Double PYRAMID 2016
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DOUBLE PYRAMID 2016 A MORE SUSTAINABLE FUTURE DEPENDS ON US 1 Eat better Eat less Barilla Center for Food & Nutrition Food for all SCIENCE, PEOPLE, ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMY www.barillacfn.com #bcfnforum TH 7 INTERNATIONAL FORUM ON FOOD & NUTRITION The contemporary world is experiencing a major proposals, and putting science and research in com- ST food emergency. The food we choose to eat, its pro- munication with policy decisions and governmental MILAN, BOCCONI UNIVERSITY, DECEMBER 1 2016 duction chain, the ways and places in which we actions. consume it and its inequitable distribution in differ- The BCFN is dedicating an area of study and re- ent parts of the planet have a profound effect on the search to every crucial issue related to food and Saying “enough” is no longer enough. Our planet cannot be obese and hungry at the same time. mechanisms that govern our society and our times. nutrition, to address current and future challenges: We should not be throwing away food that would be enough to end hunger. Nor can we favor the In recent years, it has become necessary to compare from the problem of access to food and its distri- production of biofuels to feed cars instead of people who go to bed hungry. With the presentation of the different points of view of the actors involved bution in the world (Food for All) to the rebalanc- the Food and Nutrition Sustainability Index, we will propose solutions to along the food chain, from the field to the table. ing of the unstable relationship between food and overcome these huge challenges of our time. For a better future for all. Ever since its creation in 2009, the Barilla Cen- health through healthy lifestyles (Food for Health), The world is hungry for people like you – let’s change the world together. ter for Food & Nutrition has established itself as a from reflection on the food chain and assessing the To participate, sign-up online. www.barillacfn.com/en/forum/ privileged platform for this choral dialog and for a impact of production on the environment (Food for wide range of issues about food and nutrition. The Sustainable Growth) to the history of the relationship BCFN’s aim is to become a collector and connector between man and food, in order to find some good IN COOPERATION WITH: RESEARCH PARTNER: between the different voices, offering solutions and solutions for the present (Food for Culture). 7_197x270_eng.indd 1 28/09/16 11:11 BCFN Food is KEY to balance our planet f all the numerous emergencies in the world, people, and in the seemingly more affluent countries, sustainability of the food system might seem where unbalanced diets create overweight conditions Oto be less of a priority. But that is not the case: and obesity (which in turn cause illness) that affect among the underlying causes of a global situation as over two billion people. complex as the current one (global warming, con- In order to find the right path of development and flicts, migration, and economic crises), the paradoxes to reduce inequalities, everyone has to do their part. that plague the ‘food system’ occupy a place of abso- The first step, which is quite simple but often over- lute prominence. Unfortunately, there are still too few looked, can be to follow a sustainable diet, such as of us who know this and understand the implications. the one suggested by the BCFN Double Pyramid, In fact, agriculture generates a large part of the CO2 which protects our health by reducing the environ- emissions that cause climate change. And the conse- mental impact. This year too we offer the results of quences of climate change that lead to the increased our research to facilitate this path for you: the studies suffering of entire populations and hence their need and reflections that we have been engaged in since to migrate in search of food, land to cultivate, and 2010 (the year when we published the first edition of sources of drinking water. the Double Pyramid) so as to have a better under- Moreover, the current food system, based on an er- standing of the links between nutrition and well-being roneous perception of the value of food and of a and between food and the environment. short-sighted vision of how it should be produced In particular, in this edition you’ll be able to read and consumed, has grown in a way that is unsustain- something new on the results of the COP21 summit able. Perhaps driven more by economic and financial in Paris; about everything that is being done in the reasons than the search for shared well-being, it has world to handle food in constantly growing cities; and not sufficiently taken into account the scarcity of nat- about the controversial ’fad’ diets, which all too often ural resources (water, land and air) and the damage lead us to make food choices that are less sustainable, caused by malnutrition. In fact, today the absence or for ourselves and for the planet, than we would like. scarcity of healthy food affects both those who live in Enjoy your reading. the most vulnerable areas of the globe, where today there are still hundreds of millions of malnourished 2 3 THE FOOD CHAIN 103 AND THE ENVIRONMENT 39 The cost of diet in Europe 39 104 Life Cycle Analysis and the environmental Ten tips for spending little and eating well indicators 108 42 72 Livewell for life: sustainable diets for the The indicators used in the Double Pyramid United Kingdom, DOUBLE PYRAMID France, Spain, and Sweden 2016 44 The environmental impact of the food chain 71 THE rituals OF FOOD: THE A MORE SUSTAINABLE FUTURE The evolution of the international sacred nature OF DIETS 111 DEPENDS ON US 46 agreements on climate change Zero kilometer food 111 72 Food and social rituals 50 Opinions on the COP21 PEF: Europe calculates the environmental 112 impact of products 73 The value of mediterraneity THE LINK BETWEEN FOOD Climate and food: musings in the light AND THE ENVIRONMENT 9 A DIET that RESPECTS of the international commitments 113 THE PLANET 53 of the COP21 Identity and the culture of food DIET AND HEALTH 13 58 76 The symbolic value of food in religious faiths The three environmental pyramids Access to food and vulnerability 13 to climate change 114 The Mediterranean diet 62 The sacralization of food consumption The Double Pyramid 77 15 Sustainable diets and climate change 117 Heritage of Humanity 64 Today’s food trends The Double Pyramid for those who are 78 18 growing What are sustainable diets? 118 Nutrition for growing children Diets and food trends 66 80 22 The Environmental Hourglass model Sustainable diets: 123 Nudging and diet the Eatwell guide and other pointers Carbophobia THE climate ON OUR DINNER from Great Britain 24 plates: MUSINGS IN THE 124 Summary of guidelines LIGHT OF THE COP21 69 81 Orthorexia: when eating healthily becomes for growing children Can changing our diet make a difference? a dangerous obsession 69 The BCFN menus 25 Climate negotiations since 1992 BCFN Dietary habits and longevity 89 RECOMMENDATIONS 126 70 Feeding the cities 28 COP21: the commitment to reduce ESSENTIAL Instructions for living well greenhouse gases THE COST OF SUSTAINABLE BIBLIOGRAPHY 128 DIETS 95 30 Eating habits around the world 95 The cost of different menus in Italy 34 The United States: 100 from the food pyramid The scientific debate on the cost to Healthy Eating Plate of diets 37 101 U.S. nutritional guidelines The cost of diets in the United States 4 66 1045 6 7 BCFN THE LINK BETWEEN FOOD AND THE ENVIRONMENT We have always known that our health is strongly healthy for people is also healthy for the planet. influenced by the food choices we make every sin- Since 2010, the scientific foundation of the Dou- gle day. Today we also know that the production of ble Pyramid has been enriched from year to year food affects the quality of the environment around (attested to by the seven editions of this docu- us. Awareness of this has also grown thanks to the ment) until it has become an international refer- studies by the Barilla Center for Food & Nutrition ence for anyone involved in sustainability in the (BCFN), which since 2009 has been measuring the agri-food sector. Each edition has delved more significance of this impact, trying to figure out how deeply into aspects related to the environmental we can reduce it by adopting an eating style that is impacts of food, by collecting new data and car- sustainable, both for people and for the planet. rying out scientific research. From the analysis of Right from the BCFN’s first analysis, it has been the nutritional needs of children and adolescents shown that the more environmentally friendly to the evaluation of the economic viability of the foods are the same as those for which nutrition- diets, to the study of trends and international ists recommend an increased consumption, while food policies. The Double Pyramid has appeared those with the highest environmental footprint are in many scientific publications, including those of those that should be eaten in moderation. This was the FAO, and has made headlines on several occa- an important conclusion, which is at the basis of a sions at international level. graphic model – now well known – which placed Bringing further evidence and studies to the sev- the classic food pyramid (the principles of which enth edition of the Double Pyramid, the BCFN coincide with those of the Mediterranean diet) wants to remind everyone – especially in light of alongside the new (inverted) ‘environmental’ pyra- what emerged from the COP21 conference in Par- mid in which foods are classified according to their is on the impact of agricultural systems on climate Ecological Footprint, i.e.