The New York Legislative Campaign Speaking of Governor Charles

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The New York Legislative Campaign Speaking of Governor Charles Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1959 The ewN York Legislative Campaign Speaking of Governor Charles Evans Hughes, 1907-1910. Mary Margaret Roberts Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Roberts, Mary Margaret, "The eN w York Legislative Campaign Speaking of Governor Charles Evans Hughes, 1907-1910." (1959). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 567. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/567 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE MEW YORK LEGISLATIVE CAMPAIGN SPEAKING OF GOVERNOR CHARLES EVANS HUGHES, 1907-1910 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Speech by Mary Margaret Roberts B. A., Luther College, 1944 M. A., Northwestern University, 1949 August, 1959 ACKN OWLEDGMENT The writer acknowledges her indebtedness to all those who have contributed help and encouragement during the preparation of this dissertation. Particularly, she wishes to recognize the assistance of Lucile M. Roberts, Mr. and Mrs. Paul E>. Peacock, Mr, and Mrs. Thos. R. Roberts, Jr., and Mrs. Jim Bishop; the suggestions of Professor Waldo W. Braden, who was the director of the study, and of Professors Owen W. Peterson, Claude L. Shaver, John ^uffy, and F. Jay Taylor; and the cooperation of Mr. David G. Mearns of the Manuscripts Division of the Library of Congress, Mr. Robert W. Hill of the Manuscripts Division of the New York Public Library, Mr. Howard D. 'Williams of the Colgate University Archives Department, and Mr. John R. Turner Ettlinger of the Brown University -Library Special Collections section. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................... ii ABSTRACT . v INTRODUCTION ................................. 1 CHAPTER I. HUGHES' QUALIFICATIONS FOR GUBERNATORIAL SPEAKING............... 25 Speech training..................... 25 Reputation. ............. 69 Speech theory and practice......... * 79 II. THE CLIMATE OF THE TIMES . 106 Antecedent trends and happenings. • . 107 The hearers— voters and politicians . 119 III. THE HUGHES IDEA OF GOVERNMENT........ 132 His values........................... 133 His conservative proposition.......... 136 His premises......................... 137 IV. THE PUBLIC SERVICE CORPORATIONS COMMISSIONS CAMPAIGN................. 162 The problem........... .. ........... 162 The bill............................. 173 The occasions..................... 176 The speeches . 181 iii WlAFl'ER PAGE V. THE ANTI-RACETRACK GAMBLING BILLS CAMPAIGN.............................218 The problem.......................... 219 The bills.............................234 The occasions........................ 240 The speeches.........................246 VI. THE DIRECT NOMINATIONS CAMPAIGN. 283 The problem. ...................... 285 The bills.............................292 The occasions...................... 296 The speeches.........................301 VII. APPRAISAL............................ 340 BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................349 AUTOBIOGRAPHY............................... 357 iv ABSTRACT This study is a rhetorical analysis of Charles Evans Hughes' three major legislative campaigns as governor of New York from 1907 to 1910. Elected as the people's champion against special interests after his successful gas and life insurance investigations of 1905 and 1906, he sought to effect the Progressive reforms he felt the citizens demanded. When he found the political leaders opposed to change, he appealed to the people for support. This study analyzes Hughes' rhetorical enterprise as exemplified by the campaigns to obtain legislation for three purposes: (l) to establish State public utilities regulation, (2) to implement anti-racetrack gambling laws, and (3) to institute direct primaries. Chapter One considers his qualifications for! leadership through speech. Chapter Two develops the climate of the times in which he spoke. Chapter Three discusses his philosophy of government, comparing and contrasting his approach with that of other Progressives. Chapters Four, Five, and Six analyze his speech methods in the respective appeals. Chapter Seven appraises his influence as a speaker. v Fifteen speeches selected for their special rhetorical and political importance form the basis for detailed analysis of the campaigns. The following factors receive special attention: the nature of the political-rhetorical problem, the provisions of the bills, the characteristics of the occasions, the arguments and evidence, the emotional and ebhical appeals, organization, style, and effect. A principal source of material for the study was the Hughes Papers deposited in the Manuscripts Division of the Library of Congress. This collection consists of Hughes' Biographical Motes, memoranda summaries of important events in Hughes' career prepared by Henry C. Beerits, documents, correspondence, yearbooks, scrapbooks, newspaper and maga­ zine articles, and an address file. Another principal source was the hew York City Public Library, which furnished the following: (l) the private papers of George C. Agnew, a sponsor of the anti-racetrack gambling bills; (2) the Hughes collection which contains what apparently constitutes the largest and most authentic file of the Governor's speeches, and correspondence and printed material on cam­ paign issues; and (3) the Fuller collection of several hundred scrapbooks filled with newspaper clippings of the Chief Executive's accomplishments. Hithical proof was important in Hughes' persuasion. His antecedent reputation contributed to the confidence the people felt in him, and skillful ethical appeals in his speeches helped to reinforce his authority. His reputation repelled the party leaders, and his public repudiation of their power completed the alienation. Combining his strong ethical appeal with powerful logical and worthy emotional appeals, he obtained passage of the public utilities and anti-racetrack gambling bills; he contributed to eventual acceptance of the principle of direct nominations. He won so much support for his political philosophy of efficient, responsible, "unbossed" government carried on through enlightened public opinion that several subsequent governors in New York and outside the State found it expedient to promise to follow his example. Particularly through measures like the More­ land Act which supplied a legal basis for increased efficiency and enlarged executive responsibility, he is credited with achieving a long-range effect upon State government. While he did not produce speeches of great individual artistic merit, he did contribute a body of speeches which pre-: sented an impressive case for his idea of government. He did help to reveal the significant role speechmaking can play in the historical process. He did so by demonstrating that public opinion can influence State government when an able governor, skilled in speaking, chooses to enlighten and to appeal to the voters. v« n • INTRODUCTION Charles Evans Hughes made significant use of public address in carrying out his functions as governor of New York State from 1907 until 1910. Like many governors, he made speeches during his political campaigns for election and re-election in order to establish his qualification for office. Unlike ^any governors, he used speechmaking constantly and designedly to develop support for specific legislative reform bills and to develop appreciation for his ideals of representative government. Before he took office, Hughes announced that his speeches would constitute the chief medium for the presentation of his programs. Once in office, he customarily referred reporters to forthcoming speeches for announcements of new policies and used his frequent press conferences primarily to interpret programs already instituted. He refused to write for publication, confin­ ing what he had to say "to his public addresses or to his official communications.11 ^ Hughes announced further that his speeches and his ideas were to be his own. He surprised and annoyed the politicians when he actually did prepare his Inaugural Address and his First Message without consulting them. He surprised and pleased the voters by ■^Letter from Robert Fuller, Hughes1 Secretary, to E. J. Ridgway, New York City, March 2, 1908. 1 refusing to let any portion of the speeches "leak out" ahead of time, and by including only his own carefully-formulated recoin- o mendations rather than any boss-inspired declarations. He emphasized that no political boss, government official, or news­ paper reporter would be authorized to speak for him.^ during his 1906 campaign against William Randolph Hearst, Hughes promised the people "good government, free from taint of bossism." When machine-controlled legislators obstructed his reform program, he initiated direct rhetorical appeal to the people to force legislative acquiescence. He spoke often and at all kinds of occasions, explaining the merits of particular bills and his view of the responsibilities of the Executive, the legislators,
Recommended publications
  • Election Division Presidential Electors Faqs and Roster of Electors, 1816
    Election Division Presidential Electors FAQ Q1: How many presidential electors does Indiana have? What determines this number? Indiana currently has 11 presidential electors. Article 2, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution of the United States provides that each state shall appoint a number of electors equal to the number of Senators or Representatives to which the state is entitled in Congress. Since Indiana has currently has 9 U.S. Representatives and 2 U.S. Senators, the state is entitled to 11 electors. Q2: What are the requirements to serve as a presidential elector in Indiana? The requirements are set forth in the Constitution of the United States. Article 2, Section 1, Clause 2 provides that "no Senator or Representative, or person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector." Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment also states that "No person shall be... elector of President or Vice-President... who, having previously taken an oath... to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. Congress may be a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability." These requirements are included in state law at Indiana Code 3-8-1-6(b). Q3: How does a person become a candidate to be chosen as a presidential elector in Indiana? Three political parties (Democratic, Libertarian, and Republican) have their presidential and vice- presidential candidates placed on Indiana ballots after their party's national convention.
    [Show full text]
  • In Defence of the Court's Integrity
    In Defence of the Court’s Integrity 17 In Defence of the Court’s Integrity: The Role of Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes in the Defeat of the Court-Packing Plan of 1937 Ryan Coates Honours, Durham University ‘No greater mistake can be made than to think that our institutions are fixed or may not be changed for the worse. We are a young nation and nothing can be taken for granted. If our institutions are maintained in their integrity, and if change shall mean improvement, it will be because the intelligent and the worthy constantly generate the motive power which, distributed over a thousand lines of communication, develops that appreciation of the standards of decency and justice which we have delighted to call the common sense of the American people.’ Hughes in 1909 ‘Our institutions were not designed to bring about uniformity of opinion; if they had been, we might well abandon hope.’ Hughes in 1925 ‘While what I am about to say would ordinarily be held in confidence, I feel that I am justified in revealing it in defence of the Court’s integrity.’ Hughes in the 1940s In early 1927, ten years before his intervention against the court-packing plan, Charles Evans Hughes, former Governor of New York, former Republican presidential candidate, former Secretary of State, and most significantly, former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, delivered a series 18 history in the making vol. 3 no. 2 of lectures at his alma mater, Columbia University, on the subject of the Supreme Court.1 These lectures were published the following year as The Supreme Court: Its Foundation, Methods and Achievements (New York: Columbia University Press, 1928).
    [Show full text]
  • The Diamond of Psi Upsilon June 1928
    W^^www^ @ �l^lt] [*) l^^^iW^W^W^ DIAMOND f^ . of . ^ Psi Upsilcsn �a? June 1928 Volume XIV Number Four i Ti?'zi?'ii?'^^^^l [f] IT] [T] ? BIjEII^ |Ny%^^ii<>'-tifW THE DIAMOND OF PSI UPSILON Official Publication of Psi Upsilon Fraternity Published in November, January, March and June, by The Diamond of Psi Upsilon, a corporation not for pecuniary profit, organized under the laws of Illinois An Open Forum for the Free Discussion of Fraternity Matters Volume XIV JUNE, 1928 Numbee 4 BOARD OP EDITORS Mask Bowman ....... Delta Delta '20 R. BouRKE Corcoran Omega '15 Ralph C. Guenther Tau'26 Kenneth Laied Omega '25 George W. Ross, Jb Phi '26 ALUMNI ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE DIAMOND Henet Johnson Fisher Beta '96 Herbert S. Houston Omega '88 Edward Hungeefoed Pi '99 Julian S. Mason . .... Beta '98 EXECUTIVE COUNCIL COMMITTEE ON THE DIAMOND Walter T. Collins Iota '03 R. BouRKE Corcoran Omega '15 Herbert S. Houston Omega '88 LIFE SUBSCRIPTION TEN DOLLARS ONE DOLLAR THE YEAR BY SUBSCRIPTION SINGLE COPIES FIFTY CENTS MdresB all communications to the Board of Editors, Room 500, 30 N. Dearborn St., TABLE of CONTENTS The 1928 Convention 209 Notes of the Convention 211 The Alumni Conference 212 The Convention Banquet 216 A Scholarship Prize of $500 230 Delta Chapter Life Subsceibers 232 Chapter Scholaeship Recoeds 233 Omiceon Alumni of Unknown Address 238 Expulsion Notice 238 In Memoeiam 239 Edwaed a. Bradford, Beta '73 Jay Feank Chappell, Omega '20 Eael W. DeMoe, Rho '92 Chauncey M. Depew, Beta '56 Rev. Edw. C. Feillowes> Beta '88 Colonel Moses M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Dissent and the Imperative of Judicial Civility
    Valparaiso University Law Review Volume 28 Number 2 Symposium on Civility and Judicial Ethics in the 1990s: Professionalism in the pp.583-646 Practice of Law Symposium on Civility and Judicial Ethics in the 1990s: Professionalism in the Practice of Law The Importance of Dissent and the Imperative of Judicial Civility Edward McGlynn Gaffney Jr. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/vulr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Edward McGlynn Gaffney Jr., The Importance of Dissent and the Imperative of Judicial Civility, 28 Val. U. L. Rev. 583 (1994). Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/vulr/vol28/iss2/5 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Valparaiso University Law School at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Valparaiso University Law Review by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Gaffney: The Importance of Dissent and the Imperative of Judicial Civility THE IMPORTANCE OF DISSENT AND THE IMPERATIVE OF JUDICIAL CIVILITY EDWARD McGLYNN GAFFNEY, JR.* A dissent in a court of last resort is an appeal to the brooding spirit of the law, to the intelligence of a future day, when a later decision may possibly correct the errorinto which the dissentingjudge believes the court to have been betrayed... Independence does not mean cantankerousness and ajudge may be a strongjudge without being an impossibleperson. Nothing is more distressing on any bench than the exhibition of a captious, impatient, querulous spirit.' Charles Evans Hughes I. INTRODUCTION Charles Evans Hughes served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court from 1910 to 1916 and as Chief Justice of the United States from 1930 to 1941.
    [Show full text]
  • ESSSAR Masthead
    EMPIRE PATRIOT Empire State Society of the Sons of the American Revolution Descendants of America’s First Soldiers Volume 10 Issue 1 February 2008 Printed Four Times Yearly THE CONCLUSION OF . THE PHILADELPHIA CAMPAIGN In Summary: We started this journey several issues ago beginning with . LANDING AT THE HEAD OF ELK - Over 260 British ships arrived at Head of Elk, Maryland. Washington was ready. The trip took overly long, horses died by the hundreds. British General Howe was anxious to move on, but first he had to unload his massive armada. ON THE MARCH TO BRANDYWINE - Howe heads for Philadelphia. Washington blocks the path. On the way to their first engagement of 1777, Washington exposes himself to capture, Howe misses an opportunity, the rains fall, and everyone seems prepared for what happens next. THE BATTLE OF BRANDYWINE- The first battle in the campaign. Howe conceives and executes a daring 17 mile march catching Washington by surprise. The Continental Army is impressive, but the day belongs to the British. THE BATTLE OF THE CLOUDS Both armies were poised for another major engagement Five days after the Battle of Brandywine, a confrontation is rained out PAOLI MASSACRE Bloody bayonets in a midnight raid Mad” Anthony Wayne, assigned to attack the rear guard of the British army, is himself surprised in a “dirty” early morning raid. MARCH TO GERMANTOWN Washington prepares to win back the capital Congress flees Philadelphia as the British occupy the city amid chaos and fear. THE BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN The battle is fought in and around a mansion. For the first time the British retreat during battle, but fog and confusion turned the American advance around.
    [Show full text]
  • Earl Warren: a Political Biography, by Leo Katcher; Warren: the Man, the Court, the Era, by John Weaver
    Indiana Law Journal Volume 43 Issue 3 Article 14 Spring 1968 Earl Warren: A Political Biography, by Leo Katcher; Warren: The Man, The Court, The Era, by John Weaver William F. Swindler College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj Part of the Judges Commons, and the Legal Biography Commons Recommended Citation Swindler, William F. (1968) "Earl Warren: A Political Biography, by Leo Katcher; Warren: The Man, The Court, The Era, by John Weaver," Indiana Law Journal: Vol. 43 : Iss. 3 , Article 14. Available at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol43/iss3/14 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School Journals at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Indiana Law Journal by an authorized editor of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BOOK REVIEWS EARL WARREN: A POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY. By Leo Katcher. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967. Pp. i, 502. $8.50. WARREN: THEi MAN, THE COURT, THE ERA. By John D. Weaver. Boston: Little. Brown & Co., 1967. Pp. 406. $7.95. Anyone interested in collecting a bookshelf of serious reading on the various Chief Justices of the United States is struck at the outset by the relative paucity of materials available. Among the studies of the Chief Justices of the twentieth century there is King's Melville Weston, Fuller,' which, while not definitive, is reliable and adequate enough to have merited reprinting in the excellent paperback series being edited by Professor Philip Kurland of the University of Chicago.
    [Show full text]
  • Courier Volume II, Number 2, Whole Number 14, July 1962
    Syracuse University SURFACE The Courier Libraries 7-1962 Courier Volume II, Number 2, Whole Number 14, July 1962 Syracuse University Library Associates Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/libassoc Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation Syracuse University Library Associates, "Courier Volume II, Number 2, Whole Number 14, July 1962" (1962). The Courier. 38. https://surface.syr.edu/libassoc/38 This Journal Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Libraries at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Courier by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE COURIER SYRACUSE U NIVERSITY LIBRARY ASSOCIATES JULY 1962 SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ASSOCIATES publishes THE COURIER several times each year for its members. A single copy: $2.00 Managing Editor Wayne S. Yenawine Syracuse University Library Syracuse 10, New York Editor John S. Mayfield Syracuse University Library Syracuse 10, New York Editorial Committee Philip Booth Martin Kamin J. Frank Dobie CecilY.Lang Charles E. Feinberg Walter F. McCaleb Albert J. George John Andrew Rice William H. Higginbotham A. McKinley Terhune William A. Jackson Richard G. Underwood Wood engraving executed for the Library Associates by John DePol. Designed and produced by the Syracuse University Press, Syracuse 10, New York. THE COURIER VOLUME II, NUMBER 2, WHOLE NUMBER 14 I JULY 1962 So Noble and Glowing I g'ratefully thank you'r pape'r & the writer of the Boston Litemry Letter in Nov: 10th's issue. - I have never had more comforting words - so noble & glowing in themselves & in their bearing on other things than me & mine - I wish this card con­ veyed to the w'riter of them - So wrote the Good Gray Poet from his quarters in Camden, New Jersey, Sunday, 13 November 1881.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Was Who II of Hanover, IL
    1 Who Was Who II of Hanover, IL as of April 7, 2011 This proposed book contains biographies of people from Hanover who died after March 2, 1980, and up until when the book will go to the printer, hopefully in February 2011. The first Who Was Who was a book of biographies of everyone from Hanover, who had died, from the first settlers, up until February 28, 1980, when the book went to the printer. PLEASE let me know ALL middle names of everyone in each bio. This will help people doing research years from now. As you read through the information below PLEASE let me know of any omissions or corrections of any of your friends or family. I want this to be a book that will honor all of our past Hanover residents and to keep them alive in our memory. The prerequisites for being listed in this book are (1) being deceased, (2) having some sort of connection to Hanover, whether that is being born in Hanover or living in Hanover for some time, or (3) being buried in one of the three cemeteries. THANKS, Terry Miller PLEASE make sure that your friend’s and family’s biographies contain all the information listed below: 1. Date of birth 2. Where they were born 3. Parent’s name (including Mother’s maiden name) 4. Where they went to school 5. If they served in the Military – what branch – what years served 6. Married to whom, when and where 7. Name of children (oldest to youngest) 8. Main type of work 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Read the Westchester Guardian
    Vol. VI, No. XVIII Thursday, May 3, 2012,,,,$1.00 Westchester’s Most Influential Weekly RICH MONETTI Left Brain, New Rochelle to Right Brain Page 3 JOHN F. McMULLEN SUFFER Spreadsheets Page 4 GreeNR Concerns SHERIF AWAD By PEGGY GODFREY, Page 23 Tahrir Square Page 6 ROBERT SCOTT Hotel Beautiful Page 10 MARK JEFFERS Sports Scene Page 18 ROGER WITHERSPOON Used Car Market Page 20 MARY C. MARVIN Water, Water, Everywhere Page 22 In Memoriam: EDWARD I. KOCH Stopping Money Mary Elizabeth Pollis Corrupting Elections See page 12 Page 24 WWW.WESTCHESTERGUARDIAN.COM Page 26 THE WESTCHESTER GUARDIAN THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2012 CLASSIFIED ADS LEGAL NOTICES Office Space Available- FAMILYFAMILY COURTCOURT OFOF THETHE STATESTATE OFOF NEWNEW YORKYORK Prime Location, Yorktown Heights COUNTY OF WESTCHESTER 1,0001,000 Sq.Sq. Ft.:Ft.: $1800.$1800. ContactContact Wilca:: 914.632.1230914.632.1230 InIn thethe MatterMatter ofof ORDERORDER TOTO SHOWSHOW CAUSECAUSE SUMMONS AND INQUEST NOTICE Prime Retail - Westchester County Chelsea Thomas (d.o.b. 7/14/94), Best Location in Yorktown Heights A Child Under 21 Years of Age DktDkt Nos.Nos. NN-10514/15/16-10/12CNN-10514/15/16-10/12C 11001100 Sq.Sq. Ft.Ft. StoreStore $3100;$3100; 12661266 Sq.Sq. Ft.Ft. storestore $2800$2800 andand 450450 Sq.Sq. Ft.Ft. THE WESTCHESTER GUARDIAN THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2012 Store $1200. Page 3 Adjudicated to be Neglected by NN-2695/96-10/12BNN-2695/96-10/12B FUFU No.:No.: 2230322303 Page 2 THE WTHEEST CWESTCHESTERHESTER GUARD IGUARDIANAN THURSDAY,THURSDAY,THURSDAY FEBRUARY MARCH 23, MAY 2012Suitable 29, 3, 2012 for any type of business.
    [Show full text]
  • 1909 Canandaigua City Directory
    CentralMark Librarys Shoof Rochestere Store and Monroe, 8County6 Mai · Miscellaneousn St. DirectoriesSouth Get a Gas Range CO OS Use Electric Power The Established m Good Clothes 1869 9m Store Canandaigua. to fcatoriDi THE FINEST MAKES IN THE WORLD. SIMMONS, Rr hxaM Store 974.786 S651c 1909/10 >lies Fine Candy s? THE LAIOfSr BOOK AND 18 3TO»E BETWEEN NEW YOU AND CHICAOO j POWERS BUIL Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Miscellaneous Directories R. H. MGKERR CUT FLOWERS OF ALL KINDS IN SEASON BEDDING PLANTS PALMS AND FERNS FLORAL DESIGNS AND DECORATIONS OUR FANCY CARNATIONS ARE LEADERS Greenhouses: 33 Dailey Ave., Canandaigua, N. Y. BOTH PHONES. % WHEN YOU I THINK OF A TELEPHONE 1 LOOK FOR THE SHIELD JjJ Ontario County Has 5,000 Telephones *T The Interlake Telephone Co. Connects with these over its own metallic toll lines. Connecting ^ toll lines give service to long distance points. 1 ^00 8Ukscribers, local and rural, leaves little to be desired L WHEN YOU THINK OF A TELEPHONE. Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Miscellaneous Directories 3 9077 03643 9324 GEO. E. WOOD & SONS EDGE WATER MILK AND CREAM The best you can buy in the world Large or small orders promptly filled BOTH 'PHONES CANANDAIGUA, N. Y. W. G. LAPHAM CIGARS and TOBACCO NEWS STAND Sunday and Daily Papers Delivered to All Parts of the City. FRUITS AND CONFECTIONS First Door North of McKechnie Bank. Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Miscellaneous Directories fr Capital, $200,000. Resources, $8,000,000. % POWERS BUILDING, % ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. * TRANSACTS A GENERAL BANKING AND TRUST BUSINESS % * Pays the Highest Rate of Interest •$» Consistent With Safe Banking.
    [Show full text]
  • JUMPING SHIP: the DECLINE of BLACK REPUBLICANISM in the ERA of THEODORE ROOSEVELT, 1901—1908 a Thesis Presented to the Graduat
    JUMPING SHIP: THE DECLINE OF BLACK REPUBLICANISM IN THE ERA OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT, 1901—1908 A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Mark T. Tomecko August, 2012 JUMPING SHIP: THE DECLINE OF BLACK REPUBLICANISM IN THE ERA OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT, 1901—1908 Mark T. Tomecko Thesis Approved: Accepted: _______________________________ ______________________________ Advisor Dean of the College Dr. Tracey Jean Boisseau Dr. Chand Midha _______________________________ ______________________________ Department Chair Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Martin Wainwright Dr. George Newkome ______________________________ Date ii ABSTRACT Most analysts of black voting patterns in the United States have assumed that the first substantive abandonment of the Republican party by black voters occurred in the 1930s, when the majority of black voters embraced Franklin Roosevelt‘s New Deal. A closer examination, however, of another Roosevelt presidency – that of Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) – demonstrates the degree to which black voters were already growing disenchanted with the Republicans in the face of what they viewed as uneven support and contradictory messages from the highest ranking Republican in the land. Though the perception of Theodore Roosevelt‘s relationship to black Americans has been dominated by his historic invitation of Booker T. Washington to dine with him at the White House in 1901, in fact even this event had assorted and complex meanings for Roosevelt‘s relationship to the black community. More importantly, his dismissal of black troops following a controversial shooting in southern Texas in 1906 – an event known as the Brownsville affair – set off a firestorm of bitter protest from the black press, black intellectuals, and black voters.
    [Show full text]
  • Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson Fdr4freedoms 2
    fdr4freedoms 1 Theodore Roosevelt, who was president from 1901 to 1909, 1. Franklin D. and Woodrow Wilson, who occupied the office from 1913 to 1921, inspired, guided, and taught Franklin D. Roosevelt. TR, a distant cousin some twenty-five years older than FDR, showed Roosevelt’s Models: him how a president could dominate the American political landscape and, through the force of his personality, redefine the presidency and America’s place in the world. Wilson’s Theodore Roosevelt regulation of corporate trusts, banks, and the money supply showed FDR how effective a president could be as legislator. FDR watched their triumphs and learned even more from their and Woodrow Wilson failures. These two leaders, more than anyone, helped shape FDR’s vision as president. FDR followed the examples of TR and Wilson because he shared their fundamental strengths and values. As historian Geoffrey Ward has noted, all three men possessed “an unfeigned love for people and politics, an ability to rally able men and women to their cause, and an unbounded optimism and self-confidence.” They all rejected the notion that “the A poster illustrating the 1912 presidential campaign, which mere making of money should be enough to satisfy any man featured Theodore Roosevelt (left) on the Progressive or any nation” and accepted “a sense of stewardship” of the ticket, Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson (center), and incumbent William Howard Taft, a Republican. TR split the nation’s land and resources. Even more important, all three Republican vote and helped Wilson win election. As for the brought active, indeed transformative, leadership to the young New York state senator Franklin D.
    [Show full text]