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The Principal Catalan Gothic Buildings

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The Principal Catalan Gothic Buildings THE PRINCIPAL CATALAN GOTHIC BUILDINGS WITH DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS, THE AUTHOR TAKES US ON A FASCINATING JOURNEY ROUND THE PRINCIPAL CATALAN GOTHICBUILDINGS: THE PALACEOF THE mNGS OF MALLORCA-OR PERPINYACASTLE-, BELLVERCASTLE IN PALMADE MALLORCA, THE EXCHANGEIN VALENCIA, THE uC~~~~~~~~~vIN NAPLESAND THE ROYALSHIPYARDS AND THE CHURCH OF SANTAMARIA DEL MARIN BARCELONA. THE VALENCIA EXCHANGE I Palau dels -Reis de Mallorca Southern French model (Episcopal Pal- built well into the fourteenth century, (The Palace of the Kings of ace of Narbona, 1273-1 2761, but is a contains the king and queen's quarters, Mallorca) (Perpinya) unique case in the Paisos Catalans, which communicate with the chapel. oPerpiny-a Castle, or the Palace of the which can only in part be related to the The castle was the residence of the Kings of Mallorca, is situated on a hill castle-palace of Bellcaire d'Emporda, Kings and Queens of Mallorca until the ovirlooking the old city from the south. of the same period. The characteristics occupation by Peter II of Catalonia- It was built at the end of the thirteenth of the two chapels of Perpinya Castle are Aragon in 1344. Peter ordered the century as a royal residence, when Per- identical, though the lower one is smaller. construction of a large ceremonial hall, pinya became the mainland capital of In both cases, the nave is rectangular, in now called the Sala de Mallorca, in the the short-lived kingdom of Mallorca two sections covered with ribbed vaults castle's southern wing. Its construction (1276-1 344). resting on brackets, and the apse poly- made it necessary to destroy almost the The construction, which was begun in gonal. The change to the five-sided whole of the upper floor on this side of 1274, is a vast quadrilateral formed by floor-plan of the apse is resolved by the castle, including the defensive four buildings surrounding a large means of the construction of a funnel in towers. The hall is constructed with a courtyard. The whole, surrounded by a each corner below the line of brackets. ridged wooden ceiling supported on moat, is further strengthened by six This solution, which is reminiscent of Ro- arches resting on corbels placed half- quadrangular towers (originally there manesque architecture, clashes slightly way up the wall. The double windows to were eight, one at each corner and one with the fully Gothic configuration of the be found throughout the palace were halfway along each side). Access to the chapels, visible in the roof structure, the replaced here by the present neo- courtyard is vio the keep, in the middle traceries of the windows or the key- Gothic windows in 1850. of the western wall. stones of the upper chapel. In the fagade, Ruled by a governor from the end of the On the opposite wall is the Torre Major, which alternates rows of white and red fifteenth century, the castle formed part where there are the superimposed cha- marble, there is a gate in the Roman- of the Ciutadella de Perpinya and took pels of la Santa Creu and of Santa esque tradition. on military functions which it has still not Magdalena, probably the work of Pong Two open staircases lead to the first entirely given up today. In 1948 it was Descoll ( 1295- 1309). floor, where they give onto a porticoed purchased by the Department of the The location of the two palatine chapels gallery with pointed arches on the right Eastern Pyrenees and has been partly in a fortified tower follows the typical and square pillars on the left. This floor, restored. THE CASTFüNOü IN NAPtES PERPINYA CASTLE El Castell de Bellver By 13 14 the castle was practically corn- Generalitat. His best-known work is the (Palma de Mallorca) plete and was the occasional residence Llotja, begun in partnership with the Bellver Castle stands on a pine-covered of King Sang. Following the fall of the master Joan lvarra (d. 1486). hill dorninating the city and bay of Pal- Kingdom of Mallorca, the castle was The Exchange in Valencia follows the ma. It was built in 1300 by the architect given to the Carthusian rnonastery of sarne concept as that of Palma, al- Pon$ Descoll, by order of King James II Valldernossa by Martin l. Following the though the decoration is richer becaure of Mallorca, as a fortress and roya1 re- occupation of the island by the Bour- it dates from a later period and belongs sidence. bons (17171, it had a rnilitary garrison to late Gothic. The hall is conceived as a It is a building of vast proportions, sur- and was turned into a prison. In 1931 single space, with three naves covered rounded by an impressive systern of moats. the state gave it to the Palma City Coun- with a ribbed vault, in this case in five Its circular floor-plan and the ele- cil, who in 1932 installed the municipal sections, resting on eight helicoid pil- gance of its lines make it an exceptional museum of art and local history there. lars. The cylindrical pillars, with fluted construction. Set on two concentric shafts that twist from the base to the walls, its perirneter is broken by three La Llotja de Valencia point where the arch begins, are en- semicircular towers joined to the principal (The Valencia Exchange) riched with grooves lined with beading, structure. At the fourth corner, the circu- The Exchange in Valencia, with the ad- instead of the plain fluting of the Ex- lar keep stands by itself, connected to joining building of the Consolat de Mar, change of Palma. The idea of continuity, the rest of the building by a bridge. is the last of the great constructions of of upward rnovement, is stressed by the The large parade ground is surrounded Catalan Gothic architecture. The Ex- absence of capitals, so that the pillars by a gallery on two levels, with serni- change was raised by order of the Va- are directly attached to the arches circular arches below and interlaced lencia City Council (14801, which in this which rnerge to forrn the vault. pointed arches above. Outstanding way was fulfilling previous agreernents The vaults are more cornplex than those amongst the different roorns leading off (1469). The Exchange was built be- of Palma, with the introduction of addi- the galleries is the chapel. tween 1482 and 1498 by the Girona tional ribs and secondary keystones. The exterior stands out for its arched architect Pere Cornte, who based him- Another novelty is the use of half col- double windows, similar to those of the self on the Mallorca Exchange, the work urnns set against the interior of the peri- Palau dels Reis de Mallorca (Perpinyb) of Guillern Sagrera [ 1426-14471. Pere meter walls, which gather the ribs of the or the Alrnudaina (Palau de Mallorca), Comte had settled in Valencia, where vaults and avoid exterior buttresses. buildings to which it is obviously re- he worked on the extension to the nave The smooth walls are embellished with lated. of the cathedral and on the Palau de la a sculptural design that ernphasises the DOSSIER 1 value of the doors (one at either end of with ogee arches, flamboyant tracery, In 1447 the king called for the presence the axis and two more in the lateral etc. The Renaissance influence is only in Naples of the Maiorcan architect Gui- walls) and of the large windows, which clearly visible in the parapet on the fa- llem Sagrera. His appointment as mas- are linked by moulding. The composi- gade, with clypeus surrounded by ter of the works of the castle (1448) tion of the doorways is reminiscent of crowns of leaves containing paired involved the adoption of a new plan religious buildings, though as well as busts. The cornice of the fagade, with its designed by the Maiorcan master buil- religious motifs the decoration contains curious merlons bearing the royal der. In 1451 the works of the castle highly erotic elements. crown, is a continuation of that of the received a new boost, and on 1 Jan- In one corner of the hall there stands a Exchange. uary 1453 Guillem Sagrera embarked square tower which housed the chapel. on the construction of the Sala dels Ba- This tower now occupies a central posi- The Castellnou in Naples rons, which was not finished until 1457, tion following the construction of the The Castellnou in Naples was built by after his death (1454). adioining building of the Consolat de King Alfons IV the Magnanimous in the The king also called for the sculptor Mar, with which, in fact, it forms a single mid-fifteenth century. In 1442, Alfons IV Pere Joan, who was active in Naples unit. of Catalonia and Aragon conquered between 1450 and 1458, the year of The building of the Consolat de Mar Naples, where he established his defini- the king's death. The work then stopped was begun in 1500 by the same Pere tive residence. The king made the city a and was not taken up again until 1465, Comte, who raised the walls of the hall brilliant Renaissance court and the cen- this time with a maiority presence of and the staircase in the "pati dels ta- tre of an empire extending throughout Italian experts. Between 1471 and rongers", or court of the orange trees. the Mediterranean. 1474, though, the master of the works Following his death in 1506, Joan Cor- Work on the castle started in 1443 on was the Maiorcan stone-mason Mateu bera took charge of the continuation of the site of the old ruined Angevin castle Forcimanya.
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