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An Architectural and Historical Analysis of the Caretaker's House at the Winneshiek County Poor Farm, Decorah Township, Winneshiek County, Iowa

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An Architectural and Historical Analysis of the Caretaker's House at the Winneshiek County Poor Farm, Decorah Township, Winneshiek County, Iowa AN ARCHITECTURAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CARETAKER’S HOUSE AT THE WINNESHIEK COUNTY POOR FARM, DECORAH TOWNSHIP, WINNESHIEK COUNTY, IOWA Section 14, T98N, R8W Special Report 1 Prepared for Winneshiek County Historic Preservation Commission Courthouse Annex 204 West Broadway Decorah, Iowa 52101 Prepared by Branden K. Scott With contributions by Lloyd Bolz, Derek V. Lee, and David G. Stanley Bear Creek Archeology, Inc. P.O. Box 347 Cresco, Iowa 52136 David G. Stanley, Director February 2012 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY This report presents the findings of an investigation concerning the Winneshiek County Poor Farm (96-00658), and more specifically the Caretaker’s House (96-00644) within the county farm district. This investigation was prepared for the Winneshiek County Historic Preservation Commission because the Caretaker’s House, a structure potentially eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion A is to be dismantled. This investigation seeks to document the architectural aspects of the property with emphasis on the Caretaker’s House, create a historical and cultural context of the farm, determine the potential significance of the property and each of its contributing/non- contributing features, and provide data necessary for future considerations of the property. This document was prepared by Bear Creek Archeology, Inc. of Cresco, Iowa, and any opinions expressed herein represent the views of the primary author. This report documents the Winneshiek County Poor Farm (96-00658) as a historic district containing three distinct buildings and three associated structures. The district consists of the newly constructed (relatively speaking) Wellington Place care facility (96-00660), the Winneshiek County Poor House (96-00659), the Caretaker’s House (96-00644), two sheds, and a picnic shelter, all of which are settled upon 2.7 ha (6.6 ac) on the west side of Freeport, Iowa. The county poor farm was established in 1866 and it survived until 1988 when the Oneota Riverview Care Facility replaced it. While the county farm existed for well over 100 years, the focus of this investigation concerns the county farm between 1866 and 1940, a time where the most information is available. This report was not completed for compliance purposes, but instead, it was compiled to document a local resource prior to destruction. The following document outlines the reasons for the compiling this research and it will detail previous work conducted at the property. It documents the location of the property and develops a historical/cultural context of Iowa county farms generally and the Winneshiek County Poor Farm specifically. The architectural documentation of the Caretaker’s House and the associated buildings/structures in the district are presented. The potential archeological components to the district are assessed and interpretations concerning the district are drawn from the formulated historic/cultural contexts with an emphasis on how the district relates to the U.S. culture of capitalism and to Victorian ideals. The property (the district as a whole) is formally evaluated using National Register of Historic Places Criteria and it is recommended that the district and/or its contributing resources are not eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, a useful recommendation if additional developments occur at this property. The research (field and archival) was conducted between June and July 2011. i TABLE OF CONTENTS MANAGEMENT SUMMARY ........................................................................................... i TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................v INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENTATION ..................................................................................2 LOCATION OF THE WINNESHIEK COUNTY POOR FARM ......................................3 METHODOLOGY ..............................................................................................................6 IOWA COUNTY POOR FARMS IN CONTEXT ..............................................................7 Reasons for Development ..............................................................................................8 Iowa Poor Law Legislation ............................................................................................9 Census Data .................................................................................................................12 County Farms in Iowa .................................................................................................17 Previous NRHP Nominations ......................................................................................21 HISTORY OF THE WINNESHIEK COUNTY POOR FARM .......................................21 County Supervisor Records ..........................................................................................22 Plat Maps and Photographs ........................................................................................23 Winneshiek County History..........................................................................................26 The County Farm in the News .....................................................................................26 Caretakers in Residence ..............................................................................................33 ARCHITECTURAL DOCUMENTATION OF THE CARETAKER’S HOUSE ............33 House Exterior .............................................................................................................34 Main Floor ...................................................................................................................35 Second Floor ................................................................................................................37 Attic ..............................................................................................................................38 Basement ......................................................................................................................38 ADDITIONAL BUILDINGS AT THE WINNESHIEK COUNTY POOR FARM .........39 Winneshiek County Poor House (96-00659) ...............................................................39 Wellington Place (96-00660) .......................................................................................40 Picnic Shelter ...............................................................................................................40 Shed 1 ...........................................................................................................................40 Shed 2 ...........................................................................................................................40 ARCHEOLOGICAL COMPONENTS .............................................................................41 INTERPRETATIONS .......................................................................................................45 APPLICATION OF NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIA ..............................................51 Location ...................................................................................................................52 Design ......................................................................................................................52 Setting ......................................................................................................................53 Materials .................................................................................................................53 Workmanship ...........................................................................................................53 Feeling .....................................................................................................................53 Association ..............................................................................................................53 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued Caretaker’s House (96-00644) ................................................................................55 Winneshiek County Poor Farm (96-00658) ............................................................55 Winneshiek County Poor House (96-00659) ...........................................................55 Wellington Place (96-00660) ..................................................................................55 DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE ..................................................................................56 REFERENCES CITED ......................................................................................................58 FIGURES ...........................................................................................................................68 APPENDIX A: Previous Site Inventory Form filed by Deborah Bishop and Comments ..................................................................................................................135 APPENDIX B: New Site Inventory Forms .....................................................................136 APPENDIX C: Historic Architectural Database Form ....................................................137
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