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Bâtir Pour L'éternité: Le Cardinal Pierre Des Prés (1280-1361)

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Bâtir Pour L'éternité: Le Cardinal Pierre Des Prés (1280-1361) Bâtir pour l’éternité : le cardinal Pierre des Prés (1280-1361) et la collégiale Saint-Martin de Montpezat-de-Quercy Emmanuel Moureau To cite this version: Emmanuel Moureau. Bâtir pour l’éternité : le cardinal Pierre des Prés (1280-1361) et la collégiale Saint-Martin de Montpezat-de-Quercy. Art et histoire de l’art. Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2018. Français. NNT : 2018TOU20022. tel-02372298 HAL Id: tel-02372298 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02372298 Submitted on 20 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Université de Toulouse-Jean Jaurès ED TESC FRAMPESPA - UMR 5136 Thèse pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Université de Toulouse Histoire de l’art médiéval par Emmanuel MOUREAU soutenue le 14 mai 2018 Bâtir pour l’éternité Le cardinal Pierre des Prés (1280-1361) et la collégiale Saint-Martin de Montpezat-de-Quercy Directeur de thèse Quitterie CAZES Maître de conférences, Université de Toulouse-Jean Jaurès Jury Frédérique-Anne COSTANTINI, Maître de conférences, Université de Bordeaux-Montaigne Michelle FOURNIÉ, Professeur émérite, Université de Toulouse-Jean Jaurès Térence LE DESCHAULT DE MONREDON, Université Autonome de Barcelone Anne MASSONI, Maître de conférences, Université de Limoges Philippe PLAGNIEUX, Professeur, Université de Paris I-Sorbonne Nelly POUSTHOMIS, Professeur, Université de Toulouse-Jean Jaurès Volume 1: texte et annexes 2 3 TABLE DES MATIÈRES REMERCIEMENTS...................................................................................................................8 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................12 PREMIÈRE PARTIE BÂTIR EN SA CHAIR : UN CARDINAL ENTRE CARRIÈRE ET LIGNÉE....................................................................................................................................20 1. Pierre des Prés, de Montpezat en Avignon.......................................................................22 1.1 Origine familiale et formation...................................................................................23 1.2 Débuts d'une carrière juridique et premiers bénéfices ecclésiastiques......................27 1.3 Au service de l'Audience du Sacré-Palais..................................................................31 2. Le vice-chancelier de l’Église Romaine...........................................................................38 2.1 Les fonctions du vice-chancelier...............................................................................39 2.2 Un cardinal chargé de réformer.................................................................................42 2.3 La familia cardinalice................................................................................................44 3. Un cardinal diplomate......................................................................................................49 3.1 Pierre des Prés et le Portugal : une relation durable..................................................50 A. Le Portugal et le Quercy : des liens anciens..........................................................50 B. Les bénéfices de Pierre des Prés au Portugal.........................................................52 3.2 L'Angleterre : des bénéfices et des protégés..............................................................57 A. Des bénéfices convoités.........................................................................................57 B. John de Grandisson, l'ami anglais, évêque et bâtisseur..........................................60 C. Richard Fitzralph et les Mendiants.........................................................................65 3.3 La Paix à tout prix : Pierre des Prés et la guerre de Cent Ans...................................66 3.4 Les autres missions diplomatiques de Pierre des Prés...............................................70 A. Sous Benoît XII : de levées d'excommunication en échange de palais.................70 B. Pour Clément VI, un cardinal arbitre.....................................................................72 C. Les ultimes missions sous Innocent VI..................................................................73 4. Un cardinal savant ?.........................................................................................................75 4.1 Pierre Bersuire...........................................................................................................75 4.2 Gâce de la Bigne........................................................................................................79 4.3 Jean Gaufredi.............................................................................................................80 4.4 Pierre des Prés et la polyphonie.................................................................................82 5. Bâtir sa lignée..............................................................................................................84 5.1 Devenir noble........................................................................................................85 5.2 Raymond et Giraud, les frères du cardinal............................................................88 5.3 Les neveux dans le siècle......................................................................................90 5.4 Les petits-neveux : un rameau vivant à tout prix..................................................94 5.5 Des clercs pour le Salut.............................................................................................97 DEUXIÈME PARTIE BÂTIR POUR L'ÉGLISE : UNE COMMUNAUTÉ POUR ASSURER SON SALUT...........................................................................................................................102 1. Choisir un ordre Mendiant.............................................................................................104 1.1 Bref aperçu des Ordres Mendiants dans le Midi au Moyen Âge.............................104 1.2 Être inhumé chez les Mendiants..............................................................................107 1.3 Fonder un couvent de Mendiants : un privilège princier.........................................110 1.4 Bertrand du Pouget et les Clarisses..........................................................................114 1.5 Les Junies : le choix d'un ordre « familial »............................................................116 4 2. Un cas unique : Mortemart, une "protection spirituelle" exceptionnelle.......................119 3. Fonder une collégiale séculière : un choix novateur en Quercy.....................................124 3.1 Le contexte institutionnel et ecclésiastique.............................................................124 3.2 L'absence de collégiales séculières en Quercy avant le XIV° siècle.................................................126 3.3 Dans quel but fonder une collégiale séculière ?......................................................131 4. Le cas de Montpezat : une collégiale sans chanoines....................................................137 4.1 Une fondation par étapes.........................................................................................137 4.2 L'organisation et le fonctionnement du chapitre.....................................................139 4.3 La constitution d'un patrimoine foncier...................................................................150 A. Héritage familial et achats de rentes....................................................................150 B. Dîmes et legs........................................................................................................154 4.4 La collégiale et le château : une stratégie commune vers la ville............................159 A. Avant la collégiale, deux églises distinctes..........................................................159 B. Un problème de paroisse......................................................................................163 C. Les églises rurales : un contrôle calculé...............................................................169 D. La structuration de la cité : des liens étroits entre pouvoir temporel et pouvoir spirituel.....................................................................................................................170 4.5 Une imitation de la collégiale de Montpezat : Notre-Dame-de-Grâce de Puylaroque .......................................................................................................................................174 4.6 Comme un écho lointain : la collégiale Saint-Jean-Saint-Louis de Castelnau- Bretenoux.......................................................................................................................177 TROISIÈME PARTIE BÂTIR EN PIERRE : DES PALAIS SUR CETTE TERRE ET UNE ÉGLISE FUNÉRAIRE POUR ASSURER SON SALUT......................................................181 1. Palais et livrée : un cardinal bâtisseur............................................................................184 1.1 La livrée du cardinal
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