Initial Environmental Examination
Project number: 48409-002 February 2021
CAM: Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project
For the rehabilitation of Kbal Teuk, Trapeang Tros, and Tuol Pring irrigation subprojects in Tboung Khmum Province
Prepared by the loan consulting firms for the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology and the Asian Development Bank. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
i CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (As of January 2021)
Currency Unit = Riel/s (KR) KR1.00 = 0.00025 $ 1.00 = KR 4,052
ABBREVIATIONS AC - Agricultural Cooperative ADB - Asian Development Bank CFAVCP - Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project EA - executive agency EIA - environmental impacts assessment EMP - environmental management plan ESO - environmental safeguards officer RGC - Royal Government of Cambodia JICA - Japan International Cooperation Agency IA - implementation agency IEE - initial environment examination IEIA - initial environmental impacts assessment IPM - integrated pest management IWR - irrigation water requirement MAFF - Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries MEF - Ministry of Economy and Finance MOE - Ministry of Environment MOU - Memorandum of Understanding MOWRAM - Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology O&M - Operation and maintenance PDAFF - Provincial Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries PDWRAM - Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology PIC - project implementation consultants PPIU - provincial project implementation unit PPTA - project preparatory technical assistance SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement TOR - Terms of Reference
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
km - kilometer kg - kilogram ha - hectare
NOTE In this report, “$” refers to United States Dollars
ii TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii List of Tables iv List of Figures iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY v A. Background v B. Project Output v C. Initial Environmental Examination Report vi D. Assessment Finding vii E. Mitigation Measures viii F. Environmental Management Plan viii I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Irrigation Subprojects Location 1 B. Background of Three Irrigation Subprojects 1 II. LEGAL AND ADDMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2 A. ADB Environmental Requirements 2 B. Public Disclosure 3 C. Cambodian Environmental Laws and Guidelines 3 D. Environmental Standards: Management Solutions for Environmental Protection 4 E. Environmental, Health and Safety Guideline 8 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECT 9 A. Subproject Location 9 B. The Existing Three Irrigation Schemes Situation 9 a). Kbal Teuk Irrigation Scheme 9 b). Tuol Pring Irrigation Scheme 17 c). Trapeang Tros Irrigation Scheme 20 C. Need for the Subproject 24 D. Designed Hydraulic Structures 24 E. The Proposed Three Irrigation Schemes Upgrade 25 F. Typical Cross Section for Package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TBM-CW13.1 of Irrigation Schemes 27 G. Irrigation Schemes After Rehabilitation 35 a). Kbal Teuk Irrigation Scheme 35 b). Tuol Pring Irrigation Subproject 35 c). Trapeang Tros 35 IV. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 35 A. The Situation of Tboung Khmum Province: 35 B. Physical Resources 35 C. Biological Resources 41 D. Socio-Economic Resources 44 V. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT 46 VI. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 47 A. Positive Impact and Environmental Benefits 47 B. Environmental Measures during Pre-Construction Phase 47 C. Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase 48 D. Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures during Operation Phase 51 E. Unanticipated Impacts during Construction and Operation 51 VII. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION 53 VIII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 55 A. Proposed Mechanism 55 B. GRM Procedure and Timeframe 55 IX. CONCLUSION, ASSURANCES AND RECOMMENDATION 58 A. Positive Impact and Environmental Benefits 58 B. Negative Impact 58 C. Assurances 58
iii ANNEX 1 – ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) 60 A. Introduction 60 B. Responsibilities for Implementation 60 C. Summary of Potential Impacts 61 D. Summary of Management and Monitoring Cost 61 E. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting 72 F. Reporting 74 G. Training Program and Institutional Capacity Review and Needs 74 H. Grievance Redress Mechanism 75 ANNEX 2 – LIST OF PARTICIPANT AT MEETING, MINUTE OF MEETING AND PHOTOS 77 ANNEX 3 - LIST OF DRAWING FOR IRRIGATION SUBPROJECTS 94
List of Tables Table 1: List of Projects Requiring an IEIA or EIA...... 4 Table 2: Public Water Quality Standard for Biodiversity Conservation ...... 6 Table 3: Drinking Water Standards...... 6 Table 4: Ambient Air Quality Standards ...... 7 Table 5: Maximum Permitted Noise Level in Public and Residential Area (dBA) ...... 7 Table 6: Existing Reservoirs and Potential Enlarged Kbal Teuk Irrigation System ...... 15 Table 7: Kbal Teuk Cropping Pattern ...... 17 Table 8: Existing Reservoirs and Potential Improved Tuol Pring Irrigation System ...... 17 Table 9: Existing Cropping Pattern of Tuol Prinng ...... 20 Table 10: Existing Reservoirs and Possible Improvement of Trapeang Tros Irrigation System ...... 21 Table 11: Cropping Pattern of Trapeang Tros...... 23 Table 12: List of Hydraulic Structures to be built for Kbal Teuk ...... 25 Table 13: List of Hydraulic Structures to be built for Tuol Pring ...... 25 Table 14: List of Hydraulic Structures to be built for Trapeang Tros ...... 25 Table 15: List of Irrigation Network System in Package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TBM-CW13.1 ..... 26 Table 16: Tboung Khmum Geopolitical Information ...... 38 Table 17: List of Fish Found in Project Location ...... 43 Table 18: Number of Households and Beneficiary Households ...... 45 Table 19: Administrative Scope and Land Coverage ...... 45 Table 20: GHG Emissions from Rice Paddy ...... 46 Table 21: Key Issues Discussed during Meeting and Method to Address ...... 53 Table 22: Environmental Consultation and Communication Plan ...... 54
List of Figures Figure 1: The Location of Irrigation Subproject in Tboung Khmum Province ...... 10 Figure 2: Location of Kbal Teuk Irrigation Scheme ...... 11 Figure 3: Location of Tuol Pring Irrigation Scheme ...... 13 Figure 4: Location of Trapeang Tros Irrigation Scheme...... 14 Figure 5: Current Layout Map of Kbal Teuk Irrigation System ...... 16 Figure 6: Current Layout Map of Tuol Pring Irrigation System...... 19 Figure 7Figure 8: Existing Layout of the Trapeang Tros Irrigation System ...... 22 Figure 9: Typical Cross Section of Kbal Teuk Irrigation Scheme...... 28 Figure 10: Typical Cross Section of Tuol Pring Irrigation Scheme ...... 31 Figure 11: Typical Cross Section of Trapeang Tros Irrigation Scheme ...... 33 Figure 12: Average Monthly Rainfall & Evapotranspiration Rates of Tboung Khmum Province ..... 36 Figure 13: Geological Map of Cambodia ...... 37 Figure 14: Shallow-depth earthquakes in Southeast Asia ...... 38 Figure 15: Cambodia Natural Protected areas ...... 42 Figure 16: Cultural Site ...... 44 Figure 17: Procedure of the Grievance Redress for Irrigation ...... 57
iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A. Background
1. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) in coordination with the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) and the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD) will implement an Asian Development Bank (ADB) funded “Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains (CFAVC)” sector project aimed at improving the competitiveness of agricultural value chains in Kampong Cham, Tboung Khmum, Kampot and Takeo provinces. The project will focus on enhancing the climate resilience of critical agriculture infrastructure and facilitating commercialization of rice, maize, cassava, and mango production.
2. The project aims to increase crop productivity and diversification; improve the capacity for storage, processing, and quality and safety testing; and promote the use of solar and bioenergy. It also plans to strengthen technical and institutional capacity for climate smart agriculture and create an enabling policy environment for climate-friendly agribusinesses. The above interventions will make a significant contribution to promoting long-term environmental sustainability and enhance profitability for farmers and agribusinesses. The project interventions are expected to address key constraints in the Cambodian agriculture sector and make a significant contribution to improve agricultural productivity, climate resilience, quality and safety, value addition and rural household incomes. The expected outcome of the project should result in development of productive and resource efficient agribusiness value chains in the project areas.
3. The project is financed by the ADB, Green Climate Fund and directly by the Kingdom of Cambodia and beneficiary farmers from the CFAVC area. It responds to the government’s strategy to support implementation of the national Agriculture Sector Strategic Development Plan, 2014−2018 and the Industrial Development Policy, 2015−2025 aimed at improving the competitiveness of agricultural value chains in in Kampong Cham and Tboung Khmum province along the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) southern economic corridor, and Kampot and Takeo provinces along the south coastal economic corridor of Cambodia. Expected project impacts are enhanced productivity, climate resilience, quality and safety, value addition and rural household incomes.
B. Project Output
4. The CFAVC project has three key outputs:
i. Output 1: Critical agribusiness value chain infrastructure improved and made climate resilient. This output bridges gaps in infrastructure to enhance the competitiveness of the value chains of rice, maize, cassava, and mango in target provinces. It involves rehabilitation and modernization of rural infrastructure to increase production and resource efficiency, reduce postharvest losses, and enhance quality and value chain links while reducing green-house gas emissions and increasing climate resilience. ii. Output 2: Climate-smart agriculture and agribusiness promoted. The project will support the Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute to produce, multiply, and distribute climate-resilient varieties of rice and maize and to improve weaning and acclimatization of mango and cassava. iii. Output 3: Enabling environment for climate-friendly agribusiness enhanced. The project will support MAFF and the Ministry of Commerce in creating a favorable policy environment for agribusiness to mobilize the private sector participation through public-private partnerships and contract farming. The project will provide support for farm product certification, quality, and resilience standards, including Cambodia’s good agricultural practice and organic fertilizer standards. The project will support cooperatives in becoming sustainable agribusiness ventures by linking up with the
v private sector and by establishing crop-centric public-private partnerships forums. The project will raise financial institutions’ awareness on green finance and the integration of environmental and climate risk screening criteria into credit application and reporting procedures. Using information and communications technology (ICT), the project will provide weather, market, and agronomic information to create an environment for more effective climate risk management. 5. Under Output 1, a long list of candidate subprojects was developed during the course of the Project Preparation Technical Assistance (PPTA), and a range of selection criteria developed to identify preferred ones before finalizing. The project is expected to be implemented over six years and will work in four provinces supporting 50 cooperatives out of a possible 158 or just under 30%.
6. The specifications of the proposed irrigation subproject, which is three among other CFAVCP subprojects, that is subject to this IEE, comprise rehabilitating and modernizing critical infrastructure of small scale irrigation systems in order to increase production, reduce post- harvest losses, monitor and enhance quality and value chain linkages.
7. The CFAVCP’s irrigation subprojects will extend and increase the irrigated area by up to 687 ha (three irrigation subprojects), and raise the livelihood opportunities for an estimated 19051 households from three communes including Preah Theat, Chy Kor and Thma Pich commune in which the irrigation schemes for this subproject are located.
C. Initial Environmental Examination Report
8. Based on the ADB’s Rapid Environment Assessment Checklist, the project is classified as Category B, requiring the preparation of this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report. The objectives of this IEE are to:
(i) Describe the existing natural and socioeconomic resources in and surrounding the project area; (ii) Identify and assess potential significant impacts based on existing environmental conditions including during project pre-construction, construction, and operation and maintenance (O&M) stages; (iii) Identify and recommend mitigation measures to minimize any potential impacts caused by project activities; (iv) Undertake public consultation to present subproject environmental issues to project stakeholders and local people of the subproject’s areas and to collect community concerns; and (v) Develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) (Appendix 1) and an environmental monitoring plan with cost estimates during construction and operation stages to guide subproject implementation. 9. This IEE focuses directly on Output 1 on irrigation and water catchment modernization and rehabilitation which are specifically supporting improvements to rice production and reduction of impacts of climate change to rice and community.
10. The IEE was prepared following the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) (2009), the 2003 ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines, the ADB Environmental Guidelines for Selected Irrigation and Drainage Development Projects and relevant environmental policies and guidelines of the Government of Cambodia.
11. The CFAVCP is classified under ADB SPS 2009 as Environment Category B. Such projects are judged to have some adverse environmental impacts, most of which is occurring during construction phase, but of lesser degree and/or significance than those for category A projects. An
1 Feasibility Study Report of Irrigation Package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TBM-CW13.1 in Tboung Khmum province, 2020. vi IEE is required to determine whether or not significant environmental impacts warranting an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) are likely. If the IEE concludes that an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environmental assessment report.
12. Since the subprojects involve the refurbishment of existing irrigation schemes,and the command area expansion is below 5,000 ha, they do not require EIA under Government Sub-Decree No. 72 ANRK.BK and under Declaration (Prakas) No. 021 on EIA Classification for Development project dated 03 February 2020. Therefore, the MOWRAM, as the project’s management unit (PMU), will only submit the IEE to ADB for approval.
13. The subproject which is the subject of this IEE has been chosen using a set of selection criteria. Although these criteria did not include specific environmental impact issues, when applied, the criteria had the effect of selecting relatively straightforward schemes which do not pose significant environmental impacts. These were:
(i) Subproject should not cause involuntary resettlement and should require the least amount of land acquisition possible. Subproject should not be ADB Category A and should be a maximum of Category B for Involuntary Resettlement and Environment, and Category C for Indigenous Peoples. (ii) Irrigation system has low irrigation efficiency and water productivity, and would have scope for substantial enhancement of both irrigation efficiency and water productivity; (iii) Subproject should involve only rehabilitation of existing system or related schemes and should not involve construction of new systems; (iv) Subproject should involve rehabilitation of both primary and secondary canals to ensure that water reaches the beneficiary farms; (v) Subproject should not cover by other ongoing or proposed projects financed by ADB or any other Development partner; (vi) Should be consistent with MOWRAM’s priorities for rehabilitation of the irrigation and decentralization; (vii)Should achieve the economic threshold limit of 12% for the economic internal rate of return; and (viii) Must have at least 40% female beneficiaries.
D. Assessment Finding
14. During pre-construction: The issues related to project location encompass the rehabilitation of the existing structures which include design for maintaining downstream flow, avoiding obstruction of domesticated animals and access for people living around the canal system. Based on a field visit, some of existing irrigation infrastructures will were not selected for rehabilitated due to potential environmental impacts.
15. During construction: The major issue during construction concerns EMP compliance, including off-farm and on farm water management initiatives, ensuring site cleanliness, management of spoil from dam and reservoir rehabilitation, and protection of existing water quality and vegetation. Additionally, occupational and community Health and safety needs to be assured, and measures to avoid COVID-19 transmission are required, therefore, the guidelines on prevention COVID-19 from the Ministry of Health and WHO should be followed.
16. Post – Construction: The main concern is the maintenance of the subproject, which requires a systematic approach to maintenance and management. This needs to be facilitated through effective ownership by water user groups and farmer water user communities (FWUCs) operating at off-farm level. In addition, as the level of fertilizer and pesticide residues is expected to increase, there is the potential to harm water quality, public health and the ecological integrity of the system.
vii E. Mitigation Measures
17. During the pre-construction phase, the anticipated impacts will be mitigated through good design and also by the rigorous application of social safeguards in the form of resettlement plans, which strictly follow ADB and Government of Cambodia policies. 18. Mitigation of construction phase impacts relies heavily on responsibility of works contractors to follow specified measures intended to minimize noise nuisance, road accidents, pollution of air and water and soil erosion, illegal solid waste disposal and wastewater discharge, conflict between upstream and downstream water users, and worker safety and sanitation. The project’s Provincial environmental safeguards focal points and construction supervision consultants are key to monitoring and ensuring contractor performance. 19. Post construction impact mitigation includes training/education for FWUCs on how to share the water, and avoid conflicts around water use. Impacts related to fertilizer use will be mitigated through improving local capacity, including building and training on using fertilizer and pesticides effectively. In addition, water distribution and water delivery schedules will be prepared and agreements made with regarding the amount of water that can be used.
F. Environmental Management Plan
20. This IEE includes an EMP where identified environmental impacts and mitigation measures are transformed into an implementation action plan. The plan includes methods of mitigation, responsibilities, indicators of progress, and frequency and nature of monitoring activities with cost estimates. The updated of IEE and EMP will be updated to reflect the detailed engineering design (DED). 21. The provisions of the updated EMP will be incorporated into tender documents and construction contracts.
viii I. INTRODUCTION
22. The Climate-Friendly Agribusiness Value Chains (CFAVC) sector project will support the implementation of the government’s Agriculture Sector Strategic Development Plan, 2014−2018 and the Industrial Development Policy, 2015−2025 aimed at improving the competitiveness of agricultural value chains in Kampong Cham and Tboung Khmum provinces along the Greater Mekong Sub- region (GMS) southern economic corridor, and Kampot and Takeo provinces along the south-coastal economic corridor. The project will boost the climate resilience of critical agricultural infrastructure and help commercialize rice, maize, cassava, and mango production. It will help increase crop productivity and diversification; improve the capacity for storage, processing, and quality and safety testing; and promote the use of solar and bioenergy. It will strengthen the technical and institutional capacity for Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and create an enabling policy environment for climate- friendly agribusinesses. This will in turn promote long term environmental sustainability and enhance the profitability for farmers and agribusinesses.
A. Irrigation Subprojects Location
23. These three irrigation subprojects are located in Tboung Khmum Province, where two irrigation subprojects such as Tuol Pring and Trapeang Tros are situated in Tboung Khmum District and Kbal Teuk is located in Ou Raing Ov District. Figure 1 and detail as below:
24. Kbal Teuk Irrigation Scheme. This subproject is located in Preah Theat Commune, Ou Reang Ov District, Tboung Khmum province, about 130 km from Phnom Penh. Kbal Teuk reservoir was built in 1963.
25. Tuol Pring Irrigation Scheme. This subproject is located in Chhy Kor Commune, Tboung Khmum District, Tboung Khmum province, about 128 km from Phnom Penh. Tuol Pring reservoir was built in 1974 during the Khmer Rough time.
26. Trapeang Tros Irrigation Scheme. This subproject is located in Thmar Pich Commune, Tboung Khmum District, Tboung Province, about 146 km from Phnom Penh.
B. Background of Three Irrigation Subprojects
27. For over 20 years, these three schemes have not functioned effectively in provision of irrigation water to their command areas. After rehabilitation, the reservoirs will supply water to the irrigation system both in the dry period and rainy season. It gives the farmers the ability to produce a third cash crop, as well as supply water to the community for domestic use and for livestock.
28. The reservoirs are silted up and have inadequate depth to store water; in recent years the reservoirs dry out completely in the dry season. The reservoir catchments are incapable of providing sufficient irrigation water to the proposed command areas of the irrigation subprojects. Existing canals and structures are in poor condition and cannot control flow or capture water sufficient water to be of major use for dry season irrigation. There are also no drainage or flood control systems to address potential wet season flooding.
1 II. LEGAL AND ADDMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
29. Environmental Criteria and Standards: This IEE has been prepared for Package No. CFAVC- MOWRAM-TBM-CW13.1 which comprises three subprojects in Tboung Khmum Province. It has been written to satisfy both ADB and relevant Cambodian environmental guidelines and regulations.
A. ADB Environmental Requirements
30. Safeguard Policy Statement 2009: On the basis of subproject screening at the feasibility stage, using a Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist, the subproject has been determined to be environment category B for which potential adverse environmental impacts can be readily mitigated. This consolidated IEE has been prepared under the provisions of ADB SPS (2009) which sets out a number of requirements including: (i) project level grievance redress mechanism; (ii) physical cultural resources damage prevention analysis; (iii) climate change mitigation and adaptation; (iv) occupational and community health and safety requirements, including emergency preparedness and response; (v) economic displacement that is not part of land acquisition; (vii) meaningful consultation and participation, and information disclosure; and (viii) an EMP which comprises implementation schedule and measurable performance indicators.
31. Relevant ADB environmental policies and guidelines used in the preparation of this IEE are: i. SPS (2009), ii. Operation Manual Bank Policies on SPS (2009), iii. Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist (2016), iv. Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003), and v. Environmental Guideline for Selected Irrigation and Drainage Development Project. 32. Screening and Categorization: At an early stage of the project, the environmental assessment process screens and categorizes proposed projects based on the significance of potential project impacts and risks. Screening and categorization are undertaken to (i) reflect the significance of potential impacts or risks that a project may present; (ii) identify the level of assessment and institutional resources required to implement safeguard measures; and (iii) determine disclosure requirements. A project’s safeguard category is determined by the category of its most sensitive component. This type of assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental and social impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project; the sensitivity, scale, nature, and magnitude of its potential impacts; and the availability of effective mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental and social impacts, and are assigned to one of the following four categories:
i. Category A. Projects could have significant adverse impacts, requiring preparation of an EIA. ii. Category B. Projects could have some adverse impacts, but of lesser degree or significance than those in category A. For these type of projects and IEE report is prepared. iii. Category C. Projects are unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are reviewed. iv. Category FI. Projects involve a credit line through a financial intermediary or an equity investment in a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply an environmental management system, unless all projects will result in insignificant impacts.
33. The REA checklist for this subproject was completed and verified by a site visit. The main purpose of the site visits was:
2 i. Assessment of the existing location and the surrounding environment and identify any sensitive areas, archaeological sites and historical sites located in or near the project location; ii. Identify potential environmental and socioeconomic impacts on the proposed construction of irrigation; iii. Consultation with the officials and staff of Provincial Department of Agriculture, Provincial Department of Environment, Provincial Department of Water Resource and Meteorology, Provincial Department of Rural Development and local authorities (village chief and commune council) about the project; iv. Consultation with communities affected by the subproject, including those immediate beneficiaries to determine their levels of involvement and to discuss relevant environmental issues with them; and v. Conduct social perception survey through key informant interviews with stakeholders.
B. Public Disclosure
34. ADB will post the below safeguard document on its website:
(i) Final or updated IEE and EMP upon approval, and (ii) Environmental monitoring reports submitted for the project
35. Additionally, the project will disclose relevant information in accessible manner in local communities
C. Cambodian Environmental Laws and Guidelines
36. The Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management was enacted by the National Assembly on 24 December 1996 and launched by the Preah Reach Kram/NS- RKM- 1296/36. This law has the following objectives:
(i) Protect and promote environment quality and public health through prevention, reduction and control of pollution; (ii) Assess the environmental impacts of all proposed projects prior to the issuance of a decision by the government; (iii) Ensure the rational and sustainable conservation, development, management and use of the natural resources of Cambodia; (iv) Encourage and provide possibilities for the public to participate in the protection of environment and the management of the natural resources; and (v) Suppress any acts that cause harm to the environment. 37. Under this law the developers or project owners need to prepare an initial environmental impact assessment (IEIA) or a full EIA report for their proposed or existing development projects.
38. Environmental Impact Assessment Process Sub-decree: The Sub-Decree No. 72 ANRK.BK in the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment Process dated 11 August 1999 sets out EIA procedures. The main objectives of this sub-decree are:
(i) Identify the required level of assessment for every private and public project or activity, through review by the Ministry of Environment (MoE), prior to the submission for a decision from the government; (ii) Determine the type and size of the proposed project(s) and activities, including existing and ongoing activities in both private and public sector prior to undertaking the process of EIA; and
3 (iii) Encourage public participation in the implementation of the EIA process and take into account their input and suggestions for reconsideration prior to the implementation of any project. 39. The Prakas on EIA classification for development project No. 021 PRK.BST. dated 3 February 2020, includes an annex with a schedule of developments which require an EIA. An excerpt for relevant industries is provided in Table 1.
Table 1: List of Projects Requiring an IEIA or EIA Environmental Impact Assessment Classification based on the scales of development projects No. Type of the Projects Contract on EIA IEIA Environment Protection Agricultural Sector 1 Wetland and coastal areas All sizes
2 Dense forest business ≥ 500 ha < 500 ha
3 Forest land ≥ 500 ha < 500 ha
4 Agro-industrial farmland ≥ 500 ha < 500 ha
5 Concession forest ≥ 500 ha < 500 ha Commercial fishing ports, 6 All sizes except community fishing ports 7 Poultry farms ≥ 50.000 heads 5.000 - < 50.000 heads
8 Livestock farms ≥ 500 heads 100 - < 500 heads Crocodile, tortoise and turtle 9 100 - < 500 heads farms ≥ 500 heads Agriculture farms (fish, crabs, 10 ≥ 10 ha 5 - < 10 ha shrimps, lobsters, ….etc) 11 Seaweed aquaculture ≥ 20 ha 5 - < 20 ha Agro-industrial rehabilitation 12 < 500 ha and development ≥ 500 ha 13 Slaughterhouse ≥100 heads/day 10 - < 100 heads/day Agricultural fertilizer and 14 pesticide warehouse ≥ 10.000 tons/year Water Resource Sector 1 Irrigation systems ≥ 5.000 ha 1.000 - < 50.000 ha
Water Diversion system ≥ 5.000 ha 1.000 - < 50.000 ha Source: Prakas No. 021 on EIA classification for development project, February 2020
40. Since the subprojects involve the refurbishment of existing irrigation schemes for a command area of 687ha, lower than the threshold of 5,000 ha and 1000 ha, it does not require an EIA under Cambodian law.
D. Environmental Standards: Management Solutions for Environmental Protection
41. The Law on the Management of Pesticides and Fertilizers was enacted on 14 January 2012. This law has the following objectives:
4 (i) Support a policy promoting the effectiveness potentiality of agriculture sector, for the development of social and national economy; (ii) Ensure the safe and effective control of pesticides and fertilizers, whether in consistent with the international standards; (iii) Enhance public awareness on the implementation of standard requirements of pesticides and fertilizers for all relevant activities related to these products; and (iv) Reduce risks caused by the use of pesticides and fertilizers, for beneficiary of farmers and people in the nationwide, by ensuring food security, food safety, public health, and the sustainability of environment. 42. The scope of the law shall apply to the management and the implementation of standard requirements for:
(i) All type of pesticides and fertilizers, raw materials or active ingredients and other compositions of pesticides and fertilizers which are used as inputs in agricultural production; and (ii) All activities of natural persons or legal entities who are traders, formulators, pests control services operators, advertisers, donors, and users of all types of pesticides and fertilizers. 43. The EMP will detail that extension inputs with farmers concerned with pesticide and fertilizer use will specifically conform to the Law on the Management of Pesticides and Fertilizers.
44. The Law on Water Resources Management was adopted by the National Assembly on 22 May 2007. This law provides procedures for the management of water resources within Cambodia. The purpose of the law is to foster the effective management of the water resources of Cambodia to attain socioeconomic development and the welfare of communities. The law shall determine:
(i) Rights and obligations of water users; (ii) Fundamental principles of water resource management; (iii) Institutions in charge of its implementation and enforcement; and (iv) Participation of users and their associations in the sustainable development of water resources. 45. Under this law, Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology may declare any basin, sub- basin or aquifer as Water Law Implementation Area when within that basin, sub-bas ground water or aquifer there are likely to be conflicts among water users, problems of water pollution or watershed degradation. During the project implementation, at meetings held with the Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology (PDWRAM), no issues regarding conflict over water users associated with neither the subproject nor the catchment were identified. The EMP details the need for the subproject to confer again with Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology and the PDRAM regarding the status of the catchment and basin project at commencement of project implementation.
46. Water Pollution Control Sub-decree: The Sub-Decree No. 27 ANRK.BK on Water Pollution Control is dated 6 April 1999. The purpose of this sub-decree is to regulate water pollution control in order to prevent and reduce the water pollution of public water so that the protection of human health and the conservation of biodiversity can be ensured.
47. This sub-decree applies to all sources of pollution and all activities causing pollution of public water areas. The sub-decree also provides the pollution types, effluent standards, and water quality standards in different areas. Water quality standards are stipulated in this sub- decree for public water (Table 2). The sub-decree aims to minimize and phase out the various activities which cause pollution in public water areas in order to sustain good water quality that is suitable for human usage by improving wastewater management. Another key point of the sub-decree is to mention the responsibilities and obligation of owner of pollution sources in water environment management. The sub-decree applies to this subproject.
5 Table 2: Public Water Quality Standard for Biodiversity Conservation
No. Parameter Unit Standard Value A. River 1 pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 2 BOD5 mg/l 1 – 10 3 Suspended Solid mg/l 25 – 100 4 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5 5 Coli-form MPN/100ml < 5000 B. Lakes and Reservoirs 1 pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 2 COD mg/l 1 – 8 3 Suspended Solid mg/l 1 – 15 4 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5 5 Coliform MPN/100ml < 1000 6 Total Nitrogen mg/l 0.1 – 0.6 7 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.005 – 0.05 C. Coastal water 1 pH mg/l 7.0 – 8.3 2 COD mg/l 2 – 8 4 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2 – 7.5 5 Coliform MPN/100ml < 1000 5 Oil content mg/l 0 6 Total Nitrogen mg/l 0.2 – 1.0 7 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.02 – 0.09 l = liter; mg = milligram; ml = milliliter Source: Government of Cambodia. 1999. Annex 4 of Sub-decree on Water Pollution Control.
48. Drinking Water Quality Standards: For well water used for domestic purposes, including drinking, the Ministry of Industry Mines and Energy Drinking Water Quality Standards of January 2004 is the evaluation standard. These are summarized in Table 3 and compared to WHO standards.
Table 3: Drinking Water Standards
Parameter Unit Standard Value WHO Drinking Water Quality Standards pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 - Turbidity NTU 5 - Arsenic mg/l 0.05 0,01 Iron 0.03 - Total Dissolved Solid mg/l 800 - Chlorine mg/l 0.2-0.5 5 Copper mg/l 1 2 Sulphate mg/l 250 500 Nitrite mg/l 3 - Nitrate mg/l 50 50 Lead mg/l 0.01 0.01 Mercury mg/l 0.001 0.001 Coliform CFU/100ml 0 - Source: Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Industry Mines and Energy
6 49. Solid Waste Management Sub-decree: The Sub-Decree No. 36 ANRK.BK on Solid Waste Management is dated 27 April 1999. The purpose of this sub-decree is to regulate solid waste management in order to ensure the protection of human health and the conservation of bio-diversity.
50. This sub-decree applies to all activities related to disposal, storage, collection, transport, recycling, dumping of garbage and hazardous waste and will be applied to the extraction and management of spoil during construction.
51. Air Pollution Control Sub-decree: The Sub-Decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance is dated 10 July 2000. Its purpose is to protect the quality of environment and public health from air pollutants and noise pollution (Tables 4 and 5). This sub- decree applies to all movable sources and immovable sources of air and noise pollution.
Table 4: Ambient Air Quality Standards Period 1h Period 8h Period 24h Period 1year WHO Parameters Average Average Average Average Guideline mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 mg/m3 µg/m3 Carbon monoxide (CO) 40 20 - - - Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 0.3 - 0.1 - 200 (1-hour) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 0.5 - 0.3 0.1 20 (24-hours) Ozone (O3) 0.2 - - - 100 (8-hour) Lead (Pb) - - 0.005 - Total Suspended - - 0.33 0.1 - Particulate h = hours, m3 = cubic meters, mg = milligram Source: Government of Cambodia. 2000. Annex 1 of Sub-Decree on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance. Note: This standard applied to evaluation of ambient air quality and to monitoring of air pollution status.
Table 5: Maximum Permitted Noise Level in Public and Residential Area (dBA) Period IFC-EHS Guidelines Locations 06:00 to 18:00 to 22:00 to Day Night 18:00 22:00 06:00 7.00-22.00 22.00-7.00 Silence Area 40 40 35 55 50 (i) Hospital (ii) Library (iii) School (iv) Nursery Resident Area 60 50 45 55 45 ● Hotel ● Administration Place ● House Commercial, Services 70 65 50 70 70 Areas and mix Small industrial factories 75 70 50 70 70 intermingling in residential areas Source: Government of Cambodia. 2000. Annex 1 of Sub-decree on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance.
52. Silt/Sediment Quality. For the reuse and disposal of silt from canal cleaning or dredging, there is no government standard. Standards applying to paddy field environments from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Japan will therefore be referenced. These will include PRC: GB4284- 84 Control standards for pollutants in sludge for agricultural use, PRC: GB/T23486-2009 Sludge quality for afforestation in gardens or forests, and Japan’s Environmental Quality Standards for soil pollution, August 1991.
7 53. The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Program in Cambodia was established in 1993 after conducting national workshop on environment and IPM. The overall goal of National IPM Program is to promote food security in Cambodia by enhancing the sustainability of intensified crop production system through the promotion of integrated crop management skills at farm level. The objectives of this program are:
(i) To reduce dependence on agricultural chemical, especially pesticides, in agricultural production and to minimize hazards to the human health, animals and environment; (ii) To develop the capacity of farmers and agricultural technical officers in conducting training and experiments so that they are able to identify problems occurring in agricultural production and find appropriate solution to deal with the problem by themselves; and (iii) To educate farmers on agricultural technology by enhancing their knowledge on field ecology and by developing skills among farmers in monitoring and analyzing field situations that enable them to manage crops properly. 54. At the national level the position of the IPM program was strengthened by a Prakas (Ministerial Declaration) in July 2002, recognizing the National IPM Program as coordinating body for all IPM related activities in Cambodia. The Prakas also established a steering committee and a deputy director to act as the national coordinator.
55. The EMP specifically states the need for any agricultural extension activities which promote or foster pest management programs to highlight the key messages and communicate the need for users to follow recommended application rates in the IPM program and use with care and caution.
E. Environmental, Health and Safety Guideline
56. ADB SPS applies pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practices as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines. In accordance with the specific SPS requirement pertaining to the project monitoring, the CFAVC sector project will apply the more stringent of national and international environmental quality standards or guidelines in monitoring subproject air emissions and liquid discharges.
57. Additionally, the national MoH’s guideline on Covid-19 prevention and National Guideline for Infection prevention and control for healthcare facilities of Cambodia will be applied due to current situation of the COVID-19 outbreak.
58. Occupational and community health and safety, as laid out in the EHS guidelines, will be a cross-cutting assessment for the subprojects.
8 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECT
A. Subproject Location
59. Package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TBM-CW13.1 comprises three irrigation schemes in Tboung Khmum province:
i. Kbal Teuk Irrigation Scheme. This subproject is located in Preah Theat Commune, Ou Reang Ov District, Tboung Khmum Province, about 130km from Phnom Penh. Kbal Teuk reservoir was built in 1963. See Figure 2 below.
ii. Tuol Pring Irrigation Scheme. This subproject is located ChY Kor commune, Tboung Khmum District, Tboung Khmum province, about 128 km from Phnom Penh. Tuol Pring reservoir was built in 1974 during the Pol Pot regime. See Figure 3 below.
iii. Trapeang Tros Irrigation Scheme. This is located Thmar Pichr commune, Tboung Khmum District, Tboung Khmum province, about 146 km from Phnom Penh. According to local people, they repaired and maintained the system already 3-4 times since 1976. See Figure 4 below.
B. The Existing Three Irrigation Schemes Situation 60. The three existing irrigation schemes are as follows:
a). Kbal Teuk Irrigation Scheme 61. Kbal Teuk irrigation scheme is located 130 km from Phnom Penh. Kbal Teuk reservoir was built in 1963. The Kbal Teuk reservoir 01 has area of around 4 ha. This reservoir is part of Kbal Teuk irrigation scheme. Kbal Teuk reservoir 02 has spring source, and further in the north of Kbal Teuk reservoir 01, there is a pump station with small reservoir to command about 5,000 ha rubber plant. This pump station was built during French colonial times, and excess water from pump station is discharged to Kbal Teuk reservoir 01. Kbal Teuk reservoir serves 71 ha with its two secondary canals. Apart from Kbal Teuk reservoir, there are two other catchments (No.2 and 3), which can serve the Kbal Teuk irrigation scheme. If the project supports in rehabilitation of other adjacent two catchments, two reservoirs, two secondary canals and tertiary canals, the total command area of Kbal Teuk will be up to 250 ha. The Kbal Teuk irrigation scheme layout map with potential enlargement of command area is shown in Figure 4 and Photo 1 - 4. The existing reservoir and possible improvements of catchments and irrigation system are described in Table 6.
62. Ou Sgnout reservoir was constructed during Pol Pot regime. Recently, reservoir area is consisting of 13 ha and it is always dry up in dry season. The reservoir is around 3 km to the West of Kbal Teuk. The Ou Sgnout reservoir collect the run-off water from Kbal Teuk and other catchment before it run into the Boeung Kapik downstream. Ou Sgnout is located downstream of Kbal Teuk reservoir. The CFAVC project had not included this reservoir into the subproject for rehabilitation, but there will be constructed secondary canal No. 4 (SC4) for irrigation to the Ou Sgnout command area.
63. A FWUG is the governing board, normally comprising chairman, deputy chairman, secretary and treasurer. A FWUG is charged with undertaking or ensuring the activities of operation and maintenance and is also involved in collecting irrigation service fee.
9 Figure 1: The Location of Irrigation Subproject in Tboung Khmum Province
Trapeang Tros Irrigation Subproject 350 ha
Kbal Teuk Irrigation Tuol Pring Irrigation Subproject 250 ha Subproject 100 ha
Ou Sngout
Source: CS5, 2020
10 Figure 2: Location of Kbal Teuk Irrigation Scheme
Source: CS5, 2020
11
Photo 1: Current situation of the Kbal Teuk Photo 2: Situation of flood control structures on Reservoir the Kbal Teuk Reservoir no.1 Embankment.
Photo 3: Current situation of the Spillway no.2 Photo 4: Current situation of the Kbal Teuk
12 Figure 3: Location of Tuol Pring Irrigation Scheme
Source: CS5, 2020
13 Figure 4: Location of Trapeang Tros Irrigation Scheme
Source: CS5, 2020
14 Table 6: Existing Reservoirs and Potential Enlarged Kbal Teuk Irrigation System Length, Command Sr.No. Description Remarks m Area, ha Construct 1 new Improve/ Increase Top Embankment Dam. De-silt of A spillway reservoir. Proposed Spillway Improve/ Increase Top Embankment 1 Embankment Dam 106 Dam. Proposed Spillway Earthen canal in existing. Propose 2 Secondary Canal SC1 1000 26 Concrete Lined Canal Earthen canal in existing. Propose 3 Secondary Canal SC2 492 45 Concrete Lined Canal Spillway and drain to 4 1000 Earthen drain in existing Samaky reservoir At the sub-reservoir downstream will need a spillway for controlled B Spillway 2 flood with increase water level to convert to the canal as below (considered as Catchment No. 2) Earthen canal in existing. Propose 5 Secondary Canal SC3 1070 Concrete Lined Canal can irrigate 103 ha 6 Irrigate direct from SC3 16 Earthen canal in existing Earthen canal in existing. Improve 7 Tertiary Canal TC3-1 450 36 Earthen Canal Earthen canal in existing. Propose 8 Tertiary Canal TC3-2 300 51 Concrete Lined Canal Construct a New Water Sameky reservoir (6ha) that gathering runoff from C Gate Catchment No.3 and can convey water to irrigate 76 ha Earthen canal in existing. Improve 9 Secondary Canal SC4 800 39 Earthen Canal Tertiary Canal TC4-1 to Earthen canal in existing. Propose 10 feed Tonle Sngout 600 37 Concrete Lined Canal reservoir (12 ha) Total Command area 250
15 Figure 5: Current Layout Map of Kbal Teuk Irrigation System
Source: CS5, 2020 16
Kbal Teuk Cropping Pattern: Kbal Teuk has two rice crops per year such as dry and wet rice season. The dry season rice cultivates from late of April and harvest at the end of July. The wet season rice crop cultivates at second week of August and harvest at the middle of November for short duration variety (see Table 7 below).
Table 7: Kbal Teuk Cropping Pattern
b). Tuol Pring Irrigation Scheme 64. Tuol Pring irrigation scheme is located 128 km from Phnom Penh. Tuol Pring reservoir was built in 1974 during the Khmer Rough time. The Tuol Pring reservoir has area of around 5.5ha. According to local people, Tuol Pring reservoir was spring fed and it used to provide enough water for irrigation but now due to tree plantation in the western and southern part of reservoir, siltation of the reservoir, and a diminished spring source, the water is not adequate. The existing canal is silted, narrowed with vegetation, and no proper structures to control and divert the flow. The canal irrigates about 50% of the command area i.e. about 51ha. The Tuol Pring irrigation scheme layout map along with potential improvement works is shown in Figure 6 and photo 5 to 6. The existing reservoir and possible improvements to irrigation system is described in Table 8.
Table 8: Existing Reservoirs and Potential Improved Tuol Pring Irrigation System Length Command Sr.No. Description Remarks , (m) Area (ha)
1 Tuol Pring Reservoir (5.5 ha) 100 Total command area 100ha Improve/ reshaping Embankment 1.1 Reservoir Embankment Dam 700 and increase embankment crest 1.2 New Spillway For flood controlled Earthen canal in existing. Propose 1.3 Secondary Canal SC1 900 77.9 Concrete Lined Canal No proper structure but existing 1.3.1 Tertiary Canal TC1-L 15.2 earthen canal. Proposed Offtake structure No proper structure but existing 1.3.2 Tertiary Canal TC2-L 9.50 earthen canal. Proposed Offtake structure No canal but proposed Outlet 1.3.3 Tertiary Canal TC3-R 20.60 location for pump. Proposed Offtake structure No proper structure but existing 1.3.4 Tertiary Canal TC4-L 13.90 earthen canal. Proposed Offtake structure 1.3.5 Tertiary Canal TC5 13.30 Irrigate from proposed Tail structure
17 3 Direct Outlet 1 from Tuol Proposed structure, existing 1.2 27.67 Pring Reservoir earthen canal
Total Command area 100.57
18 Figure 6: Current Layout Map of Tuol Pring Irrigation System
Source: CS5, 2020
19 Tuol Pring Cropping Pattern: There are two rice crops per year for Tuol Pring irrigation subproject such as early wet season rice and wet season rice. The early wet season rice is cultivated short duration variety within 95 days which start from early of June and harvest at the end of August. The wet season rice crop cultivate long duration variety will take 6 months which start from early August and harvest at the end of December (see Table 9 below).
Table 9: Existing Cropping Pattern of Tuol Prinng
Photo 5: Current situation of the Tuol Pring Photo 6: Current situation of the Tuol Pring Reservoir Secondary canal alignment.
c). Trapeang Tros Irrigation Scheme 65. Trapeang Tros irrigation scheme is located 146 km from Phnom Penh Trapeang Tros irrigation scheme has two reservoirs: reservoir-1 is big and reservoir-2 is small. Both reservoirs and their canal systems were built in 1976 during the Khmer Rough time. The Trapeang Tros reservoir- 1 has area of around 130ha with the total length of its embankment about 1.8km. There are a number of trees along and side of the embankment. According to local people, they repaired and maintained the system 3-4 times since 1976. During a field visit, both reservoirs were found partly functioning, storing some water for cultivation. There were no main canals, but some existing secondary canals (SC) exist. These SCs will need to be rehabilitation in order to get become fully functioning. Trapeang Tros reservoirs receive water from three different catchments located in the southeast. Catchment-1 and Catchment-2 feed the reservoir-1; sub-catchment-3 and secondary canal SC-7 from reservoir-1 will feed the reservoir-2. During August and September, Trapeang Tros reservoir is flooded by the Mekong River located about 8km northwest of the reservoirs. Every year, the Mekong River floods up to 0.5m over the crest of existing reservoir embankment. It was reported that, in 2019, the embankment flooded around 1.8m above the crest. Currently, only one rice crop is grown in the command area with some supplementary irrigation from the reservoir. In the flood season, August and September, the rice fields are full of deep water making cultivation impossible. Some people are able to grow early wet season rice crop in some spots of the command area. The topographical of the command area is a slope from southeast to northwest direction. The Trapeang Tros irrigation scheme layout map with possible improvement works is shown in Figure 7 and photo 7 to 10. The existing reservoir and potential improvement of irrigation system is described in Table 10. 20 Table 10: Existing Reservoirs and Possible Improvement of Trapeang Tros Irrigation System Length, Command Sr.No. Description Remarks m Area, ha Construct comb-earth and 1 1000 25.0 Divert water from Catchment 1 line Feeder Canal Improved Trapeang Tros Improved reshaping Embankment, 2 130 Reservoir#1 and increase top crest elevation Keep Existing canal that can irrigate to 3 Main Canal 1110 311.50 ha Earthen canal in existing 4 Secondary Canal SC1 670 32.6 Keep Existing canal 5 Secondary Canal SC2 1200 100.5 Propose Earthen Canal 6 Secondary Canal SC3 660 29.5 Propose Earthen Canal 7 Secondary Canal SC4 670 36.8 Propose Earthen Canal 8 Secondary Canal SC5 592 16.3 Propose Earthen Canal 9 Secondary Canal SC6 400 22.4 Propose Earthen Canal Propose Earthen Canal to feed sub 10 Secondary Canal SC7 544 48.4 reservoir Improve Embankment Dam to 11 Sub reservoir#2 gathering water from Catchment 3 can irrigate to 25.70 ha 12 Secondary Canal SC8 357 9.2 Keep Existing canal 13 Secondary Canal SC9 520 16.5 Keep Existing canal Total Command area 337.20
21 Figure 7Figure 8: Existing Layout of the Trapeang Tros Irrigation System
Source: CS5, 2020 22 66. Photos 1 to 10 below show the current situation of the Kbal Teuk, Tuol Pring and Trapeang Tros irrigation subprojects.
Photo 7: Current situation of the Trapeang Photo 8: Current situation of the Trapeang Tros Embankment Dam Tros Flood Control structure
Photo 9: Current situation of the Trapeang Photo 10: Current situation of the Trapeang Tros Feeder canal alignment Tros Secondary canal 4 alignment
Trapeang Tros Cropping Pattern: There are two rice crops per year such as early wet season rice and late wet season rice. The early season rice is cultivated from middle of April and harvest at the end of July. The late wet season rice crop is cultivated from early October and harvest in the middle of February which is look a little bit long, but famers cultivate short duration variety and follow the water as the higher elevation field cultivate first and then so on.
Table 11: Cropping Pattern of Trapeang Tros
23 C. Need for the Subproject 67. The Package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TBM-CW13.1 Irrigation subprojects in Tboung Khmum province is planned to enhance the off-farm climate resilient irrigation and water management infrastructures aiming to increase agricultural and rural economic productivity. The project area comprises the selected irrigation subprojects in Tboung Khmum province and they are: Kbal Teuk (250 ha), Tuol Pring (100ha) and Trapeang Tros (350ha). Rice is main crop in the project area of this Package. In dry season, it will complement the impact and outcome of Climate-friendly Agribusiness Value Chains Sector Project. It will rehabilitate and make climate resilient defunct irrigation schemes which have been maintenance for about last 20-30 years. Package No. CFAVC- MOWRAM-TBM-CW13.1 subprojects incorporate the impacts of the PAM including (i) enhancing agriculture productivity, (ii) promoting climate resilient (iii) supporting commercialization and connectivity (value chains and market linkages), (iv) supporting sustainable natural resource management, (v) environmental sustainability and climate change, (vi) gender development, and (vii) addressing institutional constraints. It addresses agriculture productivity constraints such as (i) low irrigation efficiency and water productivity, (ii) seasonal variations in water availability, (iii) inadequate operation and maintenance, and (iv) weak water resources management.
68. The Project will (i) rehabilitate, modernize and climate proof irrigation systems and improve their performance and management, (ii) enhance land and water productivity through watershed management and land improvement, and (iii) improve management of water resources through participatory irrigation and water resource management.
69. The justification for the investment will accrue from the establishment of FWUCs, training on improved on-farm water management and improved agricultural techniques and watershed protection and management, which will facilitate increased households’ income thereby in turn providing more sustainable livelihood options for the community.
70. The sub-project supports the goals of the Cambodia’s Agriculture Sector Strategic Development Plan2 and the Industrial Development Policy3 by enhancing competitiveness of agricultural value chains and improving rural household incomes and agricultural competitiveness by (i) providing improved critical production and post-harvest infrastructure, (ii) reducing energy costs by promoting bioenergy use and sustainable biomass management, and (iii) offering targeted agribusiness support services for selected value chains. It will achieve the CFAVC targeted outputs by improving climate resilience of critical agricultural production and post-harvest infrastructure, intensification, and commercialization of rice, maize, cassava and mango. The outputs of the subproject will help increase productivity and diversification, improve storage, processing, quality and safety testing capacity, and promote the use of solar and bio-energy. It will also create an enabling policy environment for agribusinesses and strengthen technical and institutional capacity for climate smart agriculture. This will, in turn, promote long-term environmental sustainability and enhance profitability for farmers and agribusiness enterprises.
71. The sub-project is not included in provincial development plans but provincial authorities have expressed their strong support, and the objective of the project to improve agricultural productivity and enhancing the competitiveness of agricultural value chains is in line with provincial and district objectives.
72. The Kbal Teuk subproject benefits 480 households of six villages (Ba Srei, Neak Ta Tvear, Thnal Kaeng, Trapeang Neang, Kbal Teuk and Tuol Sambour). The Tuol Pring subproject benefits 255 households of three villages (Sammaki, Khnach Krasang, and Stueng Penh). The Trapeang Tros subproject benefits 360 households of three villages (Thma Pich Pir, Thma Pich Bei and Perk).
D. Designed Hydraulic Structures 73. Table 12, 13 and 14 for Kbal Teuk, Tuol Pring and Trapeang Tros respectively shows the
2 Royal Government of Cambodia. 2015. Agriculture Sector Strategic Development Plan (2014-2018). Phnom Penh 3 Royal Government of Cambodia. 2015. Industrial Development Policy (2015-2025). Phnom Penh 24 updated list of hydraulic structures to be built. The structures were agreed up following a reconnaissance survey, review of the existing structures as requested by the water users, and as identified in a canal schematic/flow diagram.
Table 12: List of Hydraulic Structures to be built for Kbal Teuk
No. Item Set
Hydraulic Structure 1 Spillway (1 at main and 2 at sub reservoir) 2 3 Head Regulator 4 4 Water Gate 1 5 Divider 1 6 Check on SC 6 7 Check Drop 9 8 Offtake on SC to concrete TC 1 9 Tail on SC and TC 3 10 TAIL SC4 TC3-1 2 11 RC TC4-1 2 12 RC SC TC 2 13 PVC Pipe Outlet 37 14 FWUC's Building 1 14 FWUC's Building 1
Table 13: List of Hydraulic Structures to be built for Tuol Pring
No. Item Set Hydraulic Structure 1 Spillway 1 2 Offtake Structure 4 6 Drain Inlet 1 3 Outlet Structure 4 7 Check Structure 1 8 Tail/ Drop Structure 1 9 FWUC's Building 1
Table 14: List of Hydraulic Structures to be built for Trapeang Tros
No. Item Set Hydraulic Structure 1 Flood Control Structure 1 2 Diversion Structure 1 3 Head Regulator 9 4 Check on SC 1 5 Check on SC 2 6 Check Drop 5 7 Offtake on SC to field channel 36 8 TAIL SC4 TC3-2 3 9 RC TC4-1 2 10 FWUC's Building 1
E. The Proposed Three Irrigation Schemes Upgrade 74. The list of the proposed designed and updated irrigation network systems for the Package No. CFAVC- MOWRAM-TBM-CW13.1 are given below:
25
Table 15: List of Irrigation Network System in Package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TBM-CW13.1 (a). Kbal Teuk irrigation network systems Subproject
Sr.No. Description Length, m Remarks I. Reservoir Dam 1 Kbal Teuk Reservoir (4 ha) De-silt of reservoir Improve/ Increase Top 2 Embankment Dam 106 Embankment Dam II. Secondary Canal 1 Secondary Canal SC1 1000 Propose Concrete Lined Canal 2 Secondary Canal SC2 492 Propose Concrete Lined Canal 3 Secondary Canal SC3 1070 Propose Concrete Lined Canal 4 Secondary Canal SC4 800 Improve Earthen Canal III. Tertiary Canal 1 Tertiary Canal TC3-1 450 Improve Earthen Canal 2 Tertiary Canal TC3-2 300 Propose Concrete Lined Canal Tertiary Canal TC4-1 to feed 3 600 Propose Concrete Lined Canal Tonle Sngout reservoir (12 ha)
(b). Tuol Pring irrigation network systems Subproject
Sr.No. Description Length, m Remarks 1 Tuol Pring Reservoir (5.5 ha) De-silt of reservoir. Improve/ Increase Top Embankment 2 Reservoir Embankment Dam 700 Dam. 3 Secondary Canal SC1 900 Propose Concrete Lined Canal
(c). Trapeang Tros irrigation network systems Subproject:
Sr.No. Description Length, m Remarks I. Dam 1 Embankment Dam 01 1816 Improve/ Increase Top Embankment Dam 2 Embankment Dam 02 980 Improve Embankment Dam II. Feeder Canal 1 Feeder Canal 1002 Propose Concrete Lined Canal III. Secondary Canal 1 Secondary Canal SC2 1200 Propose Earthen Canal 2 Secondary Canal SC3 660 Propose Earthen Canal 3 Secondary Canal SC4 670 Propose Earthen Canal 4 Secondary Canal SC5 592 Propose Earthen Canal 5 Secondary Canal SC6 400 Propose Earthen Canal 6 Secondary Canal SC7 550 Propose Earthen Canal
26
F. Typical Cross Section for Package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TBM-CW13.1 of Irrigation Schemes 75. A typical cross-section for the project dams and canals are shown in Figure 8 and see in ANNEX 2 for Kbal Teuk, Tuol Pring and Trapeang Tros Irrigation schemes respectively.
27 Figure 9: Typical Cross Section of Kbal Teuk Irrigation Scheme ● Embankment Dam (106 m)
28 ● Secondary Canal SC1 (1000 m)
29 ● Tertiary Canal TC3-1 (450 m)
30 Figure 10: Typical Cross Section of Tuol Pring Irrigation Scheme Embankment Dam (700m)
31
Secondary Canal SC1 (900m)
32
Figure 11: Typical Cross Section of Trapeang Tros Irrigation Scheme Embankment Main Dam (1,816m)
33
Secondary Canal SC2 (1,200m)
34
G. Irrigation Schemes After Rehabilitation a). Kbal Teuk Irrigation Scheme4 76. The rehabilitation of three reservoirs (strengthening of embankment and excavation of reservoir) and connecting Catchments with reservoir and construction of spillways and canal systems will ensure the protection of reservoir embankments from flood flow and ensures adequate water availability for the target command area of 250ha. Meanwhile, proper training on irrigation water management and distribution during the project implementation will provide further support to deal with unexpected water shortage in wet and dry season and increase water use efficiency and water use productivity (i.e. yield per m3 of water use) in the subproject.
b). Tuol Pring Irrigation Subproject 77. The rehabilitation of Tuol Pring reservoir (strengthening of embankment and excavation of reservoir) will increase the water storage i.e. increase the water availability and construction of spillway and proper outlet structures from reservoirs and in secondary canal will support in controlling flood flow and canal flow to each off taking canals, and proper training on irrigation water management and distribution during the project implementation will provide further support to deal with unexpected water shortage in wet and dry season and increase water use efficiency and water use productivity (i.e. yield per m3 of water use) in the subproject.
c). Trapeang Tros 78. The rehabilitation of Trapeang Tros both reservoirs’ embankments and construction of spillways will protect and increase the water storage i.e. increase the water availability and construction of secondary canals and their structures will support in regulating and controlling flow through structures in canals and off taking canals, and proper training on irrigation water management and distribution during the project implementation will provide further support to deal with unexpected water shortage in wet and dry season and increase water use efficiency and water use productivity (i.e. yield per m3 of water use) in the subproject.
IV. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
A. The Situation of Tboung Khmum Province: 79. Tboung Khmum is used to be part of Kampong Cham province till December 31st 2013 when a Royal Decree was signed by King Norodom Sihamoni to split the province in two. The province is located on the central lowlands of the Mekong River. The province covers as area of 4,928 km2 with coordinates of 11059’N and 105027’E. Tboung Khmum boders Kampong Cham province to the west, Kratie province to the north, Prey Veng province to the south, and Vietnam to the east. The province is divided into six districts and one city which call “Krong Soung”.
B. Physical Resources 80. Climatic Condition. Including subproject areas, Cambodia's climate is tropical and characteristically high temperatures with two main seasons: a monsoon driven rainy or wet season (May October) with southwesterly winds ushering in clouds and moisture that accounts for about 80% to 90% of the country’s annual precipitation, and a dry season (November-April), with cooler temperatures,‐ particularly between November and January. Average temperatures are relatively uniform across the country, and are highest (26°C - 40°C) in the early summer months before the rainy season begins. Temperatures remain at 25°C to 27°C throughout the rest of the year. The wet season arrives with the summer monsoon, in May through November, bringing the heaviest rainfall
4 Feasibility Study Report for Irrigation Package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TBM-CW13.1 in Tboung Khmum Province, 2020. 35 to the southeast and northwest. Mean monthly rainfall at this time of year can be more than 5,000 mm in some areas in coastal regions.
Figure 12: Average Monthly Rainfall & Evapotranspiration Rates of Tboung Khmum Province
Source: FSDD-CS5, 2020
81. Climate Change: For climate change scenarios, see section V.
82. Topography and Soils: The subproject command areas of all three subprojects are a fairly level agricultural zone with some interspersed small low hills. The surrounding topography contributes to the dramatic increase in river flow after rains. According to Cambodia Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI), the soil classification in the command area is identified as alluvial type and consists of 30% dark grey loam nearby the canal and 70% grey sandy loam which is commonly found in the Cambodian paddy fields and is good for growing rice. For loam, the top layer is 25 cm in depth while the top layer of sandy loam is 20 cm in depth. These soils are sub-optimal for lowland rice irrigation having little or no clay content. Paddy cultivation during the rainy season is possible because the paddy water level is continually topped up with rainwater. During the dry season paddy cultivation is not possible over the whole area because of losses to deep percolation. Farmers in the scheme are advised to switch to upland rice or grow other crop types during the dry season.
36
Figure 13: Geological Map of Cambodia
83. Seismology: Cambodia is located on a large stable core of the Sunda Plate and is characterized by low seismicity and strain rates (Figure 14). Therefore, it is of low seismic hazard (DGTVET, 2015).
37 Figure 14: Shallow-depth earthquakes in Southeast Asia
84. Air Quality and Noise. There is no data on ambient air quality and noise disturbance are available for the project area. Based on the observation of the consultant teams and interviewing local villagers and local authorities, there are no major industries emitting air pollutants and noise disturbance in the project area. However, vehicles using dusty roads are the sources of air pollution and noise disturbance, both from the vehicles and their horns. In addition, majority of people use animal dung and fuel wood for cooking and heating purposes, which lowers indoor air quality through particulate emission.
85. Location and Geography. Cambodia shares international borders with Thailand on the west, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic to the north, and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam on the east and southeast. It is bounded on the southwest by the Gulf of Thailand. It has 435 km of coastline and a land area of 181, 040 km2 (World Bank Group, 2011).
86. Tboung Khmum province, is located on the central lowlands of the Mekong River. It borders the provinces of Kampong Cham to the west, Kratié to the north, Prey Veng to the south, and shares an international border with Vietnam to the east. Its capital and largest city is Suong. Tboung Khmum province consists of central lowland of Mekong River which are optimal for agricultural production. The province area offers water catchment through a relative abundance of mountains and forests. Table 12 details the geopolitical data.
Table 16: Tboung Khmum Geopolitical Information
Parameters Data / Information Suong Municipality Provincial Capital
Provincial area 5,250km2 Landscape Plateau in red soil, plain area, Mekong river area and forest Total Population 775,296 persons Population Density 148 persons/km2 Temperature 20.8 ºC – 34.7ºC (Average: 27.75 ºC)
38 Rainfall 1,440 mm/year Number of cities: 1 Number of Sangkats: 2 Number of districts: 6 Administrative Details Number of communes: 62, and Number of villages: 873 East: Vietnam West: Kampong Cham Province North: Kratie Provincial Border South: Prey Veng
87. Housing and Receptor: based on the sites visited of the consultant team, there are an existing a few individual houses nearby (about 30m from the Dam) the Kbal Teuk reservoir. Some of these house owners were migrated to the city to find extract job, especially after finished the harvesting season (mostly during the dry season) in accordance to interviewing with village chief and commune council of Preah Theat commune. There are no any pagodas school in the subproject areas.
88. Surface Water Resources. There is no information /data on ambient water quality was collected. Based on field observation of project team and interviewing with local villager and local authority at the project sites, surface water quality within the project areas are still good for agricultural purpose, daily consumptions and for animals as well.
89. The subprojects in Tboung Khmum are laid on the Mekong River sub-basin which is collected water from run-off and spring. The upstream catchments of some interspersed small low hills and excess water spill from reservoir and drain from commend area will be collected through existing channels and discharge to downstream natural water body. In particular, Kbal Teuk reservoir collect run-off water from two mountains call “Phnom Pros and Phnom Dabpir, and spring before it releases into Boeung Krapik direction East to West. Tuol Pring reservoir will gather run-off water into the Mekong sub-basin also, where is the river always bring water from Suong and Snoul area called Stung Penh.
90. In addition, local community also reported that this reservoir also ponding from small spring. Lastly, Trapeang Tros flush flood and excess water from command area will release by land slope runoff flow direction South-East to North-West inflow to natural stream Prek Moath Khmong then through Boeng Krachab lake, during flood season August to September, Mekong flooding reverse flow into the Trapeang Tros reservoir. Trapeang Tros reservoir is flooded by the Mekong River located about 8km northwest of the reservoirs. Every year, the Mekong River floods up to 0.5m over the crest of existing reservoir embankment. It was reported that, in 2019, the embankment flooded around 1.8m above the crest.
91. Land Use and Vegetation: Land use in the subproject areas is agricultural, comprising actively farmed paddy fields or abandoned paddy fields. In both actively farmed paddy fields and abandoned paddies, a mixture of natural and plantation-escaped trees and shrubs have established along field boundaries, and canal banks. In abandoned paddies there is invasive growth of shrubs, palm trees, weeds and grasses. At the upstream of Kbal Teuk reservoir existing some kind of food trees such as coconut, mango, banana etc. Outside command area of the subprojects, Upstream, there also seen rubber plantation and fruit tree., and palm trees. In general, we can say that in Tbong Khmum rich of vegetation and green zone.
39 Photo 2: Existing Land Use of Irrigation Package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TBM-CW13.1 in Tboug Khmum Province
Photo 11: Current situation of the Tuol Pring Photo 12: Current situation of the Tuol Pring Reservoir Secondary canal alignment.
Photo 13: Current situation of the Trapeang Photo 14: Current situation of the Trapeang Tros Embankment Dam Tros Secondary canal 4 alignment
Photo 4: Current situation of the Kbal Teuk Secondary canal SC3 alignment.
40 C. Biological Resources 92. Protected Areas: Protected areas in Cambodia are under control by the MOE. While nominally there are 23 protected and wildlife conservation areas which have been administered since 1993 by the MOE (none of which are in Tboung Khmum province), in 2008 the Law on Natural Protected Areas introduced an additional three categories to natural protected areas, bringing the total number of categories to eight. The subprojects in the Tboung Khmum province are not located within any designated at the none protected areas (see Figure 15 below), and nor are there any protected areas nor wildlife sanctuaries in the subproject locations.
41 Figure 15: Cambodia Natural Protected areas
Subprojects location
42 93. The subprojects in the Tboung Khmum province are not located within any designated protected areas, and nor are there any protected areas nor wildlife sanctuaries in the subproject locations. Protected areas are screened out of further consideration in the IEE
94. Flora and Fauna Wildlife Species: as reported by Cambodian National Biodiversity Steering Committee, 2014 (NBSC, 2014), that Cambodia’s species diversity is consisting of more than 135 species of mammals, 599 species of birds, 173 species of reptiles, 72 species of amphibians, 350 species of moths and butterflies, 955 fresh and marine fish and aquatic species, and 4,500 vascular plant species according to the most recent estimates of the Forestry Administration.
95. However, within the subproject areas, there is no data or information related to the terrestrial biodiversity, aquatic resources, protected forest, fauna and flora, and endangered species in the subproject areas. Based on the field visit at the project sites, there are existing only some small invaluable trees, vegetation and shrub growth along the embankment of reservoirs.
96. Aquatic ecosystem within the subproject is studied the whole year round. Occasionally, flooded rivers change over the annual cycle, upland streams, marshes, seasonally flooded fields and forests, and ponds and impoundments vary in water depth and quality over the annual cycle. There are more than 200 fish species that inhabit the inland water of Cambodia and in Mekong Basin. Most of these fishes are well adapted to a widely fluctuated water level and a wide range of tolerance for temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen. However, based on the interviewing with the local farmer as well as with local community living nearby the subproject areas, the common fish found in this areas are indicated in below table below:
Table 17: List of Fish Found in Project Location
Local Name Scientific Name Common Trei Kranh Anabas testudineus Climbing perch Trei Chhpin Barbodes gonionotus Thai silver barb Trei Kagnchruk Botia modesta Red-finned loach Trei Ros/ Ptuok Channa striata Snakehead murrel Trei Andeng Tun Clarias macrocephalus Broadhead catfish Trei Khnong Veng Dangila lineata Labiobarbus leptocheilus - Trei Sraka Kdam Cyclocheilichthys repasson Barbodes Trei Riel Henicorhynchus siamensis Siamese mud carp Trei Kamphleav Kryptopterus moorei Micronema moorei Dorsal-fin catfish Trei Kes Micronema bleekeri Bleeker's sheatfish Trei Chhlang Mystus filamentus Hemibagrus filamentus Planet catfish Trei Kanh Chos Mystus mysticetus Cat-elog Trei Slat Notopterus notopterus Bronze featherback Trei Kramorm Ompok bimaculatus Butter catfish Trei Kros Phnom Poropuntius deauratus Yellow tail brook barb Trei Kanhchanh Chras Pseudambassis notatus Indian glassy fish Trei Kantrob Pristolepis fasciata Malayan leaffish Trei Kamphleanh Trichogaster trichopterus Three-spot gourami Trei Angkat Prak Cyclocheilichthys microlepis Neobarynotus microlepis -
97. Cultural resources. Based the field investigation and interviewing with the local villager and local authority, there are no physical cultural resources existing in or nearby the proposed irrigation subprojects, excepted in Kbal Teuk irrigation subproject, there is one historical site/ancients site abandoned for very long time located about 300m of the south of the secondary canal (SC4, see Figure 16 below). This historical site is consisting of some historical stones.
43 Figure 16: Cultural Site
SC4
D. Socio-Economic Resources 98. The main annual crop grown by farmers in the Preah Theat Commune are rice, corn, cassava, soy bean, mung bean, peanut and sesame. Based on interviews with village chiefs it was confirmed that the farmers in the project area mainly cultivate rice and some of them grow cassava and maize on the area of land which located outside the command area. According to the draft of Socio-Economic report of Kbal Teuk, May 2020, confirmed that the average dry season rice yield is about 4.0ton per hectare while rice intensive is around 6.0ton/ha and the average wet season rice yield is about 3.0ton/ha. Other crop such as maize is about 4.0ton/ha, the average yield of cassava is about 20ton/ha (fresh).
99. In Chhy Kkor commune, rice cultivation is mostly done in the wet season, some households plant dry season rice varieties in wet season and some households who have agricultural upland area cultivate up land crop especially cassava. The average rice yield is low for both wet and dry season rice varieties; the average dry season rice yield is about 3.13ton/ha while the average wet season rice varieties is 2.80ton/ha.
100. In Thmar Pich commune, the most common dry season rice varities cultivated in the within the project areas are IR85, IR51. These dry season rice varieties are new, introduced from CARDI5 to farmers nearly the project area. For wet season rice, traditional wet season rice varieties such as Phkar Tien and Leang Chey etc are used. The average rice yield is low for both wet and dry season rice varieties; the average dry season rice yield is about 3ton/ha while the average wet season rice varieties is 2ton/ha.
101. The total population under Package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TBM-CW13.1 Tboung Khmum has 4,764, of which 2,190 are females. There are 1095 households, of which 245 are female headed households. The socio-economic conditions of beneficiaries indicate that households are relatively poor and with limited productive resources. Household land parcels are very small, averaging 0.52 ha per household in Kbal Teuk, 0.39 ha in Tuol Pring and 0.97ha in Trapeang Tros. The total number of farming households is 1095 (See Table 18 for detail) in Package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TBM-
5 CARDI is Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute 44 CW13.1 Tboung Khmum and the total available for farming is 700 ha, indicating significant pressure on available cultivable land.
102. In all the three subprojects, the major occupation and source of livelihood is rice and other crops growing. Aside from farming, other occupations of people living in the villages are off-farm or non-farm labor such as small business, taxi driver, tuk-tuk driver, motor repair and carpentry. Many adults have migrated to other provinces to do labor in cassava farms, building construction, rubber plantations, and others went to work in other countries such as Thailand and Korea. Some women migrated to work in the garment industry. Farmers also earn cash income through agriculture labor (cutting and drying cassava, plowing, collecting rubber in rubber plantation). Presently, farmers not prefer to swap labor with other farmers for their own farm. Outmigration of adults has led to labor shortages particularly for paddy production. The community is characterized by substantial numbers of older women who are taking care of their grandchildren, and receiving remittances from adult children working in urban areas.
Table 18: Number of Households and Beneficiary Households No. Subproject Name Commune name Total HHs No. of Beneficiary Beneficiary Villages HHs 1 Kbal Teuk Preah Theat 903 6 480 2 Tuol Pring Chikor 783 3 255 3 Trapeang Tros Thma Pich 844 3 360 Total 2530 12 1095
103. The administrative scope and land coverage for three irrigation subprojects are shown Table 19 below:
Table 19: Administrative Scope and Land Coverage Irrigation Location and Coverage Subprojects Province District Communes Villages 1) Bai Srei 2) Neak Ta Tvear 3) Thnal Kaeng Kbal Teuk Tboung Khmum Ou Raing Oy Preah Theat 4) Trapeang Neang 5) Kbal Teuk 6) Tuol Sambour 1) Sammaki Tuol Pring Tboung Khmum Tboung Khmum Chikor 2) Khnach Krasang 3) Stueng Penh 1) Thma Pich Pir Trapeang Tros Tboung Khmum Tboung Khmum Thma Pich 2) Thma Pich Bei 3) Perk Source: Socio-economic analysis report, 2020
45 V. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT 104. The environmental risks from climate change need to be addressed in two different but complementary ways; (i) consideration of greenhouse gas emissions; and (ii) adaptation to safeguard infrastructure against the effects of future climate change.
105. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Net greenhouse gas emissions from the project will be derived from GHGs emitted by agricultural activities, in particular the CH4, N2O and CO2 emissions from rice paddy flooding and cultivation. The greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddy fields have been studied in India, Japan, and Philippines (below Table), and to a lesser extent in PRC and the USA. Only the studies in northern India have studied the emission of the suite of GHGs (CH4, N2O and CO2) in combination with different ranges of nitrogen fertilizer applications and on a range of soils. Studies have also compared the GHG emission consequences of different periods of inundation of rice crops.
Table 20: GHG Emissions from Rice Paddy
Location Methane (CH4) from Rice Paddy 4 40 100 kg/ha Northern India – 5 100 150 kg/ha Philippines – 6 150 200 kg/ha Japan –
106. The result of modelling studies in the Initial National Communication (INC) and the Second National Communication (SNC) of the Cambodian National Climate Change Committee indicates that Cambodia’s mean surface temperature has increased by 0.8°C since 1960, and that it will continue to increase at a rate of between 0.013°C and 0.036°C per year up to 2099. The rate of temperature increase will be higher in low altitude areas such as the subproject sites which are between 10 and 20 m ASL. Under elevated CO2 with low rate of emission scenarios (SRESB1)7, it is likely that wet season rainfall will continue to increase in future, and then might decrease again after 2050.
107. An increase in the temperature is likely to affect agricultural productivity. According to the International Rice Research Institute, rice grain yields decline by 10% for each 1oC increase in minimum (night) temperatures during the growing period in the dry season.
108. Adaption to Future Climate Change: Climate change is expected to alter the current runoff and rainfall regimes. Climate change assessments for Cambodia indicate greater but more variable rainfall, increased crop water demand, more frequent and severe floods, droughts and wind storms.
109. Most of the increase in average annual rainfall predicted by models is expected to occur in the already wet months of the year, with only minor or no increase over the dry season. The higher temperatures will increase crop water demands. These changes in climate are currently having impact on cropping regimes, and have the potential to influence further both dry and wet season rainfall characteristics in the project area. The climate change assessment document (2nd National Communication report) offers further detail regarding assessment of climate change in the region.
46 VI. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
110. This chapter presents the potential environmental impacts of the subproject during pre- construction, construction and operation phases of the project and the recommended mitigation measures to address the environmental impacts. The analysis of the environmental impacts is focused on the civil works associated with the Kbal Teuk, Tuol Pring and Trapeang Tros irrigation rehabilitation in Tboung Khmum province.
111. The technical design details on the civil works of the subproject are not yet defined thus the assessment of anticipated impacts and mitigation measures will be updated upon completion of the detailed engineering design.
A. Positive Impact and Environmental Benefits
112. The storage of water during the dry season would benefit: (i) the local villagers around the reservoir and canals as source of domestic water supply and irrigation; and (ii) support water supply for some wildlife like bird and other aquatic life in the area.
113. Through the enhancement of agricultural activities and local incomes, in-migrant employment will benefit local communities as migrants come into the area for work. Additionally, some of local residents who have out-migrated for work, will return home to improve their agriculture therefore being more likely to find a job locally.
114. The improved water control and management as a result of the subprojects will enable the communities to manage the flood and drought. Training on irrigated agriculture practice will improve farmers' knowledge on soils and appropriate responses, field improvement and preparation for irrigation, field water management, and maintenance of irrigation, which strengthens the adaptive capacity of farmers to climatic variability.
B. Environmental Measures during Pre-Construction Phase
115. During the project design, anticipated environmental impacts includes:
i. Structure: Three environmental issues are expected to result from the rehabilitation of a structure. First, the need to maintain flows downstream. Second, the obstructions of private land acquisition and properties should be avoided or impacts mitigated. In order to minimize the impact of property and trees losses, the reservoir embankment will be upgraded only on the top of embankment and on the upstream side slope (Figure 5). Third, quality of the design, particularly considering climate change for the life span of the irrigation systems is necessary. This design will allow water to be diverted to the main reservoir during the flood periods and still provide sufficient water for downstream use. This will allow domestic animals and people to pass through the canal system and upstream and downstream.
ii. Three Irrigation Subprojects site: There are no significant environmental concerns with its location mainly because the subproject will only rehabilitate distribution and drainage system which is already in existence since the Pol Pot Regime, 1975-1978.
iii. Local Ecological Features: The existing Kbal Teuk, Tuol Pring and Trapeng Tros are located outside all of protected areas. The surrounding land use is paddy field, grassland and shrub. Thus, significant potential impact on local ecological features is not envisaged.
116. A number of environmental management measures will be implemented in the pre- construction phase in order to ensure that appropriated plan and documentation to determine environmental performance of construction and operation of subproject are in place. These are:
47 i. Mitigation measures defined in this EMP is updated based on the detailed design to minimize adverse environmental impacts. This will be the responsibility of the project management unit (PMU) which will be established and/or confirmed at the commencement of implementation. ii. Final designs of embankments, siting of control structures and canal alignments will be completed after taking into account the provisions of the EMP. iii. Engineering design will, to the extent possible, avoid impacts on environment and social receptors and consider sustainability, particularly impacts of climate change. iv. Contract documents which need to be included in the environmental section, including EMP and monitoring plan, and in the Terms of Reference (TOR) for bidders/contractor for construction. v. Establishment of the grievance redress mechanism (GRM) is updated as needs arise and following ADB and Government of Cambodia guidelines. vi. Capacity building on implementation and supervision of EMP and environmental monitoring plan effectively. The environmental safeguards officer will be involved in this training and where appropriate, there will be consultation and collaboration with local MOE officers to ensure the acknowledgement of that agencies role. This will be the responsibility of the PMU.
C. Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase
117. Contractor Performance and Site Management: The EMP will be implemented by a contractor to avoid or minimize negative impacts following the IEE document. To ensure that construction contractors are able to implement the mitigation measures effectively, the Project Implementation Consultants (PICs) will put in place the following arrangements: (i) environmental specifications will be included in the bidding documents to contractors; (ii) an appropriate environment section describing standards and responsibilities will be included in the terms of reference for bidders; and (iii) clauses referencing the EMP mitigation provisions and monitoring plans will be written into the construction contracts. Following the award of construction contracts, the successful contractor will prepare a Site Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP), including an emergency preparedness and response plan for construction emergencies and site environmental health and safety plan, for approval by the PMU. The contractor will prepare monthly report on environmental management to the PMU.
118. Institutional Arrangements: The role of executing agency (EA) will be the responsibility of MAFF and therefore oversees overall management, coordination and reporting and obtaining ADB and government approval where required. Implementing agencies (IAs) are responsible for preparing environmental safeguards documents (categorization forms, IEE where applicable etc.), implementation of the EMP, as well as monitoring and reporting to the EA. The PMU under MAFF will appoint an environmental safeguard officer (ESO).
119. The PMUs ESO will be specifically focused upon: (i) assistance to the PMU to implement the provisions of the Environmental Assessment Review Framework (EARF) for each subproject; (ii) providing training to provincial environmental safeguards focal points to facilitate implementation of the EARF, IEE and EMP; (iii) consolidating the categorization of subprojects for submission to ADB; (iv) working with the provincial environmental safeguards focal points to implement the project GRM; and (v) reviewing the semi-annual environmental monitoring reports (prepared by the consultant) and submitting these to the ADB. Detailed TOR of the ESO is included in the EARF.
120. Supervision of site activities will be the responsibility of the relevant ministry at the provincial level. In this Package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TBM-CW13.1 irrigation subproject, Tboung Khmum PDWRAM will be responsible for supervision of site activities, and will assign an environmental safeguards focal point to (i) oversee implementation of the EMP and monitoring plan of the subproject; (ii) screen the subproject for environmental impacts; (iii) categorize the subproject for
48 environment; (iv) implement the GRM; and (v) provide input as required to semi-annual environmental monitoring reports.
121. Cultural Heritage: During construction, contractor will ensure that any local cultural sites (including shrines, graves, and other believe) will be kept clear of construction material and protected from other disturbance. Access to these sites will not be impeded, and after construction is finished any disturbed surroundings will be restored to pre-construction standards. Any issues related to this mater, must be raised with the PMU and competent authorities immediately. During the construction, in case found artifacts, the contractor should stop their activities and inform to the provincial department of Cultural and Fine Arts immediately.
122. Construction camps. The construction contractors will establish offices and work camps at the site works which will generate wastewater from sanitation and solid waste from camp residents and kitchens. Proper disposal of these wastes will be essential. It will be the responsibility of the construction contractors to provide toilets which have sewage pumped out and disposed of correctly, and sufficient waste bins at strategic locations and ensure that they are (i) protected from birds and vermin, (ii) emptied regularly (using the nearest a landfill or site which is allowed by authority), and (iii) do not overflow. The contractors will clean the camp areas after moving or completion of works.
123. Community and Occupational Safety and Health: Safety and health of both workers and residents may be threatened by construction activities and COVID-19. Numerous workers will gather within the construction site, mostly they are low living conditions such as unclean water, poor food, and increased risk of diseases infection and transmission. Surrounding residents may also be affected by noise and dust. Workers will confront construction safety risks as well. In addition, some workers will include non-skilled workers, operators and drivers as well as surveyors and construction supervisors.
124. Measures to protect the community will include:
(i) Planning construction activities (including demolition work) so as to minimize disturbances to residents, utilities and services. Temporary land occupation will be planned well ahead of construction to minimize its impact. Land will be reinstated to its original condition after construction. (ii) Implementing safety measures around the construction sites to protect the public, including warning signs to alert the public to potential safety hazards, and barriers to prevent public access to construction sites and unsafe areas (iii) Ensure that all construction vehicles and construction machineries should properly maintain in regularly (iv) Ensure all residents are aware of GRM and how to contact the GRM entry points. 125. Measures to ensure occupational health and safety will include:
(i) A contractor should develop a guideline on Occupational Health and Safety to be followed during construction. (ii) Contractors shall be required by the PMU to ensure that their workers and other staff engaged in the proposed constructions are in a safe environment. (iii) Following the award of construction contracts, the contractors will prepare site environmental health and safety plan, for approval by the PMU. (iv) Contractors shall ensure that: (a) all reasonable steps are taken to protect any person on the site from health and safety risks; (b) the construction site is a safe and healthy workplace; (c) machinery and equipment are safe; (d) adequate training or instruction for occupational health and safety is provided; (e) adequate supervision of safe work systems is implemented; (f) means of access to and egress from the site are without risk to health and safety; and (g) protected equipment such as glove, face masks, boot etc. are provided by contractors to ensure that all workers are in safety
49 (v) Workers should wear protection equipment during works to ensure that they are safe and good health. (vi) Contractor shall provide first aid facilities to the construction staff and workers. (vii) Manager should educate his workers on health and safety and provide adequate training. (viii) Specific COVID-19 prevention and control measures which apply to construction sites and construction camps. The contractor should provide training and awareness on Covid-19 prevention to workers and their staff in accordance with guideline of MoH and WHO. Some guidance for preventing the spread of Covid-19 are, as the following: a. The contractor will provide safe, suitable and comfortable accommodation, kitchen, dining and sanitary facilities (toilet and bath); with an ample supply of clean water and the bathrooms have liquid soap provided for hand washing. b. First aid supplies and Personal Protected Equipment (PPE) will be provided for workers 126. Hazardous and polluting materials. Construction material handling and disposal guidelines and directions that include spill responses will be prepared and implemented as part of the site environmental management and supervision manual of each construction site. The following measures will be taken to prevent pollution of soil and surface water/groundwater: (i) storage facilities for fuels, oil, cement, and chemicals will be within secured areas on impermeable surfaces, provided with bunds and clean-up installations; (ii) vehicles and equipment will be properly staged in designated areas to prevent contamination of soil and surface water; (iii) vehicle, machinery, and equipment maintenance and re-fueling will be carried out in such a way that spilled materials do not seep into the soil e.g. plastic barriers or hard standing; (iv) oil traps will be provided for service areas and parking areas; and (v) fuel storage and refilling areas will be located at least 50 m from canals and channels and will be protected by temporary drainage bunds to contain spills.
127. Air pollution: During construction, heavy and light machineries to be used will generate gases including CO2, and NOx. This will be minimized by good equipment maintenance, to meet a high standard to ensure efficient fuel burning. Vehicle emissions will be in compliance with relevant Cambodian emission standards.
128. Dust. An adverse environmental impact could occur during the construction phase in case of improper construction management but is not likely significant. Water shall be sprayed during construction if the construction zone is located within 50 m from urban areas such as village, hospital, school, individual houses and so on to ensure that dust is minimized throughout the construction zone.
129. Soil Erosion: Soil erosion will occur during earthwork and clearing along the bank or existing irrigation. This will cause deterioration in water quality and potentially impact on aquatic resources. Hence good construction practices shall help to mitigate soil erosion and siltation. Additionally, re- planting of vegetation will also help to mitigate erosion.
130. Time and Noise. The EMP outlines the need for contractors to meet with community at the commencement of works in order to agree, among numerous other things, the actual timing of the construction and the need for the operations to have minimal impact on the community. Noise can be expected during construction due to construction machinery operation and transport activities. Construction activities will involve haulage vehicles, bulldozers, excavators, concrete-mixing plants, rollers, and other heavy machinery. Noise intensity from these large machines operating is typically in the range of 80–90 decibels at the site (5m from operating machinery). The transport of material, aggregate, concrete and waste material to and from sites will also cause noise impacts along the haulage routes. Activities with intensive noise levels will not only have an impact on the residents, but may also cause injury to construction workers operating the equipment. Mitigation measures to
50 minimize potential impacts are outlined under air and noise pollution in the EMP.
131. Traffic accidence: There are some heavy equipment and machinery (heavy trucks, bulldozers, backhoes, etc.) will be brought to the construction areas for excavation and construction works. The transportation of construction materials will only be transported in and out during the construction period and in relatively small numbers. Even though the project area not heavily populated, so there is no serious disturbance will be envisaged. Additionally, it will possibly cause accidents to local communities, traffic jam and dust.
132. Rehabilitation/Reinstatement: there will be occurred flood at the upstream and erosion resulting from the embankment raising/rehabilitation of the schemes, therefore, project designing has to consider and minimize the flood at upstream as much as possible, and contractor has to do the compacting the embankment in properly way.
133. Disposal of silt and sludge from dredging: the existing canals will be digging and removed the sludge in order to ensure that water can flow easily for irrigating water smoothly, so the contractor should transport that sludge into the disposal area which was identified by competent authority to ensure that this sludge are storage/dump in appropriation area.
134. Construction Waste: there are will be removed the old structure (only the pipe culvert) from the subproject areas, so the construction waste will be generated. Therefore, contractor should work closely with local authority as well as with competent such as provincial department of environment to identify the disposal areas for dumping the construction waste.
D. Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures during Operation Phase
135. Inadequate O&M: Poor and inadequate operation and maintenance (O&M) of the improved irrigation systems could cause unintended adverse environmental impacts. Establishment and operation of FWUC is part of the project design and expected support structure. It has been observed by the engineers that the existing FWUC and Farmers Water User Groups (FWUGs) need to improve their capacity on technical aspects including maintenance, quality of management and conflict resolution. As part of the Output 2, the project/PMU will offer support to PDA and FWUGs through the project’s technical assistance initiatives which, among other activities, will aim to strengthen overall water management capacity of the FWUC in this project.
136. Water User Conflict: During operation phase, water use conflicts are expected between water users downstream and upstream. Normally, the conflict will result from insufficient quantity of water, competition for water demand and misunderstandings between water user upstream and water user downstream due to the upstream used more easily accessing water than downstream users. Therefore, the FWUG is played very important role to manage and sharing the water in order to avoid the conflict.
137. Water pollution and chemical fertilizer uses: The benefits resulting from the project’s irrigation and drainage interventions will accrue to the beneficiaries through both intensification and expansion of agriculture in the areas due to the improving the irrigation system. With an increase in agriculture comes a potential increase in the use of agricultural chemicals fertilizer and therefore water pollution may increase. Mitigation measures include, an educational/training program and public awareness focusing upon fertilizer use and its environmental impacts will be provided as part of the ongoing agronomic support from PDAFF. All kinds fertilizers used must meet Cambodian chemical use standards and promotion of these standards is a component of the EMP.
E. Unanticipated Impacts during Construction and Operation
138. If any unanticipated impacts become apparent during project implementation, the PMU will (i) inform and seek ADB’s advice; (ii) assess the significance of such unanticipated impacts; (iii) evaluate the options available to address them; and (iv) prepare or update the IEE including EMP. ADB will help the PMU mobilize the resources required to mitigate any adverse unanticipated
51 impacts or damage.
52 VII. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION
139. The overall objectives of the consultations and stakeholder meetings were to obtain the views and ideas regarding development status and constraints, and possible opportunities to resolve those constraints through the subproject and related interventions and to duly reflect those in the plan to be prepared. This is to improve the design, construction, and O&M and to take initiatives accordingly in order to derive a maximum output from the subproject through which the livelihood at grassroots level could be improved.
140. Consultation during Project Preparation Stage. On September 2020, consultants team (engineer, safeguard specialist), has conducted the small group consultation with local authority and relevant stakeholder (approximately 10 participants, no female) to discuss about the project feasible and concern related to the project. It was an early consultation to announce to local authority about the project as well as to provide information/data for engineer team during project design. As the local authorities, they are happy with the project because it would make some positive impacts.
Photo 15: Consultation with local authorities and relevant stakeholders
141. Consultation during Detailed Engineering Design (DED) Stage. A number of meetings were conducted in difference locations within the subproject areas with relevant provincial departments: the PDWRAM/PIU, MOWRAM/PMU, CSI/PIC (including social safeguards and environmental specialist), CS5 (engineer, social safeguards, environmental specialist), Department of Environment (DoE), PDAFF, and also with commune chiefs, village chiefs, and farmers. The main purpose is to confirm identification of the subproject and evaluate positive and negative impacts. The summary of the key issues raised during the meeting is in Table 21. In order to compliance with ADB SPS 2009, the consultation meeting with local people was held on 5 October 2020. The meeting has discussed about i) project information; ii) positive and negative impacts of the project; and comment and suggestion regarding to the project implementation. List of participants and minute of meeting is in ANNEX 2. The key issue during the meeting is summarized in table below.
Table 21: Key Issues Discussed during Meeting and Method to Address
Key Issues Method to Address • Irrigation system, built during Pol Pot time is • Comprehensive rehabilitation of the existing now in bad state of repair. The distribution system through redesign and construction. canal system as well as the drainage is in need of upgrade. The water level in reservoir will increase due to the upgrading of it embankment. • Poor irrigation culvert/gate and functioning • FWUGs encouraged to draw up action plan main, secondary and tertiary irrigation canals for management and sustained maintenance to serve farmers. There is currently no system of the infrastructure. in operation and no operational FWUG.
53 • Poor technical transfer between farmers and • Promote innovative extension transfer to agricultural extension workers and also from farmer groups which shows women and farmers to other farmers because lack training men’s groups what is needed. place in village and lack of field demonstration. • Poor technical land preparation practice, • Extension promotes a full program to planting methods, weed control, pest control upgrade understanding and farm practice for with wrong decision of farmers in selecting cassava. chemicals without recommendation from agricultural extension workers. • No water and no functioning secondary • Introduction and construction of tertiary and tertiary canals to service farmer needs. canals. • Rain fee rice areas are not appropriately • Promotion of the availability of laser leveling leveled and most of the soils are very poor to farmers. with low productivity.
142. Consultation during Project Implementation. Meaningful consultation to safeguard the environment and local residents will continue throughout the construction and operation phases of irrigation Package No. CFAVC-MOWRAM-TBM-CW13.1. The implementing agency will be responsible for organizing the public consultations, with supporting of the project implementation consultant. Civil works contractors will be required to frequently communicate and consult with the communities in the subproject area of influence, especially those near the subproject areas. Eye- catching public notice boards will be set at each work site to provide information on the purpose of the project activity, the duration of disturbance, the responsible entities on-site (contractor, implementing agency), and the grievance redress mechanism (GRM). This plan is included as part of EMP and costs are included in EMP implementation costs.
Table 22: Environmental Consultation and Communication Plan
Organizer Format Frequency Subject Attendees Pre-Construction Stage PMU and Targeted Before Agreement with affected persons Affected Implementation public construction at and sensitive receivers on heavy persons in consultant consultation each site machinery work. impacts zone & site visits Consultation on safety of nearby of construction communities. activities Construction Stage PMU and Public Once each Adjusting of mitigation measures, if Residents in Implementation consultation year during necessary; construction impact; project areas consultant & site visits construction comments and suggestions
54 VIII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
A. Proposed Mechanism
143. The PMU will establish a Project Public Complaint Unit (PPCU) which will act as a central recording and coordinating unit for the subproject. Each subproject PMU will ensure that the GRM is publicized locally so that the community is fully aware of the mechanism and the local points of entry to it. The setting up of the grievance redress mechanism (GRM) in the PMU and its initial implementation will be supported by the PMU environmental safeguards officer (ESO) and the PIC’s environmental consultant. The PPCU will consist of the environmental safeguards officer of the PMU, PIC’s environmental consultant, the nominated provincial PIU environmental safeguards focal point, a representative of the implementation contracting firm, and two representatives of the village or farming community for which the subproject is being implemented, a male and female, and one representative of the commune.
144. The GRM will be accessible to diverse members of the community, including more vulnerable groups such as women and youth. Multiple points of entry, including face-to-face meetings, written complaints, telephone conversations, or e-mail, will be available. Opportunities for confidentiality and privacy for complainants will be honoured where this is seen as important.
145. When construction starts, a sign will be erected at each construction site providing the public with updated project information and summarizing the GRM process including details of the GRM entry points. The contact persons for different GRM entry points; PMU and FWUG leaders where relevant, contractors, and operators of project facilities, will be identified prior to construction within Preah Theat, Chhy Kor and Thmar Pich Commune. The provincial environmental safeguards focal point will be the contact person at the subproject level. The contact details for the entry points such as phone numbers, addresses, email addresses, and etc. will be publicly disseminated on information boards at construction sites, worker’s camp site and on the website of the local government.
146. The preferred action sequence for complaints handling is that the complaint should be investigated and if considered legitimate be resolved by the unit receiving the complaint. If this is not possible, the complaint should be referred to the PMU (the wider membership of which will enable a response and actions which are appropriate and coordinated).
i. The PPCU will maintain records of complaints and actions taken to correct them. This data will be included in the PMU’s reports, particularly semi-annual monitoring report to the ADB. The PMU of MOWRAM shall undertake the following prior to start of site works: Establish a grievance redress mechanism (GRM) prior to site works ii. Make public the existence of the GRM through public awareness campaigns iii. Ensure that names and contact numbers of representatives of the PMU/MOWRAM as well as SEO and contractors are placed on the notice boards outside the construction site and at subnational level of local government offices (e.g., provincial, district, commune and village levels) 147. The GRC shall be established before commencement of site works and shall be chaired by PMU to be assisted by the social and environmental office (SEO). The GRC shall have members from the PMU/MOWRAM (e.g. PDWRAM) commune councils, and women’s organization. Grievances can be filed in writing or verbally with any member of the GRC. The committee will have 15 days to respond with a resolution. If unsatisfied with the decision, the existence of the GRC shall not impede the complainant’s access to the Government’s judicial or administrative remedies.
B. GRM Procedure and Timeframe
148. The procedure and timeframe for the GRM are described as follows (see Figure 17). The process of grievance redress resolution should be as follow:
55
- Stage 1: If a concern arises during construction, the affected person will submit a written or oral complaint to the contractor, or village chief/commune directly to address the issue. However, whenever possible, the contractor, or village chief/commune will resolve the issue directly with the affected person. The contractor will give a clear reply within one week. If successful, the contractor will inform the PPCU accordingly. - Stage 2: If no appropriate solution can be found, the contractor should forward the complaint to the PIU/provincial environmental focal point within five working days. The complainant may also decide to submit a written or oral complaint to the PIU /provincial environmental focal point, either directly or via one of the GRM entry points, FWUC or other farmer representative groups. - Stage 3: If no appropriate solution, PIU/provincial environmental focal point within five working days, the complainant may also decide to submit a written or oral complaint to PMU/environmental safeguards. The PMU will investigate and identify the solution and provide a clear reply for the complainant within five working days. The SEO of the PMU will assist in replying to the affected person. The PMU will, in a timely manner convey the complaint/grievance and suggested solution to the contractors or operators of facilities. The contractors during construction and the operators during operation will implement the agreed upon redress solution and report the outcome to the PPCU within seven working days 149. During construction, the PPCU will be informed by contractors and construction supervisors, cooperative board or PMUs if people complain about the project. During operation, the PPCU will be advised of complaints by the PDAFF and the cooperative. The PPCU will also inform the ADB project team and submit all relevant documents.
150. The PMU will maintain records of complaints and actions taken to correct them. This data will be included in the PMU’s reports to the ADB.
56 Figure 17: Procedure of the Grievance Redress for Irrigation
151. ADB’s Accountability Mechanism: provides a forum where people adversely affected by ADB-assisted project can voice and seek solutions to their problems and report alleged noncompliance with ADB’s operation policies and procedures. It consists of two separate but complementary functions: problem-solving function and compliance review function.
57 IX. CONCLUSION, ASSURANCES AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Positive Impact and Environmental Benefits
152. The result of the subproject irrigation facilities will be (i) an increase in certainty and control of existing irrigation areas; (ii) expansion of irrigation into new areas; and (iii) creating longer or new cropping periods on areas previously unavailable for parts of the year due to flooding.
153. In terms of areas sown, the subproject will increase potential rice growing areas by 687 ha in three Irrigation Subprojects. The beneficiaries of these changes will be local farmers, with flow- on effects to local commercial enterprises. Since rural populations are the poorest sectors of the Cambodian population, poverty alleviation effects will be direct and sustainable.
B. Negative Impact
154. During construction, the main issues will be air and water pollution and soil erosion, all of which can be managed by strict control of construction contractors. Additional localized traffic hazards are anticipated and this must be minimized by site access and road safety planning. Health and safety of construction workers including COVID-19 is also, as always, a primary concern. Mitigation of construction phase impacts relies heavily on responsibility of works contractors to follow specification clauses specifically designed to minimize environmental and social impacts. This mitigation will in turn rely on enforcement by the safeguards focal point in each provincial project implementation unit and also by PIC.
155. The main concerns during post-construction are local increases in the levels of agricultural fertilizer and pesticide residues and their effects on water quality and people. Post - construction mitigation measures include capacity building and training under the project to use fertilizers and pesticides efficiently and responsibly.
156. There is also a concern that the irrigation schemes must be sustainable and responsibly managed, to ensure that agreed irrigation flows are maintained and other water users are not disadvantaged. The EMP requires a clear and detailed extraction plan for the cropping seasons to be prepared as part of each subprojects and submitted to PIC before construction.
C. Assurances
157. The most important assurance, which should be guaranteed by a loan covenant, is that the PMU will undertake the full range of effective measures set out in the EARF, IEE and EMP to ensure that the environmental management provisions and the environmental monitoring plan (Table A2.4) will be implemented effectively during project implementation, and that the implementation reports of the environmental management and monitoring plan in accordance with ADB requirements will be submitted in a timely fashion. Part of this monitoring and management commitment will be an assurance to implement and maintain an appropriate GRM covering the construction and operation of the subprojects.
158. Other specific assurances are that:
(i) The sediment quality of spoil from channel dredging will need to be tested and assessed against the relevant standards before reuse. The sediment testing results will determine the requirements to ensure safe reuse. (ii) The project will deliver, as part of its capacity building and training component, training modules specifically tailored to the needs of farmers on integrated pest management (IPM) and low chemical cultivation applicable to cropping conditions and capacities in the local soil and climatic environments. (iii) O&M – Output 2 of the project will deliver technical capacity building support and it is expected that this support will strengthen the procedures and day-to-day
58 operations and maintenance of the subprojects 159. With regards to the result of IEE study and the screening of possible environmental impacts for the proposed subproject, any serious negative environmental impacts are unlikely to result from the proposed development. The selected subproject site is not located in an environmentally sensitive area. Other reasons to support the insignificant environmental impact include:
i. Subproject is located in agricultural areas and is primarily the rehabilitation of existing structure; and ii. Subproject is only small scale and therefore, the overall impact of the individual subproject will be small and cumulative effects are unlikely
160. The subproject will result positively. It will contribute to the improved agricultural production, flood control, and water supply for domestic use by improving the irrigation and drainage facilities. An improved performance of the irrigation-drainage system will increase agricultural production and improve the socioeconomic conditions for farmers. An improved embankment will increase the flood protection and increase the accessibility to the fields and roads. Local employment for construction and operation activities will create job opportunities.
161. The IEE found that there will be no significant adverse environmental impacts associated with proposed works since the proposed project will rehabilitate existing structures and subproject are not located in environmentally sensitive areas. The mitigation measures described in the IEE will be used as tool for environmental management and monitoring to minimize site-specific negative environmental impacts. However, the IEE will be updated during detailed engineering design.
59 ANNEX 1 – ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
A. Introduction
1. The environmental management plan (EMP) covers all phases of subproject implementation from preparation through commissioning and operation, and it aims to ensure the monitoring of environmental impacts and activation of environmental mitigation measures. Relevant parts of the EMP will be incorporated into the construction, operation, and management activities of each subproject. Environmental protection measures will, (i) avoid, and (ii) where avoidance is not possible, mitigate environmental impacts, and (iii) achieve compliance with national environmental regulations and ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) (2009).
2. Environmental monitoring programs will be carried out and the results will be used to evaluate the extent and severity of actual environmental impacts against the predicted impacts and the performance of the environmental protection measures.
B. Responsibilities for Implementation
3. The supervision and monitoring of project-related environmental activities during the preconstruction, construction and operation phases will be the responsibility of the Executing Agency, which in this case is MOWRAM. The assigned environment safeguards officer in PMU will oversee overall management, coordination and reporting and obtaining ADB and government approval where required. In line with this supervision of site activities will be the responsibility of the Tboung Khmum PDWRAM, which will assign an environmental safeguards focal point in the provincial implementation unit. The major responsibilities of the environmental safeguards focal point will be to ensure that:
(i) Mitigation measures and monitoring of these activities are carried out in accordance with the EMP; (ii) Environmental monitoring program, comprising taking samples and analysis are being carried out; (iii) Reporting is performed in compliance with ADB and the Government of Cambodia requirements.
4. However, the main environmental guidance for the implementation phase will be provided by the Environment Specialist in the Project Implementation Consultants (PIC) team. The role of the PIC will be to work as part of the PMU, helping them fulfil their supervision and monitoring responsibilities. The PIC will also provide monitoring reports for the ADB. The PIC will be contracted by the PMU for the duration of the loan implementation period.
5. Two consultants have been ascribed to support the PMU during the life of the project; an International Environment and Climate Change Specialist and a National Environment and Climate Change Specialist. These consultants are currently written into the design for 2 months in each of years 1, 3 and 6 and, in addition to this, the National Environmental Specialist and Climate Change Specialist are incorporated for 6 months each year. These people will support environmental monitoring for the whole project.
6. Contractors will be engaged by the PMU for construction. The construction impact mitigation measures contained in this EMP will be included as necessary activities in the contract documents. The incorporation of EMP provisions into the contract documents will be undertaken by the PMU. The contractors will have the responsibility for implementing the impact mitigation measures in the construction phase and their performance will be supervised by the PMU.
7. Environmental monitoring during operation of the project in the longer term is the responsibility of the Tboung Khum PDWRAM
60 C. Summary of Potential Impacts
8. Table A.2.3 summarizes the potential impacts of the subprojects during construction and operation, as well as corresponding mitigation measures designated to minimize those impacts.
9. The mitigation measures will be incorporated into tender documents, construction contracts, and operational management procedures. Contractors and PMU will implement these measures, depending upon subproject phases. The effectiveness of these measures will be carefully monitored through the environmental monitoring plan to determine whether to continue them or to make improvements.
D. Summary of Management and Monitoring Cost
10. The costs of implementing the environmental management and impact mitigation measures listed in the EMP matrix are included in the design costs, construction contracts and operational budgets. Detailed budget allocations against each of the items in the EMP will be developed by the PMU with the assistance of the Environment Specialist. Cost estimates for the implementation of the EMP and environmental monitoring for the subproject, public consultations and capacity building are summarized in Table A.2.1. The compliance monitoring costs will be borne by the IAs as part of the imlementation functions. Internal monitoring costs will be borne by the contractors and the EAs. Independent monitoring costs will be from the PMU consultancy budget. Before implementing a monitoring plan, responsible agencies will present a more detailed breakdown of the estimated budget. During project implementation, the budgets will be adjusted based upon actual requirements. Contractors will bear the costs of all mitigation measures during construction, which will be included in the tender and contract documents. Tboung Khmum PDWRAM will bear the costs related to mitigation measures during operation. Costs related to environmental supervision during construction and operation will be borne by Tboug Khmum PDWRAM and the operators. Costs for capacity building will be borne by the project as a whole.
11. The continuing activities of the PMU’s monitoring during construction and the initial operational period will be funded from the construction budget. The PDWRAMs’ ongoing monitoring costs will be covered by their operational budget.
Table A.2.1: Subproject Cost Estimates – EMP and Monitoring Item Estimated Costs ($) Source of Funds Environmental mitigation (including EMP 6,700 Contractor Budget operationalization) Environmental monitoring (including water quality 3,800 PMU Budget & testing, soil & excavation testing, IA budget Public Consultation 2,500 PMU Budget Total $13,000
Table A.2.2: EMP Abbreviations Abbreviation Abbreviation PMU Project Management Unit PPIU Provincial Project Implementation Unit PIC Project Implementation FWUC Farmer Water User Community Consultants 6,700TA Technical Assistance WUGs Water User Groups
61 TABLE A.2.3: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
Signifi Potential Nature of Impacts cant Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities Impacts Duration ★
1. Recommendation during pre-construction phase The works involved in the pre- construction of the Kbal Teuk, Tuol Pring and Trapeang Tros To minimize the impact of the project in the PMU/PPIU Irrigation reservoir are expected to take up - Short commune early discussions should take place with - Project to 5 months. This will involve extensive D1 N/A Timing of Works term the commune heads to talk about the schedule and Implementation vehicle movements, removal of spoil, agree on times within which the PIC can operate. Consultant (PIC) installation of new gates etc. which will impact - Monitor by PMU/PPIU. upon the daily lives of people in the commune.
Project works will take place in areas that are To avoid any risks, on all sites where excavation or already well trafficked. Thus, it is not likely to ground clearance needs to take place, where there have significant UXO risk. During the public is a reasonable doubt as to the safety of the area, consultation from 7 February to 09 March - PMU PPU Short an approved mine clearance agency should be 2020, no one raised concerns about a UXO D2 In contract by - Monitor by: PMU//PIC UXO term engaged for an agreed package of verification, risk at the proposed site. It was an existing Contractor (environment, detection and clearance work, to ensure that all irrigation since Pol Pot Regime. However, a Engineer) areas where excavation, or access construction will borrow pit site which is unknown yet, which take place are clear of UXO. could be hold UXO.
Technical assistance will provide training for farmers on irrigated agriculture practices to improve - PMU/PPIU/PIC: Increased irrigation could cause a decrease in knowledge on soils and appropriate responses, Engineer Downstream the available water for downstream farmers. Mediu field improvement and preparation for irrigation, - FWUC D2 impacts (Water However, the subproject is small and such m field water management, maintenance of water Project cost - Monitor by: Quantity) risk is not likely to be significant. depth, level and timing, and role of drainage and its PMU/PPIU/ PIC benefits. As water availability monitoring will be (Environment, conducted in downstream villages during wet and Engineer) dry seasons to minimize adverse impacts and take
62 Signifi Potential Nature of Impacts cant Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities Impacts Duration ★
necessary remedial measures in a timely manner as necessary.
- The drawing of alignment of the embankment was moved into the inter of the reservoir’s PIC: Engineer Existing On- site embankment to avoid/minimized the impacts of - vegetation and Short - Monitor by: Impacts on the palm trees D2 palm trees located at the outer of the reservoir’s Project cost PMU/PPIU/ PIC food trees (there term embankment (Environment, are palm trees) - Possibility to remove the food trees from Engineer) embankment and replanting within suitable places - Contractors should be aware of potential - Groundwater in the area is understood to PIC: Engineer arsenate issues and although there is no need - have a very low count of arsenate, however Arsenate in Long for activities to extract groundwater it should be Unit cost in - Monitor by: as other subproject areas will be different D2 PMU/PPIU/ PIC groundwater term included as information about the site. Table A.2.1 (Environment, caution and testing is recommended. - The contractor shall monitor the ground water Engineer) quality within or nearby the project sites.
- Impacts therefore will be reduced or avoided by appropriate qualitative design and experiential - Some sections of the project alignment will be contractor together with environmental Cost of the re- Floods and affected by flooding and erosion, especially consideration including re- vegetation programs - PIC: Engineer Long vegetation extreme weather during rainy season along alignment where there is potential to be Monitor by: PMU/PPIU/ D2 (included in - events, and Floods and other extreme weather events will Term affected by erosion. PIC (Environment, - construction erosion potentially damage rice field in reservoir due Designing must be considered on flood of the rice - period) Engineer) to raising /upgrading an embankment field located in upper of reservoir and ensure the water level in this reservoir are extended not exceeding 150m from the embankment
- The contractor shall prepare plan in order to Historical - There are existing the historical site about minimize the impact on the historical site and - PIC: Engineer Short site/cultural 150m-200m far from the main canal for Kbal D1 inform drivers as well as rope off structure N/A - Monitor by: PMU/PPIU/ monuments and Teuk irrigation subproject according to the site Term - The contractor is required to pay more attention for (Environment, values visited. these sites and ask the workers do not take out any Engineer) stone from that sites
63 Signifi Potential Nature of Impacts cant Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities Impacts Duration ★
- Contractor shall ensure that any local cultural sites (including shrines, graves, and other believe) will be kept clear and protection from other disturbance. - Access to these sites will not allowed and in case found artifacts, there have to stop digging and inform to the local competency and local authority as well as PMU/MOWRAM. - - PIC: Engineer - Based on the visit in December 2019 and - Monitor by: PMU/PPIU/ Funeral areas March 2020, there are no any funeral areas D1 N/A N/A N/A - PIC (Environment, within the proposed project. Engineer) - The contractor should develop the CEMP before commencement of site work. This - PIC: Engineer CEMP should be consisted a number - The contractor shall carryout these plans in order Development of Short Monitor by: PMU/PPIU/ management plans such as solid waste, D1 to minimize the environmental impacts as well as - CEMP Term (Environment, environmental health & safety, Covid-19 to the public health Engineer) health management plan, emergency response, dust and noise..etc 2. Environmental Impacts during Construction - Water shall be sprayed during construction if the - An adverse environmental impact could In contract of - PIC: Engineer construction zone will be located close 50 m to Dust from occur during the construction phase in case Short D2 urban areas such as village, hospital, school and a contractor - Monitor by: PMU/PPIU/ construction works of improper construction management but is Term bidding (Environment, so on to ensure that dust is minimized throughout not likely significant. package Engineer) the construction zone. - Dry material handling and transport generate large amounts of dust thus: - An adverse environmental impact could ● The Contractor shall prepare a dust In contract of a Short Dust and material occur during the construction phase in case D2 control program. contractor - Contractor Monitor Transportation of improper construction management but is Term ● Water shall be sprayed where dry bidding PMU/PPIU/ not likely significant. materials are handled, crushed and package transported. - Vehicles transporting materials are to be covered 64 Signifi Potential Nature of Impacts cant Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities Impacts Duration ★
fully and limited speed to reduce spills and dust. - Watering in regularly on the access road and within subproject site - Follow the Cambodian laws and regulations/guidelines - . Vehicles and equipment are to be maintained to meet Cambodian emission and noise standards. - Consultation with the beneficiary community will occur at commencement of construction to specifically discuss management and mitigation of potential short- term air and noise pollution. - Contractor - An adverse environmental impact could In contract of a - To minimize impact, construction within 100m of a Monitor by: Air pollution and occur during the construction phase in case Short contractor - D2 village or town is to be prohibited to lunch hours PMU/PPIU/PIC noise of improper construction management but is Term bidding and night time. (environment & not likely to be significant. package - Follow the Cambodian laws and Engineer) regulations/guidelines, especially, air pollution and noise disturbance sub-decree - It is possible for contractor to have new equipment’s and vehicles for construction work, and well maintenance. - An adverse environmental impact could - Provision of sanitary facilities (toilets, burying, occur during the construction phase from etc.)with proper waste disposal will be provided - Contractor Human waste workers. This will generate flies and by contractors. In contract of a Monitor by: /wastewater from transmitted diseases which will possibly Short contractor - D2 - The toilet with septic must be installed far enough PMU/PPIU/PIC construction and result un-sanitation in the areas. Term from water sources in accordance with bidding (environment & camp - Wastewater from worker camps will be guidelines/ regulations package Engineer) impact on the environment and community - Provide training on the waste management to health worker before commencement work - Solid waste can create nuisance and bad - Every camp and work site should be clean during Solid waste odor, encourage disease vectors (such as stay and before moving to a new site. - Contractor In contract of a generation from flies and rats), blocked drainage system and - The temporary storage of solid waste resulting Monitor by: Short contractor - construction and hazard to environment. Hence, sufficient D2 from construction, camp of workers and from PMU/PPIU/PIC Term bidding camp, work sites garbage containers are to be provided in kitchen shall be stored in the properly place package (environment & and workers construction camps and at work site, and be - Work closely with local authority to identify the Engineer) emptied daily, the waste being disposed of disposal area for dumping construction waste in 65 Signifi Potential Nature of Impacts cant Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities Impacts Duration ★
in an approved dump site. properly manner. - Solid waste will be occurred due to the - Provide training on the waste management to clearing, grubbing and remove the old worker before commencement work structures, and impact on community heath - Construction vehicles shall comply with national regulation on speed limitation, especially at - Some heavy equipment (heavy trucks, bulldozers, backhoes, etc.) will be brought to market, school, hospital, urban areas. the construction areas for excavation and - Keep road space or bypass for travelers to avoid traffic jams. - Contractor Traffic accident and construction works. They will only be In contract of a Vehicle for construction should park at designated Monitor by: traffic jam from transported in and out during the construction Short - contractor - D1 PMU/PPIU/PIC construction period and in relatively small numbers. Even Term safe places. bidding All workers need to be equipped with safety (environment & vehicle movements though the project area not heavily populated, - package equipment such as: glove, boot and safety hat, Engineer) no serious disturbance is envisaged; however etc. it will possibly cause accidents to local - Contractor shall provide training on the safety communities, traffic jam and dust. management to workers and local communities before commencement work - Hence good construction practices shall help to mitigate soil erosion and siltation. Additionally, re- - Contractor - Soil erosion will occur during earthwork and planting of vegetation will also help to mitigate Estimated Mediu - Monitor by: clearing along the bank or existing irrigation. erosion. costs included Soil erosion D2 PMU/PPIU/PIC This will cause deterioration in water quality m - The raising an embankment shall be well in EMP Table (environment & and impact on some aquatic resources. compacted, making gentle slope and construction A.2.1 activities shall be avoided during the raining Engineer) season In contract - Contractor - Contractor should working closely with competent of a - Monitor by: - The sludge disposal will be occurred due to Short authority to identify the sites in accordance with Sludge Disposal D1 contractor PMU/PPIU/PIC term law andregulations for sludge disposal at properly the dredging and clearing of existing canals bidding (environment & places package Engineer) Some workers will be recruited for - Workers should wear protection equipment In contract of a Worker safety and - - Contractor and PIC: construction activities and workers' camp will Short during works to ensure that they are safe and contractor health, and Covid- D3 Engineer in corporation be constructed. These will include non-skilled Term good health. bidding 19 prevention workers, operators and drivers as well as A contractor should develop a guideline package with local authority 66 Signifi Potential Nature of Impacts cant Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities Impacts Duration ★
surveyors and construction supervisors. on working mechanism, health and safety - Monitor by: Since the works will be relatively small scale during construction, especially, should follow the PMU/PPIU/PIC and expected to be completed within one Occupational Health and Safety (OHS). (Environmental year, large numbers of workers are not - Contractor shall provide first aid treatment to the Engineer)) expected. However, safety and health, and construction staffs and workers. COVID 19 impacts will be also expected Manager should educate his workers on health during this phase. and safety projection. - The contractor should provide the training and awareness on Covid-19 prevention to workers and their staff in accordance with guideline of MoH and WHO. Some guidance for preventing the spread of COVID 19 are, as the following: o The contractor will provide safe, suitable and comfortableaccommodation, kitchen, dining and sanitary facilities (toilet and bath); with an ample supply of clean water and the bathrooms have liquid soap provided for hand washing. o First aid supplies and personal protected equipment (PPE) will be provided for worker - A contractor should develop a guideline on staff management and policy. Manager should Some workers will be recruited for - educate his workers to avoid any conflict may construction activities and workers' camp will happen in advance. be constructed. These will include non-skilled Contractor shall provide training on the safety workers, operator and drivers as well as - - Contractor and security management to workers and local In contract of a surveyors and construction supervisors. Short contractor - Local authority Conflict D2 communities before commencement work in Monitor by: Since the works will be relatively small scale Term bidding - order to minimize the conflict PMU/PPIU/PIC and expected to be completed within one package - Work closely with competencies authority as well (environment) year, large numbers of workers are not as local authority for solving the conflict expected. However, conflict will be also - Preference for engagement of local labour to expected. reduce conflict from outside labour – contractor to demonstrate actions taken to engage local
67 Signifi Potential Nature of Impacts cant Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities Impacts Duration ★
staff. - Some workers will be recruited for - A contractor should develop a guideline on construction activities and workers' camp will health and safety management during - Contractor In contract of be constructed. These will include non-skilled construction. Monitor by: Transmitted Short a contractor - workers, operators and drivers as well as D3 Manager should educate PMU/PPIU/PIC diseases Term - bidding surveyors and construction supervisors /training his workers and local villagers on health - package (environment & with different gender. Therefore, the HIV and HIV program, and especially, on how to Engineer) transmission will be expected. prevent the transmitted diseases. - Re-growing trees thus they can protect erosion, reduction of evaporation and complementary to - Contractor in - Some trees along the bank of the existing environment. cooperation with local Damage trees irrigation dam will be affected during clearing Long - Minimizing the cutting food trees along the In contract of a authority along the bank of activities. However it is not recommended to D2 embankment and access road to the subproject contractor Term Monitor by: existing irrigation damage all trees along the bank except those (both sides) and on the slope of embankment in bidding - PMU/PPIU/PIC are not avoidable. order to minimize the impacts (environment, Engineer) - Possibility to remove the food trees from embankment and replanting within suitable places - Secure and controlled storage of all toxic and hazardous materials including fuels and black oil. Provide sanitation arrangements at work sites, to - Contractor Mediu avoid no raw sewage released into drains or In contract of a Monitor by: Pollution from fuels The impact is temporary, as the risk will be streams. Maintenance of vehicles and plant in - - D2 m contractor PMU/PPIU/PIC and black oil confined to the construction period. sound operable condition, preventing oil leakages Term bidding (environment & and excessive exhaust emissions. Engineer) - Black oil should be stored in the safe place and manner in order to ensure that this oil is not polluted to the water sources. - The contractor is required to pay more attention for these sites and ask the workers do not take out any Historical - There are existing the historical site about stone from that sites - PDA/PDWRAM In contract of a site/cultural 150m-200m far from the main canal for Kbal Short - Contractor shall ensure that any local cultural sites - Monitor by: PMU/ PPIU/ D2 contractor monuments and Teuk irrigation subproject according to the site Term (including shrines, graves, and other believe) will PIC (environment)/ bidding values visited. be kept clear and protection from other PDWRAM/MoWRAM disturbance. - Access to these sites will not allowed and in case 68 Signifi Potential Nature of Impacts cant Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities Impacts Duration ★
found artifacts, there have to stop digging and inform to the local competency and local authority as well as PMU/MOWRAM. - PDA/PDWRAM - Some local workers will be recruited due to - Contractor should provide opportunity to the local - Monitor by: PMU/ Local Short the construction taken place in their D1 villager both non-skill to work for the subproject PPIU/ PIC Employment Term community construction (environment)/ PDWRAM/MoWRAM 3. Environmental Impacts during Operation - An educational program on fertilizer standards and - Currently, use of agricultural chemicals is use, as well as potential environmental impacts, available in the project area. The primary will be provided as part of the ongoing agronomic objective of the Project is to provide support from PDAFF. supplementary wet season irrigation and dry Estimated PDA/PDWRAM Surface Water and - Environmental monitoring of a surface water and - season irrigation but the project scale is very Long costs included Monitor by: PMU/ PPIU/ Ground water D3 ground water quality at upstream and downstream - small. Therefore, it is not likely to highly Term in EMP Table PIC (environment)/ pollution is conducted by PDAFF/MAFF or by significantly increase the use of agricultural A.2.1 PDWRAM/MOWRAM MOWRAM/PDWRAM to assess any negative chemicals. However environmental impact on the water bodies and collaborate with consideration, especially about the toxic PDOE/MOE to ensure appropriate use of chemical used must be considered. agricultural chemicals and fertilizer. - Poor and inadequate operation and maintenance (O&M) of the improved irrigation systems could cause unintended adverse environmental impacts. - Establishment and operation of FWUC is - FWUG / - Acceptable and appropriate O & M should be part of the project design and support. The Project Cost Engineer/Environent/ Mediu developed for sustainable operation and (in design, PDA in cooperation with PDWRAM should Capacity Building maintenance. capacity Inadequate O&M provide a technical support to set up FWUCs D3 m Specialists - Sufficient training to FWUGs must be also provided building and and Farmers Water User Groups (FWUGs). Term Monitor by: thus they will be able to manage, operate and FWUG - A FWUC is the governing board, normally PMU/PPIU/ maintain the irrigation in sustainability. package) comprising chairman, deputy chairman, PIC/PDWRAM secretary and treasurer. A FWUG is charged with undertaking or ensuring the key activities - operation and maintenance and is also involved in collecting irrigation service fee. 69 Signifi Potential Nature of Impacts cant Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities Impacts Duration ★
The FWUCs through a project technical assistance to strengthen overall water management capacity of FWUCs. PPIU/FWUG/ Local - A safety management program should be provided - - Some sections of the project are located near Estimated authority Long by the project in cooperation with FWUC and local residential areas where children or a costs included - Monitor by: Accident D3 authority. vulnerable adult could possibly fall into and Term in EMP PMU/PPIU/ - Contractor shall install the safety sign boards and drown in the irrigation water. Table A.2.1 - (environment)/PDWR inform to the local villagers and local authority AM PPIC/FWUG/Local - Thesemisunderstandings should be avoidable with - - This can occur between downstream and Estimated Authority support of FWUC and proper O&M manual. upstream water users where costs included /Environment/ CD Conflict of water Long - Educational program for water saving use should inappropriate management combines with D3 in EMP - Monitor by: utilization Term be provided and include concepts of where inequitable sharing; a lack of understanding Table PDWRAM/PMU/PPIU/ equitable water sharing and effective management would need to be addressed A.2.1 - (environment) should be applied Engineer, CD) - The upgrading of embankment should be ensured that the water level in reservoir will not flooded the paddy field of local farmer located upper of reservoir (150m from dam). PPIU/FWUG/Local - Regularly control the function of all structures as - authority/AC Floods and - Floods and other extreme weather events will well as water gate, so that these structures keep Long Included in - Monitor by: extreme weather potentially damage rice field in reservoir due D3 water level safer for rice field in upper of reservoir. Term Project Cost PDWRAM/PMU/PPIU events to raising/upgrading an embankment - The controlling of water level in the reservoir is (Environment required in order to avoid flooding of rice field for - Specialist) local farmer located in upper of reservoir - Water gate and other structure facilities must be required to ensure their function are well operation and can keep water level at limitation 4. Environmental and Social Benefits Increasing - Improved water control and management as Cost in - PPIU/FWUC/Local agricultural due to an upgraded irrigation scheme will Long - Strengthen capacity of FWUC and local authority package of authority/CD D4+ activities and enable communities to manage flood and Term for flood control, management and maintenance of FWUC and - Monitor by: farmer’s drought. Training in irrigated agriculture the irrigation. capacity PMU/PPIU/ knowledge practice will improve farmers' knowledge on building - (environment)/PDW
70 Signifi Potential Nature of Impacts cant Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibilities Impacts Duration ★
soils and appropriate response, field RAM/MOWRAM/MA improvement and preparation for irrigation, FF field water management, maintenance of water depth, level and timing, role of drainage and its benefits, strengthening adaptive capacity of farmers to climatic variability - Through enhancement of agricultural - PPIU/FWUC/Local activities and local incomes, in-migrant Cost in authority employment will benefit local communities Long - Strengthen capacity of FWUC and local package of - Monitor by: PMU/ D3+ Employment who migrate for work. Additionally Term authority for problem solutions, management and FWUC and PPIU/ some migrant employees will return home maintenance of the irrigation. capacity (environment)/PD with improved agriculture skills and will have building WRAM/PDA/MO a chance to find a job at the locality. WRAM NB: Significant: There is a range of numbers used ranging from: D1=little significant – D4 significant impact
71 E. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting
12. The Project monitoring program will focus on the environment within the Project’s area of influence. An environmental monitoring program is summarized in Table A2.4 below. The program considers the scope of monitoring and frequency. The monitoring results will be assessed against the following standards and corrective management implemented in cases of non- compliance.
(i) The sub-decree No 27 ANRK.BK on Water Pollution Control is dated on April 6th, 1999. (Table for Lake and Reservoir) (ii) The sub-decree No 36 ANRK.BK on Solid Waste Management is dated on April 27th, 1999. 13. For the re-use and disposal of silt from canal cleaning or dredging, there is no RGC standard, and standards applying to paddy field environments from PRC and Japan will be referenced.
Table A.2.4: Environmental Monitoring Plan Parameters Location Frequency Costs Responsibilities Pre-Construction Planning for design as well as implementation will include monitoring to ensure that all sites for bio-digesters, Understanding the value of It will be ponds, buildings, top soils, the need to specifically Ongoing site - PIC and PMU irrigation and laser manage site waste and to woven into management to inspect. grading are managed maintain a clean and safe contractual in a systematic manner site will be monitored. documents. adopting clean management procedures by contractors. - All on-site vegetation designated for protection and inclusion in the finished site should be - National Existing on-site Once at identified. (Some sites One day Nominated vegetation and food the pre- may have none). Provincial trees (there are palm construction including - Mostly, food trees existing Officer to visit trees and coconut etc.) period. logistics along the dam as well as site PIC & PMU on and along the embankment, and access road to subproject - Any surface water Surface water quality: associated with building sites and irrigation sub- pH, TSS, EC, NH4+, Once at A unit cost of projects requires the NO3-, PO4, DO, the pre- $420 per testing of water to - PIC & PMU BOD5, COD, Oil construction establish baseline water suite of & period. quality for surface water tests. Grease, Total-Coliform which enters and will leave the project site. Groundwater quality: - Groundwater quality A unit cost Once at within and nearby of “Priority Parameters”: the pre- pH, Turbidity, Arsenic, proposed subproject - PIC & PMU construction $420 per suite Iron, TDS, Pesticides, areas should not be period. of tests both Total-Coliform, compromised at all during for ground.
72 Parameters Location Frequency Costs Responsibilities
construction stage. - Contractor shall advance Once at It will be in the preparing the CEMP the pre- CEMP by contractor contractual - PIC & PMU before commencement of construction documents site work period. During Construction - Site inspection of A unit cost subproject site and of one day - PIC to supervise Dust and noise monitoring by using the Monthly monitoring and PMU to hand-held meter in including inspect regularly. logistics - - Site inspection of subproject sites as Existing On-site food appropriate. trees(there are palm - Along the existing Unit cost of Monthly - PIC and PMU trees and coconut etc.) embankment and on the one vegetation and slope of embankment (from both sides) and access road Surface water quality: Any surface / Canal water pH, TSS, EC, NH4+, A unit cost of 100m downstream of major NO3-, PO4, DO, Semi- $420 per construction sites where - PIC & PMU BOD5, COD, Oil annually there could be some suite of & Grease, contamination. tests. Total-Coliform Groundwater quality: Groundwater quality A unit cost of nearby or within proposed “Priority Parameters”: Semi- $420 per suite pH, Turbidity, Arsenic, subproject areas should - PIC & PMU annually of tests both Iron, TDS, Pesticides, not be compromised at all for ground. Total-Coliform, during construction stage. Building site and Camp sites (worker and Engineer) are to be kept clean and Unit cost of orderly to minimize one day Solid Waste - PIC and PMU prospect of accidents. All Monthly monitoring Management to inspect. waste is to be segregated including by type and be placed in a logistics prescribed and dedicated location for removal. Unit cost of Construction sites, worker one day EHS (for community camps and access road to Monthly monitoring - PIC & PMU and occupation) borrow pit sites including logistics
Operation Phase - A unit cost of Surface water quality: PMU & IAs to Any surface water pH, TSS, EC, NH4+, $420 per suite contract an associated with sub-project Semi- NO3-, PO4, DO, of tests both organization to do sites and nearby the annually BOD5, COD, Oil & for ground sampling and subproject sites. Grease, Total-Coliform and surface testing. water testing. Groundwater quality: A unit cost of Groundwater quality PMU to contract “Priority Parameters”: should not be Semi- $420 per suite an organization to pH, Turbidity, Arsenic, compromised at all during annually of tests both do sampling and Iron, TDS, Pesticides, operation. If considered for ground testing Total-Coliform, necessary, sampling and 73 Parameters Location Frequency Costs Responsibilities points, where available, surface water could be identified during testing. detailed design.
14. During construction, the PMU will make appropriate arrangements for monitoring according to the EMP. Monitoring reports will be made available to MOE as required, on a quarterly basis during construction. When complaints are received from the public (either directly or via the formal grievance redress mechanism), monitoring staff will conduct additional inspections immediately.
F. Reporting
15. The environmental monitoring report will be prepared semi-annually for EA by environmental and climate change specialist, CS1/PIC based on EMP which is collaboration with PMU/ESO, and submit to ADB. The reports will be included all the indicators measured within the table with the monitoring plan of EMP, performance monitoring indicators, and relevant national environmental quality standards. The table below is indicated the reporting requirements.
TABLE A.2.5: REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
Report Frequency Purpose From To
Contractor’ EMP implementation environmental progress and monitoring Monthly Contractor PMU monitoring result Progress Report Contractor’ Full EMP Implementation Environmental and Adherence to PMU Contractor Monitoring progress Quarterly Environmental report Covenants Environmental Full EMP Implementation and Adherence to Monitoring progress Semi- Environmental PMU ADB report Annually Covenants
G. Training Program and Institutional Capacity Review and Needs
16. A training program is required to address the safeguard reporting and implementation requirements during construction. The engagement of a contractor firm/consultants will be critical to ensuring the capacity of the PIU and PMU staff and to ensuring monitoring and reporting are managed effectively during implementation. This person will work closely with the PMU Safeguard Officer and PIU Focal Point in order to ensure safeguards are implemented and monitored. The proposed training required for project implementation is set out in Table A.2.5 below.
TABLE A.2.5: TRAINING REQUIREMENT
Subject/Content Participants Trainer Frequency Cost (US$) EMP implementation – PMU, PIU, local Environmental Once prior to 6,000 roles and responsibilities, authority, Specialist construction monitoring, consultation Contractors
74 Subject/Content Participants Trainer Frequency Cost (US$) training, supervision and reporting Grievance Redress Local authorities, Environmental Once prior 3,000 Mechanism – roles and communities, Specialist before responsibilities PMU, PIU, construction Environmental Contractors, PIU, Environmental Once prior 1,680 Monitoring – monitoring PMU, Specialist before methods, data collection construction and processing, reporting systems Maintenance training Operators, staffs, contractor Once prior 3,000 program workers, PIU, firm/consultants before PMU and local operation authority Total 13,680
H. Grievance Redress Mechanism
17. The procedure and timeframe for the GRM are described as follows (below Figure). The process of grievance redress resolution should be as follow:
(i) Stage 1: If a concern arises during construction, the affected person will submit a written or oral complaint to the contractor, or village chief/commune directly to address the issue. However, whenever possible, the contractor, or village chief/commune will resolve the issue directly with the affected person. The contractor will give a clear reply within one week. If successful, the contractor will inform the PPCU accordingly. (ii) Stage 2: If no appropriate solution can be found, the contractor should forward the complaint to the PIU/provincial environmental focal point within five working days. The complainant may also decide to submit a written or oral complaint to the PIU /provincial environmental focal point, either directly or via one of the GRM entry points. (iii) Stage 3: If no appropriate solution, PIU/provincial environmental focal point within five working days, the complainant may also decide to submit a written or oral complaint to PMU/environmental safeguards. The PMU will investigate and identify the solution and provide a clear reply for the complainant within five working days. The ESO of the PMU will assist in replying to the affected person. The PMU will, in a timely manner convey the complaint/grievance and suggested solution to the contractors or operators of facilities. The contractors during construction and the operators during operation will implement the agreed upon redress solution and report the outcome to the PPCU within seven working
18. During construction, the PPCU will be informed by contractors and construction supervisors, cooperative board or PMUs if people complain about the project. During operation, the PPCU will be advised of complaints by the Provincial Department of Agriculture (PDA) and the cooperative. The PPCU will also inform the ADB project team and submit all relevant documents.
19. The PMU will maintain records of complaints and actions taken to correct them. This data will be included in the PMU’s reports to the ADB.
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76 ANNEX 2 – LIST OF PARTICIPANT AT MEETING, MINUTE OF MEETING AND PHOTOS
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ANNEX 3 - LIST OF DRAWING FOR IRRIGATION SUBPROJECTS
94 ANNEX 3: LIST OF DRAWING FOR IRRIGATION SUBPROJECTS IN TBOUNG KHMUM
1. EMBANKMENT DAM a. Embankment Dam (700m)
b. Embankment Main Dam (1816 m)
c. Embankment Dam 2 (980m)
2. SECONDARY CANAL a. Secondary Canal SC2 (492 m)
b. Secondary Canal SC3 (1,070m)
c. Secondary Canal SC4 (800m)
d. Secondary Canal SC1 (900 m)
e. Secondary Canal SC2 (1,200m)
f. Secondary Canal SC3 (660 m)
g. Secondary Canal SC4 (670 m)
h. Secondary Canal SC5 (576 m)
i. Secondary Canal SC6 (400 m)
j. Secondary Canal SC7 (544 m)
3. TERTIARY CANAL a. Tertiary Canal TC3-2 (300m)
b. Tertiary Canal TC4-1 (600m)