population. However, the goats are keeping the although it is often already present in abundance. Iffed remaining stems that are in reach defoliated and this is to excess, this can result in an imbalance in the animal. allowing the sun and moisture to be used by low Goats are more sensitive to calcium:phosphorus growing plants. imbalances than other stock. Goats being run in areas . The area on which the goats have been running is in where legumes such as clover, lucerne, wattles and vastly better condition than other areas of the property. mulga occur, all then relatively high calcium levels will So far the returns to goats when calculated on a per result. On unimproved natural pastures it is more likely hectare basis have been higher than returns to either that phosphorus will be limiting than calcium. sheep or cattle run on other parts of this property. The If provision of a supplement is being considered, goat income has only come from the sale of stock mainly discussion with a Livestock Specialist will be useful. for meat, although some sales of does have been made to other breeders. The Cobar Experience .. More paddocks are to be prepared for goat use in the It has long been felt by some of us that goats may be near future. Experience with fencing has shown that if better suited than existing livestock, to production on existing fences are cleared, properly strained and one the semi-arid scrub lands ofthe Cobar district of electrified wire is run on outriggers about 27cm off the N .S. W. To test this feeling some large scale 'ground and out from the fence, they will control demonstrations were established on sites that are domesticated goats. The occasional feral goat will enter typical of much of the area. There are three main types a paddock which is fenced like this but domesticated of range sites in the project, hard-red mulga ridges, goats will remain behind the fence. soft-red hop-bush country and hard-red (run-on) mixed The program at present is to maintain goat grazing scrub areas. There are also other properties in the arid to introduce cattle at low stocking rates. This will Cobar district now running goats under managed , intensify the management and will lead to higher conditions. I will discuss effects of the goat treatments returns per hectare than are presently possible. It is on each range site. expected that pasture plants will increase in density and vigour so that more cattle can be introduced. When Mulga Ridges the pasture has improved to contain vigorous perennial This site was dominated by dense seedling mulga herbs, some sheep will be introduced. that grew following dozing of mulga for drought feed I during the mid 1960's and early 1970's. Parts of this Narrow Leafed Hop-bush property were stocked with cattle only following the Since the early 1970's narrow leafed hop-bush has break of that drought which proved to be very suitable become dominant on many areas of previously open for the establishment of mulga seedlings. These grew woolly butt grass, although there have been very dense to such a density that they excluded the growth of most stands ofthis scrub in some areas for many years. other plant species, particularly important pasture Narrow leafed hop-bush can grow in stands that are so plants such as perennial grasses and herbs. thick that they are virtually impenetrable and with no . The problems of this country were obvious, with no pasture species growing under them, the area is feed on the ground except in exceptional years, so that virtually useless. sheep stocking rates were very low (about one sheep to The site chosen was a paddock that had a stand so eight to ten ha) and production per head of wool and thick that it had been virtually unstocked for some 20 lambs were also low. Cattle production was also years; in fact when sheep were put into the paddock it depressed with low calving percentages and low growth took weeks to muster them out again. rates; fattening took several years so that the only cattle At this site new fabricated fencing was erected that were sold off were aged bullocks or cows. around the paddocks; there are now three paddocks The site presented problems with fencing as most goat proofed with plans for at least two more in the next existing fences were in need of repair, were over grown couple of years. The stocking rate of goats in this with scrub or were subject to regular flood damage. It treatment has varied greatly over the last three years as was decided to clear all fence lines around the goat these paddocks are being used to actively trap feral areas and to tie fabricated fencing or netting onto goats. There are jump traps into the paddock near the existing wires that were re-strained. Floodways were watering points which feral goats use to enter the fenced using a fence that was hinged off the top wire. paddock. This allows water and trash to pass under the fence The three paddocks have been erected over the last without damaging it. It was hoped that flooding would few years and so have been stocked with goats for become less of problem as a result of goat grazing different times. The first paddock is now very open and

11 has vastly better pasture cover. The second paddock is from measured sites supports these wider nearly as good, although it has been grazed by goats for observations. Graziers are adopting goats, both for a shorter time. The third paddock has been grazed by weed control and additional income, at an increasing goats for about a year and already shows beneficial rate in. western New South Wales, particularly in the effects from goat browsing. Cobar district. It is quite clear that narrow leafed hop-bush is a very The general usefulness ofthe ability of goats to. palatable feed for goats. It is preferentially browsed convert woody growth into useful animal products is such that it is damaged mechanically, its vigour is being recognised by graziers in other areas of the state. reduced and other pasture plants that are not grazed The results of running goats in other areas are proving much by the goats, are able to increase in vigour and to be similar to those discussed above. As a result we density, if conditions allow. Other scrub species are now see a growing use of goats for weed control present in these paddocks, however it appears that throughout New South Wales. there is no improvement in their condition; in fact the goats are causing increasing damage to many of the less palatable scrub species as the hop-bush is reduced and pastures increase. Also, when the dominant hop• bush is controlled by goats, it becomes apparent that FIELD DAY the other less palatable species are not as dense as GOATS FOR SHRUB CONTROL originally thought. FAIRMOUNT STATION, WlLCANNIA, MAY 15,1985

Mixed Shrub Sites On hard-red soil (run-on) sites, that are typically Goat Production In the Cobar District - dominated by a mixed stand of scrub species, goat Some Experiences of Grazing up to December, 1984 grazing does not have as spectacular an effect as on soft-red hop-bush sites or as on hard-red mulga dominated sites. This is probably due to there being a Lloyd Davies and Terry MltcheD much greater mixture of scrub species with none being DepartmentofAgrI~nue obviously dominant. Many scrub species are not as Dubbo, N.S.W. palatable as either mulga or hop-bush so it is likely that the goats tend to eat a little of many species rather than a lot of the one that may be dominant. Their effect is Introduction beneficial, as in the longer term pasture species are able to establish more readily under goat grazing, while they Goat production is gaining considerable adoption in consume mainly browse and thus control its growth the Cobar area as a source of income and a means of more than it would be under sheep or cattle grazing. scrub control. The aim ofthis section is to draw The most obvious early effect is that a browse line together the experiences oflandholders who have been soon appears at about 1.7m high. Later, some raising goats in the Cobar Shirefor at least five years. damage to limbs of shrubs and ring-barking occurs. . The goat enterprises examined have been run on a When seasonal conditions allow, as they did during variety of country in the Cobar district, which represent 1983 and 1984, pasture species improve in density and the major soil types. Five goat enterprises have been vigour; that is, there are more of the species of plants examined. The common features to all enterprises and that are preferred by landholders, and include a conclusion offactors that contribute to success are perennial grasses and herbs. listed. Of immediate importance is that goats are better able Four of the five landholders interviewed received to convert the scrub dominated mixed vegetation that some financial assistance for fencing under the Cobar - grows in these areas. Goats are much more productive Byrock Pilot Rehabilitation Scheme and as a result under these conditions as they rear larger numbers of progress has been monitored .since they began. Goat progeny than other livestock under these conditions. production was one of four initiatives tested under the They can also be run at higher stocking rates than other Cobar - Byrock Pilot Rehabilitation Scheme. stock without destroying the pasture component of the range site. The economic returns to goats under these conditions are less than sheep when applied on a per head basis, however when the comparison is made on return per unit area basis then goats usually give greater returns than either sheep or cattle. When this information is coupled with the improvement in range condition that comes with proper goat management,

I then the longer term returns may be even greater as

I more sheep and cattle may be run and those sheep and :attle will be more productive than they are at present.

General These are observations that have been made by the luthor over the last five years. Although detailed . measurements are not available at each site, the results

12 * Locations of interviewed properties. Hard red country - brown loams end clay loams mostly with gravelly ridges (mixed scrub and timber) - 1..1 and 1..2.

Soft red country - red-brown acid sandy loam soils with sendhills in the tar west - B

·Soft red country - Solonised Brown Soils - Calcareous brown sandy loams otten with sandhills - B

Steep hills and ranges and very stoney soils Description of Country • A description ofthe range types, on which the case studies are located, follows. (See map 1) A.1. Hard-Red Ridges - This country is typically undulating to hilly and is dominated by mulga that has regenerated following pushing or cutting during (i) Effect on Range Condition previous droughts; sheep carrying capacity (on scrubby * All landholders stated that goats had reduced the areas) is often as low as one sheep to 8 to 10 hectares shrub problem and "improved the country" . In (20 to 25 acres). comparison with other areas, both the quantity a~d A.2., Hard-Red Run-On - The country is typically quality of feed is better within goat paddocks and down the slope from the ridge country with more gentle during spring of 1984, there was less grass seed in slopes. The vegetation is typically dominated by mixed areas where goats had been run because better pasture scrub species with (some virtually) inedible species species were dominant. such as turpentine and budda being relatively more * Goats have had little impact on mature turpentine or common. buddah however, there have been no shrub seedlings B. Soft-Red - Country is typically dominated by observed by landholders. narrow-leafed hop bush on the sandy hills and may * Goats will readily browse narrow-leafed hopbush have good coverage of perennial grass (often woolly• and mulga seedlings. At very high stocking rates (2 per butt). Soils between hills have a higher clay content and hal they rapidly kill hopbush and defoliate mulga, often carry mixed scrub. however most mulga survives. At lower stocking rates, (1 per 2 hal goats appear to control scrub, reduce its General Features density, and thus allow for more herbage and grass to The following significant points were made by some grow. or all of the landholders interviewed and are * Goats cause less damage to country surrounding categorised under several headings. watering points and camps and use pads less When reading these points, it should be kept in mind intensively than sheep or cattle; goats tend to harvest that there was a severe drought from 1981 to 1982 forage from all over the paddock rather than spot graze.

13. (U) Income production from the sheep to be higher due to better Income has mainly resulted from: quality feed being available. (a) Sale of doe portion to breeders in other areas ($12- $20 per head on farm) (Iv) Mauagement of Goats (b) Sale of wethers, bucks and some doe for meat • All commented that goats were easier to manage (15-S16 per head on farm) than sheep, particularly as they do not get fly strike. (c) From sale of cashmere, however, yields to date • Most commented that goats were easier to muster have been low. The best average return to date has than sheep. In addition the paddocks in which goats been $3.00 per goat shorn. Landholders are still had been grazed had been "opened up" so that seeing experimenting with management techniques to the animals for muster was easier. increase cashmere yields. • Goats however, are difficult to muster during winter as they do not water regularly like sheep. (fU) Economies • At moderate stocking rates (about 1 per 2 hal, The economics is made resoundingly clear when the reproductive rates are in excess of 100 percent. Even in following facts are considered: dry, but not drought years, reproduction is reasonable • All five landholders interviewed have generated provided there is adequate mulga or hopbush. sufficient income from goats to pay for their fencing • Originally, the aim of all landholders was to use costs within five years. goats to kill shrubs. In all cases they now regard goats • All are intending to expand their goat enterprise as income earning animals and realise that to make and have purchased fencing materials to carry out money they must be stocked at moderate levels so that further expansion. they will breed and grow well. The shrubs are now • Most claim that the additional goats can be carried regarded as a resource on which goats can be raised for without affecting the number of sheep they can carry. profit. • One landholder has stated that he would prefer to • White goats are easier to see than other colours. replace all sheep with goats. • Salt blocks or licks are used by some to help muster • The fact that goats can be run at higher stocking domesticated goats and to encourage feral goats to rates than sheep in scrubby areas has meant that goats remain on the property. have produced a higher return per hectare. (v) Goat Behaviour lt is impossible to simply present the financial performance of each property. However, the most • Feral goats, once trapped, come to adopt the critical factors affecting the economics are:- particular paddocks as "home". If moved, they tend to (a) Prices Received. drift back towards their "home" paddock. Prices received for surplus animals have generaIJy • Progeny offeral goats, that are reared behind been from S5.00 to $7.00 (on farm) for small goats; from fences, are not as territorial as their parents. $8 to $16 for billies; and for young does from $12 to 520. • Most commented that domesticated goats" attract" (b) Reproduction: feral goats onto surrounding areas. Initially most landholders stocked goats at very heavy • Feral goat numbers have increased since the rates (up to 5 per ha for 6 months) with the aim of drought years of 1981 and 1982. killing scrub. As a consequence a high stock rates combined with drought, reproduction rates were in the (Vi) Fencing vicinity of 40 to 60 percent. After the drought, goat * Domesticated goats are easily contained with properly maintained fencing. reproduction rates have been in the vicinity of 120 to • Conventional fabricated fencing with six, seven or 160 percent when goats were stocked at about 1 goat to eight lines and vertical wires at 300mm centres are 2 ha or less. satisfactory . (c) Initial purchase cost (if any): Fabricated fencing has been tied to existing plain• All the landholders interviewed, have not purchased * wire fences to contain goats (plain wires have been any goats; initial supplies were trapped. (d) Fencing: removed later and re-used in some cases). Fencing costs have varied from virtually nil to the • A single electrified wire has made existing weIJ cost of a completely new fence. For more details on maintained six wire fences goat proof - the electrified fencing see Section vi. It is important to note, however, wire is placed about 230mm up and out from the fence. that good fencing also improves your ability to manage * New five and six wire electrified fences are goat other stock. proof. (e) Flock build-up through trapping. • All fences need to be cleared on both sides and be Three landholders continued to trap and sell quite properly strained. large numbers of goats. The remaining two now rely • Some feral, that is not domesticated, goats will mainly on breeding. enter fenced areas, but are not known to leave. (f) Improvement (if any) in Carrying Capacity. ConclusJon There has been insufficient time to give a precise From the experiences of landholders interviewed, it answer to this question. However, landholders with appears that goats will play an increasing role in Cobar either narrow-leaf hopbush or mulga scrub problem adjoining districts. When stocked at moderate rates,' areas estimate that they can run as many sheep as they produce sufficient return to cover fencing and previously plus goats at about 1 to 4 ha. A comment from one landholder was that he expected the running expenses and also reduce the density of mulga

14 and hopbush shrubs. The fact that all landholders who With ample supplies of feral goats I was able to mee. were interviewed intend expanding their goat' the market when prices were high. Following on from enterprises and have purchased additional fencing this I applied for assistance under the Cobar Byrock material, is ample testimony to the confidence they Rehabilitation Scheme (CBRS) so that I could further place in the goat industry. develop this project with the aim of controlling Hop Bush. Further ReadIDg During the initial stage it was noted that the heavy "Fencing for Goats" - Agfact A7.2.1 stocking rates, 1,500 ferals to 260 hect. decimated both "Commercial Goat Management" - Agfact A 7 .1.1 Hop Bush and Turpentine alike, but with some (Published by N.S.W. Dept. of Agriculture) deterioration in their condition. However, this was sufficient evidence for me to move away from just Control of Hop Bush at "Kaleno" Station trapping goats for meat to controlling shrubs and also selling the finished goats as meat.

Tony McDonald, Alms and Plans Kaleno Station The chief aim was to control and in some cases vlaCobar eradicate Hop Bush with the intentions of improving sheep carrying capacity. This particular paddock (5,000 This paper contains my personal experiences with acres, 2,024 hect.) because ofthe density of scrub had goats in this environment and also lists the directions I not been used for sheep grazing for 15 years. In effect, intend taking from now. I have divided it into five it was useless and unproductive country. But eventually sections. bringing back into production 2,024 hect. income from wool would increase. Location In fact the rated carrying capacity of "Kaleno" is "Kaleno"is located 90 kms south west of Cobar on 1:10 acres, this paddock was no better than 1:50 the Ivanhoe Road. Soils consist of Sandy Loams acres. By using the paddock initially with goats at 1:25 interspersed with clay loams and some sand hills and (70 percent Hop Bush, 30 percent Turpentine) rocky ridges. "Kaleno" would be running 7,000 sheep plus a bonus Of the 28,000 hectares, 14,000 hectares is moderately of 1,000 goats (all caught on the place), which did not to heavily infested with Hop Bush and Turpentine, exist before. whilst the remainder is moderately open. Both areas A map has been included to outline the development carrying good to moderate cover of both winter and phase of the project. summer grasses, except where shrub density is high. Key Feral goats are plentiful in this location. Constructed 1979 Pdk A Original- used for trapping ferals for markets. Introduction Constructed 1980 Pdt B CBRS. Why I became interested in goats. Constructed 1983-84 Pdt C CBRS. In 1979, because ofthe large numbers offeral goats Constructed 1985 Pdk 0 and the high prices ruling at that time, it was decided to Owner financed - under construction. harvest the feral goat to supplement the major income from wool production. Due to the uncertainity in goat meat marketing and the inability to supply abattoirs when prices were high, a goat paddock was erected comprising 640 acres (260 hectares). Having no knowledge of goat fencing at the Ii.l O;!.! HfCT. time, a physical barrier was constructed, suitable to r---n7~'-~~~~~W~~~~'~:-=-~=~==~===~ I keep out all the wild life of Africa. It consisted of 6:90: I I 30 hinged joint, four plain wires, two barbs bottom and I I top, 5'6" steel posts, twenty-four feet apart with ten I chain strains. This was later proved to be far too I J expensive. All feral goats were trapped by using twelve ft. long sheets ofweldmesh, wide at the entrance - six to eight ft. and narrow at the delivery end - six to eight ins. A ramp was also constructed alongside the weldmesh trap, both facing a ground tank some one hundred metres away. Salt blocks were placed in the goat enclosure close to both traps. Domesticated (trapped) goats congregated around the salt blocks whilst the During the whole of this 5 year project my attitude ferals were attracted from the unfenced area to the changed dramatically. My initial aim of clearing trapped goats. Nannies used the weldmesh funnel country for further sheep production changed direction. whilst the billies preferred the ramp. In six weeks The effect on Hop Bush and to a lesser extent 1,500 goats were trapped without the owner having to Turpentine was dramatic, although it took up to 12 muster or assist in their trapping. months to have any marked effect on Hop Bush, the

15 goats did not tum the paddocks into desert. They marketable meat goat - white hair is more difficult to preferred to browse feed rather than eat the grass first. see on a dressed carcase in the meat hall. At all times during both the winter and the summer - Enlarge the goat enterprise to carry 2,000 white there was always a good herbage and grass cov~. nannies, producing 140 percent plus kidding every two During drought years when the grasses hayed off, the years; selling a percentage to breeders requiring goats turned to browsing rather than grass eating. upgrading oftheir herd. When density of shrubs was high and grass did not grow, the removal of the Hop Bush allowed greater Management and GrazIDg Stl'ategy light penetration and greater grass cover. In fact many During the past five years of this project drought has areas did not have any grass cover until the goats came been a common denominator. It has delayed the in. development phase. For goats to be effective in The important feature here is that until goats were controJIing scrub, carrying capacity must be intensive. used in this project, fire for scrub control was out of the But in doing this, provided a rotation is carried out question, now, fire can be used as a management tool. neither the animal nor the land will suffer. By The paddocks adjoining the goat project where sheep careful management where sufficient paddocks are were running, did not have the variety of grasses and available for rotation (four a minimum) worm problems were more degraded than the goat paddocks. Goats will be kept to a minimum, grasses allowed to recover thinned out the summer grasses sufficiently to allow a and seed, and animal condition maintained, allowing greater variety of herbages to grow during the winter for viable kidding percentages and marketable wether months. and hogget goats. It should be noted here that until goats became One important point I ommitted was that goats have accustomed to being "fenced in", their ability to commenced to strip the bark of Turpentine. The browse and keep condition was not good. It took at least condition of the goat is remarkably good so hunger is 12 months before they worked the country effectively. not the reason. Should this continue the results may be Following on from this, it became obvious that encouraging indeed. erecting costly fences was not required. New fences constructed were much lower, using 4'6" steels, sixty Clouds on the Horizon to one hundred ft. between posts and no barbs, actual Clouds on the horizon are beginning to darken with height 3' 1" . Any goats that jumped the fence were not the release ofthe reports ofthe Joint Select Committee missed, it was better not have a rogue rather than keep of Inquiry into the Western Division (Fisher Inquiry), one. the Animal Liberation movement and the uncertainity With this in mind my aims and plans with goat as to just when there is a concerted move by minority grazing took a new direction. I decided that goats could groups to stop grazing in the semi-arid areas of be run in conjunction with sheep allowing for greater Australia. diversification in financial returns. The first consideration, however, was to control Hop Bush as as to allow more light penetration, enabling FEATURES more grasses and herbages to grow. Care must be taken not to destroy all edible shrubs as they allow for The Kimberley Pastoral Industry greater carrying capacity, and a fodder reserve during - Current Research and Findings times of drought. Reduction in shrub cover allows for greater ease of Doug McGhie management, viz. mustering. It also allows for a Department of Agriculture greater number of marketable hoggets and wether Kununurra, W.A. goats to be turned off. It is extremely important that a prime animal is turned off to capture the high priced (This paper was presented at the" Pastoral market. The viability of any goat enterprise depends on Challenge '85" Seminar held in Derby, April 11, 1985. what you can get for your product. The paper summarises the current research Unfortunately at the moment, meat prices are erratic programme in the northern monsoonal grasslands of varying from 15 to 70 cents per kg. dressed weight. the Kimberley and should be directly relevant to Another important consideration besides control of graziers, researchers and advisers right across the shrubs and meat production is cashmere. The Western "top" of Australia. Doug kindly allowed it to be printed Division of N .S. W. is blessed with an ample supply of here and said that interested people could contact him feral cashmeres, approximately 80 percent of all ferals in Kununurra should they require more information. containing a down fibre called 'Cashmere'. This is a - editor's comment) promising adjunct to meat. Research related to the Kimberley Pastoral Industry Considering these points, my aims and plans for is directed very strongly at a production system which grazing goats fell into the following pattern: fits within constraints of climate, soils, vegetation and - Initially used goats to control Hop Bush and other pasture and the historical basis of the industry. A brief edible shrubs to improve carrying capacity. characterisation ofthese factors serves to place present - The by-product that followed viz. meat and research into a true perspective. "',;"hmere could be sold to diversify income. Climate '~a white goat which made mustering easier, The Kimberley region has an arid to semi-arid 'er return on cashmere and gave a more monsoonal climate with a hot, wet summer (wet

16. season) and a warm dry winter (dry season). Rain falls The productivity of the Kimberley herd is low as a mainly in the four month period from November to result ofthese limitations. The future viability ofthe February but rainfall is extremely unreliable with a industry depends 'upon raising the level of herd variable break and a sporadic distribution. The duration productivity. Within the present production system few of useful pasture growth ranges from 19 weeks in the effective improvements in herd management are extreme north-west to only 10 weeks around Halls available. Creek. Major improvements all involve major capital inputs SoDs and Vegetation in the form of infrastructure which will enable better Four major soil type, vegetation associations occur. management ofthe reproductive process (weaning, Stoney, Skeletal soils and deep sandy soils - the soils controlled mating. "cross breeding), improved planes of are shallow on the ranges and sandy in the valleys and nutrition of selected stock and selection of alternative on the coast. The vegetation is variable with trees markets for some stock. smaller on the stoney soils than on sands. Spinifex Research and Findings species are common on hillslopes and stoney country. Within that context. the present W.A. Department of As expected from the vegetation associations and soil Agriculture research programme has been framed and quality these areas have a very low carrying capacity. this presently is the major research activity related to Grey and Brown heavy soils of the plains - on the the Kimberley pastoral industry. Complimentary work river flood plains and adjacent to limestone. basalt and is under way in the Northern Territory, again aiming mudstone outcrops heavy clay soils support productive mainly at the evaluation of management strategies. grasses of the savannahs and grasslands. These are the In this paper I will report only the current work within richest grazing areas of the Kimberley region. my own department. the work developed for the Recent River Alluvium - narrow bands of sandy loam Kimberley pastoral industry. This work encompasses to light clay soils fringe the rivers and support a grassy many of the aspects mentioned previously. woodland vegetation. Although a high quality grazing * Comparison of genotypes. resource, the narrow belts have often been over used * Herd management breeding, weaning and grazing and have in some cases eroded seriously. pressure. An associated group of brown soils of heavy texture * Finishing young pastoral cattle on irrigated Leucaena occurs between the sandy alluvial soils and the heavy pastures in the Ord River Irrigation Area. clays of the plains. These also support the heavy clays * Grazing management of Kimberley grasslands. the the plains. These also support a woodland and are * Plant introduction on Cockatoo sands. of high pastoral value. * The effect of burning on Pindan vegetation. Deep Reddish Sandy Soils - known as Pindan in the An Evaluation of Breeds and Crosses for Beef west Kimberley and Cockatoo sand in the east. These Production in the Kimberley infertile soils supporting a woodland of small trees Realising the limitations on beef production spinifex and coarse grass. The areas are often affected introduced by harsh climatic conditions, poor pasture by fire and are generally considered as low carrying and ectoparasites the value of btroducing better capacity pastoral country. adapted genotypes into the predominantly Shorthorn Pastures based herd was chosen for study. Brahman and There are strong associations between species Africander cattle were chosen for crossing with present and soils, rainfall and grazing pressure. Shorthorns in an evaluation of the various genotypes for Rainfall and the length of the regularly short growing breeding, growth and carcase production in the seasons are the major determinants of pasture quality Kimberley. The six genotypes established from 1980 and quantity. A useful classification of this relationship are: is that of land systems which may assist in Brahman understanding the presence and prevalence of the Kimberley Shorthorn ' pasture suite. A good relationship between these Fl Brahman x Shorthorn characteristics and cattle carrying capacity does not Fl Africander x Shorthorn exist. F2 Brahman x Shorthorn However, the carrying capacity of a pastoral lease F2 Africander x Shorthorn may be estimated on the basis ofthe stock the lease Four years of calving are now documented and while should carry in its virgin state. A simplified integration it is difficult to say which cross is superior, all ofthe of such information shows that the carrying capacity of crosses and the pure-bred Brahman animals are the land is strongly related to the major river systems proving superior parents to the Shorthorns (Table 1). of the Ord and Fitzroy Rivers. Table 1 Calving Percentage, Genotype trial Industly Characteristics Genotype 1981 1982 1983 1984 The Kimberley Pastoral Industry is based on Shorthorn 45 59 63 42 Shorthorn cattle grazing the open range with little control over breeding and grazing in most instances. Brahman 36 40 68 73 Cattle are mustered between April and November to Fl Brahman (Br x Sh) 58 63 54 81 harvest saleable bullocks and brand calves. Pasture improvements, fencing and improved management Fl Africander (Af x Sh) 47 58 88 75 practices are uncommon and the supply to a market F2 Brahman (FIBrl x FIBrl) 47 72 giving low returns has made improvements difficult to justify on many leases. F2 Africander (FIAf x FIAf) 45 86 81 75

17 All weaning weights have been satisfactory in recent years but the results have been partic)1larly good for the F2 Brahman. Calf losses were generally low in 1984 (Table 2)

Table 2 Calving, and weaning details for 1984 calf crop Genotype No. Calves No. Calves Mean Weaning Born Weaned 0/'0 Loss Wt. in kg Shorthorn 37 34 8 154 Brahman 72 69 4 157 Brahman x Shorthorn (F1) 33 28 15 146 Africander x Shorthorn (F1) 52 SO 4 146 BrSh x BrSh (F2) 72 69 4 182 AfSh x AfSh (F2) 60 55 8 145 BrSh BrSh x BrSh BrSh (F3) 44 40 9 140 AfSh AfSh x AfSh AfSh (fJ) 24 23 4 148 TOTAL 394 368 6.50/'0 Brahmans and Brahman crosses have consistently proven to produce heavier carcases than the Shorthorns As well as the detailed examination of the herds on Africander cross results, also, are encouraging but Ord River Station, the performance and economics of numbers are still low . removed weaners will be examined in both the north Over a short duration of the experiment it has and south of the state. Some of the weaners will be become clear that the genotype has an effect on the live turned into the irrigated leucaena pastures in the Ord weight of steers and cows. The true value of the various River Irrigation Area and others will be shipped south genotypes will not be fully assessed for some years yet for fattening. but the early results highlight the potential. offered by genotype management. Leucaena Evalnatlon Trial Leucaena leucocephala (LAM) de Wit is a Aitemative Management Strategies for Calttle Turnoff leguminous tree which has been experimentally grown in the Kimberley in the Ord River Irrigation Area from many years. This experiment will compare cattle management Cattle have been grown and fattened on the Leucaena systems ranging through but only when the intake of a toxic component, the -1 uncontrolled mating with no weaning and followers amino acid mimosine, has been limited. This work left in the paddock aimed to compare the growth rates of cattle grazing -2 controlled mating with weaning and with removal Leucaena and pangola pastures with those grazing of followers pangola alone. Various stocking rates are being tested on plots which were originally established to limit the -3 uncontrolled mating with no weaning but with all intake of Leucaena. The rows of Leucaena were planted followers except replacement heifers removed. at a 4.5 metre spacing. The work was established in late 1983 and so has Before the planned comparison started, a separate produced few results to this time. evaluation of mimosine detoxifying bacteria was run on The lactation status of the three herds show the the same area. One group of Shorthorn heifers was advantage of increasing intensity of management infused with the bacteria and another left untreated. (table 3) In a five month period from December 1983 to May 1984, the average Iiveweight gain/head for the infused Table 3 Lactation status of the three herds group was 70kg and 64kg for the control group. Early in the grazing period the weight gain difference Herd Management 0/'0 Wet was greater (10kg in February 1984) and the control 1 43.7 group was showing severe signs of poisoning (hair loss on face, feet and tail, open lesions along shoulders). 2 59.8 The control animals had a reduced appetite and did not 3 52.6 eat Leucaena at the same rate as the infused group. At this time the control animals acquired the bacteria, Detailed information on the main production their weight gains improved and little difference in parameters of a normally managed Kimberley weight gain resulted at the end of trial period. The Shorthorn herd is collected from the first group in recovery of control animals was best shown with urine which the only managerial practices are the castration and blood analysis. This showed that thyroxine levels of males and the removal of cattle for slaughter, at the were maintained in the infused animals, and increased time ofthe annual muster. Few results are available in the control animals as the bacteria transferred to from this work. them.

18 From this work it was apparent that the bacteria prevented the development of the external symptoms of mimosine toxicity. Transfer of the bacteria between animals appeared to be simple and this will be of value to commercial herds grazing Leucaena. Since establishing the stocking rate experiment which compares the grazing value of Leucaena and Pangola grass, the advantages of the quality of the leguminous feed has been well established (table 4). Heifers have now calved and so only steer weights have been presented.

Table 4 Liveweight gain since 11/6/84 of steers grazing Leucaena/pangola and pangola pastures

Stocking Rate Leucaena/Pangola Beasts/ha Pangola 17/10/84 3/12184 18/1/85 (128 days) (175 days) (221 days) 18/10/84 3/12/84 18/1/85

2.0 81 lOS 132 65 76 97 3.5 86 lOS 138 8 20 27 5.0 65 70 95 18 57 65 6.5 30 60 78 9 25 35

Weight gains in kilograms liveweight per hectare have increased to the highest but overgrazed stocking rate. Gains on the legume/grass mixture have more than doubled those on the grass at the 6.5 beasts/ha stocking rate (507kg/ha cf. 227 kg/ha). Realising from the past and present work that it is A further component of this work is the examination now important not to limit the intake of Leucaena a of the response of some major range species to grazing further experiment with rows spaced at 0.9,1.8 and 2.7 management. Birdwood grass (Cenchrus setig~) and metres is being prepared. This will be grazed at Ribbon grass (ChrysoPQgon fallax) plants are tagged in stocking rates ranging from 4 to 10 Brahman/shorthorn areas subjected to three levels of grazing pressure steers per hectare. Animals should be introduced by (6.4,5.0,2.4 ha/beast) with groups of plants protected early 1986. Establishment of the pasture has, to this from grazing after 1, 2, 3, or 4 years of continuous stage been slow. grazing. With the work only one year into a proposed five year term, few conclusions can yet be drawn. However, the Grazing Management Systems for Summer RaInfall preference of cattle for Ribbon grass early in the wet Grasslands in the Kimberley season and an increasing utilisation of Birdwood grass This study has been designed to investigate some of as the wet season progresses was noted in the 1983/84 the relationships between the long term productivity of wet season. Ecological studies such as this must run for pastures and range condition. Systems range from many years. continuous grazing at six stocking rates (from 8.3 to 2.6 ha/steer), through wet or dry season exclosure and Plant introduction rotational grazing to the continuous exclosure of cattle. While the importance of range quality and quantity Weight gains across the 1983/84 wet seasons is widely recognised and valuable new pasture species reflected variation between paddocks with some have been identified, everyone appreciates that the paddocks having a higher proportion of Birdwood grass introduction of new species is dependent upon the than others. Dry season grazing did not produce provision of grazing protection of areas to be upgraded. significant weight gain differences between stocking Various work within the Department of Agriculture rate treatments but weight gains did more closely examines the value and ease of introduction of reflect stocking rates. particular species as well as the possible benefits of Effects on range condition should be considered some fertiliser supplementation to these areas. only in the long term and the dry season effects will be Such an experiment on Cockatoo sands near of great interest. Kununurra has shown the value of Verano (S~losanthes hamata cv. Verano) and Seca (S. scabra c-;. Seca) stylos and U.S.A. Buffel grass (Cenchrus

19 ciliaris cv. U.S.A.) for establishment on sands. Both industries are the most valuable. A forage sorghum ~tion and fertilisation appeared to improve the cubing enterprise is being developed by the Carpenter establishment of these species. Holdings group, aimed at exporting large quantities of ORIA forage sorghum. Effect of Frequency of Late Season Burning on Plndan Research on the ORIA is largely directed at the Vegetadon present, and developing industries with additional work While fire is a natural phenomenon in pastoral areas on crops such as rice (in which there is some grower it has also been considered a management tool. On the interest), sesame and mungbeans (which are Department of Agriculture Derby Pindan block, an area expanding in the Northern Territory) and other crops of Acacia scrub (mainly A. tumida) with a ground storey with potential such as chickpeas (to be grown dominated by curly spinifex (Plectrachne pung~) and commercially in 1985) and Plantag~ (a dietary Ribbon Grass (Chy'sop.Qgon faIIax) has been subjected fibre). Entomology support is provided through to four burning treatments (zero burning, annual, two research and advice and a programme will shortly be yearly and four yearly burning) since 1972. The effect of established on water management of the range of crops burning on production and composition ofthe grown or researched. This is important to ensure best community has been studied. All burns have been use of the abundant but valuable water and land carried out in November. resource. Seasonal effects on yield have been greater than treatment effects. The main effect of burning has been Conclusion that on the composition of the plant community. While The importance of improved management of the there has been long term composition change toward pastoral areas of the Kimberley through the the curly spinifex the effect of burning has been to reproductive controls, new turnoff strategies, and the increase the proportion of annual species in the maintenance or improvement of range conditions is community (table 5) and to decrease the proportion of well accepted. That the imposition of these changes is the total yield consisting of desirable species. These partly, at least, dependent upon the requirement on effects may be undesirable for pastoral productivity in costly but necessary infrastructure is beyond doubt. the community. Support through schemes such as the Tuberculosis eradication campaign may assist these ,requirements Table 5 Percentage oftotal yield consisting of annual and the Department of Agriculture's research will species highlight the benefits and costs of the several strategies Annual 2 Yearly 4 Yearly proposed. Year Control Burn Burn Burn References 1973 46.1* 58.6* 58.4* 67.1* Guyton, R. (Ed.) 1985. Kimberley Pastoral Inquiry. 1974 26.3 34.8* 26.7 23.9 Interim Report (Draft) and, Hacker, R.B. (Ed) 1984. Kimberley Beef Industry 1975 7.0 29.3* 29.1* 9.2 Research and Extension Group. Worting Papers provided most of the material presented in this paper. 1976 6.9 17.6* 16.0 14.0 1977 0.7 15.3* 28.0* 44.5* 1979 1.5 2.0* 7.0* 5.5 1980 19.7 35.9* 23.2 22.5 Dog Fence Goes Electric 1981 6.0 25.4* 17.0* 39.1* BobPlesse 1982 4.6 20.8* 7.1 14.2 Fencing Consultant MEAN 13.2 26.6 23.6 26.7 Kew East, Victoria 3102 The use of electric fencing for wild dog/ dingo control * Burnt previous year has been in the news recently, The following report is taken from the "Stock Journal" of July 4, 1985 Long term benefits may be greater from the suppression of burning. Four year bums produce a "D~g Fence Gets a Hammering flush of annual growth in the wet following the bum but Despite the large numbers of dingoes seen on the provided no long term benefits. dog fence recently, the SA dog fence is in good condition and there have been few reports of dingoes Research In the Ord River IrrIgadon Area inside the fence. Apart from the evaluation of Leucaena discussed That's the latest report from Brian Locke, the dog earlier, a range of cropping work continues. Farming fence supervisor. activity in the Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA) is low Mr. Locke said the electric fence that had been built with only about 30% ofthe available land area being along parts of the fence in the past few years had been a used. Crops grown include hybrid seed sorghum and "major breakthrough" in controlling the dogs. '''"flower, birdseed sunflower, oilseed sunflower, He said the electric fence was effective because it ~ stock and chicken feed, soybeans, peanuts on protected the netting fence from other animals such as i soils and an expanding horticultural wombats.

,20 There is a 90km section of electric fence at Fowler's condition of the sensors, and a "signature" which Bay, 34 km on Parakylia Station, Woomera and 40 km identifies the particular working points to distinguish it on Moolawatana Station, Lake Frome. from others. One circuit on the watering point A 15 km section is being built just out of Kondoolka installation is an "alarm switch, which can be activated Station, Yardea, and there are plans to build more in manually. the Moolawatana area. - The Central unit comprises a receiving antenna, a Mr. Locke said that within the next two years there UHF radio receiver, some electronic logic circuitry and should be another 60 km of electric fencing in the a home computer to display information and allow the western Eyre Peninsula region. operator to seek information. The system is designed to He said cost of construction and maintenance of the run off 12 volts D.C. electric fence was met by the property owner, but was cheaper than conventional netting fence." Reports are updated every 10 minutes by transmission from the remote stations. Thus, if the The fence being constructed is a seven line fence, of central unit has been turned off, a complete status about 1.1 m in height. The fence has four live wires report on all working points can be obtained within 10 (two at the top) and three earth wires and is built minutes of turning the unit back on. immediately outside the existing netting fence. The movement of dingoes is being monitored, and dog To what stage has the system been developed fence board people report that the electric fence is A prototype consisting of one central unit and two proving to be very effective in stopping dingo remote units was made in 1984, and was installed on movement. Commodore Station in the north of South Australia over the summer of 1984/85. That is the unit currently on (Reviewed by D. G. Burnside) display. The Electronic MIll Ran A second version is currently under development, The "Bushtronlcs" Borehole Telemetry System which is conceptually identical to the prototype, but simpler in construction. In developing the system, (Barney Foran sent in some material about this Bushtronics has been mindful of: firm's efforts in developing a remote water monitoring * the very high temperatures, and the high diurnal system, and with some abbreviation, it has been (day/night) temperature variation in central re-printed here. It is obviously a developing area and it Australia. may be possible that graziers have obtained or are * the dusty conditions which can render components obtaining some experience in the use of this "hi-tech" such as keyboards inoperative. gear. Alternatively, it seems that it would be a good * the need to protect the units against lightning strike. opportunity for some graziers to research these * the corrosiveness of bore-water (for this reason, the facilities, in co-operation with manufacturers. Either unit has been equipped with very reliable "Flygt" way, if there are any comments from either developers completely sealed water level regulators). or users, we would like to have them! - editor's * the effects of sunlight on plastic components and comment). wiring. The mill run (or bore run, water run etc. etc.) is one * the habits of birds around windmills (Bushtronics is of the perennial chores of station life occupying still learning about the dietary habits of galahs, considerable resources of time, fuel, vehicles and so on. which have taken a liking to certain wiring circuits). It will always be necessary to get around the run to This second version should be in limited production have a look at the country and stock but it would be by late 1985. Bushtronics is still working on developing good to avoid the routine mill runs which are just done sensors for monitoring flow for small volumes (such as to check water supplies. Well it seems that progress is would occur when only 2 or 3 cattle are drinking at a being made with systems designed to monitor what is trough). happening at a water point and radio the information back to the homestead. How Much Will it Cost The "Bushtronics" Borehole Telemetry system has At this stage, Bushtronics estimates the central units two parts: should sell for around $2500 each, while each remote - remote units which are installed at the borehole site unit will sell for around $1500. These estimates include (up to 32 in number for anyone system) all antennas, solar panels, three level sensors (extras - a base station receiver and computer located at the will cost around $30), enough wire for a typical homestead. installation. They do not include towers for antennae, It works like this:- wires for unusual situations, or installation costs. - A series of sensors at the water point can record Installation will not be difficult (each remote unit took trough level,! tank level, flow in pipes and so on. These about two hours to install on Commodore), but care has sensors are connected by wire to a main transmitter box to be taken in aligning the solar panel for maximum which encloses a controller unit, a radio transmitter effectiveness, and in aiming the antennas. (UHF) and a solar-charged battery. The signal is directed from a high point (usually the mill) to a What Other Applications Does the System Have? receiver at the homestead. The unit reports back to the Bushtronics has identified watering point monitoring central point every ten minutes - a short (one second) as the most important application. But once this system radio transmission which contains information on the is up and running, it will be a simple matter to develop

21 systems for reporting on gates being opened useful for researchers and extension people who seek a (particularly important for security), operations of deeper understanding of the structure and function of remote electrical fences etc., using the same central these rangeland types. In tum this will allow the station, but variants of the remote station setup. formulation of management pracisesfor other conservation areas and for grazed rangelands. Further information can be obtained &oml The book costs $6.00 and is available from either: "Bashtronlcs" G.P .0. Box 1202, Conservation CollllDlsslon of the Northem Territory, Canberra, A.C.T., 260 Telephone (062) 86 2194 P.O. Box 1046, Allee Springs, N.T., 5750; (editor's note: This information is not presented here as either a recommendation or as a normal or: advertisement. However, it seemed appropriate to inform Range Management Newsletter readers of The Editor In ChIef, where we are with remote monitoring of water supplies, CILES, and where further information can be obtained. No CSIRO doubt there are other individuals or companies working P.O. Box 89, in this area and we would be happy to have material East Melbourne, Vic., 3002. from them as well).

BOOKS NOTICES

Anticipating the Inevitable: A patch.bum strategy for Ore management at Ulum (Ayers Rock· Mt. Olga) Correction National Park ed: E. C. Saxon Well, you can't be right all the time (any of the time?) In the last issue of Range Management Newsletter 8512 This book describes a fire management strategy that it was incorrectly reported that the Honourable Brian will allow for the biological conservation and proper Burke, Premier of Western Australia stated at the care of the Uluru National Park. The book is edited by "Pastoral Challenge" Seminar that Fox River Station Earl Saxon and includes contributions from Earl, Grant and a part of Ord River Research Station will be sold to Allan and Graham Griffin. interests in Sarawak. This is not true I I The role of fire in Centralia has attracted the interest of rangeland scientists for many years. A close study of The Hon. Premier stated that: vegetation, climate, fire history and fire behaviour has - The Ord River Research area will not be sold. allowed these authors to determine the best manner to - Their is no intention of releasing the Turner Plain for integrate fire into the management of the biological grazing at present. resources ofthe National Park. - The area west ofthe Ord River is to go to a National The major plant formations present in the park - the Park. hummock grasslands (spinifex) and the Acacia - That there could be a joint venture involving Fox shrublands will be familiar to many arid zone dwellers, River Station only together with some hilly country which makes the findings and recommendations in the between Fox River and the Turner Plain. ~ook relevant far beyond the boundaries of Uluru. The analysis of pattern and the methods employed presented by Graham Griffin (Chapter 3) will be of particular value to people who are encountering these fire-affected rangelands for the first time. Similarly Grant Allan's contribution concerning the fire history and land units of Uluru, combined with the excellent maps of the area will be useful for people to use as a benchmark or reference points. It is also pleasing to see that recommendations which will have practical applications are made for patch-burn management in these rangelands. I These recommendations draw a sharp distinction between the conventional approach to fire management (artificial boundaries, large areas) and the idea of small . patch-bums using natural barriers to prevent fire spread. The authors acknowledge that this technology is the same as the ecologically sound fire strategy skillfully employed by aborigines for many thousands of years before white settlement. Apart from the book's obligatory role in the management of Uluru National Park, it will be most

22. BONOJLUYMBMIIBIlS AUSTRAUAN RANGELAND SOCIETY 'MR. R. BETTINI MEMBERS -JULY 1985 Boolathana Station MR. W. BOLTON·SMrrH P.O. Box 33, 61 Luiden Avenue, Carnarvon, W.A. 6701 Hazelwood Part, S.A. 5066 DR. 1. M. BARNISCH MR. D. M. BEURLE Dept. of ApoIlOmy MR. D. G. WILCOX C/· Dept. of Agric. QueeDSland Agric. CoUege Carnarvon, W.A. 6701 54 Broome Street, Lawes, Qld. 4345 Cottesloe, W.A. 6011 MR. R. C. BIGGS MR. D. R. BAILLE Yellirrie Station 18 Rlversdale Road, Via Leinster, W.A. 6437 ORDINAIlYMEMBDS Oxenford. QId. 4210 MR. DONALD I. BLESING MR. ATEEG A. ABDULLA Ramsyn. P.O. Box 52. MR. DENNIS R. BARBER Caltowie. S.A. 5490 Range and Pasture Administration 10 Wattle Street. P.O. Box 2513, FuUarton. S.A. 5063 MR. M. J. BOLADERAS Khartoum, Sudan Wongonoo Station Leonora. W.A. 6438 DR. SUSAN BARKER MR. N. A. ABRAHAM 160 Waterfall GuUy Road. MR. L. C. BOLADERAS C/· Soil Conservation Service Waterfall GuUy. S.A. S066 P.O. Box 459, Yandal Station Leonora. W.A. 6438 Broken Hill, N.S.W. 2880 MR. A. S. BARWW 520 Uranium Street, MR. C. A. BOOTH P.O. Box 7. MR. KYM DEAN AFFORD Broken Hill, N.S.W. 2880 Eringa Park Station Buronga, N.S.W. 2648 Olary, S.A. S440 BARKER COLLEGE PROF. TRADIS W. BOX 91 Paciffic Highway, College of Nat. Resources MR. R. W. ALBRECHT Hornsby, 2077 Utah State Univ. P.O. Box 2673, Logan, Utah U.S.A. Darwin, N.T. 5794 MR. A. S. BARLOW MR. R. E. BOYLE 520 Uranium Street, MR. BRUCEM. ALCHIN Cobar Pastures Protect. Board Broken Hill, N.S.W. 2880 P.O. Box 52, Western Lands Commission Cobar, N.S.W. 2835 Box 4351 G.P.O. FAERLIE W. BARTHOWMAEOUS Sydney, N.S.W. 2001 P.O. Box 171, MR. M. G. BROOKER Jamestown, 5491 C.S.I.R.O. MR. ERIC R. ANDERSON Div. of Wildlife Res. P.O. Box 689, Locked Bag No.4 P.O. MR. A. E. BARTHOWMAEOUS Midland, W.A. 6056 Rockhampton, Qld. 4700 Pine Creek Station Via Cockburn, S.A. 5440 MR. M. N. BROWN DR. MARTIN H. ANDREW "Glengeer" C.S.I.R.O. MR. JAMES ARTHUR BARTHOWMAEUS Bourke, N.S.W. 2840 PMB44, Pine Creek Station MR. L. M. BROWN Winnellie, N.T. 5789 Via Cockburn, S.A. 5440 Tamala Station Via Geraldton, P.M.B. 20, W.A. 6530 MR. COLIN D. ANDREWS MR. G. N. BASTIN P. W.BROWN Farmcote Station Division Primary Industry Via Broken Hill, N.S.W. 2880 Arubiddy Station P.O. Box 2134, Via Norseman, W.A. Alice Springs, N.T. 5750 MR. JOHN R. ANDREWS MR. ANDREW LEONARD BROWN Glen Lyon Station 4 Park Cresent, Via Broken Hill, N .S. W. 2880 MR. ANDREW BEALE C/· 13 Kenton Street, Linden Park, S.A. 5065 Lockley, S.A. MR. KEN ANDREWS MR. I. L. BURDON Glen Lyon Station DR. I. F. BEALE 1 Goyder Street, Via Broken Hill, N.S.W. 2880 Pastoral Lab. Erindale, S.A. 5066 Dept. Primary Ind. MR. LWYD ANDREWS Charleville, 4470 MR. P. L. BURDON Wilandra Station Dulnina Park Station Via Broken Hill, N.S. W. 2880 MR. GREGORY R. BEESTON C/· Dept. Cons. & Environment Mannahill, S.A. 5440 1 Mount St., Perth W.A. 6000 MR. R. H. ASHBY MR. D. G. BURNSIDE Nundroo P.O. Box 898, Private Bag 32, DR. ALAN A. BEETLE Kalgoorlie, W.A. 6430 Ceduna, S.A. 5690 Univ. of Wyoming P.O. Box 3354, Laramie DR. W. H. BURROWS MR. KENNE1HJ. ATKINS Wyoming 82071 U.S.A. D.P.I. P.O. Box 116, P.O. Box 689, PingeUy, W.A. 6308 MR. D. M. BENN Rockhampton, Qld. 4700 "Thoura" MR. tAN H. AULDIST Bourke, N.S.W. 2840 MR. PETERR. BUTLER "Winilba" 11 Cambridge Street, Via Hay, N.S.W. 2711 MR. J. BETTINI Jamestown, S.A. 4591 Boolathana Station MR. C. M. AURlCHT P.O. Box 33, . MR. R. BUTLER 11 Cambridge Street, Carnarvon, W.A. 6701 18 Kalamunda Road, Jamestown, S.A. 5491 South Guildford, W.A. 6055

23. MR. DOUGLAS A. CAMPBELL Mil. JOHN C. CllAIG Mil. RODNEYGJlAHAM DOHSE· MR. P. T. FOGARTY C/-P.O.Box540 Marron Station MyrnOlll Station 2121 MitcbeD Street, Leeton, N.S.W. 2705 CM'BarYon, W.A. 6701 Wanuring, N.S. W. 2840 Bourte,N.S.W.~

MR. R. S. CAMPBELL MR. D. J. CRA WFOKD DR. BRIAN DOWNING MR. B. D. FOllAN Kybo Station Cdendale Station C/ - Dept. of Agric. C.S.I.R.O. P.M.B. Kalgoorlie, W.A. 6430 Lueindale, i.A. 5272 P.O. Box 286, P.0.8oI2111, Cobar, N.S.W. 2835 Alice Sprinp, N.T.57SO MR. GRAEMECAMPBELL MR. R. T. CRAWFORD 72 Hare Street, Dewaborough Downs Station MR. R. J. DOWNWARD MR. BASILB. PORRESTER Kalgoorlie, W.A.6430 Via Olary, S.A. 5440 12 Berkeley Road, WinDing Station O'HaIIoran Hill, S.A. 5158 Carnarvon, W.A. 6701 DR. JOHN A. CARNAHAN MR. WILLIAM M. CRA WPORD Botany Dept. Weekeroo Station MR. P. E. DUNK DR.J.E.D.POX Aust. Nat. Univ. Via Manna Hill, S.A. S440 "Warroo" Biology Dept. P.O. Box4, Bourke, N.S.W. 2840 W.A.J.T. Canberra, A.C.T. 2600 MR. J. E. CROSSING Bentley, W.A. 6102 Topar Station MR. ROSS DUNKLEY DR. CHARLES CARTER Via Broken Hill, N .5. W. 2880 The Countryman MR. PATllICKPRANCIS Fowlers Gap Field Station Newspaper House 87 Cbetwynd Street, Via Broken Hill, N.S. W. 2880 MR. PETER L. CROZIER 125 St. Georges Terrace, Korth Melbourne, Vic. 3051 Tor Downs Pastoral Co. Pty. Ltd. Perth, W.A. 6000 MR. N. E. CASSON Via Wentworth, N.S.W. 2648 DR. MARGARETH. FlUEDFL "Magamba" MR. B. W. EASTON C.S.I.R.O. Jeffery Road, MR. PETERF. M. CULLEN Aboriginal Affairs Planning P.O. Box 21U, Bunbury, W.A. 6230 C/- Robert A. Casey and Co. Authority Alice Springs N. T. 57SO P.O. Box 264, P.O. Box 628, MR. BILL CHANDLER West Perth, W.A. 6005 W. Perth, W.A. 6005 MR. W.F.C. GALL P.O. Box 345, Nuntberangie Station Unley, S.A. 5061 MR. T. E. CULLINAN MR. DAVIDJ. ELDRIDGE Via Broken Hill, N.S.W. 2880 P.O. Box215, P.O. Box 459, CHAPMAN AND EASTW AY Wentworth, N.S.W. 2648 Broken Hill, N.S.W. 2880 DR. EDMUNDO M. GARCIA G.P.O. Box 979, Colegio De Postcnduados Sydney, N.S.W. 2001 MR. G. M. CUNNINGHAM MRS. BEVERLEY A. ELLIS Chapingo 9 The Crest, 153 Queens Road, Mexico, 56230, Mexico MR. B. CHAPPEL Killara, N .S.W. 2071 Connells Pt. N.S.W. 2221 Chowilla Station DR. H. G. GARDINER Via Renmark, S.A. 5341 MR. PETERJ. CURRY ENVIRONMENTAL OFFICER Dept. of Agric. Dept. of Agrie. ROXBY MANAGEMENT P.O. Box 19, DR. JAMES 1. CHARLEY Baron-Hay Court, SERVICE PTY. LTD. Kunuaurra, W.A. 6743 Botany Dept. South Perth, W.A. 6151 P.O. Box 405, Univ.ofNewEngland Unley, S.A. 5061 MS. MELISSA GIBBS Armidale, N.S.W. 2351 MR. M. T. 1. D' ARCY C.S.LR.O. Lyndon Station Private Bag No.2 MR. A. F. CLELAND Carnarvon, W.A. 6701 EDWINA FAlTHFULL Glen Osmond, S.A. 5064 P.O. Box 50, Outback Management MISS A. L. GIBSON Beverley, W.A. 6304 MR. BRIAN DANIEL Dept. ofLands Dept. of Agrie. "Catninga" G.P.O. Box 1047, P.O. Box 357, MR. R. 1. CLEM Stirling North, S.A. 5710 Adelaide, S.A. 5001 Port Augusta, S.A. 5710 D.P.I. P.O. Box 201, MESSRS. E. W.&C.B.DAVIES WARREN P. FARGHER MS. JOAN GIBBS-CLEMA Biloela, Qld. Murtee Station Wairrealpa Station Univ. of Adelaide Wileannia, N.S. W. 2836 Via Blinman, 5730 Adelaide, S.A. 5001 MR. G. C. COMINO 19 Normurra Ave. MR. NOEL M. DAWSON MR. T. P. FARRELL DR.G.GUfr.ZBURGER Turramurra, N.S. W. 2074 1 Karabil Street, C/- Bhas Pty. Ltd. Leesa Kenmore, Qld. 4069 P.O. Box 19, Inra Cirad MR. R. W. CONDON Port Pirie, S.A. 5540 9 Place Viala 20 Quest Street, MR. TIMDENALY 34060 Montpelier Cedex Yowie Bay, N.S.W. 2228 Dept. Env. & Planning DR. T.J. FATCHEN France G.P.O. Box 667, 106 Foueart Street, MR.D.COOKE Adelaide, S.A. 5001 Rozelle, N.S.W. 2039 MR. MARK R. GODLONTON "Glenelg" Station Karratha Station Brewarrina, N.S.W. 2839 MR. MARTIN J. S. DENNY ANTHONY J. FA WOON P.O. Box 96, 23 Russell Street, Box 700, Dampier, W.A. 6713 MRS.D.COOKE Vaucluse, N.S.W. 2030 Kalgoorlie, W.A. 6430 "Glenelg" Station DR. R. D. GRAETZ Brewarrina, N.S.W. 2839 MR. BRENDAN DIACONO MR. D. R. FITZGERALD C.S.LR.O. N.S.W. Dept. of Agrie. Nambi Station WiIdllfe & Rangelands Resean:h MR. LANG COPPIN P.O. Box 249, Leonora, W.A.6438 P.O. Box 84, Yarrie Station Walgett, N.S.W. 2832 Lyneham, A.C.T. 2602 Shay Gap, W.A. 6761 MR. W. FLETCHER DR. J. R. DODSON C/ - Dept. of Agrie. MR. A. R. GRANT MR. C. COULTER School of Geography Kalgoorlie, W.A. 6430 P.O. Box 813, 50 William Street, Univ.ofN.S.W. Alice Springs, N.T. 57SO Condobolin, N.S.W. 2877 P.O. Box 1, Kensington, N.S.W. 2033 MR. DARYL R. GREEN P.O. Box 211, Cobar, N .S.W. 2835 24. MR. TONY GRICE MR. D. A. HENWOOD DR. L. R. HUMPHREYS P.O. Box 286. P.O.80x981. Dept. of Agric. Cobar. N.S.W. 2835 Carnarvon. W.A. 6701 UniversityofQld. St. Lucia. Qld. 4067 MR. A. J. GROVE·JONES MR. ARTHUR H. HELE 1 Ahsley Avenue. Mouroubra Station MR. LEIGH P. HUNT Glen Osmond. S.A. 5064 Via Beacon. W.A. 6472 32 Tennyson Ave. Plymton Park. S.A. S038 DR. R. B. HACKER MR. D. A. HENWOOD Ct· Rangeland Management Branch Unit 3.18 Vaucluse Ave .. MR. L. N. HURST Dept. of Agric. Claremont. W.A. 6010 Sturt Meadows Station Jarrah Road. Via Leonora. W.A. 6438 South Perth. W.A. 6151 MR. ROBERT P. HENZELL Vertebrate Pest Control Authority MR. J. H.I'ONS Dept. Ag. & Fisheries S Provis Place. J.HAGEN Kambah. Act. 2902 Brunchilly Station Box 1671 G.P.O. Adelaide. S.A. 5001 Via Tennant Creek. N.T. 5760 ILLEROO PAST. CO. IIIeroo Station MR. N. HIERN MR. H. B. HALL P.M.B.12. Dept. Mines & Energy 13 Minore Street. Via Port Augusta. S710 Nyngan. N.S.W. 2825 191 Greenhill Road. Parkside. S063 MR. ALLAN A. INNES MR. P. G. HARDIE MR. D. L. HILDER Black Forrest Street. Boodarie Station 14 Queen Street. Fairlie S. Canterbury. P.O. Box 2195 Busselton. W.A. 6280 New Zealand South Hedland. W.A. 6722 MR. D. STEPHEN HILL MR. KIM JAMES MR. RUSSELLJ. HARLAND Kimberley Seeds Pty. Ltd. 47 The Avenue P.O. Box 211. 51 King Edward Road. Nedlands. W.A. 6009 Cobar. N.S.W. 2835 Osborne Park. W.A. 6017 G. P. JEFFERYS Munka Station DR. G. N. HARRINGTON HINDMARSH PARK PROPRIETORS C.S.I.R.O. G.P.O. Box 1739. Via Broken Hill. N.S.W. 2880 Private Bag Adelaide. S.A. 5001 Deniliquin. N.S.W. 2710 DR. GEOFF JOHNS MR. G. HOCKEY Ct· Dept. of Agric. MR. C. R. HARRIS Dept. of Lands P.O. Box 72. Dept. for the Environment P.O. Box 1680. Alstonville. N.S.W. 2477 P.O. Box 667. Darwin. N.T. 5794 Adelaide, S.A. 5001 MR. PETER T. JOHNS DR. K. C. HODGKINSON Munurra Station MR. H. J. HARVEY C.S.I.R.O. Meekatharra. W.A. 6642 Mininer Station Private Bag, Meekatharra, W.A. 6642 Deniliquin. N.S.W. 2710 DR. ROBERT W. JOHNSON Botany Branch DR. IBRAHIM MOHAMED HASHIM MR. ALEXANDER M. HOLM Dept. Primary Industries Wildlife Research Unit Gascoyne Research Station Meiers Road. P.O. Box 16, Elmourada P.O. Box 522, Indooroopilly. Qld. 4068 Omdurman. Sudan Carnarvon, W.A. 6701 MR. PETER WILLIAM JOHNSTON MR. R. B. HUDSON MR. K. K. HOLMES 20 Marieander Street, (HASSALL & ASSOCIATES) P.O. Box 531. Tarragindi, Qld. 4121 212 Northborne Ave. Bourke, N.S.W. 2840 Canberra. A.C.T. 2601 MR. DAVIDJ. JORDAN MR. ROD HOLMES P.O. Box 308, 30 Nandi Street, HAWKESBURY AGRIC. COLLEGE RomB, Qld. 44SS Richmond, N.S.W. 2753 Coonababarran, N.S.W. 2880 MR. W. E. HOLMES MR. R.I. KEETCH MR. EDWARD HAYES Dept. Primary Industry Box 414, Undoolya Station P.O. Box 282, Alice Springs. N.T. 5750 Via Alice Springs. N.T. 5750 Charleville, Qld. 4770 PROF. JOHN P. KENNEDY DR.H.HEADY MR. P. J. HOLST School of Wool & Pastoral Sci. 1864 Capistrano Ave. Agric. Res. Station Univ. N.S.W. Berkeley, Cowra. N.S.W. 2794 P.O. Box 1. California. 94707, U.S.A. Kensington, N.S.W. 2033 MR. N. T. HOMFRAY MR. GRANTHEASLlP Fairmont Station MR. R. A. KERNEBONE Bond Springs Station Wilcannia. N.S.W. 2836 Western Lands Commission Via Alice Springs. N.T. 5750 P.O. Box 1163, E.C.HUGHES Mildura, Vic. 3S00 DR. R.L. HEATHCOTE 283 Wakefield Street. School of Social Science Adelaide. S.A. DR. GORDON KING Flinders University Dept. Agron. & Hort. Sc. South Austrslia. 5042 MR. J. G. HUGHES Univ.ofSydney Fars Station Sydney, N.S.W. 2006 MR. ARTHUR H. HELE P.M.B.34. BrokenHllI. N.S.W. 2880 Mouroubra Station Via Beacon. W.A. 6472 25 MR. J. KINGSTON THE LmRARIAN DR. JACK A. MABBUTT Kingston Rural Mgmt. PASTORAL RESEARCH LABORATORY Schooi of Geograpby P.O. Bol[ 274. C.S.I.R.O. Univ. N.S.W. Maryborough. Old. 4650 Private Bag. P.O. Box 1. Armidale. N.S.W. Kensington. N.S.W. 2033 DR. FLOYD E. KINSINGER Society for Range Management THE LmRARIAN MR. A. J. MACDONALD 2760 W. 5th Ave. WESTERN AUSTRALIAN LABORATORIES "Kaleno" Denver Colorado. U.S.A. 80204 C.S.I.R.O. Cobar. N.S.W. 2835 Private Bag. MR. F. H. KLEINSCHMIDT Wembley. W.A. MR. IANP. MACDONALD BOl[ 850. Wadnaminga Stn. Lawes. Old. 4345 MR. & MRS. L.J. LELIEVRE Mannahill. S.A. 5440 MR. N. M. KLEPACKI "Tundulya" Cobar. N.S.W. 2835 MR. REGINALDT. MACDONALD P.O. BOl[ 326. 24 Fifeshire Avenue. Derby. W.A. 6728 MR. GRAEME R. LEE St. Georges. S.A. S063 MR. B. KOK P.O. BOl[ 1143. MR. GARY J. MCKENZIE Dept. of Agric. Bundaberg. Old. 4670 Dept. of Agric. Carnarvon. W.A. 6701 Derby. W.A. 6728 MR. P. B. LEFROY Bunna MR. H. LACY MR. A. L. MACKENZIE Chittering. W.A. Polelle Station 6084 "Neranghi" Meekatharra. W.A. 6642 Brewarrina. N.S.W. 2839 MR. COLIN LENDON C.S.I.R.O. MR. R. R. LAMACRAFT MR. G. MACLEOD D.G.R. C.S.I.R.O. P.O. Box 2131 Private Bag P.O. Divn. Maths & Stats. South Hedland. W.A. 6722 Private Bag No.2. Wembley. W.A. 6014 Glen Osmond. S.A. 5064 MR. K. MAHONEY MR. JOHN F. LEYS P.O. Box 7. Koonmarra Station MR. PETERK. LATZ Via Meekatharra. W.A. 6642 Arid Zone Research Inst. Buronga. N.S.W. 2648 P.O. Box 2134. MR. B. J. MAHONY Alice Springs. N.T. 5750 THE LmRARIAN FORESTRYCOMM. N.S.W. Belele Station I Meekatharra. W.A. 6642 MR. BRENDAN G. LAY P.O. Box 100. Dept. Agric. & Fisheries Beecraft.2119 BOl[ 1671 G.P.O. MR. C. V. MALCOLM 9 Jason Street. Adelaide. S.A. 5001 THE LmRARIAN I Melville. W.A. 6156 FORESTRY DEPT. THE LIBRARIAN P.O. BOl[ 104. BLACK MOUNTAIN LIBRARY. MR. J. B. MALCOLM Como. W.A. C.S.I.R.O. P.O. Bol[ 1163. G.P.O. Box 109. Mildura. Vic. 3500 THE LmRARIAN Canberra City. A.C.T. FLINDERS UNIV. S.A. MR. TOM MANN Bedford Park. 5042 THE LIBRARIAN Roseworthy Agric. College DIVISION OF FOREST RESEARCH. Roseworthy. S.A. 5371 MR. L. M. LONG C.S.I.R.O. Llanarth Banks Street. MR. G. MARKWICK Ashford. N.S.W. 2361 Yarralumla. A.C. T. P.O. BOl[527. Bourke. N.S.W. 2840 MR. J. M. LORD THE LIBRARIAN "Thackaringa Station" MR. S. MARRIOTT DIVISION OF TROPICAL CROPS & PASfURES Cockburn. S.A. 5440 C.S.I.R.O. "Booyah" 14 Curlew Crescent. Carmody Road. MR. LESTERP. LORD Beenleigh. Old. 4207 St. Lucia. Old. Kolendo Station P.M.B.27 THE LIBRARIAN MR. DUDLEY MASLEN Port Augusta. S.A. 5710 DIVISION OF WILDLIFE & RANGELAND RESEARCH Mardathuna Stn. C.S.I.R.O. Carnarvon. W.A. 6701 MR. SHANE LOVE Private Bag. Peron Station Deniliquin. N.S. W. 2710 T. F.MATCHAMWALSH Shark Bay. W.A. 6537 Mileura Station THE LIBRARIAN Via Cue. W.A. 6640 DR. WILLIAM A. LOW DIVISION OF WILDLIFE & RANGELANDS RESEARCH P.O. Bodl30. C.S.I.R.O. MR. Wll.LIAM F. Y. MAWSON Alice Springs. N.T. 5750 P.O. BOl[ 2111. 42 Alton Terrace. Alice Springs. N.T. Tbe Gap. Old. 4061 MR. E. T. LOWE Western Lands Commission THE LIBRARIAN MR. P. T. MCCLURE P.O. BOl[459. DIVISION OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH Yelka Station C.S.I.R.O. Broken Hill. N.S.W. 2880 Broken Hill. N.S.W. 2880 P.O. BOl[84. MR. IAN LUGTON Lyneham. A.C. T. Agric. Research & Advisory StD. Dareton. N .~. W. ~717

26. MR. jOHND~McPARLANE - G. D. cI: A. MILLs MR. W. J. MULLER MR. ANTHONY D. O'BRIEN School of WooI.t: Pasture Sc. Myofa Station Divn. Maths. cI: Stats. P.O. Box 171. Unlv. N.S.W. P.O. Box 181, C.S.I.R.O. Kempsey, N.S.W.l440 P.O. Box 1, Whyalla,S600 P.O. Box 1965 Kensington, N.S.W. 2033 Canberra City, A.C.T. 2601 MR. MICHAEL O'BRIEN MR. J. R. MILLS "Sharewater" W. R. MCINTOSH Dept. Primary Ind. THE MUTOOROO PASTORAL CO. P.O. Box 149, Gum Creek Station P.O. Box 282, G.P.O. Box 1146 Braidwood, N.S.W. 2622 Blinman, S.A. 5730 CharlevUle, Qld. 4470 Adelaide, S.A. 5001 MS. ANNY O'CONNOR MR. G. MCKEON MRS. D. M. D. MILLS DR. ANASTASSIOS NASTIS Nundooka Station Dept. of Primary Industry 7 Hill Street, Lab Range Sci. 236. Broken Hill, N.S.W. 2880 G.P.O. BOX <46. Charleville. Qld. 4470 University of Thessalouiki Brisbane, Qld. Nonning Station Dubbo. N.S.W. 2830 Karratha. W.A. 6714 Meekatharra W.A. 6642 Port Augusta, S.A. 5710 R. MOFFATT MR. ANDREW D. NICOLSON P. O'NEILL MR. A. N. MCTAGGART Senior Ranger Middleback Station P. P. Board MundabullanganaStation P.O. Box 453, Whyalla, S.A. 5600 W anannring Via Bourke, Box 312, Cobar, N.S.W. 2835 N.S.W.2840 Port Hedland, W.A. 6721 MR. D. A. NICOLSON MR. JAMES R. MORGAN Roopena Station MR. J. P. O'SHANNESSY MR. DONALD A. MCTAGGART Mulyungarie Station Whyalla, S.A. 5600 Janina Station Mt. Narryer Station Via Cockburn, 5440 Bourke. N.S.W. 2840 Mullewa, W.A. 6630 MR. ANDREW ROY MORPHETT NILPENA PAST. CO. MR. M. I. MCTAGGART "Willow Comer" S.A. MR. R. H. O'SHEA Kilmorey Booligal, N.S.W. 2711 21 Short Street, Box 130, Bourke. N.S.W. 2840 Naracoorte, S.A. 5271 G. H. MORPHETT MARGARET F. NOBBS Yamba MR. E. OFFICER 8 Hazelwood Ave. W oolgorong Pastoral Co. MR. M. W. G. MEECHAM Booligal, N.S.W. 2711 Hazelwood Park, S.A. 5066 Quobba Station Via Mullewa. W.A. 6630 P.O. Box 566, MR. J. G. MORRISSEY DR. IAN R. NOBLE MR. GARYOKELY Carnarvon, W.A. 6701 P.O. Box 522, Environment BioI. R.S.B.S. Y ouno Downs Station Carnarvon, W.A. 6071 Aust. Nat. Univ. Meekatharra. W.A. 6642 DR. M. D. MELVILLE P.O. Box 475, School of Geography MRS. MERRI MORSE GILL Canberra City, A.C.T. 2601 MR. DAVID M. ORR Univ.ofN.S.W. Weilmoringle Station Qld. Dept. Primary Indust. P.O. Box I, Weilmoringle, N.S.W. 2839 MR. JAMES C. NOBLE P.O. Box 282, Kensington, N.S.W. 2033 C.S.I.R.O. Charleville, Qld. 4470 MR. STEPHAN MORTON Private Bag, Div. of Wildlife & Rangelands Deniliquin, N.S.W. 2710 MR. ROGER E. OXLEY ~R. J. L. MERRILL Research C.S.I.R.O. Route 1 DR. B. E. NORTON Reverian Laboratory Box 54, Dept. Range Science Central Australian Laboratory Private Bag, Crowley, Texas 76036 Utah State Univ. P.O. Box 84, Deniliquin, N.S.W. 2710 Lyneham, A.C.T. 2602 Logan, Utah 84322 U.S.A. MR. J. L. MERRITT DR. D. N. PARKES "Kalora" MR. BRUCEG. NUTT DR. STEPHEN MORTON Univ.ofNewcastie WarraQld.4411 Pandurra Station C.S.I.R.O. Newcastle, 2308 P.M.B.15, P.O. Box 2111, MR. G. R. MESSER port Augusta, 5710 Alice Springs, N . T. 5750 DR. R. F. PARSONS C/ - Stoc~ Routes & Dept. of Botany Rural Lands Prot. Branch MR. R. NUTT MR. O. L. MOULD La Trobe Univ. Lands Dept. Edeowrie Pastoral St. Eurilla Bundoora, Vic. 3083 Rockhampton, Qld. 4700 P.M.B.ll, C/- Heathfield P.O. Port Augusta, S.A. 5710 S.A.5753 MR. ALANL. PAYNE MR. DAVIDMICHEAL 15 Clevedon Place, Buckleboo Station A. J. & P. A. MCBRIDE PTY. LTD. MR. JOHN S. MUIR Kallaroo, W.A. 6025 Buckleboo,5641 G.P.O. Box 649, N.S.W. Dept. of Agric. Adelaide P.O. Box 393, MR. J. B. PERCY M. MICHELMORE Hay, N.S.W. 2711 Williambury Stn. C/-Box357, MR. GLEN O'BRIEN Carnarvon, W.A. 6701 Pt. Augusta, S.A. 5700 MR. W. E. MULHAM P.O. Box 636, C.S.I.R.O. Yeppoon, Qld. 4703 Private Bag, Deniliquin, N.S. W. 2710 27 MS. CHIUSTINE PERRERS DR. BRIAN R. ROBERTS MR. D. L. SCARNECCHIA P.O. Box 619. School of Applied Science Dept. of Forestry & Range Mngt. Broken Hill. N.S.W. 2880 Darling Downs Institute Johnson Hall-Washington State Univ. P.O. Darling Heights Pullman. W.A. 99164 U.S.A. MR. RAYDEN A. PERRY Toowoomba. QId. 4350 34 Chipping Road. DR. WALTERJ. SCATTINI City Beach. W.A. 6015 MR. A. M. ROBERTSON Dept. Primary Indust. W oorlba Ststion P.O. Box 102, MR. R. J. PETHERAM P.O. Box 148. Toowoomba. Qld. 4350 C.S.I.R.O. Pastoral Research Labs. Norseman. W.A. 6443 Armidale. N.S.W. 2350 MR. P. J. SCHMIDT MR. ANDREWG. ROBERTSON Drought Secretariat MR. GARY DOUGLAS PHll.LIPS Dept. of Agric. Economics Dept. of Primary Indust. P.O. Box 279. Univ. of New England G.P.O. Box 46, Claremont. W.A. 6010 Armidale. N.S. W. 2351 Brisbane, Qld. 4001

DR. GEOFF PICKUP DR. R. C. ROBERTSON-CUNINGHAME MR. P. J. SCHMIDT C.S.I.R.O. Gartmore 22 Panorama Cres. P.O. Box 2111. Deepwater. N.S.W. 2371 Buderim, 4556 Alice Springs. N.T. 5750 MR. KEITH SCOTT GUY G. ROBINSON Billabalong Station MR. ROBERT L. PIESSE Agric Research & Advisory Stn. Via Mullewa. W.A. 6630 1461 Burke Road. Glen Innes, 2370 Kew East. Vic. 3103 MR. R. A. SEEKAMP MR. PETER B. ROBSON W oo1cunda Station DR. JEFF POWELL Moola Bulla Station Via Broken Hill, N.S.W. 2880 615 South 10th Street. Halls Creek. W.A. 6770 Laramie Wyoming 82070 U.S.A. MR. W. SEMPLE MR.G.RODDA P.O. Box 232, MR. D. PRATCHETT Nagaella Station Hay, N.S.W. 2711 Dept. Agric. Broken Hill, N.S. W. 2880 P.O. Box 19. DR. PETER SHARP Kununurra. W.A. 6743 BISHOP S. B. ROSIER Dept. of Bio Engineering P.O. Box 96. Biosystems Research Div. DR. A. J. PRESSLAND Gladstone. S.A. 5473 Texas A & M Uni College Station Dept. of Primary Indust. Texas. U.S.A. P.O. Box 591. CESAR MARIO ROST AGNO Ayr. Queensland Centro Nacional Patagonicao• MR. GUS SHARPE Zonas Aridas 52 MytJe Street. DR. R. W. PURDIE 9120Puerto Madryn Stanmore, N.S.W. 2048 14 Dryandra Street, Chubut, Argentina O'Connor, A.CT. 2601 MR. K. A. SHAW Divn. of Primary Indust. MR. R. PURVIS MR. G. ROWLANDS P.O. Box 2134, Atartinga Station Broken Hill Water Board Alice Springs, N.T. 5750 Via Alice Springs. N.T. 5750 P.O. Box 442, Broken Hill. N.S.W. 2880 MR. N. SHEPERD MR. DAVIDG. READ National Parks & Wildlife Service P.O. Box N189, School of Zoology MR. C. A. RUSSELL 7 Ellement Parade. Grosvenor Street; Univ.ofN.S.W. Coogee. W.A. 6164 Sydney, N.S.W. 2000 P.O. Box 1, Kensington. N.S. W. 2033 MR. MARKSALLAWAY C. D. SHORT Box81. Soil Conservation Service ofN.S.W. I. R. & B. A. REED Emerald. Qld. 4720 P.O. Box 77, Wirraminna Station Condobolin, N.S. W. 2877 P.M.B.7. MR. R. M. SANGSTER Port Augusta. 5710 Tepco Station DR. RICHARDG. SILCOCK R.M.D. P.O. BOll: 102, MR. P. H. REECE Cockburn. S.A. 5440 Toowoomba, Qld. 4350 C.S.I.R.O. Divn. Land Use Research MR. K. M. SA WERS MR. CLIVEG. SIMPSON P.O. Box 1666. 25 Avenel Gardens Road. Kapunda Canberra City, A.C.T. 2601 Medindie. S.A. 5081 Girilambone, N.S.W. 2831

MR. C. REX ANDREWS MR. ROSS B. SA WERS MR. W. SIMPSON Toora Station Pitcairn Station Amaroo Station Via Wentworth, N.S.W. 2648 Nackara. S.A. 5422 Via Alice Springs, N.T. 5751

DR. JOHN A. REYNOLDS MR. ADNAN SBETA DR. R. SINCLAIR C/ - Dept. Primary Industries P.O. Box 4537. Dept. Botany P.O. Box 282. Tripoli. Libya Univ. of Adelaide Charleville, Qld. 4470 Box 498G.P.O. MR. B. M. SCANLON Adelaide, S.A. 5001 MR. DOUGLAS W. RHODES 76 Collins Street, Soil Conservation Service Kalgoorlie. W.A. 6430 MR. G. SKIPPER P.O. Box 121. 48 Hewitt Avenue, Nyngan. N.S.W. 2825 Rose Park, S.A. 5067

28 MR. W. P. SNELSON MR. MURRAY THOMAS MR. IAN WATSON MR. J. B. WITHERS "Linera" Minara Station 4 Haughton Street, Cooinda Station Cobar, N.S.W. 283S Box 62. Lane Cove. 2066 Via Wentworth. N.S.W. 2648 Leonora. W.A. 6438 MR. OWEN ROGER SOUI'HWOOD MR. ROBERT W AUDBY MR. R. M. WOOD Reg. Dir. OralIa &: Far Western Region MR . DAVID F. THOMPSON Central Mt. Wedge Station 28 Bracker Road. Dept. of Agric. Soil Conservation Service Via Alice Springs. N.T. 5751 Warwick. Qld. 4370 Carrington Avenue, P.O. Box 242. Dubbo. N.S.W. 2830 Crafton. N.S.W. 2460 MR. TOM WEBB WOORAMEL PASTORAL CO. Alcoota Station W ooramel Station DR. REG C. SPRIGG MR. H. J. THORN Via Alice Springs. N.T. 5750 Carnarvon. W.A. 6701 Arkroola Village P.O. Box 29. Bruce Rock. W.A. 6418 Via Port Augusta. S.A. 5700 MISS JACQUELINE WELLS MR. GEOFFERY R. WOODS Dept. of Agric. 195 Oxide Street. DR. VICTOR R. SQUIRES MR. DAVID TONGWAY South Perth. W.A. 6151 Broken Hill. N.S.W. 2880 Roseworthy Agric. College C.S.I.R.O. Roseworthy. S.A. 5371 Private Pag. MR. P. N. WESTLUND MR. P. A. WRIGHT Deniliquin. N.S.W. 2710 Farm Management Foundation "Berrihill" ANNEM. STANES P.O. Box 51. Grafton Road. Erldunda Station MR. STEPHEN TONKIN Mosman Park. W.A. 6012 Armidale. N.S.W. 2350 Via Alice Springs. N.T. 5750 Gindalbie Station P.O. Box 875. DR. MARK WESTOBY MR. MICHAEL D. YOUNG MR. ROGERJ. STANLEY Kalgoorlie. W .A. 6430 Macquarie Univ. 248 Harfleur Street. Soil Conserv. Servo N.S.W. North Ryde. N.S.W. 2113 Deniliquin. N.S.W. P.O. Box 177. MRS. S. J. TONKIN Kempsey. N.S.W. 272 Macdonald Street. DR. RALPH D. B. WHALLEY BASHIR ZAHRAN Kalgoorlie. W.A. 6430 Botany Dept. Dept. of Agronomy Univ. of New England University of W .A. MR. CHRISTOPHER JOHN STANMORE MR. BRIAN H. TRELOAR Armidale. N.S.W. 2351 Nedlands. W.A. 6009 'Eurella' Station Mooleulooloo Station Ivanhoe, N.S.W. 2878 OIary. S.A. 5440 MS. D. J. B. WHEELER MS. LEATH STEWART 142 Handel Street, MR. R. H. TREWEEKE Armidale. N.S.W. 2350 Dept. of Lands Angledoo Station G.P.O. Box 1047. ANGLEDoo. N.S.W. 2385 Adelaide, S.A. DR. LARRYD. WHITE Texas Agric. Research Centre MR. GRAEMEJ. TUPPER P.O. Drawer 1849 MR. ANDREW M. STORRIE Beef Cattle Research Centre Uvalde, Texas U.S.A. 78801 P.O. Box 117, Erap P.O. Box 1434, Hillston, N.S.W. 2675 Lae. Papua New Guinea MR.M.WHYTE Willow Point MR. R. K. W. STREET MR. JAMES VICKERY Wentworth. N .S.W. 2648 Waldaira Station Dept. Lands Balranald, N.S.W. 2715 G.P.O. Box 1047. MR. C. W. WICKS Adelaide. S.A. 5001 1173 NightcliffRoad, MR. BRUCEW. STRONG Nightcliff. N.T. 5792 3 Erumba Street, DR. P. VOLKOFSKY Alice Springs, N.T. 5750 Cobar. N.S.W. 2835 MR. M. C. WILLCOCKS 14 Ford Avenue. MR. H. SUIJDENDORP MR. J. W. WAITES Torrens Park. S.A. 5062 37 Margaret Street, Kendabooka Station Cottesloe, W.A. 6011 Via Broken Hill, N.S.W. 2880 MR. A. WILLIAMS Box 278, MICHAEL TIMOTHY SULLIVAN MR. BRIAN M. WAKE Derby, W.A. 6728 P.O. Box 282. Hemelin Pool Station Charleville, Qld. 4470 P.M.B. Via Geraldton MR. A. R. WILLIAMS W.A.6530 Aust. Atomic Energy Comm. MR. ERIC SWANN Private Bag Kanandah Station DR. BARRY WALKER Sutherland, N.S.W. 2232 P.M.B. Kalgoorlie, W.A. 6430 18 Sophia Street, Kenmore, Brisbane, Qld. 4069 MR. O. B. WILLIAMS W. TATNELL C.S.I.R.O. 240 Cummins Lane. MR. KEN WALKER P.O. Box 1666, Broken Hill, N.S.W. 2880 Rehabilitation Officer Canberra City, A.C.T. 2601 P.O. Box 655. DR. JOHN A. TAYLOR Newman, 6753 DR.ALLAND. WILSON Div. of Tropical Crops & Pastures C.S.I.R.O. C.S.I.R.O. MR. PETERJ. WALKER Private Bag 306 Carmody Road, Soil Cons. Service N.S.W. Deniliquin, N.S.W. 2710 St. Lucia, Qld. 4067 P.O. Box 77, Condoblin. N.S.W. 2877 MR. PHILLIP J. WILSON MR. & MRS. R. TAYLOR Edaggee Station Flowers Gap Research Stn. MR. LES A WALSH Via Carnarvon, W.A. 6701 Via Broken Hill, N.S.W. 2880 68 Oxley Street, Bourke, N.S.W. 2840 MR. A. A. S. WITHERS MR. BRUCE TEEDE Springwood Station Farend Plantation Via Wentworth. N.S.W. 2648 Carnarvon, W.A. 6701 MR. R. M. WARWICK Holowiliena Station Carrieton, 5432 CI· SoD CoD8ervation Service of N .S.W. Cobu, N.S.W.2835

Daryl Green Subscriptions Secretary Australian Rangeland Society

Dear Mr. Green

I, Prof/Dr/Mr/Ms ...... of ...... " ...... (State and Country) apply for membership of the Australian Rangeland Society and agreed to be bound by the regulations of the Society as stated in the Memorandum and Article of Association in existence from time to time.

I enclose SA20I2S· (full membership) or SA10I1S· (partial membership for Range Management Newsletter only) being my SUbscription for the year 19 ......

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Entered in Register of Members ......

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• Full membership outside Australia is SA25/year. Partial membership outside Australia is SA1S/year.