Special Libraries, October 1984

San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks

Special Libraries, 1984 Special Libraries, 1980s

10-1-1984

Special Libraries Association

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Recommended Citation Special Libraries Association, "Special Libraries, October 1984" (1984). Special Libraries, 1984. 4. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1984/4

This Magazine is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Libraries, 1980s at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Special Libraries, 1984 by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. special libraries I I October 1984, uol. 75, no. 4 SPLBAN 75(4) 263-362 (1 984) ISSN 0038-6723 1

Inside:

I I I?

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ind them easily Help is Available in 30 Three handy indexes make it All listed resources offer in the Directory Technical Areas including: easy to locate the resource you unique capabilities (not read- F need ily duplicated in the private of Federal Aeronautics (21)' Biological 1. Subject Term lndex sector) to encourage greater Technology Resources. Sciences (57) Energy (53) Identifies resources in your use of Federal technology. Materials (46) Medicine (120) technical interest areas. This valuable directory To increase your aware- 'The number of resources cur- will guide you to 2. Geographic lndex near of hundreds of rently included-more are be- Find all the resources in your hundreds of Federal ing added. Federal Technology agencies, laboratories, state. Resources available to and engineering centers 3. Resource Name lndex work with you on Look up any resource by name your projects, order willing to share their expertise, of laboratory or program. your DIRECTORY now1 equipment and, sometimes,

october 1984 Marquis Who's Who is continually adding new individuals to its database. Upon publication of the 43rd Edition of Who's Who in America, more than 12,000new biographies will appear in DIALOG File 234 - prominent individuals whose achievement and reference importance has, for the first time, earned them a place in this highly respected reference source. Add the 75,000 updated biographical sketches from the 42nd Edition, plus 14,000 individuals from the 1st Edition of Who's Who in Frontier Science cmd 'IBchnology and you have access to current biographical information on more than 100,000outstanding achievers from all disciplines and professions. The MARQUIS WHO'S WHO Database. file 234 on DIALOG Make way for the PRO'S. Introducing a new data file-the MARQUIS PRO-files Database This new resource lets you access information on nearly 11,000 professionals with expertise in the computer graphics and online fields . . .from designers and producers to intermediary searchers and consultants. The database contains the full text of two of the newest publications in Marqus' program of professional directories- the Marquis Who's Who Directory of Computer Graphics and the Marquis Who's Who Directory of Online Professionals. You select from more than 35 searchable criteria, including employment sector: job function. area(s) of interest or expertise, and specific product or subject expertise. The MARQUIS PRO-files Database. File 235 on DIALOG. For more infomution, call us toll-free crt 1-800-621-9669 (In Illinois, call 312-787-2008).

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2A special libraries -special libraries-

October 1984 Vol. 75, No. 4 SPLBAN 75(4)263-362 ISSN 0038-6723

Letters

lnformation and Corporate Cultures Miriam A. Drake

The Library as a Profit Center Stephen C. Tweed

Information: Public or Private Jean Smith

Determining Effective Staffing Levels in Special Libraries Susan M. Collins

Trends in lnformation Science Education Howard Fosdick

Reprint Control Using SAS Mary F. Layman and N. Paige Groninger

Engineering lndex 1 884-1 984 Herbert 6. Landau

The Concise AACR2 Jennifer E. Rowley Publisher: DAVIDR. BENDER Director, Information Services: RENEEL. GOLD Zoo/Aquarium Libraries Editor: DORISYOUDELMAN Kay A. Kenyon Circulation: FRED BAUM On the Scene Special Libraries is published by Special Libraries Association, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10003 (212/477- 9250). Quarterly: January, April, July, October. Annual index Actions of the Board in October issue. 1984 Salary Survey Update @ Copyright 1984 by Special Libraries Association. Material protected by this copyright may be photocopied for the non- commercial purpose of scholarship or research. Reviews Second class postage paid at New York, N.Y., and at additional Instructions for Contributors offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Special Li- braries Association, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10003. lndex to Advertisers

Annual lndex

october 1984 McGregor can simpli[~jcomplex and time cons~tn~it~gpr-oD1er~1.s of per-i- odical procurer?7er1t itwoloir7g I-esearch, or-derir~g,pa!yments, rer?erual.s and record keeping. PI-omptc-ortrteo~ts ser1~ic.e has been a traditiotz with McGregor since 1933. Our customer-s like it; we think you ~uilltoo.

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Subscription Rates: Nonmembers, USA $36.00 S ecial Libraries Association assumes no respon- per calendar year includes the quarter1 journal, si%ilityfor the statements and opinions advanced peclal Llbrarles, and the monthly newsretter, the by the contributors to the Association's publi- SpeciaList; add $5.00 postage for other countries cations. Instructions for Contributors appears in including Canada. S ecial Libraries is $12.00 to Special Libraries 75 (no. 4): 341-342 (Oct 1984). A members, the S eciaist is $3.00 to members, in- publications catalog is available from the Asso- cluded in memger dues. Single copies of Special ciation's New York offices. Editorial views do not Libraries (1981- ) $9.00; single copies of SpeciaList necessarily represent the official position of Spe- $1.00. Membership Directory (not a part of a cial Libraries Association. Acce tame of an ad- subscription) is $25.00. vertisement does not imply enlorsement of the Back Issues & Hard Cover Reprints (191C1965): product by Special Libraries Association. lnquire Kraus Reprint Corp., 16 East 46th St., New York, N.Y. Hardcopy, Microfilm & Micro- Indexed in: Book Review Index, Computer Contents, fiche Editions (1910 to date): Inquire University Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Liter- Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Microforms of ature, Historical Abstracts, Hospital Literature In- the current year are available only to current sub- dex, International Bibliograph~of Book Reviews, scribers to the original. International Biblio raphy of erlodrcal Literature, Changes of Address: Allow six weeks for all Library Literature, %4anagement Index, and Science chan es to become effective. All communications Citation Index. shoufd include both old and new addresses (with Abstracted in: Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Inc., In- ZIP Codes) and should be accompanied by a mail- formation Science Abstrack, INSPEC, Library & Infm- ing label from a recent issue. mation Science Abstracts, and Public Affairs Infmtion Members should send their communications to the Service. SLA Membershi De artment, 235 Park Avenue South, New ~orl,N.!. 10003. Membership Nonmember Subscriber. should send their communications to the SLA Circulation Department, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10003. DUES. Member or Associate Member Claims for missing issues will not be allowed if $55; Student Member $12.00; Retired received more than 90 days from date of mailing Member $10; Sustaining Member $250; lus the time normally required for postal de- &very of the issue and the claim. No claims are Sponsor $500; Patron $1,000. allowed because of failure to notify the Member- ship Department or the Circulation Department (see above) of a change of address, or because copy is "missing from files."

4A special libraries Our Coverage By Our Cover But There's So Much More Inside

october 1984 Because your information is too valuable to play games wfth.

PEKLINETM1s a serials management system that addresses the special needs of special libraries. It is comprehensive and unmatched in capability, accon~modatingvirtually every serials control funct~on from checkmg-m, routing, and ordering, to management reporting and fund accounting. User- friendly, PERLINETMelinlinates vcndor lock-in and puts you in complete control of your own data. Available with or without hardware, ~tis deal for networking in both inter- and intra-company apphcations. A variety of standard packages make PEULINETMcost-effective for small, medium, and large volume information centers. Cost Savings. Reduces the use of expensive telecommunications and processing charges. Prlnts reports, analyzes data without extra connection charges or processing fees. Security. Assures complete privacy of holdmgs; no competitors will know your collection. Places security entirely in the hands of the user. Flexibility. Reduces dependency on your DP Department by provtding an easy to use computer with few, if any, environmental rcstramts. Gives you necessary local control, security, and freedom to handle nlaterial from rn~~ltlplesuppliers. Gives users complete control over all internal data. Eliminates downtime and unreliable telephone links. Custom Tailoring. Meets any local requirements for fornlat andlor terminology. Distinctions between serials and monographs are made by the user. BLACKWELL Not Vendor Tied. LIBRARY Handles orders and receipts to and from any vendor. SYSTEMS, Inc. For free dcscript~veliterature or a l'EKLINETM 310 East Shore Road a. demonstration, and information about BOOKLINETM, GreatNeck. NY 11023 our new monographic acquisitions systenl, write or call: (800) 645-5395. In New York, call: (516) 406-5418.

special libraries Letters We can discuss the validity and utility of parallels between the impact of the railroad on the economic, social, and organizational structures around it, versus the likely impact of Education vs. Training telecommunications upon those structures. But that is education, not training, isn't it? I was a bit nonplussed on reading Joseph I would like to restate the theme of my Dagnese's "The Time of the Parenthesis: article in a slightly different fashion, by using Moving Toward the Future" [SL, April 19841 the analogy of teaching basic accounting in a to see Herb White and myself cast as the two graduate business school. No one in business ends of a spectrum as regards our attitude education pretends that basic accounting is toward library education. In our writings, we scholarly, but neither would very many rec- both make the same basic points. ommend removing it to make business edu- Referring to an article I wrote on "Educa- cation more educational. Basic accounting is tion for Special Librarianship [SL, April 19831, indeed training, but training that is useful, Mr. Dagnese quotes me to the effect that "li- both on the job and as a foundation for busi- brary education must attempt to prepare ness education-a training base for educa- students not only for the immediate job mar- tion, as it were. ket but also for the largely unpredictable techno- We cannot entirely divorce education and logical changes that will characterize this training in our field. Both Mr. White and I career environment." He concludes that I am advocate putting the major emphasis upon advocating training and not education, and education precisely because, among other rea- that "Koenig implies that library schools can sons, we cannot predict the future accurately, (or should be able to) predict future changes and we both advocate that much training, and so prepare students." probably the majority of training, be accom- I am tempted to say that I was quoted out plished on the job. The additional point that of context, but that is beside the point. Even my article tried to make was that education out of context, the import is clear-we cannot is not likely to be adequate if the training predict the future (if we could, we should be base is out of date, and a main thrust of the in commodities speculation, not library edu- article was to present the argument, and data cation), and, therefore, we must prepare, that supporting the argument, that the training is educate, our students to be able to cope base in many cases is indeed out of date. with a variety of alternative futures. We cannot train them for a future we can only very imperfectly predict. M.E.D. Koenig In educating our students, we can import School of Library Service some useful thoughts about the future that Columbia University, N.Y. may help them cope with a rapidly changing environment. For exam~le.. , we can discuss the apparently smooth Moore's law progression Author's Reply of storage and computational capability, and point out that despite underlying Moore's It was not my intention to set up Mike as law-like phenomenon in telecommunications a strawman either for Herb White or for my (date communication rates and transmission own ideas on education for librarianship. The distances in fiber optics for example), there is point I tried to make was that "If we have a no consensus as to the likely progression of claim to being a profession, it certainly must telecommunications costs. Furthermore, we rest on a corpus of theory and research which can point out that the ratio of storage to tele- underpins our practices." Thus, I would ad- communication costs is a major determinant vocate such courses as general reference, bib- of the feasibility of different information sys- liography, and cataloging and classification as tem configurations. essential to the basic education of a librarian. Similarly, we can elucidate the parallels be- On the other hand, online searching, spe- tween the development of railroads in the late cialized reference and programming I consiher 19th century as the prime mover of the major to be techniaues that can be learned once the economic commodities of the day, and the theory of information processing has been emerging development of telecommunica- mastered. This stance puts me at odds with tions in the late 20th century as the prime the data presented in Koenig's article, in mover of what is becoming the major eco- which the special librarians surveyed reverse nomic commodity of today-information. the importance I assign to the listed courses, october 1984 opting for the latter three as more important than the former three. Chevron Because Koenig's article is based on the Datapoint results of his survey, and my perceptions of the essence of library education are different Esso from that of the respondents, and because S. California Gas Koenig makes several recommendations about changing the function and scope of the core Tenneco curriculum based on the perceptions of the Pan Canadian Petroleum respondents, I had assumed we were at odds. (and many others.. .) If we are not, I am pleased. I must add, however, that I am further confused by the last You're in good company sentence of his letter which seems to equate education with a "training base" and suggests when you choose that this "training base" should drive the educational requirements. EASY DATA SYSTEMS' Special Library Joseph M. Dagnese integrated library system Federal Information Policy Our library software was developed first for special libraries, and Kudos to Richard Leacy for his insightful only later adapted to public library use. article concerning the Reagan Administra- That's why we know your needs so tion's efforts to politicize the federal govern- well. We built a system that g-r-o-w-s ment's information "infrastructure" [SL, April as you grow. You don't have to buy 19841. Evidence in support of a comprehen- capacity you may never use. (Makes it sive and equitable national information policy easier to get budget approval, too!) grows stronger daily as political and business Modules available: forces actively thwart the traditional open Acquisitions Cataloguing Inquiry flow of government information. Under these Circulation Control circumstances, I contend that the time is pro- pitious for the professional information com- Features include: munity to lobby the major political parties for On-line authority control the inclusion of an information policy plank Powerful on-line inquiry with in their platforms. This presidential election boolean logic year offers the information community the Fund accounting and management appropriate opportunity to exact from our po- statistics litical system a commitment for the estab- Microfiche and printed catalogues lishment of a "fair" information policy agenda Records management applications for the nation. Runs on Datapoint hardware. Unfortunately, the Administration's record State-of-the-art networking and activities concerning all aspects of public capabilities. information represents a "reign of terror." The A public libraries version is also Administration's deliberate efforts to disman- available. Serials system coming soon. tle the federal information apparatus and Write or call and let us show you severely restrict the open flow of public how our flexibility can meet your information is inexcusable and without prec- exact needs. edent. The re-election of Ronald Reagan will certainly assure four more years of assault and decline for the federal information milieu. Therefore, I strongly urge the information community to vigorously support the defeat 5W!!EYX, of President Reagan during the November Easv Data Svstems election, thus voting for our profession and against our oppression. 1385 west 8th Avenue Vancouver, B.C. Marc A. Levin Canada V6H 3V9 Institute of Governmental Studies (604) 734-8822 University of California, Berkeley

special libraries DESIGNING & SPACE PLANNING THE ELECTRONIC LIBRARY

Dec. 3-4, '84 - Los Angeles Dec. 13-14, '84 - New York City Feb. 14-15, '85 - Washington DC April 4-5, '85 - New York City Oct. 3-4. '85 - San Francisco

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Authors: PLANNING THE The University of Pittsburgh has expanded its on- ELECTRONIC hne training offermgs to include three-day multi- system sessions on DIALOG, ORBIT, and BRS. OFFICE, McGraw-Hill, 1983 The single-system sesslons w~llcontmue to be offered on a regular basis. AARON COHEN ASSOC. An ideal learning environment has been created In a laboratory which provides a hard-copy ter- RFD 1. Box 636, Teatown Road mlnal and telephone for each tramee as well as a CRT attached to an Image Prolector Trainees Croton-on-Hudson NY 10520 will learn by doing. 914/271-8170

Fees: Multi-system Sesslons $300.00 S~ngle-systemSessions $200.00 DATES 1984 Seotember 10.12 November 12.14 MuIt1-systems Multi-systems October 15-17 December 17.19 BRS ORBIT DATES 1985 January 14.16 June 17.19 Multi-systems ORBIT Februaly 4-6 July 8.10 DIALOG Multi-systems March 11-13 September 9-11 Multi-systems DIALOG Aoril 15.17 October 7.9 - BRS Multi-systems May 13.15 November 11-13 5 The most complete catalog I Multi-svstems BRS I of Self-Instructional I December 9-11 Multi-systems I I I Foreign- Language- - Courses I Direct inquiries to: Dr Elizabeth Duncan. On-Ilne I ever offered ! Train~ngCenter. Room 807 L.1 S Building, Un~versltyof Plttsburgh, Plttsburgh, PA 15260 412-624-5218 1 16 booklcassette courses I: in 40 Languages. Features mater~alsused by US State Dept plus BBC Audio and Video Courses. New 1 36 page catalog free from: - aunmmwm? : THE IANGUAGE SOURCE I Room752, On-The-Green I Gullford. CT 06437 SCHOOL OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE Or call toll-free 1-800-243-1234 october 1984

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12A special libraries The Making of a Dun's Directorv.

First, we screen the companies of America (and beyond) by indusny, geography, and size. ..

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Dun's Marketing Services provides you with direct access to information on business throughout the world so you can do your job better. . .with less effort. Whether your prime responsibility is planning, marketing, sales, finance or human resources, you should have access to Dun's Business Reference Library. You'll have the world of business at your fingertips. Let us put our library at your disposal. Call us toll-free via our direct line: (800) S'6-O65 1. Dun's ~arketmgServ~ces a company of Ba he hrnaBradstreet Corporatton october 1984 Chances are, as database printer is the only portabletele- legiblethat you can run them exactly the way you want it to services have been experienc- printer that deliverstrue 1200 on thecopier machine with ex- appear. ing atremendous growth over baud performance, printing out ceptional results. The Corre- You can set margins at the the past few years, so have your a rapid-fire150 characters per spondent teleprinter prints true top, bottom, left and right, and needs for finding a terminal to second. Afull four times faster descenders, so there's never choose from 132 horizontal and access them. than what you can expect from any confusion between letters 168 vertical tabsfor atruly cus- The Fall 1983 issue of the any other portable. That means tomized printout. Youcan turn Directory of Online Databases, you can save up to 75%on your paragraphsof information ~nto compiled by CUADRAAssoci- dial-up phone line chargesand columns, or vice versa. Addition- ates, reports the addition of over can save up to 75% on computer ally, you can select 8 different 2,000 new database listings be- connect time, as well. Looked at character sizes and 6 different tween 1979 and 1983. Accord- from another point of vlew, it like "y" and ",," or "," and y' vertical pitches, and prints up ing to Link Data Resources, the means you can conduct more Also, if some of your information to 132 characters per line for database market, a 1 billion dol- database searches for the same needsto be highlighted,you can spread sheets. lar industry in 1982, isprojected amount of money. recewe correspondence-quality The Correspondent tele- to triple in size in as little as5 As important as it is to save bold prmt at 80 characters per printer'scommandof the printed years. money, at Digital, wedon't be- second. word doesn'tstopthere. 10 dif- Because of the number and lieve it should be achieved at Another reason why the ferent national character sets are variety of searches that you now the expenseof quality. Corresoondent teleorinter has built intoit, aswell as APL. perform, you require a terminal W~r~DlsTHE such h(gh legibility ikthaht uses There'soneotherformat that is dedicatedsolely to data mm IF rou plain paper. Plain paper, whether you'll find particularly helpfulfor searches. You need a terminal CAN'TREADIT? ordinary sheet, roll or fanfold, presenting complex information that combines a number of fea- producesexcellenthard copy in an easily understandableway. tures, all of which are essential. The tele- printouts that will not fade and The Correspondent teleprinter These features are speed, relia- printer the arejustaslegiblewhen you take prints bit map graphicsfor high- bility, flexibility and high-quality fact that all the data them out of the file months later, impact presentationsof charts, results. you collect is meant to be read, graphsand formulas. In Digital's DECwriter Corre- reviewed, noted and copied. pRINrl'/fEmm The flexibility of thecorre- spondent'" teleprinter, you'll find It must therefore be, above all WdNT spondenttelepr~nterextends a standalone database terminal else, legible. IN THE HNU1AT beyond the choice of formats. that will surpasseven your high- The Correspondenttele- WANTIE It also gives you 3 different ways est expectations. printer has been engineered The Correspondent tde- to access your databases. with exactly that in mind. printer provides you with a print- Its 9-wire printhead produces out versatility that does not lock CMMrMBMSE an extremely crisp, highly read- you into any predetermined for- SEAMHEsArM& able output that does not put a mat. It lets you arrange datain WHEwmR strain on your eyes. In fact, the nbmJ)lbvM- If your business requiresan oriainal orintouts are soclearlv occasional database search, and even more if you're afre- quent user, cost can becomea very important factor. Asa result, thespeed at which you can conduct these searches is key in your choice of teleprinters. Portable teleprinters, however, are notoriously slow, forcing you to settle for 300 baud performance. Digital'sCorrespondent tele- that problem. space as an average typewriter that the DECwriter Correspon and expand economically. It hasa built-in30011200 and ~ssurpr~s~nglylight - under dentteleprinter IS regarded w~th Only Digital provides you with a baud modem that lets you dial 20 pounds And the price tag is such h~ghesteem by expertsin single, integrated computing directly through the keyboard the datasearch f~eldJeff Pem strategy direct from desktop to for your convenience.With the berton editor of ONLINE states data center. modem, you can store your most I have been do~ngon-lme For more information and frequently used phone numbers searches s~nce1969 and the the name of the Authorized -up to125characters- and d~al DECwr~terCorrespondent IS cer Representative near you, call, them by simply hitting asingle ta~nlyat the top of the Ihst of the 1-800-DIGITAL,extension 700. key. Italsofeaturesa built-in print termmais I have tr~ed' Or write Digital Equipment acousticcouplerthathas been Corporation, 2 Mount Royal designed to accommodate just Avenue, UP01-5, Marlboro, about any phone anywhere you MA01752. travel. And finally, thecorre- spondent teleprinter hasan EIA The Correspondent tele- RS232-C serial port that lets you printer, lhke every Digital hardware and software product, is connect directly with a host surprisingly I~ght,too. engineered toconform to an computer. With such high-performance overall computing strategy This The crowning touch is that it standardsfor speed, print qual- meansthat our products are en- all comes in a compact package ity and versatility of formatsand g~neeredto worktogether easily thattakes upabout as much communication, it is little wonder FALL 1984 NEW 1984 TITLES Essential Systems Analysis, written Current Practices in by practicing systems analysts Stephen Software Development, M. McMenamin and John F. Palmer, is by D. King. A complete for all project managers and analysts. survey of the software It's the definitive book on modern sys- developer's most impor-

tems analysis, and constitutes a major tant tools and methods. Awn advance in this field. Introduces two Evaluates the most pop- new ways to model a new or existing ular of the structured system's essence, the techniques. 80 diagrams. functions that best ISBN: 0-91 7072-29-4; 232 pages: $28 carry out the purpose of the system, with- Systems Development out the complications Without Pain, by P. of a specific technol- Ward. Explains ways to ,,".%.dh ,,."IhV ,,-,, ogy. Now the analyst ' define systems require- is able to distinguish .> ments by modeling work efficiently and quick- patterns. Will help rely between what the ' qk move language barriers system has to be and i between DP experts and . users. 200 diagrams. what a particular im- ' plementation happens to be. Included ISBN: 0-91 7072-40-5; 288 pages; $2 7.50 are complete explanations of the most Up & Running, by H.D. up-to-date DP tools and strategies cur- Hansen. A development rently available. This book is essential case study. Applies the reading for all professionals and stu- latest DP tools and tech- dents involved in the systems develop- niques to the demands ment process. It contains nearly 200 of an actual, successful diagrams, plus many examples taken project. Completely de- ,,k&l&/ from actual projects. Recommended tails every stage of de- pi for all technical collections. velopment, step-by-step. , ISBN: 0-91 7072-30-8; 408 pages; $28 ISBN: 0-91 7072-41-3; 152 pages; $25

YOURDON CLASSICS The Practical Guide to Structured Systems Design; by Meilir Page-Jones. Explains structured specifica- tions antl how to create and evaluate maintainable designs. With diagrams, exercises, and glossary. ISBN: 0- 91 70 72- 1 7-0: 368 pages; $2 7.50 Software Design, by Lawrence Peters. An up- to-date reference. Explains methodologies and techniques for particular design goals. Details the entire design process. With diagrams and a case study. ISBN 0-91 7072-1 9- 7; 248 pages; $27

FOR INFORMATION & A CATALOG, WRITE OR CALL YOURDON PRESS Dept. SLA, 1133 Ave of Americas, NYC 10036, 212-391-2828 or 800-223-2452, Ext. 3328

1 6A special libraries II We are drowning in information buf starved for knowledge." JohnNaisbitt, Author ot MEGATRENDS

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30A special libraries Public Librar Catalog World Artists 1950-1980 American Reformers Eighth Ed~tion1442pp lady By Clabde Marks 1 OOOpp approx Ed~tedby Aiden Whitman 1 OOOpp approx S140 U S and Canada $160 other countries Fall 1984 Price to be annouiced Fall 1984 Prlce to be announced Provldlng publlc college and unl- An authorltatlve survey of the Offer~ngconclse biographies of vers~tyllbrarlans w~tha practical careers of 312 artsts who were 496 men and women who were tool for collection development lnfluentlal In the post-World War II the principal architects of reform cataloging class~f~cat~onand gen- era World Artists 7950-1980 pre- In America from the seventeenth eral reference the all new Elghth sents the story of each artlst s hfe century to modern tlmes thls book Edltlon of Public Llbrary Catalog and work outlining work methods covers reformers from all polltlcal hsts some 8 000 of the best current mfluences and aesthetic bellefs at and ideological persuasions from adult non-flctlon. Engl~sh-language each stage of the artlst s develop- rellg~oustolerance labor rlghts books A subscrlpt~onincludes the ment The artlsts profiled represent and prlson reform to Natlve Amerl- lnltlal hardcover volume and four a wlde variety of styles and move- can rights raclal and sexual equal- paperbound supplements for a full ments n palntlng sculpture and ~tyand freedom of speech f~vevears of servlce graphlc medla current Career and Songs of the Theater By RicharO Lewine and Alfred Simon Occupational Literature 1 OOOpp approx Fall 1984 Price to be announced 1984 Two of the most 'requently asked By Leonard H Goodman 208pp Ready quest~onsabout musical theater- $30 U S and Canada 535 other countrles Who wrote that song? What show This Important resource for guldance IS ~tfrom? -are now easy to counselors lhbrarlans teachers answer w~ththe help of this com- parents students and job seekers prehenslve Index to some 15 000 Indexes a wlde selection of Inex- songs from over 1 200 shows that penslve pamphlets books and have appeared on Broadway and perlodlcals w~thlnformation on Off-Broadway from the earllest more than 700 occupations It pro- days of the American muslcal vides access to lnformat~onsu~table theater through 1983 for all age levels from elementary school through adult Sears: Short Story Index LIGIde c.ncabr,~am~ento~ 1979-1983 Je matena Fail 1984 $60 ten1 U S and Canada Translated by Carrnei Rov~ra700pp approx $70 tent other countries Fall 1984 Price to bt2 announced Thls up-to-date flve-year cumulative The 12th Edition of Sears List of volume of Short Story lndex hsts Subject Headings has now been references to almost 14 000 stories translated Into Span~shmaklng thls published In 900 new collect~ons invaluable servlce available to 11 and over 2.500 storles that ap- brarles wlth slgnlflcant Hispanlc peared In 56 per~odlcalsfrom 1979 populations as well as lhbraries in to 1983 To make research easy Span~sh-speakingcountrles The stones are llsted by author title new Spanlsh edltlon features an and subject In a slngle alphabet English-to-Span~shIndex of maln Note: Subscribers who have mar- head~ngsand elaboration of region- tamed an annual subscription to The al and hlstorlca entries for Short Story lndex for the past f~ve Spanlsh-speaklng reglons years receive the fwe-year cumu- latlve volume at no extra charge as HSM Wilson The Reference Shelf 1985 part of thelr regular subscrlptlon Annual subscription I $40 tent U S and Canada $45 tent other countries (Includes Current Biography 6 ttesi individual Ill es are also available $750 tent U S and Yearbook 1984 Company Canada $9 tent other countrles 500pp approx December 1984 $32 tent Focusmg on slgnlflcant current U S and Canada $42 tent other countries concerns The Reference Shelf Current B~ographyproflles the men provldes college and hlgh school and women who make today s students, lhbrarlans ar~dresearch- news and tomorrows h~storyThe ers wlth facts background, and 1984 Yearbook cumulates the 11 Informed oplnlon The 1984 tltles monthly Issues of Current Blogra- Included The International Debt phy, provldes a complete llstlng Cnsls, Race and Pollt~csEduca- of the years obltuarles, and an tlon in Amenca, The Environment, mdex to all the blographlcal art~cles Poland and Representatwe Amer- that have appeared slnce 1980 /can Speeches 7983 to 1984

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special libraries Information and Corporate Cultures Miriam A. Drake

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga.

Information technology is changing corporate structures, cultures and behaviors. In a rapidly changing environment involving increasing use of computers, strong, people-oriented cultures are needed to ease adaptation and reduce frustration. The importance of corporate cultures and the relationship between information and corporate cultures are discussed.

HE TERM "corporate culture" has Understanding the corporate culture entered the literature relatively and acting in accordance with the culture T recently, but the concept has often determines a person's success or been around for a long time. Corporate failure on the job. A qualified and com- culture in its simplest definition is a set petent employee may fail because he/she of values and beliefs shared by people doesn't fit in while a less competent per- working in an organization. It represents son who understands the culture has a employees' collective judgments about higher probability of success. the future based on past corporate re- Information and its distribution are wards and punishments, heroes, villains, important attributes of a corporate cul- myths, successes and failures. ture and constitute one of the more crit- The idea that a shared set of values ical factors forcing change in corporate and beliefs will affect people's behavior cultures. This paper will discuss the rea- in a positive way is far from new. Or- sons for interest in corporate cultures, the ganized religion, political parties and nature of corporate cultures in business other organizations espousing social good and academia and the role of information have been acting on this idea for cen- in shaping present and future corporate turies. While the Boy Scouts, churches cultures. and political parties publicly espouse their values, in corporations, universities and other organizations the values often Importance of Corporate Culture are implicit and sometimes internally inconsistent. It is easy to dismiss corporate culture as just another gimmick in a consultant's This paper is based on a speech given at a repertoire of magic management media. program sponsored by the Chicago Chapter Regardless of the label, culture or "the of SLA, Feb. 8, 1984. way things are around here," a shared set

october 1984 Copyright @ 1984 Special Librar~esAssociation 263 of values and exvectations about behav- and flexibility in a rapidly changing en- iors are essential to an organization's suc- vironment. "The way we've always done cess and the well-being and success of it" simply will not work in today's units employees. ~ana~ementhas become certain, competitive and complex world. concerned with the culture of organiza- Companies must look outward to the tions for a varietv of reasons. First. is the marketplace, to political and social en- quest to find out how the Japanese man- vironments, and to developments in age and how we can change to meet the technology for guidance and direction. competition. The Japanese have achieved An inward focus for most companies re- growth and a competitive advantage in sults in declining sales, loss of market basic industries. such as steel and auto- share, losses on the income statement and mobiles. They have created an environ- an insecure staff. The inward focus for ment to stimulate innovation in academic institutions may mean that stu- electronics, photographic products, mus- dents will not be educated or appropri- ical instruments and computers, and they ately trained for tomorrow's work place have demonstrated the marketing ability and society. to achieve significant shares in the world A fifth major reason for interest in cor- market. porate cultures is technology, especially Second, everyone is concerned with information technology, which is drast- productivity and how it can be improved. ically changing our lives in the work Productivity per worker in the United place and society. Workers are afraid of States has declined while increasing in being replaced by computers and robots. other parts of the world. Thousands of Many managers, clerks, secretaries, phy- US. workers in basic industries have sicians, librarians and others, feel threat- been unemployed and are likely to re- ened by technology and are fearful and main so. They cannot easily shift from uncertain about their ability to adapt. blue collar manual work to white collar Psychiatrist Criag Brod has identified mental work or pink collar drudge work. a new disease for our times-technos- Corporate executives, politicians and tress. "Technostress is a modern disease management consultants are devising of adaptation caused by the inability to and suggesting a variety of programs to cope with the new computer technologies increase productivity per worker, retrain in a healthy manner. It manifests itself the unemployed and restore the United in two distinct but related ways: in the States to preeminence in productivity. struggle to accept computer technology Third, the attitudes and values of and in the more specialized form of over- younger workers and managers are dif- identification with computer technol- ferent from those of the older generation. ogy" (1). For many people over the age of 45, iden- While these forms of stress cannot be tification with the company is strong and eliminated in the work place, they can self fulfillment is achieved through work. be reduced and turned into a healty Younger people do not derive self ful- growth experience for workers. An open fillment from work. They do not want to and flexible corporate culture centered on work 12 hours a day and weekends, but the growth and development of people they do want a greater degree of control can use technology to achieve increased over their working lives and participation efficiency and productivity without sac- in decisions affecting them. They want rificing the emotional and intellectual to work but they want to live a fulfilling health of people. life outside of the work place. Their def- initions of success are not limited to the acquisition of material goods but extend Definina Cor~orateCulture to a richer family and social life, physical fitness and leisure. In discussing the success of early lead- A fourth reason for interest in corpo- ers in American business, Kennedy and rate culture is the need for both stability Deal, the authors of Corporate Cultures: The

special libraries Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life, state, most innovation is produced by small- "These builders saw their role as creatinn- and medium-sized firms, large firms have an environment-in effect, a culture in nurtured in-house entrepreneurs with their companies in which employees success. Robert T. Grohman, President of could be secure and therebv do the work Levi Strauss & Company, observed, "A necessary to make the business a suc- scarcity of innovation is the surest path cess. . . . In fact, a strong culture has al- to slackened competition, to emphasis on most always been the driving force maintenance of effort and, finally, to behind continuing success in American inertia" (4). business. . . "(2). Many innovations are emanating from When people know what is expected the mid-sized companies. They have cre- of them, when values are articulated and ated new markets and found niches in practiced, people don't have to waste existing markets. A McKinsey & Com- time figuring out what to do or how to pany study of the performance and man- do it. Thev can move forward and avoid agement practices of successful mid-sized wheel spinning or getting stuck in a men- companies found, "For these winner tal snow drift. In companies with weak companies, strategy means fostering in- cultures, people waste a lot of time fig- novation, leading in niche markets, uring out what to do. They lack the se- building on strength and competing on curity, confidence and guidance that a value rather than price. Their organiza- strong culture provides. Organizations tions reflect a conscious concern for characterized by weak cultures do not shared values and corporate cultures, provide an environment conducive to systematic attention to business funda- change and adaptation. Different parts of mentals, less bureaucracy and more ex- the company may be working at cross perimentation, emphasis on customer purposes; employees worry more about needs and interests, and a dedication to politics than getting the job done. people development and motivation" (5). Nowhere is the emphasis on politics While business managers are becoming more pervasive than in academic insti- increasingly aware that their job is to mo- tutions. The power politics in many uni- tivate and develop people, academic versities result in an em~hasis on managers often are oblivious to this need. winning a battle rather than getting the Universities like to think of themselves job done. The university administration as people-oriented, yet they provide may be committed to achieving a set of minimal support, no encouragement and goals, but these goals and values may not no reward for outstanding performance be articulated for fear of upsetting the or innovation. Universities do produce faculty. The problem is exacerbated by outstanding writers, scholars and scien- faculty who work for their professions tists. They also produce bureaucracies re- rather than for the institution. Their rec- sulting in a stifling of creativity and ognition comes from outside not inside innovation in the work place. Entrepre- the institution. neurship and innovation which could Peters and Waterman. in their studv bring rewards to the institution and the of America's best run companies, found, individual are stifled and, in some in- "Without exception, the dominance and stances, punished. Recently, there have coherence of culture proved to be an es- been signs that universities recognize the sential quality of the excellent compa- need to change. The dire financial situ- nies. Moreover, the stronger the culture ation in some universities and the need and the more it was directed toward for industrial development based on re- the marketplace, the less need was there search performed in universities are the for policy manuals, organization charts, bases for alliances between academe and or detailed procedures and rules" (3). industry. While the relationship is an un- Successful companies value autonomy, easy one, both parties are recognizing entrepreneurship, innovation and pro- that they can produce mutually benefi- ductivity through people (3, p. 5). While cial results.

october 1984 Information in the Corporate ganizations in the United Kingdom, Culture found, "There has usually been little awareness, in the global or corporate One of the characteristics of successful sense, of what data is being used, where, companies is information sharing. Dis- when, by whom and for what purpose. tribution of information to a broader The concept or view of data being a cor- group of people has permitted very large porate resource has, for the most part, companies to operate with lean corporate been overlooked . . . additionally, it has staffs and fewer levels of hierarchy in the become apparent that although the con- corporate structure. cept of data as a resource is widely dis- Successful managers view information cussed in general terms or thought of as as a corporate resource and provide the a truism, it is extremely difficult (if not means for managing this resource. Infor- impossible) to deal with in empirical mation management, like corporate cul- terms" (8). ture, is a process. The goal of the process The problem is that data and infor- is getting the right information to the mation are not the same. Data processing right people at the right time and in the people and many librarians believe they right form (6). are handling information when they are Information management relies on in- really handling data. Data has a finite formation systems, an integration of form and is specific. Information derived technologies, described by McFarlan and from data may be less specific and may McKennv as the three islands of the in- or may not change the knowledge of an formation archipelago: computers, tele- individual. Decisions depend, in large communications and office automation part, on changing the knowledge of in- (7). The technical problems associated dividuals involved in the decision. Too with this integration are many and com- much data can interfere with the knowl- plex, but they can be solved. Effective edge formation process which may be integration is not a technical issue; it is ambiguous and not conform to the fac- a behavioral and organizational issue. En- tual "yes, no" thinking of data processing gineers, left alone, can integrate the tech- people. nologies, but they cannot deal with the Until recently, librarians and data human aspects of new technologies. processing departments were the keepers The data processing mentality of "I of data, and middle managers were the programmed it, and it works for me" will analyzers and synthesizers. Management not work in this new environment. End information systems, the use of micro- user involvement at every stage is essen- computers, external databases, spread tial to the success of a system designed sheet and other microcomputer software to manage information effectively. Com- is changing the way information and puter professionals who think in data knowledge are created. Librarians and processing terms often are impatient with middle managers will have to define new people who are less logical and more roles for themselves in this environment. intuitive. Brod states, "The primary Librarians are no longer the finders symptom among those who have too suc- and guardians of data and knowledge. cessfully identified with the computer Umberto Eco, in The Name of the Rose, technology . . . is a loss of the capacity graphically describes this guardianship to feel and to relate to others. . . . Signs function as it existed in 1327. "Only the of the technocentered state include a high librarian has received the secret, from the degree of factual thinking, poor access to librarian who preceded him . . . only the feelings, an insistence on efficienty and librarian has . . . the right to move speed, a lack of empathy for others, and through the labyrinth of the books, he a low tolerance for the ambiguities of alone knows where to find them and human behavior and communication" (I, where to replace them, he alone is re- V, 17). sponsible for their safekeeping. The other Hirschheim, in a study of the impact monks work in the scriptorium and may of internal databases in a variety of or- know the list of volumes that the library

special libraries houses. . . . But . . . onlv the librarian ecutive stated, "Your staff really can't knows, . . . what secrets, what truths, or help you think. The problem with giving falsehoods, the volume contains" (9). a question to the staff is that they provide It took almost 600 years for libraries to you with the answer. You learn the na- offer open-shelf access to books. Yet, it ture of the real question you should have will be only 10 years from now before asked when you muck around in the users are given direct online access to data data" (11). The danger in this situation currently contained in books on the ref- is that the manager will begin to think erence shelf. I am not suggesting that in terms of computer operations rather books will disappear or that the guardi- than in terms of .~eo~le. a anship function of librarianship will dis- Rothschild, a management consultant appear. I am suggesting that the use of at Ernst and Whinney, uses financial data books for data retrieval or fact retrieval from various sources. He stated. "When will be replaced by online services which I wanted some current stock market in- will be accessed outside the library. Ac- formation or other financial data on a ademic institutions will continue to buy, company before I had the computer . . . store and loan books. Students and I'd get somebody on the support staff to professionals in the humanities, social chase it down. Now, I link my computer sciences and other disciplines will con- directly to an information utility like tinue to use books, especially those in- Dow Jones or the Source and get the intended to be read from cover to cover. formation myself" (12). Not all companies will buy the hard- The New Corporate Environment ware, software and training necessary to improve management productivity. Each Survival for corporate librarians may organization is unique. The flow of in- depend on how well they can work in an formation varies in organizations. Man- integrated information environment. A agerial decision rules are not the same as December 1983 conference on "Integrat- computer decision rules. The human ing External Data Bases with Corporate brain does not process data with logical MIS" is a sign of where things are going. and consistent algorithms and decision We are a long way from this sort of in- rules. Face to face communication be- tegration but it will come. tween humans is fuzzy, ambiguous, in- The proliferation of information on consistent and necessary. The exchange microcom~uters,software and telecom- of information, facts, ideas and feelings munications is changing awareness at all depends as much on body language and levels of the corporate hierarchy. Pick up voice tone as on the spoken words. In- a copy of the latest copy of Business Week teraction with the computer is logical and or Fortune and you will find many pages consistent. Interaction with people can be of ads for microcomputer hardware and deficient and frustrating. software. The business literature is full The problems of information glut, re- of articles about top management use of levancy, accuracy and timeliness will not microcomputers. Managers are becoming be removed by computers and informa- aware that the use of desk top computers tion systems. These problems require hu- can improve managerial productivity. At man judgment. Some managers will have the present time only about 5% of all this judgment, some will not. The li- managerial, professional, technical and brarian's role may evolve to focus on administrative workers use computers. those areas requiring human assessment By 1990 approximately 65% of those and judgment. workers will have desk top computers and access to internal and external da- Middle Management tabases (Iff). The u'se 'of locally run, user-oriented There is little doubt that increased pro- spread sheet software and database ductivity and distribution of information management systems is changing man- will impact the corporate structure and agement habits and behaviors. One ex- the corporate culture. The group most october 1984 likely to be adversely affected are middle corporate power structure. According to managers. A large part of the middle a recent article in Personal Computing, "De- manager's job is gathering, analysis and cision support has come of age, artificial synthesis of data. The corporate structure intelligence is on the horizon, a whole of the future will not be the pyramid of myriad of electronic communication and today. The structure is likely to be flatter database retrieval systems . . . is cropping and contain fewer layers. Work will be up. These systems are said to be changing performed in smaller, more autonomous the ways managers are communicating, units. Information technology will pro- expanding their spans of control, break- vide the means for linking these smaller ing down hierarchical barriers, and in- units with each other and with the cor- creasing their efficiency -perhaps to the porate staff. point where businesses don't need as The survival of a middle manager will many of them" (14).Electronic mail and depend heavily on the individual. We easy retrieval of information make it eas- have become again a nation of entrepre- ier for people to by-pass the hierarchy, neurs. Large corporations are learning to both up and down. manage and nurture entrepreneurship. It is becoming increasingly difficult to Small businesses which provide special- hide data despite more sophisticated se- ized services are multiplying rapidly. We curity and access systems. Corporate hear a great deal about business failures wrong doing and right doing are more but not much about new business suc- likely to be exposed when information is cesses. You need only to look at the local easily available to many people. Man- computer store, or the new local restau- agers in companies with looser, more rant, health spa, or rent-a-wife agency to flexible structures will benefit by in- see that entrepreneurship is alive and creased communication with more people well in large corporations and in small in the company. They will benefit by business. Although these new enterprises sharing important information with more are not all related to high technology, people. they are being formed to fulfill the needs The information age will place a of consumers. greater burden on management to create While employment in the high tech- a definite and positive corporate culture nology industries has grown faster and and an environment in which people can will continue to grow faster than in the do their best work. Top management economy generally, high tech industries more than ever will have to realize in an will account for only a small proportion operational sense that management by of the new jobs created between now and mirrors is the modus oaerandi in most or- 1995 (13). Some middle managers will ganizations. The behavior of people at become the entrepreneurs in large com- the top is reflected throughout the or- panies. Many will leave large corpora- ganization and affects the shipping room tions and use their managerial training to clerk as well as the senior vice president. begin new businesses. Some will not be The days of the CEO dictator and the able to adapt to an entrepreneurial econ- insecure conforming employee are over. omy and will seek other occupations or The information age will require that cor- return to school for retraining. porate boards, CEOs and top management share and espouse positive values Information and Culture and the highest ethical standards. These values and standards must be explicit and Greater distribution of information consistent. within all layers of the corporate hier- People, be they employees or cus- archy will be threatening to some man- tomers, are becoming the focus of cor- agers and beneficial to others. Putting porate activity. If the existing corporate more information and information proc- culture is negative, weak or replete with essing tools into the hands of more people subcultures and counter cultures, man- will bring about dramatic changes in the agement may have to establish new sets

special libraries of expected behaviors, new myths, new Peters, Thomas J. and Robert H. Water- gossip and new heroes. If management man, Jr./In Search of Enellenre: America's Best views information technology solely as a Run Companies. New York, Harper & Row, way to increase productivity and effi- 1982. p. 75. ciency, the hoped for gains may not be Nelton, Sharon/"Finding Room for the Entrepreneur." Nations Business 72:50 (Feb. realized. In implementing new informa- 1984). tion systems, all involved will have to Cavanaugh, Richard E. and Donald K. work to increase people's intellectual Clifford,Jr./"The High Growth Potential health and general well-being. of Midsized Companies." Management Re- There is no one right culture. Each cor- view 73:23 (March 1984). poration will have to define its own cul- National Telecommunications and Infor- ture based on what works for employees, mation Administration/Issues in Information customers and the company. Sharing in- Policy. NTIA-sp-8-9, Washington, D.C., formation and listening to the creators of 1981. p. 55. information can create a feeling of in- McFarlan, F. Warren and James L. McKenney/"The Information Archipel- volvement and control. With knowledge, ago- Maps and Bridges." Harvard Business involvement and participation employees Review 60:109-129 (Sept./ Oct. 1982.) can have a sense of belonging and feel Hirschheim, R.A. /''Database-A Ne- that corporate success and their own glected Corporate Resource?" Long Range goals are in congruence. Planning 16:80-81 (Oct. 1983). In conclusion, the new environment of Eco, Umberto/ lie Name of the Rose. New "small is beautiful" and "leaner is better" York, Harcourt Brace, 1983. p. 37. will create opportunities for more pro- "How Computers Remake the Manager's ductive, innovative, profitable and cre- Job." Business Week (April 25, 1982) p. 68. ative work. Librarians and information Rockart, John F. and Michael E. Treaty/ "The CEO Goes On-Line." Harvard Busi- workers are an important part of emerg- ness Review 60:86 (Jan./Feb. 1982). ing information systems. We can supply Rubin, Charles / "Computing in High the human elements, judgment, knowl- Places." Personal Computing 7:85 Nov. 1983. edge of human behavior and experience Riche, Richard W.,Daniel E. Hecker and necessary to make information systems John U. Burgan/"High Technology To- useful for people. We have a golden op- day and Tomorrow: A Small Slice of the portunity to make good things happen. Employment Pie." Monthly Labor Review 106:50 (Nov. 1983). Lasden, Martin/% the Middle Manager Literature Cited Fading Away?" Computer Decisions 13:142 (Dec. 1983). Brod, Craig/ Technostress: 7le Human Cost of the Computer Revolution. Reading, Mass. Ad- dison-Wesley, 1984. p. 16. Deal, Terrence, E. and Allan A. Kennedy / Corporate Cultures: 73re Rites and Rituals of Cor- porate Lib. Reading, Mass. Addison-Wes- Manuscript received for review May 7, 1984. ley, 1982. p. 5. Accepfed for publication June 27, 1984.

october 1984 269 The Library as a Profit Center Stephen C. Tweed

Tweed Corporation, Oil City, Pa.

Special libraries and information centers can increase their effectiveness by changing the way they are seen by the organizations they serve. Two ways that perceptions can be changed are: to change the methods used to account for the library financially; to change the way services are provided to better meet the users' needs. Seven steps for increasing the real and perceived value of the library to the organization are proposed.

NY INDIVIDUAL or organization Tracking Financial Performance that provides some product or A service in exchange for some- There are five basic methods of track- thing of equal value-usually money- ing the financial performance of the li- constitutes a business. Special librarians brary. One is to show how it contributes are in the business of providing infor- to costs; the other four are methods that mation services in exchange for the demonstrate how the library contributes money in their department's operating to the profits of the organization. budget. Compensation is received for the Most special libraries operate as cost services the librarian/information man- centers; that is, every year a budget is ager personally provides: salary, benefits, prepared to include direct labor and ma- working conditions, and job security. terial costs, and perhaps also fixed costs In order to increase the budget or raise for the operation of the library. The the library manager's compensation, both budget is approved, and these funds are the real and the perceived value of the serv- charged to the administrative expenses of ices provided must be improved. the organization-in accounting terms, "burden" or "overhead." When top executives review financial The article is an excerpt from a presentation performance, one of the things they look of the same title given by the author at the at is expenses. If the library chronically Fall Conference of the Texas State Chapter, has trouble getting the funding it needs Special Libraries Association, held in Dallas, and deserves to provide good service, it September 16, 1983. is probably because management views

2 70 Copyright @ 1984 Special Libraries Association special libraries it as a "burden." Yet, by changing how turer began receiving requests for infor- the library is perceived by the organi- mation from the company's customers. zation, it can change its value. At first, it offered the information at no charge as an added customer service. As True Profit Center demand grew, more staff and equipment were required. The library director The special library that operates as a started to charge a fee for the service and true profit center is identified as a profit found that clients did not mind paying making segment of a business. It sells its for this valuable service. The director be- services outside the company and is held gan to promote the services of the library accountable for its financial performance to clients through the company's sales just as any other division would be. Rev- force. Soon, he was recovering 45% of enues are generated by selling products his operating budget through sales to and services. In most cases, the true profit customers. His boss was thrilled, and he center no longer serves as the internal got more money for staff, equipment and information service for the company. materials. An example of a true profit center The advantages of the protected profit would be a special library that establishes center are that additional funds can be a computer database. Once the database generated that are not charged to ad- comes into such demand that the com- ministrative costs. Also, the library can pany sees an opportunity to earn money provide a valuable service to the orga- by selling data services, the database is nization's clients, for which they are set up as a separate business unit. willing to pay. Going one step beyond the true profit The disadvantage is that it is easy to center, many library managers are de- get caught up in the excitement of earn- ciding that they have had enough of ing money; one may lose sight of the real corporate life and are leaving their or- client-the organization's own users. ganizations to start their own consulting and information service operation. These Self-sufficient Cost Center businesses range from one-person shops operating out of a spare bedroom, to large The self-sufficient cost center operates firms with many employees providing a on a charge-back system. All services are multitude of services. Although risks are charged back to the using department or involved, many former librarians have division as thev are used. The librarv has found satisfaction in putting their skills an objective to recover all or part of its to work for personal success and profit. operating budget. An examvle of a self-sufficient cost Protected Profit Center center might be a library serving a company that is heavily oriented toward re- The protected profit center is a special search and develovment. Each research library that exists primarily to serve the project manager allocates money in his needs of its own organization. However, or her budget for information services. this library offers some services which As the services are provided, the library are in demand outside the company. charges the project account. At the end Thus, the protected profit center begins of the year, the library expense budget to sell services on a limited basis. The shows only a small portion of the actual profits from outside sales are put back cost of information services. In some in- into the operating budget of the library. stances, the net library account might While the library is not expected to show equal zero, meaning that every dollar a profit at the end of the year, a sizable spent by the library was charged back to number of dollars is earned to offset op- users. erating expenses. At one chemical company, the manager For example: the engineering records of information services reported he was library of a major equipment manufac- able to charge back $1,179,485 of his october 7984 $1,189,000 budget. By setting up this cost-justified center is that the justifi- charge-back system, he learned that 85% cation is based on an assumption about of his business was from research and the portion of savings or recognized value development, and 15% from the rest of that results from the services of the li- the company. brary. If that assumption cannot be easily The advantage of the self-sufficient validated or reasonably supported, it may cost center is that operating expenses be challenged later by some bright ex- show up as part of the cost of doing R&D, ecutive with a sharp pencil. and not as an item of "burden" under There are many ways to generate rev- administrative expenses. The disadvan- enue or justify expenses. It is clear that tage is that spending may be tied to how top executives respond to managers who much the library takes in. If there is not demonstrate the ability to run a sound an active clientele willing to pay for in- business operation that contributes to formation services, the library may be bottom line results in a measurable way. limited in its ability to expand. There is It is not important which model profit also the danger that potential users will centers one selects; what is important is go elsewhere if they can purchase the that the library's money-making poten- same services for less. tial is clearly understood by the top executives who making the decisions that affect its future. For those top executives Cost-Justified Center best understand things they can count- in dollars and cents. The cost-justified center operates on its own budget, provided by top man- The Concept of the Enthusiastic agement from administrative expenses. Customer Requests for services are recorded, and a dollar value is placed on them. Each year, Successful business people recognize the library has an objective to achieve a that there are three types of customers: set level of savings or value recognized. satisfied, dissatisfied and enthusiastic. Usually this value is some multiple of A satisfied customer is one who got actual costs. exactly what was expected from a prod- Example: A company has a very active uct or service; a dissatisfied customer be- cost-saving program. Project teams ex- lieves that he or she received less than plore ways to take cost out of the man- was expected; and an enthusiastic cus- ufacturing process without sacrificing tomer is one who got more than was ex- quality. Frequently, members of project pected. teams come to the corporate library for Without question, the best way to pro- assistance. By assigning a portion of the mote a business is through word-of- savings from a cost-improvement project mouth advertising-having enthusiastic to the efforts of the librarian, they dem- customers tell other people what a great onstrated the value of library services. In job the library did for them. One firm in this example, the librarian was able to the hospitality industry discovered an in- get credit for several hundred thousand teresting piece of information about its dollars in cost savings-an amount customers: the dissatisfied ones each told equivalent to three times the library's op- an average of ten people about their bad erating budget (and this does not even experiences, yet the enthusiastic cus- include all of the services that were uro- tomers were likely to tell only three other vided but could not be documented-and people. Based on this example, one would cost justified). need 3.3 enthusiastic customers for every since cost savings go directly into cor- dissatisfied one just to break even. porate profits, it is relatively easy to dem- Dissatisfied customers have two pos- onstrate the value of the corporate library sible choices of action. One is to come in without getting involved in a lot of paper and complain. Complaining customers money transfers. The disadvantage of the are easy to deal with-the author dis-

special libraries cusses this in a seminar called "Tech- some information and the coordinator niques for Communicating with the comes to the library with the request. The Upset Public." The second choice is to library's budget is approved by the vice stop using the service or to purchase it president for administration. Here, con- elsewhere. Customers who follow this sumer, client and sponsor are three sep- option are the difficult ones to deal with. arate people. You often don't know that they are un- What do customers expect? To find happy; they just don't come back. out. observe their reactions to the service thelibrary does for them. Ask them what they like and don't like about the service. Business Strategy In Search of Excellence, by Peters and Water- man, devotes a whole chapter to being Developing a business strategy is a "Close to the Customer." process that involves taking an in-depth In order to give customers as much and look at where you are now, and where more than they expect, one must meet you want to be at some clearly defined their basic needs, get the right informa- point in the future. Consider, also, what tion to the right person at the right time, must be done to get there, and the forces and then, go a little further-give a little that will help or hinder the effort. extra information. a little better service. Begin by asking four strategic ques- a little better price, and give it sooner tions: 1) What is your business? 2) who than promised. are your clients? 3) what do they expect It does not take any more time or en- and 4) how can you give them more than ergy to be cheerful and friendly than it they expect. does to be dull and uninteresting. The Consider what would happen if the li- most powerful "extras" are those things brary's services were no longer available. that help to develop rapport with cus- Many businesses take their existence for tomers. A relationship based on comfort, granted. They assume they are so im- trust and confidence-is the best way to portant that their customers cannot do gain an enthusiastic customer. without them. Yet, many established Generally, there are two contrasting li- firms have, in fact, gone under, and oth- brary strategies. One is called "dusting ers have quickly stepped in to fill the the books." This is used by the corporate breach. librarian whose image is projected as A special library has three types of cus- being isolated from users needs and more tomers: consumers, clients and sponsors. concerned with maintaining the collec- The consumer is the one who actually tion. When users come to the library for uses the information you provide; the information, they get the impression they client recognizes the need for information are interfering with the librarian's work. and makes arrangements to get it; while Most librarians hate this image, but they the sponsor is the one who ultimately allow it to exist. approves payment. Sometimes, the con- Then there is the "Disneyland" strat- sumer, client and sponsor are three sep- egy. Following the wisdom of the late arate individuals; at other times, they are Walt Disney, this librarian defines the one. The key is to clearly identify all unique factor that makes the library dif- three. ferent and attracts users. The librarian For example, the president of the com- demonstrates and flaunts this service. pany requests the corporate librarian to making certain that it receives good gather information on a company that word-of-mouth publicity from enthu- has just introduced a competing product. siastic users-hopefully, all the way to In this instance, the president is con- the board of directors. This unique factor sumer, client and sponsor. In another is never taken for granted. And the li- situation, the president has directed a brarian is always bright, cheerful and op- cost-improvement project to make cer- timistic, treating users like Guests, with tain recommendations. The team needs a capital G.

october 1984 Summary Bibliography

To increase both the library's real and Considine, Ray, and Raphael, Murray / ;The perceived value to the organization, follow Great Brain Robbery, Los Angeles, Calif., Ro- these seven steps: sebud Books, 1980. Gibson, Larry/"After the Budget Freeze." Define your business Training and Development Journal: 104-106. (Sept. 1980). Identify your customers (con- Girard, Joe/How to Sell Anything to Anybody. sumers, clients, sponsors) New York, Warner Books, 1979. Determine what they expect from Nadler, Len/"What Is Your Financial I.Q.?" YOU Training and Development Journal: 64-68 (Oct. Find out how they will pay for it 1980). Select the right "profit center" for Owens, Frederick H./"From Library to In- you. formation Service." CHEMTECH: 464-468 Develop a business strategy. (Aug. 1983). Give customers more than they Peters, Thomas J., and Waterman, Robert H. / expect-with a smile! In Search of Excellence: Lessons form America's Best- run Companies, New York, Harper & Row, 1982. The result will be greater numbers of en- Shook, Robert L. / Ten Greatest Salespersons. New thusiastic customers and greater recog- York, Harper & Row, 1978. nition from management for the library's Thomas, Bob/ Walt Disney, An American Origi- contributions to the organization. nal. New York, Simon & Schuster, 1980. Tregoe, Benjamin B., and Zimmerman, John W. / Top Management Strategy. New York, Si- Received for review Feb. 13, 1984. Manuscript mon & Schuster, 1980. accepted for publication June 19, 1984. Tweed, Stephen C. / Techniquesfor Communicating with the Upset Public. Oil City, Pa., Park Av- enue Press, 1982. Stephen C. Tweed is president of Tweed, Stephen C./"How to Turn Your Tweed Corporation, in Oil City, Training Department Into a Profit Center," Pennsylvania, a management consult- (cassette tape). Washington D.C., American ing firm specializing in business Society for Training and Development, strategy and customer service. 1983 National Conference.

special libraries Information: Public Private? Jean Smith

University of California, Berkeley, Calif.

This study examines policies concerning government-generated information and the trend toward privatization of information. The impact these policies may have on the public's access to government documents and reports and the implications for information professionals are analyzed.

HE PUBLIC/PRIVATE SECTOR and bibliographic databases in which the controversy, as it applies to in- government is directly or indirectly in- T formation, has become decidedly volved. heated under the current administration. The trend toward the "privatization" of The Players information, i.e., the contracting out of government information functions to the The federal government is a major private sector, can be documented in force in the shift toward information pri- many ways and studied from different vatization. This can be traced not only to ~ointsof view. recent legislation and policy but also to The controversy revolves around vary- changing interpretations of previously ing interpretations of what the federal existing legislation and policy. The con- government's role is and should be in the cern of the Dresent administration seems information dissemination process and to be not sokuch how to balance public/ its effect on the public as the end user. private sector interaction but how to fa- For the purpose of this discussion, only cilitate the takeover of publicly available policies concerning government-gener- information by the private sector. ated information will be examined., i.e.. , The ~rivatesector stands to benefit documents and reports of its various from the for-profit collection, repackag- branches and agencies, results of governing and marketing of government-gen- ment-sponsored and subsidized research, erated information and is, therefore, encouraging, and in some cases demand- At the time of this writing, the author was ing, that this shift continue. completing graduate studies at the School Librarians, as the traditional providers of Library and Information Studies, Univer- of free and eaual access to information. sity of California, Berkeley, Ca. are increasingly alarmed by new policies

october 1984 Copyright @ 1984 Special Libraries Association 275 which they perceive as a shirking of gov- much of this information as "unneces- ernmental responsibility to inform its sary and wasteful." citizens. In these times of shrinking The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980 budgets, to ensure the availability of pri- provides much of the framework for the vately published information, which is Reagan Administration's policy decisions often at a higher cost, libraries are forced in the area of information management. to decide whether those costs could, or Its explicit purpose is "To reduce paper- more importantly should, be passed along work and enhance the economy and ef- to their users. ficiency of the government and the Each of these players has legitimate private sector by improving Federal in- concerns regarding the availability of formation policymaking, and for other government-generated information. In purposes" (I). tracing the trend toward the privatization Perhaps the most controversial policy of information in the last three years, it matters can be traced to the vigorous ap- will be seen that these concerns often plication of the provisions of Circular conflict. A-76 of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) as they apply to information services. The thrust of this doc- Present Policies ument can be summed up in the following background statement: Due to the proliferation of information and advances in information technology In the process of governing, the government should not compete with its citizens. in the last 25 years, there has been a re- The competitive enterprise system, char- examination of the value of information acterized by individual freedom and ini- and its effect on society. The number of tiative, is the primary source of national people involved in information collec- economic strength. In recognition of this tion, packaging and dissemination has in- principle, it has been and continues to be creased tremendously, in both the public the general policy of the government to and private sectors. Information is no rely on commercial sources to supply the longer perceived as a pure public good to products and services the Government be nurtured and shared by all; it is now needs (2). thought of in political and economic In attachment A of the Circular, library terms as a commodity to be owned, operations as well as management infor- bought, sold and traded for political gain. mation systems, products and distribution, are listed as examples of "commercial activities" subject to take- The Government over by private sector concerns. This position is reiterated in a report The Reagan Administration has taken issued by a task force of the National the lead in redefining the role of govern- Commission on Libraries and Informa- ment in information policy issues. The tion Science: commitment to reduce government involvement in the lives of its citizens has The Federal government should not pro- generated various rationales for altering vide information products and services in information policy. Most involve eco- commerce except when there are compel- nomic considerations. The need to elim- ling reasons to do so, and then only when inate waste and duplication of effort is it protects the private sector's every opportunity to assume the function(s) com- used as the basis for implementing leg- mercially (3). islation such as the Paperwork Reduction Act. The Administration has curtailed the The issue of pricing policy of govern- procurement and production of new gov- ment-generated information has recently ernment publications, films, and pam- been brought into focus, mostly at the phlets, citing "the elimination of behest of the private sector. Those who wasteful spending" and referring to view information as purely an economic

special libraries issue claim that the government is information services are contracted out to hibiting competition from the private the private sector. sector by providing information services Restricted access to government infor- at less than their market value. The plea mation and higher costs have prompted from the private sector for "full cost re- the American Library Association (ALA) covery" has not fallen on deaf ears in the to issue the following "Resolution on Reagan Administration where all de- continued free public access to federal partments are being actively encouraged information:" to review pricing policy for those services Whereas, a democratic government has an for which fees can be charged. obligation to make available to its citizens the results of its actions, including its The Private Sector information collecting activities and its research and development efforts As a direct result of the proliferation Now therefore be it resolved that the of information and information related American Library Association communi- technologies, more private concerns are cate to the United States Congress and the entering the information marketplace. President our conviction that in the development of information dissemination The argument is made that competition policies and procedures, the underlying spurs creativity, promotes diversity and principle of any legislative or executive ac- results in increased efficiency and lower tion continue to be free and equal public prices. access to the data collected, compiled, pro- Based on these beliefs, the information duced, and published in any format by the industry has actively sought to enter government of these United States (5). those information activities which were previously provided solely by the federal The Trend government and to prevent the government from entering those activities which Library funds have not only been cut are, or can be, provided by the private at the state and local level; President Rea- sector. The position of the private sector gan's 1983 fiscal year budget eliminated is summed up clearly in the following federal funding for key programs in li- statement by Robert Willard of the In- braries and research centers. formation Industry Association: "We be- Coupled with this budget reduction, lieve the US.government should provide those publications which are still avail- a service or a product only when the pri- able from the government are made so at vate sector doesn't offer it and after it a higher price. Other information pre- has been given an opportunity to do so" viously available from government (4). In other words, the role of the gov- sources can be purchased only from pri- ernment in the marketplace is not to be vate sources, usually at a higher price. in the marketplace. The Office of Management and Budget, which is empowered to oversee Libraries the mandates of the Paperwork Reduc- tion Act (PL 96-511), has spearheaded the The role of libraries in an information administration's attack on existing infor- society is becoming less clearly defined. mation functions by issuing a series of As the traditional providers of free and bulletins requiring each federal agency to equal access to information, they have review its information collection, main- acted not only as conduit but as protector. tenance and dissemination policies. All Librarians, because of their direct in- agencies were asked to pay particular at- volvement and exposure to changes in tention to the provisions of OMB Cir- information access, find themselves re- culars A-76 and A-25 and their possible sponsible for alerting the public to the applications; i.e., to determine whether mounting threat to information access. these information activities can be turned This is increasingly apparent as more in- over to the private sector and whether

october 1984 the service is provided on a full cost available at a cost of $16 per connect recovery basis. hour. When private sector concerns ar- As a result, many publications which gued that NIMH was in direct compe- were formerly distributed free or at a low tition with the online version of cost, were eliminated, increased in cost, Psychological Abstracts, the government or picked up by sector concerns agreed. In 1982, the NIMH data was for repackaging and marketing at a much turned over to the IFI/Plenum Data higher cost to the end user. Company which makes it available at a Not long after taking office, President cost of $55 per connect hour. This was Reagan declared a moratorium on all new carried out despite studies which showed government publications, claiming that some, but not total, overlap between the many were "unnecessary" and "expen- two services. sive." Manv of these were consumer in- Medlars, the health information da- formation documents, an area in which tabase of the National Library of Medi- the government has traditionally pub- cine (NLM), has also been the subject of lished extensively. scrutiny by OMB and the private sector. In 1982, the Government Printing Of- NLM was charged with creating and dis- fice (GPO) initiated a policy of offering seminatinp:- health-related information for sale only those publications with an and has long been the dominating force anticipated sale value of $1,000 or more. in that area. Indeed, until recently, it was In keeping with this policy, GPO selected virtuallv the onlv force in that area. The 25 out of 69 publications proposed for entry iito the iarketplace of privately sale by the National Bureau of Standards. financed health-related databases such as The remaining publications will be avail- Biosis and Excerpta Medica has caused able only through the National Technical pressure to be put on the government to Information Service (NTIS). Prices of eliminate taxpayer subsidies to NLM, documents from NTIS are normally two which the private sector sees as unfair to three times higher than those from competition and monopolistic. Nobody GPO since NTIS is required to be self- can argue, however, that the increased supporting and recover its costs. cost of access to this information will not Nms Dgesf, a publication of the Secu- be passed along to the end user-the con- rities and Exchange Commission, is no sumer. longer available on subscription or to In 1981, the Office of Technology As- depository libraries through the GPO but sessment (OTA) was asked by Congress must now be purchased from a private to examine the role of NLM in the cre- firm at a 50% increase in price. ation and dissemination of health-related The price of a subscription to the Federal information through computerized sys- Register and the Congressional Record in- tems. There was also a move to amend creased from $75 to $300 and from $75 the Medical Library Assistance Act to re- to $208, respectively, in 1981. quire full-cost recovery, including the The Department of Energy, using cost of creating the database. The amend- guidelines set up by OMB, estimated that ment was defeated but the issue is not it would save $217,000 annually by turn- dead. ing over its library to the Informatics General Corporation. Bibliographic databases, created for the Areas for Concern most part with public funds, have either been turned over to private sector con- The examples of existing or proposed cerns for marketing at a profit, or in- policy that have been discussed clearly house prices have been significantly in- demonstrate a narrowing of the gap be- creased. The National Institute of Mental tween the outlooks of the government Health (NIMH) database, a valuable and the private sector with respect to in- source of information for researchers in formation availability and access. By the health and social sciences fields, was promoting divestiture of many of its in-

special libraries formational functions, the government is, vate or governmental in nature, must be in effect, agreeing with the private sector selective in what they provide. that the only value of information is that This form of "cream skimming" is not which can be measured in monetary new to the information field but will, no terms. doubt, become more of a problem as more By encouraging and facilitating the and more governmental functions are private sector's participation in the mar- turned over to private concerns. There is keting of government-generated infor- considerable concern that if information mation, the government is placing a of this sort is put in the hands of the greater emphasis on its value as a com- private sector without adequate safe- modity while its social value is consid- guards to ensure its availability, those ered secondary, if at all. This attitude is ~iecesof information considered not reflected bv the fact that the Office of profitable, will drop out of existence al- Management and Budget, an agency con- together. Particular areas of concern are cerned primarily with economic matters, the scientific. technical and health care has been charged with overseeing much fields-areas in which the private sector of the government's policy-making func- has sought to strengthen its role. tions in the area of information. The old saying, "what you don't know The depository library system, estab- can't hurt you," no longer applies; rather, lished under Title 44 of the U.S. Code, how can you know what you don't is a major government vehicle for know? How can we measure the impact informing the public of its activities. of the loss of information unless we can Changes in the content and availability clearly define what it is that is being of depository items, particularly in the eliminated? If the private sector is put in last three years, have eroded the library's control of what we can and cannot know, ability to provide "free and equal access" based on its market value. what of that or, indeed, access at all. In a 1979 draft information which is nbt considered statement from OMB, the following was profitable? Clearly there is a need for a issued as policy: well-defined system of checks and bal- ances, whether information is held by the No member of the public shall be denied private sector or the government. access to information held by the Federal By placing information in purely eco- government merely because of economic nomic contexts, the government is effec- status. In particular, the Federal government shall rely upon the depository library tively abandoning its traditional belief system to provide citizen access to public that information is a public good. Charg- information (6). ing fees as a method of recovering costs implies that "that service (or informa- While seemingly broad in scope and tion) no longer is good for the whole so- philosophically in favor of free access, ciety, or worthy of societal support" (7). the impact of this policy is lessened by This is true whether the fee takes the the fact that it applies only to those doc- form of "cost recovery" mandated at the uments which are still available on de- federal level, a "user fee" passed along pository. The government simply cannot by a library, or a service fee to a private continue to fall back on the Depository concern. The result is the same. End user Library System when "public informa- costs increase, thereby creating access tion" becomes "private information." mechanisms which favor the wealthy. In any discussion of the possible con- What little public notice is given for in- sequences of the shifting of information formation-related policy decisions comes to the private sector, one must ask why in the form of cost-savings estimates or the private sector seeks the information inevitable results of the budget cutting in the first place. If profit is the overrid- process. ing force behind the production and dis- On the surface, phrases such as "Pa- semination of information, then those perwork Reduction" or "Elimination of providing this information, whether pri- Wasteful Spending on Government Pe- october 1984 riodicals, Pamphlets and Audiovisual This is an alarming statement when one Products" seem to be positive steps to- considers the consequences of this double ward a more efficient government. Cost- standard. savings estimates involving thousands Who shall determine the parameters of and millions of dollars are not uncommon information accessibility? There are those in the flurry of government-wide reas- who argue that placing that responsibil- sessments of informational functions. ity in the hands of the government is "to What is not being addressed is that by put the fox in charge of the henhouse" relinquishing control of a valuable na- (9). The administration's moves to limit tional resource to those whose interests the amount of information that could be are purely proprietary, we are effectively released under the Freedom of Informa- creating an uncertainty as to what infor- tion Act implies a less-than-open access mation will be available and to whom. policy. On the other hand, what provi- Another area for information policy sions exist for access to information held consideration is that of accountability. by private sector concerns such as IBM? Information held by the government is If Yurow is correct in her assessment of subject to scrutiny by law, except for public opinion, would we even care? Cer- those matters involving national security tainly we should as more and more pub- or personal privacy issues. It is not simply licly held information is crossing the line a privelege but a right of each citizen to into the private sector. have access to information which his or her tax dollars helped to generate. The Freedom of Information Act is one ex- Literature Cited ample of legislation enacted to ensure such access. 1. Caption of P.L. 96-511 (1980), Paperwork Privately held information falls under Reduction Act of 1980. a different set of rules. The present attack 2. US. Department of Commerce, Office of on the pricing policies of the National Management and Budget / Circular A-76 Library of Medicine (NLM) by private (Revised). Washington, D.C., Government sector concerns is based on publically Printing Office 1983. 3. US.National Commission on Libraries and held and readily available information. If Information Service. Public Sector/Private Sec- the NLM database is turned over to the tor Interaction in Providing Information Services, private sector, to whom will commercial 1982, p. 10. services be accountable? Will the public 4. "Industry to Feds: Keep Out of Data- have the same access to their pricing pol- bases." American Society for Information Science icies? Bulletin 8(no. 4):6 (1982). The law as it now exists guarantees 5. American Library Association/"Resolu- tion on Continued Free Public Access to public access to government information Federal Information." In Washington Naos- by expressly forbidding copyright of letter 33(no. 8) 1981. government documents. This is certainly 6. US. Department of Commerce, Office of not true of information held in the pri- Management and Budget/Draft Bulletin vate sector. Indeed, once information, in- on "Public Access to Information Produced cluding publicly funded information, with Federal Funds," Washington, D.C., falls into the hands of the private sector 1979. and copyright is claimed, does this not 7. Miriam Braverman/"From Adam Smith to constitute ownership? Ronald Reagan: Public Libraries as a Public Good." Library Journal 107(no. 4):401 (1982). Whereas public opinion and US,policy 8. Yurow, Jane H., et al./Issues in Information support the position that information gen- Policy. National Telecommunication and In- erated by the government should be formation Administration. NTIA-SP-80-9. widely available, in contrast, U.S. policy, Washington, D.C., Government Printing reflecting public opinion, generally pre- Office, 1981. p. 2. sumes that information generated or held 9. Hayes, Robert M./"Politics and Publish- in the private sector need not be available ing in Washington: Are Our Needs Being or accessible, except on terms provided by Met in the So's?" Special Libraries 74(no. the person or organization possessing it (8). 4):325 (1983).

special libraries Bibliography Johnson, Carol A./"Repackaging the Infor- mation Product." American Society for Infor- "ALA Documents Reagan's Steps to Cut Flow mation Science Bulktin 7(no. 4):18-20 (1981). of Government Information." Library Journal Levin, Marc A. /"Access and Dissemination 107(no. 8): 1924 (1982). Issues Concerning Federal Government In- "Agencies Curtail Access to Data and Deci- formation." Special Libraries 74(no. 2):127- sions." Conseroation Foundation Letter: 1-10 137 (1983). (Nov. 1981). "NCLIS Report on PPI." American Society for American Library Association/"Less Access Information Science Bulletin 7(no. 6):2,4 (1981). to Less Information By and About the U.S. Neustadt, Richard M. /"Information Policy- Government." Washington Newsletter 34(no. 8) What Next?" American Society for Information 1982. Science Bulletin: 16-19 (Feb. 1981). American Library Association/ "Resolution Newman, Wilda B./"Government Informa- on Continued Free Public Access to Federal tion: Will an Informed Public be Sacrificed Information." (Council Document 71.2) in in the Name of Private Enterprise?" Science Washington Newsletter 33(no. 8) 1981. and Technology Libraries 3(no. 2):65-69 (1982). American Library Association / "Resolution "NTIS Takeover by Private Sector Stirs Lively on Restrictions on Access to Government Debate." Library Journal 107(no. 4):382 Information." Washington Newsletter 34(no. 8) (1982). 1982. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980, 44 U.S.C. Berninger, Douglas E. and Adkinson, Burton secs. 3501-3520. W./"Interaction between the Public and "Research Agenda for the Eighties." American Private Sectors in National Information Society for Information Science Bulletin 8(no. Programs." Annual Review of Information Science 2):36-39 (1981). and Technology 13:3-36 (1978). Robertson, Lawrence S./"Access to Infor- Braunstein, Yale M./"The Functioning of In- mation." In Issues in Information Policy, Yurow, formation Markets." In Issues in Information Jane H., et. al. National Telecommunication Policy, Yurow, Jane H. et al. National Te- and Information Administration, NTIA- lecommunication and Information Admin- SP-80-9. Washington, D.C., Government istration, NTIA-SP-80-9. Washington, Printing Office, 1981, 19-35. D.C., Government Printing Office, 1981, Robertson, Lawrence S. and Aldrich, Robert pp. 57-74. F. /"Dissemination of Information." In Issues Braverman, Miriam/"From Adam Smith to in Information Policy. Yurow, Jane H., et al. Ronald Reagan: Public Libraries as a Public National Telecommunication and Infor- Good." Library Journal 107(no. 4):397-401 mation Administration, NTIA-SP-80-9. (1982). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Brown, George E., Jr./"Restricting Informa- Office, 1981, 5-18. tion: National Security Versus Rights of Ruby, Gloria/"Medlars and Health Infor- Citizens." American Society for Information Science mation Policy." In National Online Meeting, Bulletin 8(no. 4):35-36 (1982). 1983. Medford, N.J., Learned Information, Buckman, Thomas R./"The Impact of Eco- Inc., 1983. nomic Change on Libraries." In The Infor- Sanford, Bruce W./"The Information-less mation Society: Issues and Answers, E.J. Josey, ed., Age." Special Libraries 74(no. 4):317-321 Oryx Press, 1978. (1983). Faull, Sandra K. /"Opinions." Gouernment Pub- Schiller, Anita/"Shifting Boundaries in In- lications Review 9:143-146 (1982). formation." Library Journal 106(no. 7):705- Fry, Bernard M./Government Publications: Their 709 (1981). Role in the National Program for Library and In- Schiller, Anita and Schiller, Herbert/"Who formation Seroices. Washington, D.C., Govern- Can Own What America Knows?" Nation ment Printing Office, 1978. (April 17, 1982), 461-463. Hayes, Robert M. /"Politics and Publishing in "Shrinking Access to Gov't Info Eyed by the Washington: Are Our Needs Being Met in Three Sectors." Library Journal 107(no. the SO'S? " Special Libraries 74(no. 4):322-331 19):2031 (1982). (1983). Special Libraries Association, Government In- Horton, Forest Woody, Jr., ed. / Understanding formation Services Committee. / Draft US.Information Policy. 4 v. Washington, D.C., Statement in Support of Increased Govern- Information Industry Association, 1982. ment Involvement in Information Dissem- "Industry to Feds: Keep Out of Databases." ination, 1983. American Society for Information Science Bulletin US. Department of Commerce, Office of 8(no. 4):6 (1982). Management and Budget / Bulletin 81 - 16.

october 1984 "Elimination of Wasteful Spending on US. National Commission on Libraries and Government Periodicals, Pamphlets, and Information Science / Public Sector/Private Sec- Audiovisual Products." Washington, D.C., tor Interaction in Providing Infarmation Services. Government Printing Office, 1981. Washington, D.C., Government Printing U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Office, 1982. Management and Budget / Circular A-25. U.S. Office of Technology Assessment/Com- Washington, D.C., Government Printing puter-Based National Informafion Systems: Tech- Office, 1974. nology and Public Policy Issues. Washington, U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of D.C., Government Printing Office, 1981. Management and Budget / Circular A-76 (Re- U.S. Office of Technology Assessment/Med- vised). Washington, D.C., Government lars and Health Infarmation Policy: A Technical Printing Office, 1983. Memorandum. Washington, D.C., Govern- U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of ment Printing Office, 1982. Management and Budget/Draft Bulletin Washington Post, August 8, 1983. on "Public Access to Information Produced Yurow, Jane H., et al. /Issues in Information Policy. with Federal Funds." Washington, D.C., National Telecommunication and Infor- 1979. mation Administration, NTIA-SP-80-9. U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Washington, D.C., Government Printing Management and Budget /Draft Bulletin Office, 1981. no. 78-"Dissemination of Technical In- formation." Washington, D.C., 1978. U.S. General Accounting Office/Scientifir and Received for review March 12, 1984. Manuscript Technical Bibliographic Information: A Valuable accepted for publication ]une 19, 1984. Resource Needs Improved Management. (Draft of a proposed report). Washington, D.C., Jean Smith is currently doing free- 1978. lance work in Chesterfield, Mo.

special libraries Determining Effective Staffing Levels in Special Libraries Susan M. Collins

CSIRO Division of Food Research, Dairy Research Laboratory, Highett, Vic., Australia

Realistic library staffing standards can be determined by the use of statistics on current library operations and a comparison of these figures over a number of libraries. It is essential that the statistics collection measure the same type of activity in all participating libraries, that the activities selected provide a representative view of the workload, and that the data are easily obtained without disrupting work flow or time management. A variety of statistical techniques may be used to manipulate the data. The use of multiple regression analysis to provide a formula for determining staffing levels in libraries serving scientific research laboratories is described.

HE Dairy Research Laboratory of braries, each specializing in a particular the CSIRO Division of Food Re- subject area, each autonomous under the T search is a small scientific labo- direction of the chief of the division it ratory specializing in dairy products serves, yet each owing an informal alle- research, both applied and basic. The giance to the Central Library, located in laboratory is part of the Commonwealth Melbourne. Scientific and Industrial Research The Central Library serves as a biblio- Organization (CSIRO), a government graphic reference center and has respon- body responsible for much of the re- sibility for a broad range of centralized search done in Australia. Its interests are functions, such as placing and mainte- broad, ranging from dairy research and nance of subscriptions and exchange applied geomechanics to tropical crops agreements, provision of computer cat- and energy chemistry. aloging and union catalog facilities, CSIRO is scattered geographically, handling overseas orders, organizing cen- with about fifty divisions or units spread tralized storage, setting standards and co- over more than one hundred locations ordinating the libraries. Most of the throughout Australia, served by a staff divisional libraries are quite small-on of approximately 7,400 persons. Within average they employ three people, serve the organization, there are about 40 li- about 100 professional users and catalog

october 1984 Copyright @ 1984 Special Libraries Association 283 700 items per year, of which less than complished by attrition. When fighting 20% are monographic textbooks. Apart for a position replacement, the librarian from the Central Library, the largest di- must have very strong arguments to pre- visional library has 13 staff members, sent to a chief whose choice is between while the smallest has one part-time per- a staff member for the librarv or one for son. Table 1 illustrates the "average" size the scientific team. If these arguments of a divisional library. can be founded on fact rather than just Because a modern research organiza- emotional vleas. the librarian's case is so tion is dynamic, the status of a division much stronger. In order to better argue is never fixed. As research needs change, their case, librarians set up a Committee so do the divisions. They are often re- for CSIRO Library Standards in 1976, grouped and renamed as disciplines comprising the chief librarian and three change, and more so today than in the divisional librarians. past. This can greatly increase library workloads. The librarian may then have the task of trying to split the catalog and Methodology the collection between several divisions, while continuing to provide service for Before the question of standards could scientists dealing with unfamiliar re- be addressed, the Committee felt it nec- search topics in areas outside the former essary to gather some factual data about scope of the library's collection. Often no the libraries. Statistical surveys had been extra staff is provided for the library. made in the past, but there was little in- In addition to these major dramatic formation available on the daily activities crises, there is the ever-present threat in in the libraries and how they compared today's economic climate of cost-saving with one another. A survey form was by staff reduction. This is generally ac- distributed to the librarians who were asked to respond to 45 questions on their library's size and activities over the past Table 1. Average Size of a 12 months. Following this, they were CSlRO Divisional Library, 1982. asked to keep a subset of the data on daily activities for a three-month period. Library staff The results of these two surveys were Professional users of little value other than to point the way Transient users/wee)< for future work. These poor results were Monographs ordered due to inconsistencies in the data caused Serial pieces received-own by unforeseen problems in definition and Serial pieces received- interpretation of the questionnaires, sub- borrowed mission of "guesstimates" rather than ac- Catatoging-full tual figures, particularly for the first Cataloging-partial Volumes bound survey, and many missing values when Loans to staff the auestions were too difficult to answer Loans to external libraries or interpret. Whereas the three months' Photocopies for staff survey was factually more accurate and Photocopies for external li- better defined, it presented a biased pic- braries ture by showing the workload at a par- InterLibrary loan requests to ticular time of year, and not necessarily other CSIRO libraries a true representation of library activity InterLibrary loan requests to over a longer period. non-CSIRO libraries Journal circulation transac- Despite these and other problems, tions some initial statistical analyses were per- Computer searches- formed on the data, first by hand, then subject using the GENSTAT statistical package Computer searches- on the CSIRO Cyber computer, to de- bibliographic termine whether further work might be

special libraries fruitful, and, if so, some idea of the di- aloging, including classification and subject rection this might take. From these anal- indexing. yses, 15 library tasks were defined which 5. The number of items given partial cat- met the following criteria: aloging, such as analytics, set-out series, partial recataloging, and so on. 6. The number of volumes sent to the a) They were easily quantifiable, i.e., easily binder. measured without a great deal of time and effort on the part of the library staff. For 7. The number of loans to divisional users, example, it is not easy to count the number counting only items owned by the library, not of phone calls, as this involves remembering inter-library loans. to note down each one as it arrives, generally 8. The number of loans made to external when the librarian is concentrating on some- libraries, counting the number of actual items thing else. It is more natural, and less liable lent, not photocopies. to error, for items to be counted in batches. 9. The number of photocopies made for b) They should be relatively easy to define divisional users, counting the number of ar- and unambiguous to ensure that all libraries ticles, not pages, copied by library staff. can collect statistics on the same basis. Prob- lems may arise concerning bookstock, for ex- 10. The number of photocopies made for ample; it is important to specify either the external libraries and non-divisional users, number of physical volumes or the number counting articles, not pages, copied by library of bibliographic volumes, both being equally staff. valid ways of measuring the same thing. 11. The number of interlibrary loan re- c) Constraints on the librarians' time and quests made to other CSIRO libraries- work load limit their ability to measure every counting the number of outgoing loan re- library activity. Those activities which are se- auests made to other CSIRO libraries to locate lected should provide a spectrum of regularly material for divisional users. Count each re- repeatable events which contribute signifi- quest as one-several requests may be needed cantly to the normal library workload. to locate an item. d) Most of the libraries should be involved 12. The number of interlibrary loan re- in most of the activities. quests made to non-CISRO libraries-de- e) Ideally, the activities should involve a fined as above. similar amount of work in all libraries, despite 13. The number of journal circulation the fact that each will use one of several dif- transactions, counting one each time a journal ferent methods to perform the tasks. leaves the library on circulation. 14. The number of searches for subject in- The fifteen activities selected for meas- formation in computer databases, counting urement were: each topic as one search (not each database 1. The number of monograph orders used) for searches carried out by the library placed, counting local and overseas orders staff, not an external agency. placed for monographs (not subscriptions). 15. The number of searches for biblio- 2. The number of serial pieces received graphic information in computer databases- which are owned by the library-including defined as above. all serials (journals, annual reports, technical bulletins), counting issues and not titles (e.g., The libraries have been keeping uni- a monthly title would normally count three form statistics on this range of activities for the quarter). Only include serials which for two years now. Data are submitted are processed in some way, not bulk copies each quarter, yielding eight data sets to received for distribution. work with, sufficient to begin statistical 3. The number of serial pieces circulated analysis. The analysis is being ap- to the library on a regular basis from other proached in a variety of ways: a) factor CSIRO libraries (definition as above). analysis and regression techniques to set 4. The number of items given full catalog- up a mathematical model of work loads ing treatment, i.e., complete descriptive cat- in libraries; b) methods of normalizing october 7984 the data to provide the individual li- vant information in the published liter- brarians with graphical representations ature. The models presented here are of their library's performance; and c) intended to represent the current situa- management information for the chief li- tion in CSIRO libraries, and to provide brarian at the Central Library indicating guidelines for setting standards in the such things as changes in volume and future. emphasis of organizational activity over time. Factor Analvsis Much of the more recent statistical cal- culations have been done using the Sta- There are certain difficulties in work- tistical Package for Social Scientists ing with a large number of variables (SPSS) on the University of Chicago Am- when defining a mathematical model. In dahl mainframe comDuter. The remain- order to retain all the data but at the same der is calculated using programs the time reduce the number of variables to a author has written or adapted on an Ex- more manageable level, techniques such idy Sorcerer microcomputer at the Dairy as principal components or factor anal- Research Laboratory, Melbourne. ysis are used. With these techniques, one looks for relationships between the li- Mathematical Models brary tasks, or variables, and groups together those which seem to have Mathematical models are to be used something in common. These groups are but not believed. A model is merely a known as principal components, or fac- representation of the real world, in this case presented in mathematical terms. However, as Rouse explains, "because of Table 2. Factors in CSlRO a modeler's inability to completely de- Divisional Library Activities. scribe a system of interest, which usually includes numerous special cases, and be- 1. Collection cause of the inherent randomness in Monographs ordered many systems, the specific quantitative Serial pieces (own) outputs of a mathematical model are Full cataloging quite often inaccurate projections of Partial cataloging Staff loans what will happen in the real world . . . External photocopies the practitioner requires considerable ex- CSIRO ILL requests perience and perhaps a little art to be Non-CSIRO ILL requests s~~~e~sful."* The author has attempted to describe 2. Routing Serial pieces borrowed a library in mathematical terms to arrive CSIRO ILL requests at a formula that can be used to indicate Journal circulation transactions how many staff members are needed for a given work load. This is a little like 3. External Use putting the cart before the horse, in that External loans External photocopies the workload is partially dictated by the number of library staff available. It is a 4. Searching particularly difficult area to quantify Photocopies for staff without going into time and motion Subject computer searches study, as witnessed by the lack of rele- Bibliographic computer searches 5. InterLibrary loans CSIRO ILL requests Non-CSIRO ILL requests Rouse, William B./"Mathematical Model- Bibliographic computer searches ing of Library Systems." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 6. Not included in any factor 30 (no. 4):181-1 92 (July 1979). Volumes bound

special libraries tors, according to which analytical terlibrary loans. Although the factors are method is used. of interest in understanding the relation- In an ideal world, one could find logical ships between library activities, they are relationships, besides the mathematical not sufficiently clearcut to be of value as ones, between the variables included in a means of data reduction in setting li- each factor. For example, the number of brary staffing levels, other than on a very monograph orders has a relationship to broad level. When more data is available, the number of items fully cataloged and a clearer picture may emerge. also has a bearing on the number of items lent to staff. The analysis to date has produced five Regression Analysis factors (Table 2) which can be logically related in this way, with some slight Simple regression involves the com- stretching of the imagination. The dis- parison of two variables such as library tinct areas of library activity in CSIRO staff numbers and the number of serial are those related to I) the collection; 2) pieces received. These can be depicted in journal circulation; 3) external use of the a scatter diagram which plots the points library; 4) literature searching; and 5) in- on a graph (Figure 1).A suitable equation

Figure 1. Scatternram of Librarv Staff vs. Number of Serial Pieces

SERIAL PIECES RECEIVED

Calculated simple regression line is drawn in. Regression equation is: library staff = 0.2 + 0.003 ' no. serial pieces, which predicts a staff of three full-time equivalent staff when 1,000 serial pieces are received each quarter. october 1984 287 is calculated for the straight or curved is unlikely, given the diversity of activ- line which most closely represents all the ities carried on in a library, that each in- points on the graph. This is the regression dividual equation would predict the same line, and the equation is known as the staffing level for one library. regression equation. It is more useful to study the relation- Given one variable, the equation can ships between variables in a slightly dif- be used to predict where one would ex- ferent way than the combinations pect to find the other. For example, from proposed by factor analysis. The tech- the equation calculated for the plot of nique of multiple regression uses the full-time equivalent library staff against same principle as simple regression, de- the number of serial pieces received (li- riving an equation to show the relation- brary staff = .2 + .003 * no. serial ships between variables. However, with pieces), if 1,000 serial pieces are received more than two variables to consider, the each quarter, one would expect to have education cannot be represented by a line 3.2 full-time equivalent library staff in a two-dimensional plane. members to handle them. Further figures Further techniques exist whereby only can be calculated which show there is a those variables which have a significant strong relationship between these two influence on the dependent variable-in variables-that the equation has good this case, staffing level-are included in predicting power. It can also be said that the equation, for the sake of simpliciity. two-thirds of CSIRO libraries of this size As can be imagined, there are many pos- would have between 2.5 and 3.9 staff sible complications in this procedure. An members, and that 95% of the libraries example of one of the derived equations would have between 1.8 and 4.6 staff is given in Table 3, for data calculated members. Libraries outside these ranges on a quarterly basis. could be studied to see whether abnormal conditions existed. Measures of Individual Library To examine only the relationship be- Efficiency tween two variables is too simplistic. In the real world there are more influences There are many problems associated on staffing levels than just the number with the approaches discussed so far. of serial pieces received. It is a relatively Most are too technical in nature to be of easy matter to go through each of the general interest. One significant problem variables and construct equations for is that equations of this sort generally staff requirements from each one. The have little impact on people who are not results, however, would be confusing; it mathematically minded. A pictorial rep-

Table 3. Regression Equation for Predicting Fulltime-Equivalent Library Staffing Levels (for quarterly activity levels)*.

Sample Predicted Regression Activity Staffing Factor Activity Level Level

Professional users 40 .2 Computer searches (bibl.) 10 1 Cataloging, partial 50 .05 Cataloging, full 100 .3 Journal circulations 2000 .2 Series pieces, own 900 .54 Loans to staff 300 .27 ILL requests, non-CSIRO 150 -.I5 Constant - .5 TOTAL 2.01 Figures are based on quarterly activity levels.

288 special libraries resentation is more immediately popular. accomplish this, ways of normalizing the The libraries in this survey are of dif- data were investigated. ferent sizes, with different staff /user ra- To normalize the data the elements are tios, and there is a further constraint to expressed in a form which takes into ac- using such an approach: the data must count the numbers of library staff and be presented in a form which preserves users, such as dividing the task data by the anonymity of the other libraries in the librarian/user ratio. Both the nor- the study. malized mean over all the libraries and For each library activity, the average the normalized data for each individual or mean level of activity over all the li- library, for each activity, are printed on braries was calculated, as was the median the same graph with the mean, median level, i.e., that level at which there were and raw data figures (Figure 2). The as many libraries performing above as greater the distance between the nor- below. Plotting these two sets of figures malized average and the library's nor- on a graph together with the raw data malized data lines, the greater is the for each individual library gives an idea difference in its efficiency or work load of each library's absolute position in the from what could be expected for a library level of activity throughout the group but of that particular staff size and user pop- gives no indication of the library's rela- ulation. tive position or measure of efficiency. To There are many measures which can

Figure 2. Photocopies Made for Outside Libraries Compared with Measures of Activity in Divisional Libraries. 360

QUARTER * beginning no. 1 , Oc t / Dec 1980 Legend: H = mean of all libraries; 0 = median of all libraries; 0 = normalized mean of all libraries; X = raw figures for Dairy Research Laboratory (DRL); = normalized figures for DRL. Comparing the two sets of normalized figures gives an indication that DRL is more heavily used for photocopies by external libraries than would be expected for a library of its size and user population. october 1984 289 Figure 3. Mean and Median of Library Activities Each Quarter.

QUARTER

950-

750-

700 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 QUARTER Legend: X = mean of all libraries; = median of all libraries. The upper graph shows monograph orders placed per quarter, indicating dependence of this activity on the financial year. The lower graph shows own serial pieces received per quarter, with the two troughs representing mail strikes.

290 special libraries be used for normalizing the data, and independent libraries which have under- work is still proceeding to determine taken similar statistical collections. which is most appropriate. However, Many questions remain unanswered; when given preliminary results in this much work remains to be done, not only form, the librarians showed greater in- in this particular study but in the whole terest than when supplied with some pre- field of quantitative librarianship. This is liminary regression equations in an vitally important for special libraries, earlier report. whose small size makes them particularly Progress towards the third objective vulnerable in times of economic hard- has been slow, basically because it is dif- ship, when they stand in obvious com- ficult to provide much information on petition with other more outwardly trends after collecting data for only two productive units of the organization. No years. The seasonal nature of library ac- matter how compelling the arguments of tivities is obvious from the graphs of the librarian may be, only figures will mean and median levels of activity (Fig- satisfy top management when decisions ure 3), particularly for such functions as on the future of the library are made. The monograph acquisitions which tend to be growing body of scientific literature in high in the new financial year, dropping librarianship points to this fact, as does to very low at the end of the year. the increasing emphasis on the teaching When examining results on a quarterly of quantitative subjects in library schools basis, seasonal variations show up as dis- throughout the world. torting influences in interpretation of data for the model library. There appears Acknowledgements also to be a slight downward trend in most activities over the period studied, The author would like to thank Abra- due, no doubt, to the depressed economic ham Bookstein and John Schuerman of climate. Such factors must always be the University of Chicago for their in- taken into account when setting stand- valuable advice and teaching, and also ards, and there must be careful monitor- fellow student Richard Humanski for his ing to ensure that the standards remain advice and assistance. up to date. For comparative purposes, the standard of the organization as a whole Received for review March 15, 1983. Manuscript should be measured against a number of accepted for publicafon May 24, 1984.

Susan M. Collins is librarian, CSIRO Division of Food Research, Dairy Research Laboratory, Highett, Vic., Australia.

october 1984 Trends in Information Science Education Howard Fosdick

Villa Park, IL

Surveys were performed in 1977 and in 1982 to determine trends in library and information science instruction at the graduate level. The results of these two surveys are compared and contrasted to assess what progress has been made in the intervening years. Current trends are identified along with recommendations for further improving library school education.

NFORMATION SCIENCE is broadly information science in graduate library defined as the study of the appli- schools, and specific recommendations I cation of computers to libraries and for improving education in this area (I). to totally new forms of "libraries" based A similar survey was conducted in 1982 on computer technology. Accordingly, to determine current trends in the field information science instruction today and to compare these results with those consists of non-traditional courses which of the earlier study. would not have been taught in library schools prior to the birth of information science as a field in the mid-1960s and Methodology the corresponding spread of computeri- zation. The surveys conducted in 1976 and In 1976, the author surveyed graduate 1982 employ the same methodology. library school course catalogs in order to Graduate library school course catalogs determine trends in teaching information were collected and analyzed. Data such science. That study led to identification as course titles, course descriptions and of several key issues concerning teaching other explanatory information contained in the school catalogs provided the basis for both surveys. Statistics gathered in this fashion are Author's note: The American Society for In- neither comprehensive nor impeccably formation Science Mid-Year Meeting on "The Micro Revolution" confirmed that li- accurate. The purpose of these surveys is brary educators have made great progress to define the nature and present trends in integrating microcomputers into their of library education in information sci- curricula in the two years since this paper ence, not to compile definitive statistics. was written. This paper is not as concerned with the

292 Copyright @ 1984 Special L~brariesAssociation special libraries actual figures as with their underlying ies, thesauri, searching methods for meaning. systems and comparison of different sys- Surveying library school catalcgs of- tems. This category includes advanced fers one great advantage over the alter- courses on single topics listed above. native method of polling the schools 3. Systems Analysis (SA). Courses com- directly (either via written questionnaires prising this group are the results of mod- or through an interview approach): the em systems engineering concepts. These schools cannot tailor their responses to courses may contain statistical studies the aim of the survey. However, inves- and methods for mathematical measure- tigation of the catalogs does involve the ment and evaluation of library operations subjective judgements of the surveyor, and services. Techniques commonly and a few schools do not provide ade- taught include statistical sampling, de- quate information in their catalogs on cision tables and other methodologies which to base an appraisal of their in- appropriate to computer-based systems. formation science programs. Both factors affect only a small sampling of the 4. Interactive Computer Systems (IACS). schools involved and do not negate the These courses concern the information basic interpretive value of the data. storage and retrieval capabilities of interactive computer systems. They em- phasize training in online searching logic The 1976 Study and the query languages used in such national systems as those vended by The previous survey polled catalogs SDC, Dialog Information Services and from the 64 accredited library schools in BRS. the United States and Canada, as listed in the 1977 issue of the Journal of Education 5. Programming (PROG). These courses for Librarianship (2). Catalogs were ob- are designed to prepare students to solve tained for 54 of the schools, representing library problems through computer ap- 84% of the accredited schools at that plications. They are distinguished from time. The cover date on the average num- library automation courses through their ber of catalogs was 1976, although the exclusive attention to programming lan- findings were first published in 1978 (1). guages and methodology. Similar to earlier research on the topic (3,4),the survey analysis confirmed that The 1982 Survey library school course offerings in information science can be grouped into five The present survey employed the same main categories: methodology as the earlier study. Of the 70 accredited library schools listed in the 1. Library Automation (LA). These 1981 directory issue of courses concern the use of such modern Journal of Education (5), 62 school catalogs technologies as computers in the auto- for Librarianship mation of traditional library functions. were obtained. Since two of the schools were in the process of discontinuing their The courses are applications-oriented; programs, the 60 valid catalogs represent that is, they explore automation of such about 88% of those accredited. All cat- traditional library functions as catalog- alogs were considered current by the ing, circulation and serials check-in. schools as of September 1982. 2. Informati on Storage and Retrieval (ISR). IS courses were analyzed in terms of Often listed as "Introduction to Infor- the five categories cited earlier. Table 1 mation Science," "Information Science," indicates the results. Almost all the or "Information Storage and Retrieval," schools teach one or more courses in in- these courses deal with modern ISR sys- formation storage and retrieval, while tems and related topics, both theoretical nearly 75% of the schools teach courses and practical. Related topics include ab- in library automation, systems analysis, stracting, indexing, controlled vocabular- and interactive computer systems. About

october 1984 TABLE 1:

Number of Schools Teaching Courses in Five Categories of Information Science

Course No. of Schools Offering No. of Schools Offering Category 1 Course or More in. .. 2 Courses or More in...

Library Automation

Informat ion Storage 8 Retr i oval

Systems Analysis

Interactive Computer 39 (65%) 9 (15%) Systems

Programming 23 (38%) 11 (18%)

40% of the schools offer one or more mation represents the earliest application programming courses. Roughly one-sixth of computer technology to libraries. In of the schools teach two or more courses effect, library automation views com- in all areas except information storage puters as merely facilitating more effi- and retrieval. Two or more ISR courses cient technical services operations in are taught at over half the schools sur- traditional library functions (e.g., circu- veyed. lation, acquisitions and cataloging). In These statistics indicate a large increase contrast, information storage and re- in the number of IS courses taught as trieval courses represent an entirely new compared to the 1976 survey results. Fig- vision of libraries. Implicit in these ure 1contrasts data from the two surveys, courses is a new definition of libraries, showing the percentage of schools offer- divorced from the physical reality of li- ing respectively, one or more and two or brary buildings and printed media, more IS courses in each of the five cat- consisting of electronically recorded in- egories. formation accessible at diverse geo- Besides dramatizing the extent of in- graphic locations. creased interest in information science in Figure 1 also shows a great increase in graduate library schools, Figure 1 dem- courses on interactive computer systems. onstrates several other points, as well. The 1976 data first revealed the existence Library automation courses are the single of this category of instruction. Online area in which slightly fewer courses are bibliographic citations systems, such as taught today than in 1976, while ISR those offered by SDC, Dialog Informa- courses show a large increase. One pos- tion Services and BRS, and the national sible interpretation is that library auto- utilities, such as those of OCLC, RLIN,

294 special libraries Schools offering 2 or more = = = courses in 1982 Schools offering 1 or more = courses in 1982 Schools offering 2 or more - - - courses in 1976 Schools offering 1 or more - 1 ow courses in 1976

8 0%

Percentage 6@ of ScP.oo1s 5%

3% 2@

10%

LA I SR SA IACS PROG

Course Category Figure 1. Percentage of Schools Offering Courses in Five Categories of Information Science, 1982 Versus 1976.

WLN and UTLAS, have become so im- gree of computer integration into library portant to the profession that instruction and information science curricula. in these systems and their principles is Also significant is the increase in pro- widely viewed as essential to library gramming courses. The primary weak- education. ness of professional education cited in the It is critical to note that those schools 1976 study was that library schools were which do not offer specific courses on not providing adequate programming interactive computer systems have gen- skills to their graduates. The subsequent erally integrated this knowledge into tra- increase in programming courses suggests ditional library courses. For example, at that the schools have effectively most schools where few IS courses are addressed this deficiency. offered, traditional cataloging classes Table 2 summarizes the overall trend. provide OCLC or equivalent experience. The number of information science Courses on reference services ~rovidein- courses at the average school increased struction on the relevant bibliographic by two. Figure 2 plots the percentage of citations retrieval svstems. The statistics schools offering the indicated number of provided in this paier understate the de- information science courses (irrespective october 1984 I TABLE 2:

Number of Information Science Courses Taught per School, 1982 Versus 1976

Mean number of courses offered/school 3.7 5.4

Modal number of courses offered/school 4 6

Percentage 0 f Schools

Figure 2. Percentage of Schools Offering the Specified Number of Infor- mation Science Courses, 1982 Versus 1976.

296 special libraries Percentage of Schools 5%

more Number of Courses Figure 3. Percentage of Schools Offering at Least the Number of Courses Listed, 1982 Versus 1976. of the five course categories). The right- puters, microcomputers, word processors, ward shift of the curve emphasizes the mass storage devices, fiber optics, satel- increased educational interest in infor- lite telecommunications and videodiscs mation science over the past six years. indicates that information science is the Whereas a small percentage of schools true future of librarianship. evidenced little interest in IS in 1976, Figure 3 maps the percentage of there are today no "dissident" schools; schools offering at least the number of all participate in teaching IS and consider information science courses indicated on computer experience relevant to library the inde~endentaxis. From the 1982 data. education. one can deduce that virtually every li- A sizeable minority of schools now of- brarv school offers at least two IS courses. fer extremely strong curricula in IS. ~hriequartersof the schools give four Many educators appear convinced that or more IS courses, while over half pro- the rise of such technologies as com- vide five or more. The new orientation october 1984 of the library profession toward infor- A primary criticism of library educa- mation science education could not be tion derived from the 1976 data was that more clearly illustrated. library schools were not providing ade- Figure 4 plots the percentage of schools quate programming skills to their grad- teaching courses in the number of IS uates. "With very few exceptions, then, course categories on the horizontal axis. library schools do not provide . . . their As in Figures 2 and 3, the rightward shift students more than minimal capabilities of the curve between 1976 and 1982 pro- or experience in practical computer provides evidence of the increasingly central gramming. . . . The greatest need of the role of information science in library ed- present library science curricula in infor- ucation. The data are summarized in mation science is to remedy this situation Table 3; the average number of IS course (I)."The data shown in Table 4 indicate categories offered per school has shifted that library schools have aggressively from about 2% to 3%. moved to address this problem. Refer-

Percentage 0 f Schools

0 1 L 7 4 iC

Number of IS Cource Cztegories Offered Figure 4. Percentage of Schools Offering Courses in the Number of Categories Listed, 1982 Versus 1976.

298 special libraries I TABLE 3: Number of Information Science Courses Categories Offered per School, 1982 Versus 1976

Mean number of IS course categories/school 2.5 3.4

Modal number of IS course I categories/school I ences to programming languages and Table 4 and Figure 5 also show that computer facilities now abound in library PL/I and BASIC remain the program- school catalogs, and well over a dozen ming languages mentioned most fre- mention that the school's facilities in- quently in school catalogs. A study by clude department-owned microcompu- Goehlert and Snowdon (6) confirms this ters. Clearly, microcomputers represent fact. The emphasis on BASIC over PL/I an affordable approach to providing the is likely due to the spreading use of mi- hands-on programming experience most crocomputers in library schools. The cat- schools now believe their students alog references to PILOT and LOGO require. support this interpretation of the data.

TABLE 4:

Number of Times Programming Languages are Cited in Course Descriptions. 1982 Versus 1976

Programming Language 1976 1982

BASIC 2 11

PL/I 4 7

COBOL 1 5

FORTRAN 2 4

Assembly 2 2

PILOT 0 1

LOGO 0 1

COMIT 1 0

TOTALS: 12 3 1 october 1984 299 Number 6 of Citations

BASIC PL/I COBOL FORTRAN Assembly PILOT MGO COMIT

Projimmnin& Langvzge Figure 5. Number of Times Programming Languages are Cited in Course ~escri~tions,1982 Versus 1976. row categories in order to more accurately Additional Findings describe these advanced IS courses? For example, the Information Storage and The increased interest in information Retrieval classification might better be science made classification of the courses defined as consistinrr- of courses on: com- in terms of the five categories more dif- puter and computer-assisted indexing ficult than in the past. For example, many and abstracting; information retrieval more schools provide introductory infor- (IR) systems; and introductory and mation science classes that include ma- advanced information theorv. terial from several of the course As another example, the systems anal- categories. Sometimes these courses are ysis courses include the quantitative required as part of the core curriculum. methods material taught in 1976. But The sheer increase in the number of now, there exists a sub-category of courses indicates that many advanced courses oriented towards "systems anal- courses are offered. Should the five ysis" in the sense in which that phrase course categories be split into more nar- is used in data processing. This kind of

special libraries systems analysis course is specifically pensive microcomputers are a boon to the concerned with the design of computer more forward-looking schools in provid- software. ing computer experience to their stu- Further complicating the picture is the dents. As more library educators become degree to which computer skills are now more familiar with microcomputers, their integrated into traditional library school usage will spread ( 7). courses. In the mid-l970s, computer applications to library science were more often isolated into discrete courses. To- Conclusions day, cataloging classes routinely include introduction to systems like OCLC and We are witnessing a sea change in the RLIN, and many reference courses ex- relationship of traditional librarianship plore computer-based resources such as and information science in library school those of BRS and SDC, as well as tra- curricula. In the mid-1970s, the programs ditional print-based sources. The point at many schools were oriented toward the figures of the preceding section do librarv automation-the automation of not make is the degree to which computer traditional library technical services like technology is now an integrated and as- cataloging and circulation, and the aug- sumed Dart of education in schools of mentation of traditional library reference library and information science. services through remote computer sys- The survey results reveal the existence tems. Today, the profession's orientation of many library school courses on the toward information science and its re- new technologies. For example, there lated technologies is fundamentally dif- are entirely new courses- on "Office ferent. Information Systems," "Management In- Information science is now viewed as formation Systems," "Database Manage- critical to modern professional education. ment Systems," and "Microcomputers Most school catalogs feature pictures of and ~ibiaries."These courses focus on students at computer terminals and in- hardware and software technologies clude information on the schools' com- rarely mentioned in library school cata- puter facilities. Class topics include such logs in 1976, e.g., microcomputers, new technologies as microcomputers, da- videodiscs, word processing, database tabase management systems, network- software, networking, and computer- ing, office technologies, word processing output on microforms (COM). and videodiscs. The integration of this This interest in new technoloaies- en- material across the curriculum gives such joys more adequate hardware support traditional library courses as cataloging than in 1976. Nearly every library school and reference sources a different flavor catalog includes a section describing the than only a few years ago. school's computer facilities. A surprising In the mid-l970s, a few "dissident" number of school catalogs state that the schools refused to recognize the impor- library school maintains its own com- tance of new technologies to librarian- puter laboratory. Such departmental labs ship and offered few information science often include terminals for accessine" cen- opportunities to their students. This tral university computers, as well as such group has faded from view. The most systems as SDC, Dialog, BRS, OCLC, visible minority now consists of those WLN, RLIN and UTLAS. schools who believe that information sci- Over a dozen catalogs mention that the ence and its associated technologies are schools have their own microcomputers. the key to the future of library schools. As noted earlier, this is reflected in the The greatest change is evident in the data concerning the teaching of program- catalog of the "typical" library school. ming languages. Microcomputers support That catalog states that opportunities for classes at several schools on "Microcom- graduates increasingly lie in "non- puters and Libraries" and "Database traditional" fields of employment, for ex- Management Systems" (DBMS). Inex- ample, as information brokers, online october 1984 search specialists, information resource 3. Belzer, J., et al./Curricula in Information managers, and systems analysts. Far from Science: Four Year's Progress Report. jour- viewing information science and com- nal of the American Society for Information Science puter technology as only a speciality 26 (no. 1):17-32 (Jan./Feb. 1975). within librarianship, schools of library 4. Rees, A. and Riccio, D./Curriculum: In- and information science today envision formation Science. DrPxel Library Quarterly 3 (no. 1):108-114 (Jan. 1967). IS education as vital to those entering the 5. /ournal of Education fir Librarianship, Directory profession. Issue, 1981. 6. Goehlert, R. and Snowdon, G./Computer Literature Cited Programming in Library Education. journal of Education fir Librarianship 20 (no. 4):251- 1. Fosdick, H./Library Education in Infor- 260 (Spring 1980). mation Science: Present Trends. Special Li- braries 69 (no. 3):lOO-108 (March 1978). 2. journal of Education for Librarianship 17 (no. Received for review Nov. 22, 1982. Raised man- 3):196-197 (Winter 1977). uscript accepted for publication June 4, 1984.

Howard Fosdick is a consultant in Villa Park, Ill.

special libraries On the Practical Side

Reprint Control Using SAS Mary F. Layman

MOBAC, Monterey, Calif. N. Paige Groninger

Denver Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, Colo.

The Statistical Analysis System (SAS), operated on IBM equipment, is a flexible, widely-used computer package. A bibliographic control program that is ideal for organizing reprints of publications has been written using SAS. The online index has a variety of access points. The system and its use in a federal agency library are discussed.

HE Denver Wildlife Research research need and as a part of overall Center (DWRC) is a research lab- collection development. There are ap- T oratory of the U.S. Fish and proximately 5,000 of these documents. Wildlife Service. Specializing in verte- 2) A subset of (I), yet a separate cat- brate ecology and vertebrate pest control egory logistically, are the various reprint research, it employs approximately 100 collections that exist at the field stations. biologists and chemists and has field sta- Some of these collections, such as the tions around the United States and in marine mammal collection in Gainesville, Bangladesh, Haiti and the Philippines. Florida, are unique and valuable. A few The Center has had a small research have been indexed in some fashion. None library since 1968. In addition to books, is accessible to anyone outside the par- technical reports and journals, several ticular field station staff. There are per- collections of reprints and pamphlets haps 10,000 of these documents. have been created over the years. The 3.) Reprints of materials authored by reprints and pamphlets fall into four the DWRC staff. These reprints are or- basic categories: dered in quantity and stored for easy ac- 1) Reprints collected by the library on cess because the library fills around 7,000 subjects of interest, both as an immediate requests per year for DWRC author reprints. One copy of each reprint is filed by author to maintain a master author Mary F. Layman was formerly librarian of file. The master author file collection the Denver Wildlife Research Center. forms the real basis of the inventory of october 1984 Copyright @ 1984 Special Libraries Association 303 DWRC-authored research papers. There ification, report writing, and file are approximately 1,600 of these author handling. SAS runs on IBM 360/370/ reprints in the master file. 30xx/43xx and compatible machines in 4) Two large databases-one contain- batch and interactively under OS, OS/ ing citations of literature on predators VS, VM / CMS, DOS /VSE and TSO. (coyotes, wolves, foxes, bobcats, etc.) and In February 1981, one of the co-authors one containing the citations of all papers attended a meeting of SAS Users Group written by the Bird Control section of International (SUGI) in Orlando, Florida, DWRC. These are automated. However, where a paper was presented describing the computer programs for these collec- a Bibliographic Information Storage and tions were developed individually and Retrieval System (2). DWRC library and are not compatible with each other. There computer staff quickly saw the possibil- are approximately 10,000 documents in- ities of this program for the reprint prob- dexed in these databases. lem. Because SAS was already being used Categories 1, 2, and 3 are not com- for other applications, DWRC did not puterized; 1 and 3 are partially repre- require the purchase of any more equip- sented in the library card catalog through ment or software. The program could be author and title cards, though these are adjusted to specific needs; material could incomplete. The number of reprints at be input in a straightforward manner; the DWRC totals about 27,000 with little or input operator could be trained quickly; no indexing in most cases, almost no sub- and users could be trained quickly to op- ject access, and no compatible, across- erate the system. the-board bibliographic access. SAS is "user friendly." Nothing special As these collections continued to grow, has to be done or learned to get infor- library staff recognized the need for in- mation into a SAS database. Some dex compatibility, DWRC-wide staff ac- computer familiarity and an IBM or com- cess and subject access. A few manual patible system is necessary, but an OS control systems were implemented but data set can be created in any way avail- never thoroughly, for lack of time and able to the user, i.e. cards or tape. SAS staff, and they were soon recognized as reads data in any form from cards, tape useless due to the volume of material or disk and then puts the information involved. into an organized file. The program created can be modified to input any variables desired and to output the results in Program Development any format desired. Given current federal government fis- The Technical Services section of cal and staffing restraints, the SAS re- DWRC consists of computing, statistics print program appeared to be ideally and the library. The computing area em- suited to DWRC needs. The library be- ploys only one programmer. Therefore, a gan the test project with the first category flexible, easy-to-use package was needed of documents-reprints collected by the that would perform a variety of computer library in response to research needs. applications with little programming ef- This collection requires the most work in fort. The package that seemed to best terms of weeding and bibliographic con- meet these requirements was Statistical trol. The computing section developed a Analysis System (SAS), a software sys- coding sheet and graduate students from tem developed by the SAS Institute, Inc., the University of Denver Graduate to handle statistical research needs (1). School of Librarianshiv and Information \, A complete data analysis system must Management began pulling the docu- include ways to read and manipulate data ments and entering information on the and produce printed output showing the sheets as a part of their field work as- results. SAS is an extremely flexible signment. package that can also be used for infor- After the first batch of coding sheets mation storage and retrieval, data mod- was prepared and the program was tested

special libraries with the information, problems with vo- entire file by document identification cabulary, punctuation and abbreviation number; 2) listing the entire file by au- standardization became apparent. Dis- thor; 3) creating and printing a directory cussions with the input operator, who is of authors versus identification numbers; a former library technician, settled the 4) listing the entire file by keywords; 5) issues and corrected the problems. Closer creating and listing a directory of key- supervision of coders would have elim- words versus document identification inated the problems sooner. The very codes; and 6) creating and listing a di- flexibility of the SAS program can lead rectory of the number of citations each to some of these problems because of the keyword appears in. leewav offered in the fields. Therefore, careful pre-planning is required. Because staffing patterns will not ap- Additional Uses preciably change at the Center and because of the unique qualifications of the After initial testing of the program input operator as a former DWRC library with the library reprint collection was technician in charge of the reprint col- completed, DWRC converted its two lection, it has been determined that the large predator and bird reprint databases library will 1) prepare a list of unique from other systems. SAS was used to read alpha-numeric identifiers for use on the the data from the old formats and ma- documents; 2) generally oversee the se- nipulate it into the reprint format. How- lection of keywords; and 3) make final ever, because each system was developed decisions on the choice of information individually, additional information input into the fields. For DWRC, it is needed to be incorporated into the sys- most efficient for the input operator to tem. For instance, the predator citations work from the document in hand rather included a location code. and the bird than from a coding sheet. reprint collection contained a species code that needed to be kept separate from the other kevwords so that the infor- Input Operation mation coulddbe searched and sorted by species. Because of the flexibility of SAS, The indexing system is basically a a few statements that were added to the slightly enriched KWOC-the majority original programs enabled the additional of keywords are taken from the title of information to be included. the document. Pulling keywords directly The ideal way to create and search a from titles is logical when dealing with reprint database is interactively; that is, scientific materials. Only a relatively few having the researcher sit at a terminal and papers require further scanning of ab- answer questions prompted by the com- stract and/or text to obtain keywords. puter. This is the library's ultimate goal. Subject access consists of keywords However, due to current funding con- pulled directly from the title, and occa- straints, DWRC is required to access the sionally, the text of the document. information as cheaply as possible using The alpha-numeric identifier for each programs that can be run in batch mode. document shows the location of the doc- Data are recorded onto floppy disks and ument, assigns an accession number, and next read onto a disk file. SAS then puts provides the publication date. BIOSIS Se- the data into a SAS database. In the rials Sources has been chosen as the journal future DWRC would like to have an title authority. For each reprint, the fol- interactive program that asks for each lowing information is put into the sys- element of the data set.

tem: document identification code.~ -, In addition to subject, author and title authors (up to 6), title, source, and key- access, DWRC plans to develop programs words (up to 15). to search and/or sort by information Several programs have been developed source. This can be used by scientists as to access the information: 1) listing the a tool to determine in which journals (and october 1984 other sources) their research is being print control 'problems for libraries in published most frequently. The Append- organizations which already use SAS for ices contain examples of search programs statistical purposes, or which have access and input records. to IBM equipment. It is flexible and easy The details for SAS use are well out- to learn and use. The program can be lined in the SAS user manual (I).Anyone implemented by a small staff at low cost considering this approach to document with careful, but not excessive, pre-plan- control should obtain the manual to bet- ning. It can be a long-term project, inter understand the requirements of SAS putting records as time permits. It is implementation. Admittedly, DWRC has proving to be a viable solution to a major been fortunate to have trained data proc- information problem at DWRC. essing personnel to handle the computer details. Many special libraries, especially those in corporations, may be able to Literature Cited reach agreements regarding the implementation of or further use of SAS with 1. SAS Institute, Inc. /SAS User's Guide: Basics. their DP departments. However, special Cary, North Carolina. SAS Institute, Inc., librarians should also be able to work 1982. 923 pp. with SAS using the documentation with 2. Chhinnan, Manjeet S. and Leonard C. their own compatible equipment. SAS is Moon/"Bibliographic Information Storage and Retrieval System (BEARS)." In Pro- growing in use and is currently accessed ceedings of the Sixth Annual Users Group Inter- by hundreds of universities and compa- national Conference, Orlando, Florida, nies. February 8-11, 1981. Cary, North Caro- lina, SAS Institute, Inc., 1981. Summary

The SAS bibliographic indexing pro- Received for review July 23, 1982. Revised man- gram is a cost-effective way to solve re- uscript accepted for publication June 27, 1984.

Mary F. Layman is Coordinator, Mon- terey Bay Area Cooperative Library System, Monterey, Calif. N. Paige Groninger is Computer Pro- grammer, Denver Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, Colo.

special libraries Appendix 1. Reprint Program.

CREATE.CNTL // EXEC SAS,RECION=4OOK //SAS.PAIGE f7D DSN=FWLO05.SL740.DATAADISP=(OLD,KEEPj //SAS.PRED DD DSN=FWLOO5.PREDL1T.DATA,DISP=(NEWWCATLC,DEl~ETE), /I SPACE=(TRK,(400,25),RLSF),UNIT=SYSTS DATA TYPEl TYPE3 TYPE4 TYPE6 TYPE7 TYPE9 TYPElO TYPE11 TYPE12 TYPE13 TYPE70 TYPE75; INFILE PAIGE; INPUT TYPE $ DN $ 4-11 OPR $ 13 a; IF TYPE='Al' THEN INPUT A1 $ 15-74; IF TYPE='A1' THEN OUTPUT TYPE1; IF TYPE='Tl' THEN INPUT T1 $ 15-80; IF TYPE='Tl' THEN OUTPUT TYPE3; IF TYPEz'T2' THEN INPUT T2 $ 15-60; IF TYPE='T2' THEN OUTPUT TYPE4; IF TYPE='Sl' THEN INPUT S1 $ 15-50; IF TYPE='Sl' THEN OUTPUT TYPEh; IF TYPE='SZ' THEN INPUT S2 S 15-RO; IF TYPE='SE' THEN OUTPUT TYPE7; IF TYPE='Kl' THEN INPUT K1 S 15-36 K2 $ 37-58 K3 $ 59-50; IF TYPE='Kl' THEN OUTPUT TYPE9: IF TYPE='KZ' THEN INPUT K4 $ 15-36 K5 $ 37-58 K6 $ 59-80: IF TYPE='KZ' THEN OIJTPUT TYPElO; IF TYPE='K3' THEN INPUT K7 $ 15-36 KR S 37-55 K9 $ 59-80; IF TYPE='K3' THEN OUTPUT TYPEl1; IF TYPE='K4' THEN INPUT K1O $ 15-36 K11 S 37-55 K12 $ 59-80; IF TYPE='K4' THEN OUTPUT TYPE12; IF TYPE='K5' THEN IYPUT K13 $ 15-36 K14 $ 37-55 K15 $ 59-80; IF TYPE='KS' THEN OUTPUT TYPE13; IF TYPE='D1' THEN INPUT 01 $ 15-1R; IF TYPE='Dl' THEN OUTPUT TYPE70; IF TYPE='Ll' THEN INPUT L1 $ 15-30; IF TYPE='Ll' AND L1 YE ' ' THEN OUTPUT TYPE75; CARDS; DATA Dl ; SET TYPEl ; KEEP DN A1 ; PROC SORT; RY DN: DATA D3 ; SET TYPE3 ; KEEP DN T1 ; PROC SORT; RY DN; DATA D4 ; SET TYPE4 ; KEEP DN T2 ; PROC SORT; RY DN; DATA D6 ; SET TYPE6 : KEEP DN S1 ; PROC SORT; RY DN; DATA D7 ; SET TYPE7 ; KEEP 0N S2 ; PROC SORT; RY DN; DATA D9 ; SET TYPE9 ; KEEP DN K1-K3 : PRDC SORT; RY DN; DATA D10; SET TYPELO: KEEP DN K4-Kh : PROC SORT; 9Y DY; DATA D11; SET TYPEl1; KEEP DN K7-K9 ; PROC SORT; RY DN; DAT4 D12; SET TYPE12; KEEP DN K1O-K12; PROC SORT; RY DN; DATA D13; SET TYPE13; KEEP DN K13-K15: PROC SORT: BY DY: DATA n70; SET TYPETO; KEEP DN ni ; PROC SORT: RY nv; DATA D75; SET TYPE?5; KEEP DN L1 ; PROC SORT; RY DN; DATA PRED.YASTER; HERGE D1 D3 D4 D6 n7 D9 Dl0 Dl1 Dl2 Dl? D70 D75; 8Y DN; PROC CONTENTS DATA=PREn.-ALL-; READY

october 7984 Appendix 2. Sample of Input.

ROEGEL, K. 4ND H. MOEGLE 1980 CHARACTiRISTICS OF THE SPREAD OF A WILDLIFE RARIES EPIDEYIC IY EUROPE RIOGEOGRAPHICA 15:251-259 FOXIRED QARIES BOWYAN, G. 8. 4YD L. V. HAQRIS 1980 EFFECT OF SPATIAL HETEROGEYECTY ON GROUYD NEST DEPREOATIOV J WILD MANAGE 4&(4):806-813 BEHAVISEXUAL RACCrlON RIRlIS/UPLkYD BRADLEY. J. A., D. SECORn, ET 41. 1981 4GE DETERMIV4TION IU THE ARCTIC FOX (ALOPEX LAGOPVS) CAN J %OOL 59(1):1976-1990 FOXIARCTIC AGE/SEX-DETERM BRADLEY, S. R. AND D. R. REAVERS 1980 A RE-EX4YIYATION OF THE REL4TIONSHIP RETWEEY THERMAL CONDUCTANCE AND ROOY WEIGHT IN MAMMALS COMP BIOCHEYI PHYSIOL A: COYP PHYSIOL 55(4):465-476 YUSTELIDSIOTHERS FOXIRED "HYSIOL RERGERON, J. M. ANO P. DEMERS 1981 LE REGIYE 4LIYENT4IRE DU COYOTE (CANIS LATRANS) ET nU CHIEY ERRANT (c. FAMILIARIS) DANS LESU~nu ~UEREC(FOOD HABITS (OF THE COYOTE CANIT LATRANS AND OF FERAL DOGS C. FAYILI4RIS IN SOUTHERY QUEBEC) CAN FIELD-VAT 95(2):172-177 COYOTE FEED-PATTERNS ~OG RIRKELAUD, K. H. AYD S. YYRRERGET 1980 THE DIET OF THE LYNX (LYNX LYNX) TY YORWAY FAUNA NORV SER A 1(1):2&-29 FEED-PATTERNS RORCATILYNX

special libraries Appendix 3. Program for Searching on SAS by One Keyword.

SEARCH.CNTL I/ EXEC SAS //SAS.PRED DD DSY=FWL005.PREDLITI.DATA, // DISP=(OLD,KEEP), // UNIT-3400-6. 1 1 LABEL=(3,SL). 1 1 VOL-SER-W14479 DATA DUMMY; SET PRED.MASTER; KEEP DN K1-K15; DATA Dl; SET DUMMY; IF NOT (Kl='BIRDS/UPLAND' OR K2 ='BIRDS/UPLAND' OR K3='BIRDS/UPLAND' OR K4='BIRDS/UPLAND' OR K5='BIRDS/UPLAND' OR K6='BIRDS/UPLAND' OR K7='BIRDS/UPLAND' OR KB='BIRDS/UPLAND' OR K9='BIRDS/UPLAND' OR KlO='BIRDSIUPLAND' OR KI 1 ='BIRDS/UPLAYD' OR KlZ='BIRDS/UPLAND' OR K13;'BIRDSlUPLAND' OR K~L='BIRDS/UPLAND' OR K15='BIRDS/UPLAND') THEN DELETE; KEEP DN ; DATA ALL; SET Dl; STATUS='OK' ; DATA NEW; UPDATE PRED.MASTER ALL; BY DN; IF STATUS NE 'OK' THEN DELETE; PROC SORT; BY Al; DATA -NULL-; SET YEW; BY Al; FILE PRINT; TITLE DENVER WILDLIFY RESEARCH CENTER; TITLE2 PREDATOR LITERATURE DATA BASE; TITLE3 TITLE5 ; PUT /DN 2-9 @ 11 A1 1 B 11 Dl 0 20 L1; PUT (a 11 TI; IF T2 NE ' ' THEN PUT fa 11 T2; IF T3 NE ' ' THEN PUT @ 11 T3; PUT @ 11 S1; IF 52 NE ' ' THEN PUT fa 11 $2; IF S3 NE ' ' THEN PUT fa 11 S3; PUT @ 11 K1-K5; IF K6 NE ' ' THEN PUT fa 11 K6-K10; IF K11 NE ' ' THEN PUT 0 11 Kll-K15; READY

october 1984 Appendix 4. Program for Searching on SAS by Two Keywords.

// EXEC SAS //SAS.PRED DD DSN-FWLOOS.PREDLITl.DATA, / / DISP=(OLD,KEEP), / / UNITs3400-5, / / LAREL=(3,SL), / / VOL=SER=W14479 DATA DUMMY; SET PRED.XASTER; KEEP DN K1-K15; DATA Dl; SET DUMMY: IF NOT (Kl='COYOTE' OR KZ ='COYOTE' OR K3='COYOTE' OR K4='COYOTE' OR K5='COYOTE' OR K6='COYOTE' OR K7='COYOTE' OR KB='COYOTE' OR K9='COYOTE' OR KlO='COYOTE' OR K11 ='COYOTE' OR KlZ='COYOTE' OR K13='COYOTE' OR K14 ='COYOTE' OR K15='COYOTE') THEN DELETE; KD~='COYOIE'; KEEP DN KD1; DATA D2; SET DUMMY; IF NOT (Kl='COYOTE-GETIN-44' OR K2='COYOTE_GET/X-b4' OR K3='COYOTE-GETIM-h4' OR K4 ='COYOTE-GETIM-45' OR K5='COYOTE-GET/M-44' OR K6-'COYOTE-CETIM-44' OR K7='COYOTE-GET/M-44' OR K$='COYOTE-GET/M-44' OR K9='COYOTE-GET/!4-44' OR KlO='COYOTE-GETIM-44' OR Kll='COYOTE-GET/M-h4' OR K12='COYOTE-GET/M-44' OR K13='COYOTE-GET/X-44' OR Kl4 =' COYOTE-CET/M-44' OR K15='COYOTE-GETIN-44') THEN DELETE; KD2='COYOTE-GETIX-$4'; KEEP DN KD2; DATA ALL; MERGE Dl D2; RY DN: IF NOT (KDl='COYOTE' AND KD2='COYOTE-GET/M-4L') THEY DELETE: STATUS='OK' ; DROP KD1 KD2; DATA NEW; UPDATE PRED.MASTER ALL; RY DN: IF STATUS NE 'OK' THEN DELETE; PROC SORT; BY Al; DATA -NULL-; SET NEW; BY Al; FILE PRINT; TITLE DENVER WILDLIFE RESEARCH CEWTER; TITLE2 PREDATOR LITERATURE nATA BASE;

TITLE5 ; PUT /DN 2-9 0 11 A1 /

P 11- - ni 9 20 LI: PUT @ 11 T1; IF T2 NE ' ' THEN PUT 0 11 T2; IF T3 NE ' ' THEN PUT fl 11 T3; PUT P 11 S1; IF S2 NE ' ' THEN PUT @ 11 52; IF 53 NE ' ' THEN PUT fi 11 S3; PUT P 11 K1-K5; IF K6 NE ' ' THEN PUT 0 11 K6-KID; IF K11 NE ' ' THEN PUT 11 Kll-K15: END OF DATA

special libraries Appendix 5. Sample Printout-Output.

PO921779 ANDELT, W. F. ANDP. S. GIPSON 1979 DOMESTICTURKEY LOSSES TO RADIO-TAGGEDCOYOTES JWILDLMANAGE43(3):673-679 COYOTETELEMETRYBEHAV/KILLBIRDS/UPLANDCONTROL/LETHAL CONTROL/NONLETHADAMAGE-ASSES PO038651 ANON 1951 ASTUDYOFFOXCONTROLASAMEANSOF INCREASINGPHEASANT ABUNDANCE NYCONSDEPT. RES SERIES 3,22 P FOX/GENBIRDS/UPLANDMANAGE/GENDAMAGE-ASSES FEED-PATTERNS RELAT/INTERSPEC PO692108 ANON 1908 RUFFEDGROUSEAND LYNX FORSTREAM70:331 BOBCAT/LYNXBIRDS/UPLAND PO041851 ARNOLD, D. A. 1951 RELATIONSHIPSBETWEENRINGNECKEDPHEASANTPOPULATIONAND RED FOX POPULATIONTRENDS PAPMICHACADSCIARTSLETT37:121-127 FOX/REDBIRDS/UPLAND FEED-PATTERNS POPUL-DYNAMICS PO631354 BAILEY, R. W. 1954 REDFOXPREDATIONONWILDTURKEYS WVACONSERV l8(1):24-25 FOX/RED BIRDS/UPLAND

PO888678 BAKER, B. W. 1978 ECOLOGICALFACTORSAFFECTINGWILDTURKEYNESTPREDATIONON SOUTHTEXAS RANGELANDS PROCANNUCONF SOUTHEASTASSOC FISHWILDL 52:126-136 ECOL/GEN PREDATORS/GENBIRDS/UPLANDHABITAT PO330373 BEASOM, S. L. 1973 FFK ECOLOGICALFACTORSAFFECTINGWILDTURKEYREPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS INSOUTHTEXAS PH.DTHESIS. TEXAANDMUNIV. 215PP BIRDS/UPLANDECOL/GENREPROD/NATAL PO377575 BEASOM, S. L. 1975 PR-446 SELECTIVITYOF PREDATOR CONTROLTECHNIQUES IN SOUTHTEXAS JWILDLMANAGE38(4):837-844 BIRDS/UPLAND CONTROL/LETHALBOBCAT/LYNX COYOTETRAPPING COYOTE-GET/M-44 SHOOT/CALLING

october 1984 Engineering lndex 1884- 1984: Its History and Its Service to Special Libraries Herbert B. Landau

Engineering Information, Inc., New York, N.Y.

The history of The Engineering lndex (Ei) and its parent organization, Engineering Information, Inc., is traced from 1884-1 984. Parallels are drawn between the 100-year evolution of Ei and the 75-year development of SLA. Ei's growth and experiences are a chron- icle of the development of both engineering librarianship and bibliographic retrieval technology, as well as a case study of the evolution of bibliographic secondary services. Ei's future plans for expansion from a not-for-profit A&l service into a broad-based engineering information supermarket are defined with emphasis given to the role of the special librarian in this growth.

PECIAL LIBRARIES and abstract- mation needs of the special library, en- ing and indexing services have gineering and related professions on a S long been partners in the delivery world-wide basis. In 1984, its centennial of technical information. SLA and Ei both year, Ei will add over 250,000 biblio- celebrate milestone anniversaries in 1984. graphic citations and abstracts to a data- It is therefore appropriate that the history base which totals nearlv three million of this partnership be traced over the last document surrogates. his file traces its century and the future prospects for its origin back to 1884 when the idea for an continuation over the next century be engineering literature secondary service discussed. The Appendix presents a table led to the issuance of a periodic publi- tracing the joint evolution of Engineering cation which later became the The Engi- Information and SLA's engineering and neering Index. As a unique guide to the applied science related efforts since 1884 literature of engineering, Ei provides ac- and 1909, respectively. cess to papers contained in approximately Engineering Information, Inc. (Ei) is a 5,000 journals and conference proceed- not-for-profit independent organization, ings plus monographs and technical re- totally dedicated to serving the infor- ports.

312 Copyright o 1984 Special Libraries Association special libraries The Beginnings of Ei in New York. This not-for-~rofitcenter was endowed in 1904 by that great ben- The origin of the world's first engi- efactor of libraries, Andrew Carnegie, as neering information service and the first both a site for a major free public engi- U.S. secondary service can be traced back neering library and a union home for the to 1883 when Dr. John B. Johnson, a pro- country's major not-for-profit engineer- fessor of civil engineering at Washington ing institutions. In addition to Ei and ESL, University in St. Louis, Missouri, became such major engineering societies as the concerned with the lack of access to lit- Institution of Electrical and Electronics erature in the engineering field. As a so- Engineers, American Society of Civil En- lution, Dr. Johnson compiled a collection gineers, American Institute of Chemical of document citations and abstracts Engineers, American Society of Mechan- which he termed "Index Notes." The ical Engineers, and the American Institute guiding philosophy behind this index of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum was to: 1) index only articles of perma- Engineers, among others, have their nent value; and 2) give such a short, con- headquarters in the UEC. cise, but adequate description of the ASME published The Engineering Index article as would enable those seeking in- until Tune 16. 1934. when the not-for- formation on the given subject to deter- profit corporation, Engineering Index, mine whether or not it would be worth Inc., was formed with ASME still retain- their while to obtain or consult the ar- ing an interest and the copyright. How- ticle. ever, in 1969, ASME assigned the Produced annually, the "Index Notes" trademark and copyright to Engineering were first published in the October 1884 Index, Inc., a totally independent not- issue of the Journal of the Association of En- for-profit corporation dedicated to in- gineering Societies. The annual "Index formation transfer. Notes" for 1884 to 1891 were cumulated In November 1981, the corporation into Volume I of the Descriptive Index to changed its name to Engineering Infor- Current Engineering Literature in 1892. In mation, Inc., to better reflect its expand- 1895, the Engineering Magazine of New ing role as a broad-based information York purchased the publishing rights to product and service supplier and coor- the Index and introduced the title The En- dinator. gineering Index on the second cumulative volume covering 1892-1895. History of SLA's Involvement Ei and the Engineering Societies with Engineering Literature

In 1919, the American Society of Me- Twenty-five years after the introduc- chanical Engineers (ASME) acquired The tion of Ei's first index service and thirteen Engineering Index. ASME and the Engi- years after the introduction of the name neering Societies Library (ESL) also en- Engineering Index, Special Libraries Asso- tered into a cooperative arrangement ciation was founded at the American Li- whereby The Engineering Index would re- brary Association's Bretton Woods view, abstract and index the key engi- conference of 1909. It appears that en- neering publications received by ESL. In gineering and its literature was in the turn, ESL agreed to provide the public mind of John Cotton Dana when he pro- with access to the full text of any item posed the establishment of a Special Li- covered by Engineering Index. This coop- braries Association for he cited "technical erative arrangement remains in effect to- libraries" as among the key sources of its day after 65 years. members. Engineering (or applied sci- Since the early part of this century, ence) literature also played a prominent both Ei and the ESL have been housed role in early SLA activities. Shortly after in the United Engineering Center (UEC) SLA's birth, in 1910, the SLA Technology

october 1984 Committee created a "Trade Names In- Evolution of Ei's Products and dex" which ultimately evolved into the Services (1884-1 984) Industrial Ark Index and then became the Applied Science and Technology Index. The evolution of Ei's products and services over the last 100 years traces the transition of both special libraries and At the 1923 SLA conference, the Tech- secondary services from traditional doc- nology Group held its first program ument-oriented activities to broad-based meeting. The relationship of the group information services employing com- with the professional engineering computer-based systems. The Appendix munity is illustrated by the fact that the identifies key milestones in the parallel first SLA Information Bulletin, the Bib- development of Ei and SLA during this liography of Illumination, was issued in 1926 period and demonstrates how they have as a joint effort of the Technology Group kept abreast of, and in some cases, paced, and the Illuminating Engineers Society. the state-of-the-art of information technology. Since the inception of the SLA's Tech- From 1884 to 1919, The Engineering Index nology Group in 1923, SLA's organiza- was available in only one format-an an- tional structure and activities have nual compilation of abstracts and cita- demonstrated a strong membership com- tions to the engineering literature. Entries mitment to engineering and applied sci- were arranged under alphabetically or- ence and its literature. After a brief dered subject headings, representing merger with the Advertising-Industrial- names of things and processes, with an Commercial Group between 1928-33, author index added in 1928. By way of the Science Technology Group was comparison, in its first year (1884), Ei formed. Reflecting the increasing spe- employed 1,375 main headings, sub- cialization of technology, the Group headings and cross-references to locate (later to become the Science-Technology less than 1,000 abstracts. In 1983, Ei em- Division) spun off such engineering-re- ployed approximately 3,000 main head- lated sub-groups as the Rubber Section, ings, 3,000 subheadings and 250,000 Public Utilities Section, Petroleum Sec- author names to assist in the retrieval of tion, Electrical Communication Section, over 200,000 document records. From Engineering-Aeronautics Section, Metals 1919 to 1933, Ei also offered monthly Section, Aerospace Section, Paper and updates published in the American So- Textiles Section and Nuclear Science Sec- ciety of Mechanical Engineers' journal. tion between 1933 and 1963. Most of In 1928, Ei introduced what was perhaps these sections have become full SLA di- the world's first selective dissemination visions (i.e., Aerospace, Nuclear Science, of information (SDI) awareness system, Metals /Materials, Engineering, Public the Ei CARD SERVICE. Operated con- Utilities and Petroleum and Energy Re- tinuously from 1928 to 1975, when the sources). advent of online services rendered it ob- solete, the CARD SERVICE (later known as CARD-A-LERT) provided the engi- Noteworthy engineering-related infor- neering community with daily and mation products and services developed weekly mailings of document abstracts by the SLA over the last 75 years include printed on index cards. CARD-A-LERT the Industrial Arts Index (1910-), Applied Sci- subscribers could select from as many as ence and Technology Index (1910-), Bibliog- 249 subject classes which covered the full raphy of Illumination (1923), Bibliography of spectrum of the engineering literature. In Bibliographies in Electrical Engineering 1918- 1962, Ei introduced its Engineering Index 1929 (1931), Technical Book Review Index Monthly as a stand-alone publication (1925-), unpublished bibliography pool which was cumulated to yield the tra- (1945), SLA Translations Center (1946-) ditional Engineering Index Annual compila- and Documentation Abstracts (1965). tion of abstracts.

special libraries In the early 1960s, experimentation be- formerly abstracted in the Engineering Index gan with computer-readable magnetic Monthly and Annual and COMPENDEX tape subsets of Ei, primarily in the areas will now be in a separate file. This data- of electrical/ electronic engineering and base provides fully indexed citations to plastics engineering. This exploratory re- conference papers with no abstracts. The search led to the introduction of Ei's other print and digital Ei products will, COMPENDEX service in 1969. COM- however, contain a review abstract for PENDEX (an acronym for Computer En- each conference proceeding with pointers gineering Index) is essentially a digital to the individual papers listed in the Ei version of the Engineering Index Monthly Engineering Meetings database. publication. The COMPENDEX database The Ei Engineering Meetings database file has been available as an online service was initially issued in digital format with since 1973 and is now accessible on 10 no corresponding paper product. How- host utilities throughout the world.* ever, if justified by user demand, paper To further round out its product line, and/or microform versions of the Ei En- Ei introduced a microform version of its gineering Meetings database will be issued Engineering Index Annual in 1970. This mi- in 1984. croform file is offered retroactively to In late 1983, Ei introduced a new series 1884 and is updated on an annual basis. of "hot topic" bibliographies known as Following the precedent set in the Ei Technical Bulletins. These state-of-the- 1960s with the issuance of topical plastics art bibliographies cover engineering sub- and electrical engineering abstract ser- jects of current interest, such as robotics, vices, Ei began two new subject subsets microcomputers, CAD/CAM, VLSI, su- in Energy and Bioengineering in 1974 peralloys, nuclear safety and wastewater which are currently being issued as treatment. In addition to print, personal monthly publications. computer diskette versions are available, Although it took Ei 70 years to reach as well as an SDI (Selective Dissemina- the one million abstract mark in 1954, it tion of Information) service to update the took only 21 years to achieve the two bibliographies. Suggestions for new top- million bibliographic record plateau in ics are welcomed. 1975; it expects to reach the three-million record mark by 1985. Ei took another step toward becoming a full spectrum information service by initiating the Ei Search Service (EISS) in Current Ei Print and Digital 1981. Through EISS, Ei offers informa- Product Mix tion intermediaries and end users assistance in searching Ei and related databases Ei now stands at a point of transition, and in providing custom support and ad- emerging from the role of a traditional vice on special projects and building spe- publisher of document abstracts and in- cial files. dexes to that of a full spectrum state-of- In July 1982, The Ei Engineering Meetings the-art engineering information service database was developed to satisfy users' and electronic publisher. In 1980, Ei's sec- demands for a means to rapidly identify ondary services covered about 95,000 papers presented at key engineering con- bibliographic items. In 1984, it will cover ferences. The database annually lists ap- about 250,000 items in print and digital proximately 100,000 published papers format. The scale has tilted in favor of presented at over 2,000 engineering digital products for North American and meetings. Conference papers that were European markets. However, potential demand for print products from the developing nations of Asia, Adrica, the "BRS. CAN/OLE-CAN-SDI. CEDOCAR, Middle East and Latin America may Data-Star, DIALOG, ESA/IRS. FIZ 4, somewhat balance the migration to dig- NERAC, Infoline. SDC. ital products in other geographical areas. october 1984 Ei's Future Creps, John E. Jr. and Carrigy, John W./ "The Engineer's World-Wide Transdis- As it celebrates its 100th anniversary ciplinary Information Service." Sci- Tech in 1984, Ei looks forward to establishing Nms 26(2):42-44 (Summer 1972). Creps, John E. Jr. and Lang, Charles S./ a wide range of information products and "Conversion to Computer Operation of services to an increasingly more sophis- Ei Integrated Information System." In Pro- ticated audience of librarians, informa- ceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Amer- tion specialists, engineers, scientists, ican Society for Information Science, Volume managers and educators. 10:37-38, 1973. Westport, Conn., Green- Plans call for the expansion of database wood Press, 1973. activities beyond bibliographic surro- Creps, John E. Jr. / "Intellectual and Tech- gates into numeric, directory and textual nological Advances in Abstracting and In- data files. The feasibility of offering com- dexing." In EASCON '76: Record of the putational modeling and computer-aided Electronics Engineers Aerospace Systems Conven- tion of the Institute of Electrical Engineys (IEEE); design services to meet engineer end-user September 26-29 1976: 127A-127B. New needs is being investigated. Ei is also tak- York, IEEE, 1976 (IEEE Cat No. 76 CH ing a more active role in sharing its ex- 1154-5 (EASCON)). perience and expertise with the Grattidge, Walter and Creps, John E. Jr./ engineering professional societies with "Information Systems in Engineering." whom it shares long historical ties, to Annual Review of Information Science and Tech- assist them in fully exploiting modem nology 13:297-333 (1978). information technology in their publish- Williams, Martha E. /"Relative Impact of ing, educational and information dissem- Print and Database Products on Database ination efforts. Producer Expenses and Income-Trends for Database Producer Organizations Ei hopes to expand its position as an Based on a Thirteen-Year Financial Anal- international clearinghouse for engineer- ysis." Information Processing and Management ing information by facilitating interna- 17(5):263-76 (1981). tional cooperation and information Williams, Martha E. /"Relative Impact of exchange among the not-for-profit, for- Print and Database Products on Database profit and government sectors alike. Producer Expenses and Income-A Fol- In short, Ei views its first 100 years as low-up." Information Processing and Manage- just the beginning. It looks forward to a ment 18(6):307-11 (1982). second century of service to the library Landau, Herbert B. /"Evolution of a Sec- and engineering professions. Ei also looks ondary Service to an Information Super- market." Online Revim 7(5):407-12 (1983). forward to a continued partnership with McKenna, Frank E. /"Special Libraries SLA and its members toward the mutual and the SLA." In Encyclopedia of Library and goal of "putting knowledge to work." Information Science 28:386-443, N.Y., Marcel Dekker, 1980. Bibliography Williams, Robert V. and Zachert, Martha Jane/"Putting Knowledge to Work: SLA 1. Hannum, J.E. / History of the Engineering Index. at 75." Special Libraries 74(4):370-82 (Oct. New York, Engineering Index, 1930. 1983). 2. Bissell, Thomas A. / The Engineering Index Story (1884-1969). New York, Engineering Received for review April 16, 1984. Manuscript Index, 1969. accepfed for publication June 18, 1984.

Herbert B. Landau is president of En- gineering Information, Inc., New York, NY.

316 special libraries Chronology of Ei and SLA Evolution Relevant to Engineering (1884-1 984)

DATE EVENT SCOPE

1884 "Index Notes" introduced in Journal of Less than 1000 abstracts selected the Association of Engineering Socie- from 100 journals indexed under 1375 ties. subject headings and cross references. Volume I of cumulative, Descriptive In- Approximately 1 1,000 abstracts pub- dex to Current Engineering Literature, lished. 1884-1 89 1 compiled. Volume II Cumulation termed The En- Approximately 6,000 entries from 62 gmeering lndex 1892- 7 895 pub- journals. lished. Engineering lndex cumulative Volume Approximately 40,000 entries from 111, 1896-1 900, published. 200 journals. Engineering lndex cumulative Volume Approximately 50,000 entries from IV, 1901-1 905. published. Published 250 journals. as regular annual volume from 1906. S~ecialLibraries Association founded. John Cotton Dana and 56 Charter Members. Special Libraries first issued and Boston Trade Names lndex later became In- SLA "Branch" formed. SLA Trade dustrial Arts lndex and then Applied Names lndex created. Science and Technology Index. Public Affairs Information Service Intro- Publication resulted from work of an duced. SLA committee. Monthly publication of The Engineering Production of approximately 10,000 lndex in the Journal of the American to 50,000 abstracts per year. Society of Mechanical Engineers (known as Mechanical Engineering, 1920-), with annual cumulations. Cooperative arrangement with Engi- All key journals received by ESL are re- neering Societies Library (ESL) estab- viewed (1,200 in 1919. over 3.500 in lished providing copies of all 1 983). documents covered by Ei. SLA Subject Group (later Division) Ad- Groups renamed Divisions in 1950 visory Council formed. SLA Constitution revised to allow for San Francisco. New York and Boston local affiliate groups (chapters). were first official affiliates. SLA Technology Group convenes. Program held at Annual Conference. Bibliography of Illumination Informa- Co-sponsored by Illuminating Engineer- tion Bulletin issued by SLA Technology ing Society. Group. Ei Card Service (later known as CARD- lndex cards covering 50,000 abstracts A-LERT) offered as a daily and weekly selectively distributed to subscribers selective dissemination of information among 223 to 249 classes. awareness service. SLA Commercial-Technical Group Merger of Technology and Advertising- formed. Industrial-Commercial Groups. SLA Bibliography of Bibliographies in Compiled by Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering, 19 18- 1929 Committee, Commercial-Technical published (K. Maynard, ed.). Group. SLA Science-Technology Group. Rub- ber. Public Utilities and Petroleum Sec- tions formed. Engineering Index. Inc.. established as an independent, not-for-profit corporation. Technical Book Review lndex produced Was originally developed at the Pitts- by SLA Science Technology Group. burgh Carnegie Library. SLA Electrical Communications Sec- Dissolved in 1940. tion. SLA Engineering-Aeronautics Section Subset of SLA Science-Technology formed. Group.

october 1984 SLA Science-Technology Group estab- Battelle Memorial Institute. Columbus. lishes unpublished bibliography pool. Ohio, is depository. SLA Science-Technology Group, Engi- Beginning of SLA Translations Center. neering Aeronautics Section, compiles a translations index. SLA Metals Section formed. Part of Science-Technology Group. SLA Science-Technology Group be- All Groups were designated as Divi- comes Science-Technology Division. sions. SLA Engineering-Aeronautics Section becomes Engineering Section and Met- als Section becomes Metals Division. One Millionth Ei abstract published. SLA Paper and Textiles Section formed. Dissolved in 1 970. (Science-Technology Division). Ei MONTHLY introduced. Ei Experimental Plastics and Electrical 1,000 Electrical and 500 Plastics ab- Engineering, awareness bulletins (Plas- stracts per month sent to over 500 sub- tics Monthly and ElectricaI/Electronics scribers. Plastics Engineering coverage Section) and CITE (Computer Informa- totalled 30,000 abstracts between tion Tapes for Engineers) services of- 1965-69 and Electrical/Electronics fered. totalled 60,000 abstracts from 1965- 67. SLA Aerospace Section and Nuclear Part of Science-Technology Division. Science Sect~onsformed. SLA Aerospace and Metals/Materials Divisions formed. Documentation Abstracts (later title In- Joint venture between SLA. AD1 and formation Science Abstracts) begun. ACS Division of Chemical Literature. SLA Nuclear Science and Petroleum Di- visions formed. SLA Engineering Division formed. SLA Public Utilities Division formed. COM PEN DEX (Computerized Engi- Approximately 5,000 + digital records neering Index) Monthly magnetic tape per monthly tape. service launched. Microfilm edition of Ei ANNUAL of- Retrospective files (1 884-1 927. fered. 1928-1 958, 1959-1 969) plus annual updates. On-line access to Ei's COMPENDEX file offered by commercial vendors.

Monthly Bioengineering Abstracts and Bioengineering coverage of approxi- Energy Abstracts offered in print for- mately 1.500 abstracts per year and mat as subsets of Ei database. energy coverage of approximately 20,000 abstracts per year. Two Millionth Ei abstract published. SLA Petroleum Division becomes Pe- troleum & Energy Resources Division. SLA Membership breaks 10,000 member mark. Ei Cumulative lndex, 1 973-1 977 Pub- Subject and author index to approxi- lished. mately 4 10,000 items. Engineering Information Search Serv- Custom literature searching and advi- ice (EISS) introduced. sory services. Ei Cumulative lndex 1978-1 981 pub- Subject and Author index to over lished 400.000 items. Ei Engineering Meetings database in- Annual listings of 100,000 papers troduced. from 2,000 conference proceedings. Ei Technical Bulletin Series Introduced. "Hot Topic" state-of-the-art bibliographies. Ei's 100 Anniversary. Happy Birthday SLA's 75th Anniversary Happy Birthday

special libraries The Concise AACR2 : A Review and Evaluation Jennifer E. Rowley

Department of Librarianship, City of Birmingham Polytechnic, U.K.

The Concise AACRZ is a significant new development in cataloging practice. Although intended for use by relatively untrained personnel for small and uncom- plicated catalogs, it may have value for basic cataloging in larger libraries and resource centres. The extent to which The Concise AACRP meets the needs of the intended audience is discussed. As The ConciseAACR2 is intended to convey the essence of AACRP, the structure and examples are examined in this context. Var- ious aspects of the rules concerning description and headings are discussed. The code achieves its objectives admirably.

HE Anglo-American Cataloging -.pany the first edition of AACR. Librar- Rules (AACR) have established ians in third world countries had T an indisputable reputation as a indicated that they would appreciate a cataloging code, and the second edition set of basic cataloging rules compatible (AACR2) is currently being adopted by with the full edition of AACR. "The libraries and bibliographic services and Concise AACRI" was never published networks all over the world. There is in- but the preparatory work for this version ternational agreement that AACR estab- contributed to the prompt publication of lishes the most valid principles proposed The Concise AACRZ. thus far in the area of cataloging and has The designers of the full edition of relevance for all types of library materials AACR sought to identify principles and and library environments. In 1981, a con- later to enumerate rules to cover almost cise edition of this code, known as The any cataloging situation that might arise Concise AACRZ, was published. in the foreseeable future. Inevitably this The Concise AACRZ represents the cul- led to an extensive volume and to a cat- mination of plans for a condensed edition aloging code which contained provisions of the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules. for a greater range of cataloging situa- This was originally planned to accom- tions than many libraries encounter. Practices that are appropriate for large research collections are not always At the time of this writing, the author was equally well-suited to smaller collections. senior lecturer, Department of Librarian- Standardization in respect of large col- ship, City of Birmingham Polytechnic, U.K. lections is an important first step toward october 1984 Copyright @ 1984 Special Libraries Association 319 standardization of cataloging practices in the full and comprehensive text of general. The standards adopted for such AACR2 tells more than they need to collections would and should influence know, or wish to hear, about standards practices in smaller libraries. and procedures for catalogue making and The second edition of AACR at- the organization of bibliographic records tempted to cater to the needs of smaller at a particular time in the development libraries by incorporating alternative of their own libraries, of their own bib- rules or optional provisions and has been liographic services, or of their own stud- criticized in some quarters for this de- ies." viation from standard recommendations The introduction embellishes this (I).This element of flexibility made it statement and suggests that The Concise possible for smaller libraries to pick their AACR2 is intended for the following five way through the full edition and select groups: rules of importance to them; however, it 1) Persons working in small libraries, es- did nothing to help a relatively untrained pecially one-person libraries. cataloger to easily gather the rules most 2) Beginning students of cataloging, es- likely to be of interest. This flexibility pecially those who wish to learn about also paved the way for a concise edition cataloging but do not intend to become whose value remains its digestable and catalogers. abbreviated format. 3) Paraprofessionals engaged in copy It is inevitable that major research col- cataloging using catalog records supplied lections should be concerned with stand- by national libraries or members of bib- ardizing their own cataloging practices as liographic networks. a first priority and that their more ade- 4) Public service librarians who wish to quate and coordinated resources would understand new developments in de- contribute towards completion of the scriptive cataloging. process. However, the resources scattered 5) Catalogers working in non-English in smaller libraries and resource centers language environments. are at least as important to their users. It is important that the librarians of these In practical application The Concise units, who often are not specialist catal- AACRZ is likely to be most useful in ogers, should have a catalog code avail- small, general libraries, although it can able which they can employ competently be used for basic cataloging in large, gen- and confidently. eral libraries and for cataloging in multi- media resource centers and in nonarchi- Intended Audience val specialist libraries. What, then, are the specific features that the above five Frances Hinton (2, 3) points out that groups might require in a catalog code? "The Concise AACRZ is not a true abridgement in the sense that it consists of a Use in Small Libraries selection of rules in the full text. Instead, it attempts to distill the essence and basic Persons working in small libraries gen- principles of AACR2." Thus, The Concise erally require simple rules which enable AACR2 can be assessed by the extent to them to catalog quickly and effectively which it reflects the principles of in between other duties. They do not AACR2. However, any abridgement or wish to be burdened with cataloging ni- distillation of a full code must be selec- ceties, but they do need clear guidelines tive, and what is selected or omitted must on basic practices. They need the option be determined by the audience. of adopting very simplified cataloging, According to the foreword to The Concise eg., short descriptions, and few added AACR2, it is intended for "practitioners entries and references. and students in our own countries, as Two main sectors which fall into this well as elsewhere in the world to whom category are school and college libraries.

special libraries These libraries are often staffed by non- the main cataloging practices and prin- professional librarians. A suitable catalog ciples described in The Concise AACRZ. It code must permit a beginner to grasp has limitations for this group, however. fundamentals quickly. The Concise AACRZ Many situations which paraprofessionals can be seen as a competitor to the School may find difficult arise only occasionally, Library Association's Cataloging Rules (5). and hense, by implication will not be Although The Concise AACRZ is superior covered by The Concise AACRL. in that it attempts to identify principles Other problems may arise when there rather than merely select a few key issues is ambiguity in the text of the full edition and present rules, it is both more exten- and/or variation between local and na- sive and more costly. tional practices. There are also situations where the precise wording and interpre- Student Use tation of the text of the full edition may be more helpful than a concise code Since beginning students of cataloging which only gives abbreviated instruc- require a firm grasp of principles, an tions. abridged code which can teach principles is important. Cataloging instructors had Use by Public Service Librarians to extract the more general rules which demonstrate principles from the remain- Some reservations regarding the use- der of the full code. fulness of The Concise AACRZ for para- The declared intention of The Concise professionals also apply to public service AACRZ is to follow and reflect the prin- librarians who wish to understand new ciples of the full code. Students learn the developments in cataloging. Certain principles of cataloging to enable them problems can only be studied effectively to perform original cataloging or under- with reference to the full edition. stand the results of somebody else's cat- Nevertheless, the clear rules for de- aloging. A link between The Concise scription and their integrated approach AACRZ and the full edition of AACR2 is should be a good introduction to the In- important in any transition. The number ternational Standard Bibliographic Descriptions. of rules in the full edition contributes to The code is also useful as a quick re- this transition, but the codes need to be fresher on many cataloging topics, such comparable on a detailed level. Students as headings, corporate body cataloging of AACR2 are accustomed to published and uniform titles. It may be particularly volumes of examples, programmed texts valuable to librarians not raised on and other tutorial aids. At least some sup- AACR. port of this nature will be necessary in relation to the The Concise AACRZ if this Use in Non-English Environments code is to be a success. Another factor to consider is that stu- The value of The Concise AACRZ to dents learn about catalog codes by read- catalogers working in a non-English ing articles in text books and periodical. language environment is difficult to eval- Most of these currently discuss issues in uate. Undoubtedly, the concise edition relation to the full code and its rule num- will make AACR2 accessible to some cat- bers. It would be difficult for a student alogers who may find the full edition to learn to use The Concise AACRZ and, in unmanageable. The wording of the rules parallel, read texts on the full edition. in The Concise AACRZ is simpler and less ridden with jargon, but is it simple Use by Paraprofessionals enough? Any cataloging code which attempts to interpret principles in a con- Paraprofessionals engaged in amend- sistent and organized fashion must use ing or otherwise making use of other peo- some complex sentence structures. ple's cataloging records can benefit from Another problem is the omission of the october 1984 rules for names in non-Roman scripts. resvective structure and contents. Table Undoubtedly, The Concise AACRZ is a val- 1 gives an outline of both codes, dem- uable tool for this group, but some trans- onstrating that the same issues are cov- lations might be even more useful. ered in both. Both codes have two parts. Part 1 of the concise code deals with de- Cataloging by Example scription, as does Part 1 of the full edition; yet the approach in the concise Librarians often find cataloging by ex- edition is somewhat different; this will ample to be less demanding than pon- be examined in detail in the next section. dering over the appropriate interpre- Examination of the contents below the tation of some obscure cataloging rule. level of major sections reveals that certain For the purposes of its intended audience, rules for special problems have been the examples in The Concise AACRZ are omitted from the concise edition. Table crucial and are likely to be more signif- 2 shows how the rules in two of the main icant to those applying the code than are chapters in the full edition are treated in the examples in the full edition. In prac- the concise edition and reveals the strat- tice, The Concise AACRZ may stand or fall egy for abridgement. by the quality and quantity of its ex- Matching rules against rules in the two amples. codes also serves to highlight variations Plainly any attempt to draft a concise in terminology for equivalent problems. code which will match the needs of sev- The labelling of parallel rules is ex- eral different groups is a work of com- tremely consistent between the two edi- promise. For any particular group it is tions. It almost removes the need for the reasonable to suppose that there will be full edition rule numbers which are aspects of The Concise AACRZ which sat- shown in the concise edition to assist isfy their requirements less successfully users in making the transition from the than other aspects. Any drawbacks of the concise to the full edition. On the oc- code must be outweighed by its greater casions where there are variations in the brevity and simplicity. A concise code labelling of equivalent rules, it is often has the potential for all but ousting the easy to see the purpose in the alternative full edition of the code; at the other ex- labelling. Particularly in Part 2 (either treme, it could pass almost unheeded. code), the headings for rules in the con- Only the future will tell. cise code have been framed in such a wav as to minimize "cataloger jargon." For example, the concise edition refers to Abridgement or Separate Code? "works for which two or more persons or corporate bodies are responsible," The General Introduction to The Concise rather than "works of shared author- AACRZ states: "This book is intended to ship." Nevertheless, such changes in ter- convey the essence and basic principles minology might introduce ambiguity and of the second edition of the Anglo-Amer- could be confusing for catalogers who ican Cataloging Rules (AACR2) without need to make the transition to the full many of the comprehensive works' rules edition. for out-of-the-way and complex mate- Another general feature is the num- rials." One criteria which can be applied bering applied to the rules. Rule numbers in evaluating The Concise AACRZ is the run straight through The Concise AACRZ, extent to which it achieves this objective. from start to finish, with no reference to The introduction goes on to say that chapters or parts; this is more reminiscent ". . . the end result of the cataloging of AACRl than AACR2. This approach should be the same whether one is using contributes toward simple numbers for the full or the concise text." rules, avoiding such awful series of char- A useful way of comparing the full and acters as 21.32A1 which have become the concise codes in terms of their cov- part of the language of a true cataloger. erage and perspectives is to examine their Where necessary, rules are subdivided, special libraries Table 1: Main Sections of AACR2 and Concise AACR2.

Full Edition Concise Edition Part 1: Chapter Description 1 General rules for descrip- Rules 1-1 2. Description of library tion materials. 2 Books, pamphlets, and printed sheets 3 Cartographic materials 4 Manuscripts (including manuscript collections) 5 Music 6 Sound recordings 7 Motion pictures and video- recordings 8 Graphic materials 9 Machine-readable data files 10 Three-dimensional arte- facts and realia 11 Microforms 12 Serials 13 Analysis

Part 2: Headings, uniform titles and references

2 1 Choice of access points Rules 16-24 Choice of access points 22 Headings for persons Rules 25-38 Heading for persons 23 Geographic names Rules 39-4 1 Geographic names 23 Headings for corporate Rules 42-50 Headings for cor- bodies porate bodies 25 Uniform titles Rules 51-55 Uniform tities 26 References Rules 56-59 References Appendices: capitalization, ab- Appendices: capitalization, glos- breviations, numerals, sary. glossary. e.g., "26B2 Names not containing a sur- rules can be clarified readily by the use name." of illustrative examples. Those used in In the full edition, the expressive rule 77ze Concise AACRZ follow the same style numbers serve to reveal the structure of as in the full edition, although most of the code. In a concise edition this is less the examples are new. Since the typeface necessary, but the loss of expressiveness in the concise edition is much larger than and separate chapters does make it dif- that of the full text, the examples are easy ficult to give a label to major sections or to distinguish from the text. groups of rules, such as those relating to Some users would, no doubt, appre- "Headings for persons" or "Geographic ciate sample entries or cards, as well. names." Additionally, the entirely dif- Weihs (6) has been acclaimed for the ferent numbering sequences for the two inclusion of sample cards which dem- codes does not make any contribution to onstrate the integration of the various the parallel study of the two codes. parts of the code in the production of an Examples are an important feature of entry. In regard to the intended audience, any cataloging code. Obtuse or imprecise a short appendix demonstrating the ap- october 1984 plication of the various parts of the code and distracts attention from the main might have been valuable. components of the description. The most irritating feature of the examples is the use of a dash to separate Description the main statements in the description. For example, 8B14 Contents stipulates, The abbreviation of the rules pertain- ". . . separate the parts of a contents list ing to the description of library materials note by a space, dash, space (-).I' This has offered the opportunity to com- point is illustrated by: "Contents: pletely rearrange the order of the rules. Women in love -- The rainbow -- The Although the rearrangement is essen- lost girl." tially a matter of presentation, the inte- This inconsistency in a minor aspect of gration of rules for all types of materials punctuation is confusing to the beginner into one sequence has a significant im-

Table 2: Coverage of the Rules.

Full Edition Concise Edition Chapter 1 1.0 General rules 1.1 Title and statement of responsibility area 1.2 Edition area .5 1.3 Materials (or type of publication) specific details area 4 Special area for serials and cartographic materials 1.4 Publication, distribution etc area 5 1.5 Physical description area 6 1.6 Series area 7 1.7 Note area 8 1.8 Standard number and terms of availability area 9 1.9 Supplementary items 10 Standard number 1.10 ltems made up of several types of material 11 ltems made up of more than one type of material 1.11 Facsimiles, photocopies, and other reproductions 12 Chapter 21 16 Introduction 17 Changes in titles proper 2 1.1 Basic rule 18 2 1.2 Changes in titles proper 21.3 Changes of persons or bodies responsible for a work 2 1.4 Works for which a single person or body is responsible 21.5 Works of unknown or uncertain authorship or by un- amed groups 2 1.6 Works of shared responsibility 20 Works for which two or more persons or corporate bodies are responsible 2 1.7 Collections and works produced under editorial direc- 2 1 tion 2 1.8 Works of mixed responsibility 2 1.9.-2 1.15 Works that are modifications of other works, eg., revisions, translations 21.16-21.17 Art works 2 1.18-2 1.22 Musical works 2 1.23-2 1.27 Sound recordings 2 1.28 Related works 2 1.29-2 1.30 Added entries 2 1.3 1-2 1.39 Special works including: laws, administrative regulations, court rules, treaties, sacred scrip- tures and lituraical works

The equivalent rules in The Concise AACRP are shown alongside the contents of two of the central chapters of the full edition. Labelling is identical unless otherwise indicated.

324 special libraries pact on the clarity of the rules. The or- The emphasis of rule 5B2, concerning ganization of the full edition, wherein the two or more places of publication given rules applicable to any type of material in the imprint, could cause a different are divided between the general rules in interpretation from the equivalent rule in Chapter 1and the rules in the appropriate the full edition. In cases where there are specific chapter, is tedious for the begin- two or more publishers or places of pub- ner. lication, the full edition instructs the cat- While it may be argued that the aloger to "describe it in terms of the first amount of necessary detail in the full edi- named place of publication, distribution, tion precludes a more straightforward ar- etc., and the corresponding publisher, rangement, the integrated approach of distributor, etc." On this point The Concise The Concise AACRZ is to be applauded. AACRZ concurs. Integration may also lead to greater con- The full edition - aoes on to instruct: sistency in the practices adopted for dif- /I . . . if any subsequent place or name is ferent materials since the concise edition distinguished by the layout of the source makes it easier to comDare the recom- of information as being that of the prin- mendations for different categories of cipal publisher, etc., add that place and materials. name." The concise edition suggests: "if The rule numbering system of the two another place and publisher, distributor, editions could have been more closely etc., is given prominence in the chief matched. It would have required only a source of information.,~- also record the minor adiustment of the rules in Part 1 place and publisher, distributor, etc., to make their numbers match the sub- given prominence." The phrases "given sections of Chapter 1 of the full edition. prominence" and "principal publisher" If the general rules had been numbered are not equivalent. "0," the two sequences of rule numbers Abbreviation is likely to lead to de- would correspond; for example: viations between oractices recommended in the two codes. For purposes of com- Full Edition Concise Edition parison, it is useful to examine the pro- 1.2 Edition Area 2 Edition Area visions of the two editions regarding 1.5 Physical De- 5 Physical De- physical description. This is a part of the scription Area scription Area description which should not escalate out of proportion to its significance; yet, In some minor respects the recommen- without careful explanation, aspects of dations of The Concise AACR2 differ from the present practice concerning the phys- those of the full edition. As is clearly ical description of books remain stated, rule IA: Sources of Information shrouded in mystery. permits the collection of information for Both editions advise catalogers to "ig- inclusion in the description from a wider nore/ disregard unnumbered sequences," variety of sources and places less em- but the full edition adds, "unless such a phasis on information from the chief sequence constitutes the whole or a sub- source of information. Particularly in re- stantial part of the publication." This spect to monographs, this will lead to a leads, in the examples in the full edition less common use of square brackets to to [8], 155p., being acceptable, whereas indicate that the information has not the concise edition recommends 327p., been gleaned from the prescribed source. not [32], 327p. Continuing in the same Further, the list of General Materials vein, the concise edition makes no men- Designations (GMD) given in rule 2C re- tion of leaves or pages of plates. The il- flects North American practice using lustration statement is retained. albeit in AACR2 and not British practice. Since a simplified form; no mention is made of many British catalogers use the North types of illustrations, eg., maps or charts. American Standard list of GMD's, the The cataloging is exemplary through- preference of The Concise AACRZ presents out Part 1. One general criticism that is little problem. likely to arise is that the recommenda- october 1984 tions on description encourage catalogers follows rule 21.1 of the full code very to generate more complete descriptions closely. The somewhat less tortuous Eng- than they previously considered neces- lish and the clear layout makes The Concise sary. Some libraries still operate effec- Code easy to read. Rule 18C, "Entry under tively on a description that consists of no title," follows the equivalent rule 21.1C more than a title, publisher and date, ac- closely, but here the precision of state- companied by an author heading. Such ments improve upon the full edition. an abbreviated description does, of For example, rule 18C states: "Enter a course, make the selection of the ele- work under its title when: . . . it is not ments that are to represent the item all by a person or persons and is issued by the more crucial. a corporate body but is not one of the types of publication listed in rule 18B2." The equivalent part of 21.1C states: "En- Headings ter a work under its title when: . . . it emanates from a corporate body but does Part 2 of The Concise AACRZ is modelled not fall into one or more of the categories on Part 2 of the full edition. It is con- given in 21.1B2 and is not of personal cerned with the choice of access points, authorship." their form and making references. As in This ensures that the principle for the full edition, general rules precede choice of access points is firmly estab- specific rules, and the rules apply to all lished. Throughout, various points of library materials-print or non-print, explanation or guidance have been care- serial or non-serial. fully retained. Due to the greater brevity Among reviewers and users of cata- of the concise code, they are more clearly loging codes, there has been some dispute highlighted than in the full text. concerning the continuing relevance of Sometimes, the attempt to give helpful the main entry (7,8, 9). Computer-held explanations may misfire. The Concise bibliographic records remove some of the AACRZ indicates, in rule 18B1, that an need to differentiate main and added en- article at the beginning of a name may tries, as well as references. Yet the need help to indicate that it is a corporate to identify a main entry and to rank the body. This rule is not intended to suggest relative significance of added entries will that the initial article should be included persist in the libraries for whom The Con- in the name of the corporate body as it cise AACRZ is intended. Many of these is to be shown in the catalog (or to con- libraries practice simplified cataloging flict with the full edition rule 24.5A and must restrict the number of entries which directs, "omit initial articles 'I), but that are included in their catalog se- might easily lead novice catalogers to that quences. conclusion. This potential for making Main entry is of central significance for misleading statements would almost one entry catalogs. Caution is perhaps seem to be inevitable in a condensed yet advisable in the application of rule 24A2, instructive cataloging code. which recommends: "If in doubt as to As can be seen from Table 2, each of whether to make an added entry, make the main conditions of authorship are it." This policy safeguards the user's in- covered in the concise edition in less terests but may be hard on a librarian depth than in the full edition. For in- who wishes to economize on cataloging stance, rlhe Concise AACRZ contains no effort. parallel to rule 21.4C or 21.4D and what There are two principles underlying remains of 21.5 is contained in 18C and AACR2 in respect to headings and ref- 18B2. The abridgement is particularly ev- erences: 1) the identification of those ident in the rules for works of mixed who are intellectually responsible for a responsibility, where revisions, modifi- work, and 2) the choice of "commonly cations, adaptations, reproductions of known" name for the form of name. The art works, commentaries, translations, first principle is defined in rule 18, which abridgements, arrangements of musical

special libraries works, and so on, all fall under an em- names, 44, are an admirable condensation bracing rule for "Modification of existing of rules 24.1, 24.2 and 24.3. The list of works." In the same manner, another rule alternative forms and their order of pref- gives guidelines for "New works pro- erence aids catalogers in deciding be- duced by persons or bodies making tween official forms, predominant forms, different intellectual or artistic contri- brief forms and latest forms. butions." The rules for subordinate bodies have The introduction in rule 25 to the pro- also been simplified. The instruction un- cedure for selecting a name and then a der rule 47 reflects the principles behind form of name helps to guide the user the full edition: "Enter a subordinate through these stages. Rule 26A instructs body . . . directly under its own name catalogers to "choose as the basis of the unless it does not have an individualising heading the name by which a person is name . . ." The full edition is more ex- commonly known." From here on, the plicit. It leaves less to the judgment of order of concepts would appear to deviate the catalogers and relies heavily upon the in several respects from the provisions of enumeration of types of subordinate the full code. bodies. Rule 26B explains how to decide upon Much detail has been retained in this the form of name by which a person is area, inevitably so if this problematical commonly known. The first part of this area is to be treated successfully. Special rule parallels 22.1B, but later parts appear rules for categories of corporate bodies, to match 22.3 which concerns choice such as legislative bodies, government among different forms of the same name. officials, consistutional conventions, Rule 27 covers choice among different courts, armed forces, embassies, consu- names. lates, delegations, and religious bodies The order in the full edition appears and officials have been omitted. to be different. Rule 22.1 concerns the In places the attempt to paraphrase name or names by which a person is com- complex rules on corporate body head- monly known; rule 22.2 offers guidelines ings leads to problems. For example, the for choosing between these names if sev- statement in The Concise AACRZ rule 49B, eral are identified; and lastly, rule 22.3 Other Government Officials, states: concerns choice among different forms of "Make a subheading consisting of the the same name. In this area, the order of name of the office." This is less clear than application of rules may determine the the equivalent full edition rule 24.20E end result; use of The Concise AACRZ may which instructs, "The subheading for any lead to a different conclusion than the other official is that of the ministry or full edition. agency that the official represents." The Various rules for types of name follow recommendations in the Concise edition the general rules on choice and form of could be taken to accept headings such name. For example, rule 30 deals with as: UNITEDKINGDOM. SECRETARYOF entry under title or nobility, rule 31 with STATEFOR EDUCATION AND SCIENCE; entry under given name and rule 33 with whereas the heading intended by the full entry under initials, letters or numbers. edition is: UNITEDKINGDOM. DEPART- Some rules for special categories of name MENT OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE. have been omitted, for instance, the rules This leads to a further point: The ex- for names originally in a non-Roman amples, particularly in rules 47 and 49, script. use "GREATBRITAIN," whereas the full The section on headings for corporate edition has preferred "UNITEDKING- bodies is a welcome guide to this very DOM." TO complicate this problem, nei- complex area. The introduction enu- ther the United Kingdom nor Great merates the steps to be taken in making Britain are used as examples in the sec- a heading for a corporate body and em- tion of geographic names. phasizes the need to make references. The simplified rules for uniform titles The basic rule, 43, and the rule for variant omit specific provisions for specialised october 7984 materials such as laws, treaties and music. Literature Cited Further, provision for additions (such as date, language, versions of Bible texts) Shinebourne, J.A. /"A Critique of AACR." which help to organise lengthy files of Libri: 231-259. Oct. 1979. similar materials have been omitted. Hinton, F. / The Concise AACRZ Cafalogue and The chapter on references is succinct Index, Spring 1981, pp. 6-7. but does not give guidance on headings Hinton, F./The Concise AACRl Library Re- with more than two components. For in- sources and Technical Services, April / June 1981, pp. 204-206. stance, the full edition shows how to con- Lewis, P. /"Introduction to the Second Edi- struct references for headings such as: tion of AACR." Cafalogue and Index, Winter AMERICANLIBRARY ASSOCIATION. RE- 1978, pp. 1-4. SOURCES AND TECHNICALSERVICES DI- Burlong, N. and Platt, P./Cataloguing Rules VISION. CATALOGUINGAND CLASSI- for Books and Other Media in Primary and Sec- FICATION SECTION.New catalogers would ondary Schools, 6th ed. School Library As- also appreciate guidance on this issue. sociation, 1984. Weihs, J. Riddle; Lewis S. and Macdonald, J./Non-book Materials, 1st ed. Canadian Library Association, 1973. Ayres, F.H. /Review of Western European Conclusion Seminar on the Interchange of Biblio- graphic Information in Machine-readable The author has tried to evaluate The Form, Banbury, 1974. Library Association Concise AACRZ and draw attention to its 1975; Cafalogue and Index, Spring 1976, 11- value. Like all cataloging codes before it, 12. there are asepcts of The Concise AACRZ Hunter, E./Review of Corporate Headings- that can be criticised; yet it achieves its Their Use in Library Cafalogues and National objectives admirably. An important fea- Bibliographies: A Comparative and Critical Study, ture is its title," The Concise AACR2," by E. Verona. IFLA Committee on Cata- loguing, 1975; Catalogue and Index, Spring which is both lively and brief. The ques- 1976, p. 10. tion that remains is where do we go from Scott, A./Is the Main Entry Dead? Catalogue here? Is there to be a second edition and Index, Winter 1976, 1, 8. known as The Concise AACRZ-2, or does The Concise Concise AACRZ seem more ap- Received for review Aug. 28, 1983. Revised man- propriate? uscript accepted for publication June 5, 1984.

Jennifer E. Rowley is currently senior lecturer, Department of Library and Information Studies, Manchester Polytechnic, U.K.

special libraries Libraries A Survey Kay A. Kenyon

Smithsonian Institution Libraries, National Zoological Park Library, Washington, D.C.

i>oo/~~uariumlibraries are a new developing field of special libraries. Their history, users, staff, collections, and services are discussed. Increased cooperation and communication is a major goal for the future.

OOS HAVE BEEN in existence in opened in 1856 at the America Museum one form or another for nearly in New York. Today there are over 1,000 z 5,000 years, ever since Queen zoos and aquariums throughout the Hatshepsut of Egypt brought back a col- world. Over 200 of these exist in North lection of animals from Africa. Royal America. zoos existed in China around 1150 B.C. The philosophy behind zoos and and later in Assyria and Babylonia. In aquariums has changed since Queen Hat- the 3rd century B.C., Ptolemy I estab- shepsut. At first, collections of animals lished the Alexandria Museum. Not only were simply kept as curiosities, satisfying was a zoo contained in this museum but man's desire to know. When the Zoo- the first zoological library as well. The logical Society of London was founded earliest zoo in the Americas was a col- in 1826, its purpose was not only to in- lection of animals under Emperor Mon- troduce new and curious animals from tezuma in Mexico City around 1500 A.D. foreign lands but to advance the science It had a staff of 300 keepers. of zoology as well (1).The philosophy of In more recent times, the Zoological zoos today has expanded and become Society of London opened its zoo to the very complex. Generally however, their public in 1828. By the mid-19th century goals are to increase their role in recre- zoos were opening all over the world. The ation, education, research and conserva- earliest zoos in the United States were tion (2). established in Philadelphia, Buffalo, New In pursuing these goals, zoos' knowl- York City, and Washington, D.C., during edge of animal management, animal be- the late 1900s. The earliest known aquar- havior, veterinary medicine for exotic ists were the Sumerians, who kept fishes animals, and so forth, has increased rap- in artificial ponds 4,500 years ago. The idly and so have their information needs. first display aquarium was opened to the Libraries have been established in some public in 1853 at Regent's Park in Eng- zoos and aquariums to organize all this land. The first one in America was rapidly expanding zoological knowledge october 1984 Copyright @ 1984 Special Libraries Association 329 and to provide access to information stitution. However, the zoo is a major sources outside the institution. museum within the Smithsonian, while A library is not just a collection of the library has always been a part of the books and serials. It must also provide Smithsonian Institution Libraries (SIL). information services and this involves SIL supports the informational needs of having someone with some library skills. the entire Smithsonian. Keeping this in mind, there are about 40 Today, as in the past, a zoo library's zoo and aquarium libraries in North welfare and even existence is often de- America.* Although 104 zoos reported pendent on the goals and philosophy of having a library in a 1981 survey done the institution it serves. Fortunately, by the Lincoln Park Zoo Library (4,most those zoos seriously involved in research are not libraries as defined above. and conservation are increasingly becom- Because zoo/aquarium librarianship is ing aware that libraries are essential in a new field of special libraries, there is helping them with their goals. Robert little published information about it. The Wagner, Executive Director of the Amer- purpose of this article is to explore the ican Association of Zoological Parks and unique features of zoo / aquarium librar- Aquariums recently wrote, "Libraries are ies-their history, users, staff, collections an increasingly important part of zoos and services, as well as some of the prob- and aquariums. . . " (4).Many zoos, how- lems they have in common with other ever, are rather small, and if they are not special libraries. For the purposes of this research-oriented they do not have or article, zoo libraries will refer to both zoo need a library at present. and aquarium libraries. Users History The users of zoo libraries have a variety The earliest zoo libraries in North of backgrounds and needs ranging from America were founded at the Philadel- general to specific. The largest groups of phia Zoo (1874), the National Zoological users are permanent staff members of the Park (1889) and the New York Zoological institution. Included in this group are cu- Society (Bronx Zoo) (1899). During the rators, keepers, researchers, educators, early 1900s, a few more zoo libraries were veterinarians, pathologists, lab techni- established (notably the Zoological So- cians, nutritionists, horticulturists, ad- ciety of San Diego Library in 1916), but ministrators, graphic artists, maintenance it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that and construction persons, and police. the majority of staffed zoo libraries came Two other large groups of users are vol- into existence. Thus, for most zoos, li- unteers and zoo docents. Other uses in- braries are a relatively recent addition. clude zoological society members, interns Zoo libraries have been established and and the public (by appointment). maintained by different groups of people. Although most have been established by the zoo or zoological society, a few have been started by volunteer docent groups and some began with large donations by Because zoo libraries are relatively private persons. The relationship be- new, many do not as yet have profes- tween the National Zoological Park and sionally trained librarians. They are gen- its library is unique among zoo libraries. erally one-person (or less) operations. Both are a part of the Smithsonian In- Some have part-time clerical or student help. Nineteen libraries are managed by trained librarians either part time or full 'The number 40 was derived from infor- time. It is interesting to note that almost mation gathered by the author, e.g.. letters. half of these are volunteers who work telephone conversations, onsite visits, and full time in another library. Thirteen li- ZOO conferences. braries are maintained by education spe-

special libraries cialists and the remainder by other zoo brochures, annual reports and animal in- staff such as animal record kee~ers.. . sec- ventories from zoos and aquariums all retaries and even animal health techni- over the world. The Ernst Schwarz Li- cians. brary at the San Diego Zoo microfilms Only ten libraries are staffed full time. its newsletters annually and keeps them Some zoos make use of volunteers to staff on microfiche. their libraries. For instance, the Zoolog- Two libraries have map collections. ical Society of Cincinnati staffs its library Many, such as the Burnet Park Zoo Li- five days a week with a different vol- brary, the Arthur R. Watson Library at unteer each day. It uses both professional the Baltimore Zoo and the Honolulu Zoo and nonprofessional librarians. Library, have slide collections while oth- There are more trained librarians in ers have photograph collections. Several zoos today than there were five years have large reprint collections-the Van- ago. Hopefully this trend will continue, couver Aquarium Library has 2,000, the especially for those zoos involved in Minnesota Zoo Library has around 3,000 research. and the library at the San Diego Zoo has 15,000. The Lincoln Park Zoo Library has a collection of videocasettes of Marlin Collections Perkin's television series Zoo Parade, as well as a collection of posters from other The collections of zoo libraries are zoos (5). specialized but at the same time cover The National Zoological Park Library many topics such as zoology, animal be- has a large collection of its zoo staff pub- havior, conservation, ecology, zoo man- lications. The Shedd Aquarium is devel- agement, endangered species, zoo design, oping a collection of Great Lake materials pathology, veterinary medicine, nutri- dealing with ecology, water quality, and tion, botany and horticulture. Aquarium marine life. The Washington Park Zoo libraries tend to specialize in seashore has a large circulating collection of arti- biology, fish and other invertebrates, facts and specimens in its education li- marine mammals and aquarium manage- brary. ment. Many zoo libraries keep archival ma- Collection sizes vary. The smallest li- terials of their zoos such as keeper diaries brary has under 200 monographs, while and logbooks, scrapbooks, letters and the largest has over 9,000. The majority newspaper clippings. The library at the of the collections number less than 1.000. Baltimore Zoo has 46 volumes of zoo ar- The number of journal titles received by chival material dating back to 1949, and zoo libraries range between 0 and 650. the library at the San Diego Zoo has oral Most zoo libraries have less than 50; only history tapes. four have more than 200. Zoo libraries that are fortunate in being located near a large library with a zoo- Access logical collection, especially natural history museum and university libraries, The challenge to any library is to pro- may not need to develop their collections vide access to its collections. This is es- as extensively as others who not as for- pecially true of zoo libraries, yet many tunate. A few zoo librarians have estab- have not met this challenge. The lack of lished relationships with a local larger professional librarians is one of the main library which has enabled them to use reasons for poor access. and/or borrow their information re- Ten zoo libraries use the Library of sources. Congress Classification System for all or Zoo libraries have unique collections, part of their collections. Nine collections many of which cannot be found in other are cataloged under the Dewey Decimal types of libraries. Almost all have a System. Ten libraries have their own cat- collection of newsletters, guidebooks, aloging systems. For example, the Okla- october 7984 homa City Zoo Library uses a taxonomic Library is tucked into the Primate House. system developed by the director, Law- The Washinaton- Park Zoo has two li- rence Curtis, and is known as the "LC" braries, one in education and one in re- System to catalog its almost 5,000 vol- search. Some of the larger zoo libraries, umes (6). The remaining zoo libraries such as the ones at San Diego, Baltimore, have no system of cataloging. Detroit and Washington, D.C., have a Another way to provide access is by central collection with satellite collec- indexing. Most of the serials in zoo li- tions in various departments. At the Na- braries can be found indexed in such tional Zoo, these smaller collections are publications as Wild2ifp Review, Key- Word- charged to an individual in that depart- Index to Wildlife Research, Veterinary Bulletin, ment on indefinite loan and can only be and on several online databases such as used as reference in that location. Zoological Record, BIOSlS and CAB Ab- stracts. However, some valuable material is not easily available to users. Many con- Services ference proceedings and most zoo/ aquarium newsletters remain inaccessi- Zoo libraries provide a variety of serv- ble for lack of indexing. ices. Staff members are usually allowed to check out books. Less than half of the Location libraries allow volunteers and docents to borrow materials and those that do are As for most libraries, space is a major generally managed by docents. If there is problem. When competing with other a librarian on duty, he or she will answer zoo departments for space, libraries often reference questions for the public, as well lose out. Recently, two zoo libraries with as for the staff. Some libraries request full-time librarians had their space re- materials from outside resources (espe- duced. In one case, the library was cut cially from larger zoological library col- and part of it became an office. In the lections nearby) for their staff, but most other, the library was moved into a libraries photocopy materials on request smaller location and its original space was from other places. Libraries at the San used for exhibits. However, some zoos, Diego Zoo, the Bronx Zoo and the Na- such as the Des Moines Zoo and the Na- tional Zoo all circulate to their staffs a tional Aquarium at Baltimore, are plan- current awareness bulletin (photocopied ning larger spaces for their libraries. pages of major journals received). Deciding on the best location for the A few libraries are part of the computer zoo library can be a problem. A zoo can age. The Calgary Zoo is putting its cat- cover an area anywhere from 1 acre to alog on its zoo's microcomputer. The Bal- 1,800 acres. Buildings are scattered timore Aquarium has access to computer throughout the park. The veterinary hos- literature searching from a nearby li- pital may be at one end of the park, the brary. The zoo libraries at the San Diego administrative and education depart- Zoo, the Minnesota Zoo, the Bronx Zoo ments on the other end and the keeper and the National Zoo have their own mi- areas in between. All have need of library crocomputer or have access to a computer services. terminal to do bibliographic searches on In reality, however, most libraries have DIALOG for their staffs. The National been placed wherever there is room. Zoo and the Shedd Aquarium libraries Some have been put in conference rooms, have access to OCLC used to help locate making them inaccessible when the room material in other libraries. The National is being used for meetings. Many are in Zoo Library plans to install another ter- the education department, especially minal by August 1984 to give users online when that department manages them. access to the Smithsonian Institution Others are found in or near the admin- Libraries catalog. The circulation system istrative offices. The Lincoln Park Zoo will be online soon after.

special libraries Budget brarians, educators, curators, veterinarians, zoo directors, AAZPA Board At this time there is not enough in- Members) in the United States, Canada formation on budgets to come to any and abroad. It has become invaluable as conclusions. Some libraries have money a means of communication between li- one year and none the next; many use brarians and zoo staffs and especially be- budgets which are part of other depart- tween zoo librarians. The newsletter has ments, especially the education depart- encouraged its readers to "discover" each ment; others rely entirely on donations. other-to share information, problems, experiences and ideas. Hopefully, by co- Networking and Cooperation operating with each other we can improve our services to our users. Zoo librarians provide better service when they support each other through Future Trends cooperation and networking. Many zoo librarians are not members of a special Zoo /aquarium librarianship is a new, library group because they are not developing field of special libraries in professional librarians. Some that are North America. The changing goals of have found that their unique needs are zoos into areas of recreation, education, not satisfied by existing library groups. research and conservation have brought To meet these needs, zoo librarians since about an increased need for organizing 1980 have been meeting together an- zoological materials and providing infor- nually at American Association of Zoo- mational services. One of the many chal- logical Parks and Aquariums (AAZPA) lenges that face zoo librarians is to make conferences as a special interest group. zoos aware that by supporting their li- AAZPA represents almost every zoolog- braries, they are helping themselves and ical park, aquarium, wildlife park and ultimately improving their zoos. There is oceanarium in North America and most a trend toward more trained librarians in of their professional staffs. It is concerned zoos and, hopefully, this will continue, with expanding their involvement in especially for zoos seriously involved in conservation. science and education and research and conservation. Most collec- striving for higher levels of profession- tions of zoo libraries are small and need alism in the zoo world (7). to be developed. This is especially true The most important function of of serials collection. Access to collections, AAZPA is to provide a channel of com- space, and money will continue to chal- munication among zoos and zoo librar- lenge zoo librarians. It is hoped that more ians. It is essential that zoo librarians libraries in the future will have access to remain up to date on zoo goals, programs, computers to provide needed biblio- research, and so forth, so that they can graphic information. The most important plan for and support these endeavors. At goal of zoo librarians today is to continue the same time. zoo staffs need to be in- to increase networking. Sharing infor- formed about what libraries are doing mation and ideas is extremely important and what they are capable of doing for in helping zoos establish new libraries them. and improving existing ones in order to Although AAZPA plays an important provide the best possible services to role in improving communication and co- users. operation, many zoo librarians have been unable to attend its conferences. A newsletter, Library News for Zoos and Aquariums Acknowledgements (8) has, therefore, been produced three times a year since October 1982 by zoo The author would like to thank Cora librarians. Currently, the newsletter is Yockers and Sharon Barry for their re- sent to over 170 interested persons (li- view of the first draft, and to thank all ocrober 1984 the zoo / aquarium librarians for the in- brary: An Introduction to the Library and formation and support they provided. Its Special Collections." INinois Libraries (in press). Literature Cited 6. Ryan, Kathleen and Kay Kenyon/"Zoo/ Aquarium Libraries." Sci-Tech News 38(2):33-34 (1984). Berridge, W.S. /Zoo Animals. London, Black, 7. Linda Boyd, ed./Zoological Parks and Aquar- 1932. p. 6. iums in the Americas 1982-83, Wheeling, Conway, William G. /"Zoo and Aquarium W.Va. pp. 7-11. Philosophy." In: Zoological Park and Aquarium 8. Library News for Zoos and Aquariums. Oct Fundamentals, Karen Sausman, ed., Wheel- 1982-. Published triyearly, by Smithson- ing, W.Va., ian Institution Libraries, National Zoolog- Miller, Gail D. /"An Inquiry into the Role ical Park Library, Washington, D.C. 20008. of Libraries in Zoos and Aquariums." (M.S. Kay Kenyon, ed. Dissertation). University of Chicago, 1981. 58~~. Wagner, R. / "Executive Director's Re- port." AAZPA Newsletter, May 1981, p. 3. Received for review March 9, 1984. Revised man- Shaw, Joyce M./"Lincoln Park Zoo Li- uscript accepted for publication May 24, 1984.

Kay Kenyon is Chief Librarian, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, National Zoological Park Library, Washington, D.C.

special libraries On the Scene

Actions of the SLA Board of Directors June 8, 9, & 15, 1984

below total membership at the end of 1982 The SLA Board of Directors met at fhe New York (11,399). The Executive Director reported that Hilton Hotel, New York, N. Y., June 8, 9, and 15, the membership projection for fiscal year 1984 1984. These meetings were held in conjunction with (11,675) is expected to be met. The Board the Association's 75th Annual Conference, June 9-14, approved the staff's conservative projection 1984. Meetings of the Chapter and Division Cabinets of 11,696 members for fiscal year 1985. This and the Annual Business Meeting were also held at would produce approximately $635,000 in- the Annual Conference. Actions taken by the Board, come from dues and fees in 1985. as well as important reports heard by the Board, are The Executive Director reported that the summarized below. annual cost for maintaining a single SLA membership had increased to $84.32. This is $29.32 over the annual dues amount collected Association Election-The results of the As- from each member. Without a dues increase sociation election for the Spring of 1984 were in the near future, the Association must con- announced by the Tellers Committee: Presi- tinue to rely on income from annual confer- dent-Elect, H. Robert Malinowsky; Chapter ences, continuing education courses, interest, Cabinet Chairman-Elect, Emily R. Mobley; and other non-dues sources to maintain the Division Cabinet Chairman-Elect, Joe Ann current level of membership services. The Clifton; Directors (2), Lou B. Parris and Laura Board acted to establish a special committee J. Rainey. to study the need for a dues increase. The The newly elected Board members replaced special committee will report to the Board at the followir& retiring members at the Annual SLA's 1985 Winter Meeting (January 30-Feb- Business Meeting, June 13, 1984: Past Presi- ruary 1). dent, Janet ~i~n&]Division Cabinet Chair- The financial implications of membership man, Jean K. Martin; Chapter Cabinet retention and the recruitment of new mem- Chairman, Didi Pancake; Directors (2), Jack bers were considered. At the conclusion of Leister and M. Elizabeth Moore. this discussion, the Board approved the es- The 1984/85 Board elected Board member tablishment of a Special Committee on Mem- Frank Spaulding to serve as Secretary to the bership Development to look into procedures Board of Directors for the 1984/85 Associa- for the generation of new memberships and tion year. to investigate the loss of members, especially those short of retirement. Financial Matters-The auditor's report con- The Treasurer reported on the funding firmed preliminary reports at the 1984 Winter priorities the Finance Committee had tenta- Meeting of the financial health of the Asso- tively established in the event of surplus in- ciation at the end of fiscal year 1983. Asso- come at the end of fiscal year 1984. The ciation staff predicted that the 1984 fiscal year priorities identified included: membership budget will again be met with an excess of needs assessment, Computer Fund, Special income over expenses, provided that income Programs Fund, Reserve Fund, Building Fund, from the 1984 annual conference is on target. and the 1985 (Chicago) Conference of the In- Staff reported that membership at the end ternational Federation of Library Associations of 1983 was 11,376. This was only slightly and Institutions (IFLA).

october 1984 Chapter and Division Affairs-The Board sented at SLA's annual conferences should be voted a one-year extension of the provisional disseminated to the membership. The ques- status of the Western Canada Provisional tion was referred to the Publications Com- Chapter to allow the Chapter more time to mittee for study. The Committee's report and resolve difficulties with neighboring Pacific recommendations are expected at the 1985 Northwest Chapter in defining chapter Winter Meeting. boundaries. Representatives of the two chap- The Board established a policy restricting ters met at the New York conference to dis- units of the Association from publishing al- cuss possible solutions to the boundary ternate conference housing lists. Such lists can question. The Board established a special extend the Association's liability to cover un- committee to arbitrate the matter. It is ex- sanctioned and frequently substandard hous- pected that this boundary issue will be re- ing. They also jeopardize the Association's solved at the 1985 Winter Meeting. bargaining position for complimentary rooms Discussion of the boundaries of the West- and other amenities from officially sanctioned ern Canada Provisional Chapter led to more hotels. generalized discussion of problems encoun- The Board reviewed the Association's tered by the Association's Canadian chapters agreement with the Art Libraries Society/ due to SLA's lack of legal status in Canada. North America (ARLIS/NA) for reciprocal Joint incorporation of SLA in Canada and the conference registration rates for members of United States was proposed as a possible so- both organizations. An action was taken to lution. The Board acted on this suggestion by extend the agreement indefinitely. The Board instructing the Executive Director to inves- of Directors of ARLIS / NA has also taken a tigate the feasibility, costs and associated im- similar action. plications of incorporating SLA in Canada, as well as in the United States. The Board also voted to establish a Special Long-Range Planning-The Board received Committee on Canadian concerns to identify from the Chapter and Division Cabinets the the unique needs of the Association's ~ana- report of the Joint Cabinet Committee to dian members and to recommend to the Board Develop an Action Plan for the Chapter and ways that the Association might meet these Division Programming priority in the Asso- needs. ciation's Long-Range Plan. The report for the The Board heard that the Chapter and Di- Joint Committee will be incorporated in the vision Cabinets had reached no consensus on action plan for that priority. how the Association's annual directory should The Board heard that action plans for the be funded, printed, and distributed. The Cab- Long-Range Plan were being finalized. The inets rejected by very close vote the recom- next step, preparation of operational plans by mendations of the Board-appointed Special Association staff, is slated for completion in Committee on Directory Options. However, mid- August. the two Cabinets agreed to appoint a joint committee to further study the various alter- natives for producing an annual directory. Committee Activities-The final report of the NCLIS/SLA Task Force on the Role of Conference Planning-A final report on the the Special Library in National Networks and 1984 Annual Conference was presented by Cooperative Programs was presented to and Fred Roper, Chairman of the 1984 Conference accepted by the Board at the 1983 June Program Committee. Jane Dysart, Chairman Meeting. At that time, the Board withheld of the 1985 Conference Program Committee, its endorsement of the Task Force's recom- brought the Board up-to-date on plans for mendation for SLA action to collect statistics next year's conference in Winnipeg. on special libraries until the recommendation The Board confirmed the appointment of could be studied by the Statistics Committee. Ruth Seidman as Conference Program Com- At the June 1984 Board meeting, the Com- mittee Chairman for the 1986 Annual Con- mittee's report and recommendation in sup- ference (Boston). port of the Task Force's recommendation were Cincinnati was selected by the Board as the received. The Board endorsed the recommen- site of the Association's 84th Annual Con- dation by directing the Statistics Committee, ference, June 1993. in cooperation with the Association staff to The Board received no consensus from the develop a strategy and mechanism to gather Chapter and Division Cabinets on how the demographic, institutional, and other infor- content of papers and other programs pre- mation on the Association's membership.

special libraries Acting on a recommendation of the Com- The Board discussed the continuing lack of mittee on Committees and the Government activity of the 285 Subcommittee (Library Information Services Committee (GISC), the Equipment and Supplies) of the American Board dissolved GISC and incorporated its National Standards Institute. For several charge into the definition of the Government years, the SLA representative to 285 reported Relations Committee. that the Subcommittee has not been holding The Board established a new standing com- meetings. At the conclusion of the discussion, mittee for public relations. The Committee on the Board voted to withdraw SLA represen- Committees will submit a definition of the tation from 285. new committee for Board approval at the 1984 The Board approved a resolution to go on Fall Meeting. The Public Relations Committee record as supporting the opposition of the will serve in an advisory capacity for the As- Council of the American Library Association sociation's public relations program. to the proposed withdrawal of the USA from The Board approved a name change for the UNESCO. Education Committee. Since the Committee serves in an advisory.-- capacity for SLA's Miscellaneous-The Board heard that at the professional development program and all its Annual Business Meeting on June 13, 1984, professional development activities, the Com- the members elected Dr. William 0.Baker to mittee will now be called the Profes-sionalDe- Honorary Membership in SLA. This action by velopment Committee. The Committee on the membership followed the Board's en- Committees was charged with making appro- dorsement of theqAwards Committee's nom- priate changes in the Committee's definition. ination of Dr. Baker at the 1984 Winter Meeting. Cooperative Activities-The Board endorsed The Board approved in concept a Legal and the position of the Medical Library Associa- Tax Primerfor Association Units. The primer, writ- tion on the pricing policy of the National ten by the Executive Director, offers infor- Library of Medicine. The MLA statement as- mation and guidance to leaders of SLA units serts that "all those needing the NLM's in- on tax and legal matters relating to their re- formational products and services should sponsibilities as elected officers or SLA ap- have equal access to them, regardless of pointees. whether users are public or private, profit or Other documents approved in concept were non-profit. Furthermore, they should all pay (1) a public relations plan for SLA, (2) revised the same charges for the services." Consultation Service Guidelines for chapter No action was taken on a proposal from the consultation service officers, (3) a records re- President of the National Federation of Ab- tention plan for the Association Office, and stracting & Information Services for joining (4) an acquisitions policy for the SLA Infor- with several other information organizations mation Resources Center. to establish a mechanism for securing funding and administrative support for US. representation on international information organizations. Although the Board appreciated the intentions of the organizing committee, it did The next meeting of the SLA Board of Di- not see the need for establishing an elaborate rectors is scheduled for October 24-26, 1984, mechanism solely for these purposes. at the Grand Hyatt Hotel in New York City.

october 7984 1984 Salary Survey Update

In an effort to assist special librarians in Table 1 reports the changes in mean and salary negotiations, Special Libraries Associ- median salaries from April 1, 1983, to April ation conducts an in-depth salary survey 1, 1984, within nine U.S. census regions and every three years. During intervening years Canada. The figures illustrate changes in dol- the Association, using a random sampling lar amounts and percentage increase or de- technique, polls 25% of the membership to crease. provide current salary information. The re- The survey indicates on overall median sal- sults present an overview of special librarians' ary increase in the United States of $2,000 salaries, as well as a measure of annual salary from $25,000 in 1983 to $27,000 in 1984. This increases since the last survey. represents an 8.0% increase over last year. The 1984 data update the overall national The overall mean salary reflects a $1,932 in- and regional salary data reported in the 1982 crease from $26,489 in 1983 to $28,421 in in-depth triennial salary survey report. While 1984-a 7.3% increase. not as comprehensive as the 1982 survey re- A median salary increase in Canada of port, the 1984 update indicates general na- $2,646 from $28,500 in 1983 to $31,146 in tional salary trends. Used in conjunction with 1984 took place. This represents a 9.3% in- the 1982 report, the 1984 information pro- crease since last year. The overall mean salary vides special librarians with guidelines for sal- reflects a $925 increase from $31,553 in 1983 ary discussions. to $32,478 in 1984-a 2.9% increase. This year, an added feature presents salary A comparison with past surveys indicates data by four job titles: Manager, Assistant/ an increase of 28.4% in the median salary Section Head, Librarianhformation Special- within the United States over the last three ist and Support Staff. years. The median rose from $21,029 in 1981 During April-May 1984, a 25% sample of to $27,000 in 1984. The 1984 data are reflec- Members and Associate Members received tive of a 25.7% increase in the mean salary the survey questionnaire. for the United States from $22,603 in 1981 to Questionnaires Mailed 2,506 $28,421 in 1984. c; 1 Questionnaires Returned 1,530 (61%) Canadian survey comparison indicates an

, Invalid for Computation 141 increase of 32.5% in median salary during the \ Useable Responses 1,389 (55.4%) last three years, rising from $23,500 in 1981

Table 1. 1984 Mean & Median Salaries by Census Region in Rank Order of % Change in Median from 1983 to 1984. Median % of increase Mean Census Region 1983 (or decrease) 19884 1983 % 1984

East South Central West South Central Canada* Middle Atlantic East North Central New Englend Pacific Mountain South Atlantic West North Central Overall United States

' Salaries reported in Canadian dollars. The exchange rate on April 1, 1984, was approximately United States $1.OO = $.73 Canadian. The exchange rate on April 1. 1983. was approximately United States $1.OO = $.81 Canadian.

338 special libraries to $31,146 in 1984. A 29.9% increase in the England regions showed no change. Pacific, mean salary occurred; the mean rose from South Atlantic, East North Central and West $25,000 in 1981 to $32,478 in 1984. North Central regions moved down two po- All regions sampled experienced a median sitions. The Mountain Region moved from salary increae ranging from 31.3% to 3.5%. ninth place to tenth place. Mean salary increase ranged from 27.2% to Table 3 lists salary distribution by four job 0.5% above 1983 figures. titles: Manager, Assistant/Section Head, Li- Table 2 lists the salary distribution in rank brarian/Information Specialist and Support order of 1984 median salaries for Canada and Staff. The data are combined for the nine cen- nine United States census regions. In com- sus regions and Canada. Managers' salaries paring rankings with the 1983 salary survey ranged from $19,080 to $56,651 with a mean update, the two regions with the greatest salary of $34,643. Assistant/Section Heads change are the West South Central region, earned from $16,985 to $41,448, the mean which moved up from eight to three, and East being $26,976. Individuals holding the title South Central region, moving from ten to six. LibrarianAnformation Specialist had salaries Canada and the Middle Atlantic and New ranging from $15,567 to $39,624 with a mean

Table 2. Salary Distribution by Census Region in Rank Order of 1984 Median. Average Average No. Census Lowest 25th Percentile 75th Highest Respon- Region 10% Percentile Median Percentile 10% Mean dents

Canada* $19,608 $27,000 $31,146 $38,000 $50,175 $32,478 95 Middle Atlantic 16.244 2 1,000 27,600 33,000 48,202 28,667 287 West South Central 15,931 20,856 27,400 32,500 53,371 29,029 81 New England 16,799 21,000 26,900 36,000 48,074 28,901 90 Pacific 16,780 23,664 26,748 33,800 50,038 29,168 234 East South Central 14.757 18,188 26,592 30,240 47,678 27.517 30 South Atlantic t 5,894 2 t ,300 26,270 33,400 50,067 28,490 228 East North Central 16,156 20,998 26,000 31,092 41,450 26,702 225 West North Central 13,534 19,764 25,000 30,000 45,599 25,999 7 1 Mountain 13,418 18,300 23,200 30,492 39,833 25,223 48 Overall United States 15,998 21,500 27,000 33,000 48.252 28,421 1,389 'See Footnote to Table 1

Table 3. Salary Distribution by Job Title, United States & Canada Combined. Average 25th Percen- 75th Average NO. Lowest Percen- tile Percen- Highest Respon- Job Title 10% tile Median tile 10% Mean dents

Manager $19,080 $27.560 $33,000 $40,000 $56,65 1 $34,643 444 Assistant/Section Head 16,985 2 1,000 26,780 3 1.600 4 1.448 26,976 156 LibrarianAnforrnation Specialist 15,567 20,000 25,000 29,100 39,624 25,343 760 Support Staff 12,987 15,300 19,000 23,920 35,763 20,054 22 october 1984 339 of $25,343. Support staff salaries ranged from $25,000 in 1984. The mean increased 16.1% $12,987 to $35,763, the mean being $20,054. from $21,835 to $25,343. The median salary Using 1982 US. Census Region Data as a for support staff in 1984 was $19,000, a 21.2% basis of comparison, the survey indicates an increase from the 1982 report of $15,680. increase of 20% in the median salary at the Mean salary also increased from $16,974 to managerial level over a 3-year period. It rose $20,054-an 18.1% rise. from $27,500 to $33,000. The mean salary in This survey included questions to attempt 1982 was $29,123 rising to $34,643 in 1984, to define the number of respondents who a 19% increase. The median salary for As- were unemployed and the term of unem- sistant/Section Heads increased from $23,500 ployment during a 12-month period. Of the in 1982 to $26,780 in 1984, a 14% increase. 1,389 valid responses, 131 (9.4%) indicated The corresponding mean salary increased that the respondents had been unemployed 12.1% from $24,067 in 1982 to $26,976 in during at least a portion of the period between 1984. Librarian/Information Specialists' me- April 1, 1983, and April 1, 1984. The time of dian salary rose 19% from $21,000 in 1982 to unemployment averaged five months.

illustrations as necessary, and with a com- Reviews prehensive list of references at the end. This is particularly evident and appreciated in the second chapter on Cable Technology by Kenneth Harmon, principal research associate with Denver Research Institute. His simple and Cable for Information Delivery: A Guide for clear explanations of such technical concepts Librarians, Educators and Cable Profes- as frequency division multiplexing and the sionals, edited by Brigitte L. Kenney. White various cable configurations is commendable. Plains, N.Y., Knowledge Industries Publica- He manages to give enough of an explanation tions, Inc., 1983. 172 p. Appendixes, bibli- so as not to overwhelm the reader, and ography, index. $34.50; $27.50, soft cover. familiarizes him with the vocabulary needed LC-83-19892; ISBN 0-86729-056-0; ISBN O- to understand the process and its uses. 86729-055-2. This approach is uniformly applied to the other chapters, as well. Other chapters cover This book is an excellent introduction to regulations, franchising, copyright issues, the the nonentertainment use of cable for infor- library's role in cable systems planning, sat- mation delivery. Its usefulness extends be- ellite-cable networks, video conferencing, yond libraries, educators and cable data communications, videotext, videodisc professionals to anyone interested in finding and interactive information delivery. out more about a relatively old but not well- Cable for Information Delivery is a practical known method of information transmission. sourcebook for the librarian considering the The editor, who is also author of two of the implementation of cable in the library for book's chapters, is a known writer and "narrowcasting" (to reach a small specialized speaker on cable. She was instrumental in es- audience), delivery of programming or inter- tablishing guidelines for the Video and Cable active communication. It is also a basic text Communication Section of the American Li- for the layman wishing to understand more braries Association, and is former co-editor of of the subject. Cable Libraries. The contributors to this work are librarians, knowledgable in the particular Rosa Liv topics of their respective chapters. This, to a Librarian large extent, explains the clarity of the ex- International Telecommunications position and explanations. Technical and legal Satellite Organization terms are defined, and historical background 490 L'Enfant Plaza SW is given at the beginning of each chapter, with Washington DC 20024

special libraries copies (in English only) should be mailed to the Editor, lnformation for Contributors Special Libraries, 235 Park Avenue South, New York 10003. The manuscript should be mailed flat in an en- General lnformation velope of suitable size. Graphic materials should be submitted with appropriate cardboard backing or other Spec~alLibraries publishes material on new and stiffening materials. developing areas of librarianship and information tech- Style. Follow a good general style manual. The nology. Informative papers on the administration, or- University of Chicago Press Manual of Style, the style ganization and operation of special libraries and infor- manual of the American lnstitute of Physics, along with mation centers and reports of research in librarianship, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) documentation, education, and information science Standard 239.16-1972, among others, are appropriate. and technology are appropriate contributions. Format. All contributions should be typewritten Contributions are solicited from both members and on white bond paper on one side only, leaving 1.25 nonmembers. Papers are accepted with the un- inches (or 3 cm) of space around all margins of stand- derstanding that they have not been published else- ard, lettersize (8.5 in. x 11 in.) paper. Double spacing where. Speoal Libraries employs a reviewing proce- must be used throughout, including the title page, dure. When reviewers' comments have been received, tables, legends, and references. The first page of the authors will be notified of acceptance, rejection, or manuscript should carry both the first and last names need for revision of their manuscripts. The review pro- of all authors, the institutions or organizations with cedure will usually require a minimum of eight weeks. which the authors were affiliated at the time the work was done (present affiliation, if different, should be Types of Contributrons. Three types of original noted in a footnote), and a notation as to which author contributions are considered for publication: full- should receive the galleys for proofreading. All suc- length articles, brief reports, and letters to the editor. ceeding pages should carry the number of the page in New monographs and significant report publications the upper right-hand corner. relating specifically to library and information science Title. Begin the title with a word useful in index- are considered for critical review. Annotations of the ing and information retrieval. The title should be as periodical literature as well as annotations of new brief, specific, and descriptive as possible. monographs and reports are published-especially Abstract. An informative abstract of 100 words or those with particular pertinence for special libraries less must be included for full-length articles. The ab- and information centers. Articles of special relevance stract should amplify the title but should not repeat the may be reprinted occasionally from other publications. title or phrases in it. Qualifying words for terms used in Full-length articles may range in length from about the title may be used. However, the abstract should be 1,000 words to a maximum of 5.000 words (up to 20 complete in itself without reference to the paper or the pages of manuscript typed and double spaced). Re- literature cited. The abstract should be typed with dou- ports will usually be less than 1,000 words in length ble spacing on a separate sheet. (up to 4 pages of manuscript, typed and double Acknowledgments. Credits for financial support, spaced). for materials and technical assistance or advice may be cited in a section headed "Acknowledgments," which Instructions for Contributors should appear at the end of the text or as a footnote on the first page. General use of footnotes in the text Manuscripts should be avoided. Illustrations. Finished artwork must be submitted to Special Libraries. Follow the style in current issues Organize your material carefully, putting the signifi- for layout and type faces in tables and figures. A table cance of your paper or a statement of the problem first, or figure should be constructed so as to be completely and supporting details and arguments second. Make intelligible without further reference to the text. sure that the significance of your paper will be apparent Lengthy tabulations of essentially similar data should to readers outside your immediate field of interest. be avoided. Avoid overly specialized jargon. Readers will skip a Figures should be lettered in lndia ink. Charts drawn paper which they do not understand. in lndia ink should be so executed throughout, with no Provide a title of one or two lines of up to 35 char- typewritten material included. Letters and numbers ap- acters plus spaces per line. Write a brief author note, pearing in figures should be distinct and large enough and include position title and address. In the author so that no character will be less than 2 mm high after note, include information concerning meetings, sym- reduction. A line 0.4 mm wide reproduces satisfactorily posia, etc., where the paper may have been presented when reduced by one-half. Most figures should be orally. Submit recent glossy black-and-white photo- reducible to 15 picas (2.49 in.) in width. Graphs, charts, graphs of the authors, if you wish. and photographs should be given consecutive figure Insert subheads at appropriate places in the text, numbers as they will appear in the text. Figure averaging about one subhead for each two manuscript numbers and legends should not appear as part of the pages. Keep the subheads short (up to 35 characters figure, but should be typed double spaced on a plus spaces). Do not use more than one degree of separate sheet of paper. Each figure should be marked subheads in an article. Provide a summary at the end lightly on the back with the figure number, author's of the article. name, complete address, and shortened title of the For each proposed paper, one original and three paper. october 7984 For figures, the originals with three clearly legible References to books should be in the order: authors, reproductions (to be sent to rev~ewers)should accom- t~tle,city, publisher, year, pagination. pany the manuscript. In the case of photographs, four glossy prints are required, preferably 8 In. x 10 in. Brown. Able. lnforrnat~on at Work. New York, Abracadabra Press, 1909. 248p. References and Notes. Number all references to Andrei, M,et al. The Hstory of Athens. The History of the literature and notes in a single sequence in the Anc~ent Greece. 10v. New York, Harwood Press, order in which they are cited in the text. Cite all refer- 1850. ences and notes but do not insert reference numbers in titles or abstracts. Samples of references to other types of publications follow.

Accuracy and adequacy of the references are the re- Chisholm. L. J I "Units of Weights and Measure." sponsibility of the author. Therefore, literature cited National Bureau of Standards. Misc. Publ. 286. should be checked carefully w~ththe original publica- C13.10:286. 1967. tions. References to personal letters, abstracts of oral Whitney, Eli (to Assignee). US. patent number reports, and other unedited material may be included. (date). However, the author should secure approval, in writing, from anyone cited as a source of an unpublished Editing. Manuscripts are edited primarily to irn- work. Be sure to provide full details on how such ma- prove the effectiveness of communication between the terial may be obtained by others. author and his readers. The most important goal is to References to periodicals should be in the order: au- ehmmate ambiguities. In addition, improved sentence thors, article title, unabbrev~atedjournal name, volume structure often permits the readers to absorb salient number, issue number, inclusive paglnatlon, and date ideas more readily. If extensive editing is indicated by of publication reviewers, with consequent possibility of altered mean- ings, manuscripts are returned to the author for correction and approval before type is set. Authors can make Smith. John and Virginia Dare. "Special Librar~an- additional changes at this stage w~thoutincurring any ship in Action." Special L~branes 59 (no. 10) printers' charges 1241- 1243 (Dec 1968). Proofs. Authors receive galley proofs with a Smith, John J. "The L~braryof Tomorrow." In Pro- maximum five-day allowance for corrections. One set ceedlngs of the 34th Sesslon, lnternat~onalL~branes of galley proofs or an equivalent is provided for each Institute, c~ty,year. 2v. city, press, year pubhshed. paper Corrections must be marked on the galley, not Featherly, W. "Steps in Preparrng a Metrification Pro- on the manuscript. At this stage authors must keep gram in a Company." ASME Paper 72-DE-12 pre- alterations to a minimum; extensive author alterations sented at the Design Engineering conference and will be charged to the author. Extensive alterations may Show. Chicago, Ill., May 8-11. 1972 also delay publication by several issues of the journal.

special libraries I00 years ago this man had a great idea.-It's still working.

In 1884, Dr. John Butler Johnson, an Still the Vanguard in 1984. engineering professor at Washington In 1884, Dr. Johnson set down this University, had a need for more efii- two-fold maxim: cient access to engineering ~nforma- To index only articles of per- tlon To satisfy this need, he comp~led manent value. and published a body of indexed To give such a short, concise, technical abstracts. This was the but adequate descriptionof the ar- beginning of The EngineeringIndex. ticle as would enable one seeking informationon the given subject to A Century of Information determine whether or not it would Technology Leadership. be worth his while to obtain or Like Dr. Johnson, we at Engineering consult the article. Information, Inc., still seek new and Such was our mandate in 1884. improved ways to meet the infor- Today, we uphold it more than ever. In mation needs of the engineering this Centennialyear, and in the years community. to come, we will apply it to such new We oioneered the use of com- areas as directory and numeric puter-readable magnetic tape as an databases, custom database mformation medium. COMPENDEX' services and computationaland was launched in 1969. computer software. The Ei ENGINEERING Let us keep you intormed ot our MEETINGSmdatabase, with au- In 1884, Dr. John Butbr Johnson cmW products and services. Simply use thoritative coverage of papers from theconapt of Th. EngImrln0 Inhx, the coupon or call Geoff Worton. engineeringconferences and sym- now In Its cmhnnlal *I. Manager, Marketing Division. posia worldwide, appeared in 1982. Most recently, a new series of Engineering Technical Bulletins-single-subject bibliographiesof "hot topic" areas Information, Inc. abstracted from the world's engineering and technological literature- A Not-for-ProfitInformation Servlce 345 East 47th Street gives users the convenienceof New York, NY 10017 USA. handy, desk-top references to the 800-221-1044,In NY 212-705-7615 topics of their choice. 100 Years Telex 4990438

Englneerlng Informatlon, Inc.. publishers of the Engineering Index' Monthly, the Engineering Indexs Annual, Energy Abslracts. Bdoengineerlng Abstracts, the Compendexa and Ei Engineering MeetingsMdatabases, and the new Technical Bulletin series. r------1 I please: En ineeri Information. lnc., Marketing Division I ~nd,,,e~e-~uic~~delod~8h Street. New Yo*. NY 10017 USA. corn and Eik 800-221-1044(In New York State, 212-705-7615) nee& Meetings"." - -- - I 1 Send me tiles and descrip- Name Title I lions of current and up- - I coming Technical Bulletins. I ~~acemwst I - I , for advance informalion on new products and services --Address-- - I I I I Clty, State, Zip I - I L------A

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special libraries YOU'LL MANAGE YOUR STANDNG ORDERS BETTER .. . WHEN YOU PUT THE EXPERTS TO WORK FOR YOU.

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346 special libraries We give our articles 48 hours to get out of town.

That's right. Within two days, any You can order over the OCLC ILL Sub- electronic order you place with the system, DIALOG'SDialorder, OnTyme, UMI Article Clearin house is proc- and ITT Dialcom which offers a gate- essed, and the artic9 es you want are way to ALANET. on their way by first-class mail. Or In this fast-paced Age of Informa- your money back! tion, the UMI Article Clearinghouse gets But we do more than guarantee the information you need in your hands just quick delivery. We also guarantee when you need it.. .not ages later. article availability from over 8,000 For further information and a co y periodicals. You are assured of cover- of our current title catalog, call us to PI- age for most titles from 1978 to the pres- free at 1-800-732-0616. In Michigan, ent, and thousands of new titles will Alaska, and Hawaii, call collect at be added over the next few years. 313-761-4700. You don't spend much time waiting for articles to arrive, and you don't spend much money, either. Prices start as low as $4 per article and articles cost the same regardless of the number of pages. And you don't pay anything Univenity Microfilms International A Xerox Company for the copyright clearances that auto- 300 North Zeeb Road matically come with your photocopies. Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

october 1984 OnIilDatabases 5 front RmRmBowiker

Associationd Publications in Print Here is an invaluable source for information on 90,000 pamphlets, journals, newsletters, bulletins, books, and other printed materials published by national, state, regional, local and trade associations in the United States and Canada. This database is the perfect complement to the Books in Print database, as some 80% of the data provided does not fall within the scope of Books in Print. lnformation can be retrieved by title, alternate title, subject, publisher, association, status, frequency, country, format, special features, and circulation. Availability: May 1984. Via BRS

Publishersr Distributors, and Wholesalers This new online database is a continuously updated source of information representing virtually the entire U.S. publisher, distributor, and wholesaler marketplace. Each nameladdress entry provides full ordering and editorial access complete with Standard Address Number (SAN) and ISBN prefix. Input data is derived from information provided directly by more than 45,600 active U.S. publishers, distributors, and wholesalers, some 18,000 U.S. and Canadian associations, 6,100 legal publishers, 10,000 international mu- seums, more than 5,000 software producers and others. Information can be retrieved by company name, geographical location, ISBN prefix, and SAN. Availability: September 1984. Via BRS. Available via BRS and Dialog-

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To subscribe through BRS (Bibliographic Retrieval Services) call (800) 553-5566 in New York State, or (800) 833-4707, toll-free, elsewhere. To subscribe through Dialog Information Services, call (800) 982-5838 in California, or (800) 227-1960 elsewhere. For additional information (U.S. & Canada), contact Debra K. Brown, Manager, Online and Database Services, R.R. Bowker Co., 205 E. 42 St., New York, NY 10017. Tele- phone: (212) 916-1758. 'Customized Search Service: These databases can also be searched by special request for those customers who are seeking information but do not have direct online access in their organization. For further information, contact Debra K. Brown at the address above.

348 special libraries october 7984 349 Faxon's new Business Division rewards you with better service. You now get the individual attention of someone familiar with your needs along with access to the vast resources commanded by Faxon.

More than 100 years of dedicated service to libraries have put Faxon at the forefront of the information frontier. We were the first agency to completely automate subscription management. First to develop an international online network. First to establish online links with major publishers.

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special libraries INFO/DOC conquers a world of information.

Wrlte, Phone, Telex or Onllne OrderlNFODOC and you re on your way Llght years In advance of most search companies INFO/DOC offers a range of unlque, ~nvaluableservlces at down-to-earth fees As our name ~mpl~eswe research, retr~eveand dehver both ~nformat~onanddocuments And we do ~tat speeds you may f~ndclose to cosmlc Thanks to our loca- t~oncomputers and expertise the countless resources of Washlogton D C are available to us ~mrned~atelyAddlt~onally, through our satell~te commun~cat~onImk, the rest of the world IS qulckly at our f~ngertlps We furn~shU S government publcatrons documents, Freedom of lnformat~onItems domestlc and fore~gnpatents and literature We are authorized d~strlbutorsfor Nat~onalTechn~cal lnformat~on Servlce products and Government Pr~nt~ngOfflce publlcat~onsWe can prov~dernll~tary, federal and ~ndustr~alspec~f~catlons and standards dat~ngback to 1946 And needless to say we enjoy access to the Llbrary of Congress Nat~onal L~braryof Medlcme, government agencles and departments busmess organ~zat~onstrade assoclatlons, and professional soc~etles Call us for further rnformat~onWe welcome all rnqumes and accept VISA Mastercard and Amer~canExpress lnvest~gatethe advantages of INFO/DOC And take a giant step toward a new horlzon

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352 special libraries A LIBRARIAN'S DREAM BECAME REALITY.. .

. . . and there was plenty of time for the interest- publisher before it was noticed in the library ing aspects of library work.. . the new year started with far less "European headache". There was much more she could not remember after she woke up... until she spotted the Notorious trouble titles arrived (air freighted) at brochure she read the night before.. . regular intervals, securely packed and always accompanied by apackingslipwith key numbers You are invited to share her dream. Ask for the exactly according to the library's instructions same brochure, giving full details of the Swets (and of vital importance to the administration). FAST' system, an online system of controlled serial distribution. And . . . believe it or not, an occasional missing issue (if any) had already been claimsd with the

\ \ swets -----1 Send me the FREE Swets Information package

Have a Swets representative contact me I I Mr./Ms.,Mrs. TitleIDept. I Library 1 \ ,Address

State Country Swets North Amer~calnc Swets Subscr~pt~onService PO Box 517 PO Box 830 Berwyn PA 19312 USA 2160 SZ L~sseThe Netherlands

october 1984 Ron Coplen, comp. Head Librarian, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. 1982 94 p. softcover S18.75 For the first time there's one place to look for 10 years' worth of information. This indispensable volume is a cumulative author, title, subject and member information index to all issues of Spetial Lihronp.~from 1971 through 1980. In recognition of the value of A Curnulorive Index for research and reference..- .- . .. . . Ron Coolen received the 1983 SLA CLOSING THE CORPORATE Professional Award. LIBRARY: Case Studies on the Decision Making- Process SLA TRIENNIAL SALARY James M. Matnrazzo. PhD Associate Dean. SURVEY School of Library Science. Simmons College. Special Libraries Association 1981 160 p. ISBN 0-871 11-289-2 LC 81-14452 1983 80 p. ISBN 0-871 11-302-3 LC 83-595 $oftcover.-.-. -~ S13.50- $20.00 This descriptive and analytic study reveals common This new survey displays data on salaries for the and significant factors in the closing of corporate years 1980-1982. The 87 tables incorporate new libraries. Gives insight into the gap between decision features that make information more accessible: makers and librarians. This book has implications separate data for Canada and the United States: a for all libraries. Musl reading for anyone merested comparison of salaries within an industry, broken in surviving in today's economy. Bibliography. In down by geographical area; and a comparison of recognition of the contribution Closing The salaries with job titles and budget ranges. Corporore Lrhror~,makes to the field of librarianship. James M. Matarazzo recewed the 1983 SLA Professional Award. Also Available POSITION DESCRIPTIONS IN SPECIAL LIBRARIES AND SPECIAL LIBRARIES: A INFORMATION CENTERS: Collection of Examples. With An Introductory Text Ellis Mount, PhD Assistant Professor, School Guidelines by Miriam Tees of Library Service, Columbia University. Barbara Ivantcho, ed. Assistant Library 1983 200 p. ISBN 0-871 11-282-5 LC 83-57 1 Manager, SRl International (ret.). softcover $25 1983 160 p. ISBN 0-871 11-303-1 LC 83-10168 softcover S16.75. - r I The position descriptions presented in this book-from information resource manager to WHO5 WHO IN SPECIAL support staff--represent various special libraries-. LIBRARIES 1983/1984 from those in advertising and banking firms to those 1983 300 p. lSSN 0278-842X softcover $16.00 in specialized departments in public and universtty The 1983184 edition of Who\ Who In Spe~.ioI libraries. They can be used to help managers write Lihrories has been redesigned to make it an even job descriptions for then own libraries; as samples more valuable sourcebook. The directory now for personnel departments; and as evaluation provides a complete listing of members under

SPECIAL LIBRARIES Washington, DC Chapter/Social Science Group 1982 212 p. ISBN 0-871 11-2620 LC 81-8747 spiral bound $26.00 Now in its second printing, thls valuable reference tool should be a part of your collection. Containing over 250 use-tested forms~--acquisition, cataloginp, reference. interlibrary loans, budgeting-it also prov~deseasy-to-follow tlps on designing your own forms. Sompler is the rod for expedtting library

special libraries Only VUITEXT has full-text regional newspapers online plus worldwide business information! Of course we glve you Predicasts PROMT and ABI: Inform for worldwide bus~nessnews Naturally we gwe you the full-textWash~ngton Post and Wall Street Transcript for the nation. But only with WNEXT can you d~ginto the USA. regionally. Only W;TEXT gives you the local who, what, why and where from the full-text of such top newspapers as The Ph~ladelph~aInquirer. The Miarn~Herald. The Sacramento Bee. For more information. return the couwn or call toll-free 800-258-8080.

I Name I I Company I I A Kmght-fodderCompany I Address I I W TEXT lnformatlon Serwces Inc 12'11 Chestnut St Ph~lodelph~aPA 19107 C'ty StateZ~pI I I Instant. Inexpensive In-depth I' Phone . SLlO I

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october 1984 355 TELL HIMABOUT DIRECT DEPOSIT Direct Deposit lets retiring employees send their Social Security straight to their checking or savings account. For free materials, write to: Dept. of the Treasury Direct Deposit -03, Annex 1. PB-1100, Washington, D C. 20226.

Only Information on Demand offers you a fast, reliable service for NTlS reports, 1971 to the present: Immediate delivery. IOD fills and ships orders within 3 to 5 days. 2% savings. AD, PB, NASA and DOE reports. At 25~less than the NTlS price. First class mail or UPS delivery at no extra charge. INFORMATION ON DEMAND, INC. P.O. Box 9550 Berkeley, California 94709 (800) 227-0750, (415) 644-4500 Associated with the Pergamon Group of Companies

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS ABALL Software, Inc...... 26A Highsmith Company ...... 29A AD-EX Translations International / USA Information/Documentation ...... 41A Cover I11 Information on Demand ...... 46A American Chemical Society . .18A, 36A Institute for Scientific American Library Association .....20A Information ...... 21A, 30A American Psychological Alfred Jaeger, Inc...... 22A Association...... 39A Market Data Retrieval...... 32A Audio-Forum/ Jeffrey Norton Marquis Who's Who ...... 2A Publications ...... 9A McGregor Magazine Agency ...... 4A Baker & Taylor Company...... 35A National Technical Information Agency Battelle Memorial Institute...... 24A 1A Bell & Howell ...... 27A OCLC Local Systems...... 28A Bibliographic Retrieval Service, Inc. Research Books, Inc...... 42A (BRS) ...... 5A Research Publications, Inc. ...l9A, 23A Blackwell Library Systems, Robotics Information ...... 34A Inc...... 6A, 25A Special Libraries Association...... 44A R. R. Bowker Company...... 38A Swets, N.A...... 43A Carolina Library Services...... 45A Sydney /Easy Data Systems Library Chemical Abstracts Service. .. lOA, 11A Division ...... BA Aaron Cohen Associates ...... 9A United Nations Publications...... 42A Dialog Information Services ...... l7A University Microfilms Digital Equipment International...... 37A Corporation ...... 14A, 15A University of Pittsburgh ...... 9A Dun's Marketing Services...... 13A VU/TEXT Information Services ...&A Ebsco Subscription Services ...... l2A Washington Post...... Cover 11 Engineering Information, Inc...... 33A H. W. Wilson Company ...... 31A F. W. Faxon Company, Inc...... 40A Yourdon Press...... 16A Gale Research Company. .... Cover IV

356 special libraries SPECIAL LIBRARIES INDEX Volume 75 Jan-Dec 1984

January ...... 1-80 July ...... 173-262 April ...... 81-172 October...... 263-362

BURNOUT Burnout: A Survey of Corporate Librarians, Na- AACR2 than M. Smith and Laura F. Nielsen, 221-227 The Concise AACR2: A Review and Evaluation, Jennifer E. Rowley, 319 ADMINISTRATION, see also DATA ADMINIS- TRATION, MANAGEMENT Cable for Information Delivery: A Guide for Librarians, Ed- A Small Revolution: Microcomputers in Librar- ucators and Cable Profesionals, Brigitte L. Kenny, ies, Monica M. Ertel, 95-101 ed., book review by Rosa Liv, 340 Ahead of Its Time: The EnginePn'ng Societies Library, 1913- CAREER OPPORTUNITIES 80, Ellis Mount; book review by John R. The Jobline: A Valuable Resource for Librarians, Moore; Ellis Mount (letter), 9A (January) Nancy J. Emmick, 44-50 Anderson, Virginia, Candidate for SLA Chapter Career Profiles and Sex Discrimination in the Library Profes- Cabinet Chairman-Elect, 53 sion, Kathleen M. Heim and Leigh S. Estabrook, ANGLO-AMERICAN CATALOGING RULES book review by Laura N. Gasaway, 77-78 The Conrise AACR2: A Review and Evaluation, CASE STUDIES Jenifer E. Rowley, Management in Special Libraries: A Case Study AQUARIUM LIBRARIES Approach, Ron Coplen and Muriel Regan, Zoo/Aquarium Libraries: A Survey, Kay A. Ken- 126-130 yon, CATALOGING Arterbery, Vivian J., SLA's Long-Range Planning: The Concise AACR2: A Review and Evaluation, A Vision for the Future. 61-68 Jennifer E. Rowley, 319 Use Study on Online Cataloging in a Special Li- brary, Gunnar Knutson, 36-43 CENSUS BUREAU, U.S. Banking and Finance Collections, Jean Deuss, ed., book Political Policy and Publishing in Washington, review by Deborah Naulty, 261 Richard Leacy, 121-125: Marc A. Levin (letter), Barnett, Judith B., Marine Science Libraries: A State 7A (October) of the Art Report, 183-192 Chasen, Larry, book review, 259-260; book review, Barriers Limiting the Usefulness of Published In- 260- 261 formation in the Research Environment, D.E. Cheshier, Robert G., Correction (letter), 262 Haag, 214-220 CHICAGO MUNICIPAL REFERENCE LIBRARY Bates, Marcia J., Locating Elusive Science Infor- Use Study of Online Cataloging in a Special Li- mation: Some Search Techniques, 114-120 brary, Gunnar Knutson, 36-43 Bell, Steven J., Cutback Management for Special Clifton, Joe Ann, Candidate for SLA Division Cab- Libraries: Strategies for Library Survival, 205- inet Chairman-Elect, 54-55 213 Clough, M. Evalyn and Thomas J. Galvin, Educat- Ben-Shir, Rya, Diskette Mania (letter), 9A (July); ing Special Librarians: Toward a Meaningful Author's Reply, 9A-10A (July) Practitioner-Educator Dialogue, 1-8 Bierbaum, Esther G., The Museum Library Revis- Collins, Susan M., Determining Effective Staffing ited, 102-113 Levels in Special Libraries, 283 Bond, Marvin, MUMPS (letter), 7A-8A (January); COMPUTERS, see DATABASE MANAGEMENT Author's Reply, 8A (January) SYSTEMS; MICROCOMPUTERS; ONLINE Bumbarger, William Bruce, Operation Function Anal- DATABASE SEARCHING; ONLINE UNION ysis-Do It Yourself Productioify Improwment, book re- LISTS OF SERIALS; SOFIWARE, COM- view by Larry Chasen, 259-260 PUTER: WORD PROCESSING

; october 1984 357 7XE CONCISE AACR2 Drake, Miriam A., Information and Corporate Cul- neConk AACR2: A review and Evaluation, Jen- tures, 263 nifer E. Rowley, 319 CONSER (Conservation of Serials) PROJECT Union Listing Via OCLC's Serials Control Sub- system, Terrence J. O'Malley, 131-150; Robert EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCI- G. Cheshier (letter), 262 ENCES LIBRARY CONSERVATION OF SERIALS PROJECT, see Microcomputers: An Interlibrary Loan Applica- CONSER (Conservation of Serials) PROJECT tion, Elizabeth A. Evans, 17-27; Jim Hees and Coplen, Ron and Muriel Regan, Management in Rya Ben-Shir (letter), 9A (July); Author's Re- Special Libraries: A Case Study Approach, ply, 9A-10A (July) 126-130 EDUCATION FOR LIBRARIANSHIP CORPORATE CULTURE Educating Special Librarians: Toward a Mean- Information and Corporate Cultures, Miriam A. ingful Practitioner-Educator Dialogue, M. Ev- Drake, 263 alyn Clough and Thomas J. Galvin, 1-8 CORPORATE LIBRARIES Is It Possible to Educate Librarians as Managers?, Burnout: A Survey of Corporate Librarians, Na- Miriam H. Tees, 173-182 than M. Smith and Laura F. Nielsen, 221-227 Trends in Information Science Education, How- Performance Measures for Corporate Information ard Fosdick, 292 Centers, Charles R. McClure and Betsy Re- The Emerging Role for the Librarian in Data ifsnyder, 193-204 Administration, Michael E.D. Koenig and Ste- Special Libraries and the Corporate Political Pro- phen T. Kochoff, 238-246 cess, Herbert S. White, 81-86 Emmick, Nancy J., The Jobline: A Valuable Re- Crisis and Crowth: SLA, 1918-1919, Robert V. Wil- source for Librarians, 44-50 liams and Martha Jane Zachert; Sherry Terzian ENGINEERING INDEX (letter), 7A (January) Engineering Index 1884-1984: Its History and Its Cronin, Blaise, ed., The Marketing of Library and Infor- Service to Special Libraries, Herbert B. Landau, mation Services, book review by Stanley J. Shap- 312 iro, 78-79 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CUTBACK MANAGEMENT LIBRARY, RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, Cutback Management for Special Libraries: Strat- NORTH CAROLINA egies for Library Survival, Steven J. Bell, 205- Microcomputers: An Interlibrary Loan Applica- 213 tion, Elizabeth A. Evans, 17-27; Jim Hees and Rya Ben-Shir (letter), 9A (July); Author's Re- ply, 9A-10A (July) Ertel, Monica M., A Small Revolution: Microcom- Dagnese, Joseph M., The Time of the Parenthesis; puters in Libraries, 95-101 Moving Toward the Future, 155-163; M.E.D. Estabrook, Leigh S. (jt. auth.), Career Profiles and Sex Koenig (letter), 7A (October); Author's Reply, Dism'mination in the Library Profession, book review 7A (October) by Laura N. Gasaway, 77-78 DATA ADMINISTRATION Evans, Elizabeth A., Microcomputers: An Interli- The Emerging Role for the Librarian in Data brary Loan Application, 17-27: Jim Hees and Administration, Michael E.D. Koenig and Ste- Rya Ben-Shir (letter), 9A (July); Author's Re- phen T. Kochoff, 238-246 ply, 9A-10A (July) DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS The Emerging Role for the Librarian in Data Administration, Michael E.D. Keonig and Ste- FEDERAL GOVERNMENT INFORMATION, see phen T. Kochoff, 238-246 GOVERNMENT INFORMATION, U.S. FED- Microcomputers: An Interlibrary Loan Applica- ERAL tion, Elizabeth A. Evans, 17-27; Jim Hees and Financial Planning for Libraries, Ann E. Prentice, book Rya Ben-Shir (letter), 9A (July); Author's Re- review by Michael E.D. Koenig, 79-80 ply, 9A-10A (July) Fosdick, Howard, Microcomputer Programming in A Small Revolution: Microcomputers in Librar- the Information Center; Marvin Bond (letter), ies, Monica M. Ertel, 95-101 7A-SA (January); Author's Reply, 8A (Janu- DATABASE SEARCHING, see ONLINE DATA- ary); Trends in Information Science Education, BASE SEARCHING 7A Day, Melvin S., Politics and Publishing in Wash- Funkhauser, Richard L., Candidate for SLA Director ington: Are Our Needs Being Met in the 80s?, (1984-87), 55-56 9-13 DENVER WILDLIFE RESEARCH CENTER Reprint Control Using SAS, Mary F. Layman and N. Paige Groninger, 303 Gadula, Marie, Scholarship Winners (letter), 9A Determining Effective Staffing Levels in Special Li- (January) braries, Susan M. Collins, 283 Galvin, Thomas J. (jt. auth.), Educating Special Li- Deuss, Jean, Ed., Bunking and finance Collections, book brarians: Toward A Meaningful Practitioner- review by Deborah Naulty, 261 Educator Dialogue, 1-8

special libraries Gasaway, Laura N., book review, 77-78 Politics and Publishing in Washington: Are Our GOVERNMENT INFORMATION, U.S. FEDERAL Needs Being Met in the 80~7,Melvin S. Day, Information: Public or Private?, Jean Smith, 275 9-13; Thomas meis, 14-16 Political Policy and Publishing in Washington, INFORMATION SCIENCE EDUCATION Richard Leacy, 121-125; Marc A. Levin (letter), Trends in Information Science Education, How- 7A (October) ard Fosdick, 292 Politics and Publishing in Washington: Are Our INTERLIBRARY LOAN Needs Being Met in the 8087, Melvin S. Day Microcomputers: An Interlibrary Loan Applica- 9-13; Thomas Kleis, 14-16 tion, Elizabeth A. Evans, 17-27; Jim Hees and GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, U.S. Ray Ben-Shir (letter), 9A (July); Author's Re- Politics and Publishing in Washington: Are Our ply, 9A-10A (July) Needs Being Met in the BOs?, Thomas Kleis, INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF LIBRARY 14-16 ASSOCIATIONS, see IFLA Groninger, N. Paige (jt. auth.) Reprint Control Us- Is It Possible to Educate Librarians as Managers?, ing SAS, 303 Miriam H. Tees, 173-182

Haag, D.E., Bamers Limiting the Usefulness of JOBLINES Published Information in the Research Envi- The Jobline: A Valuable Resource for Librarians, ronment, 214-220 Nancy J. Emmick, 44-50 Hees, Jim and Rya Ben-Shir Diskette Mania (letter), Johnson, Hilary C. and Frank J. Heymann, A Survey 9A (July); Author's Reply, 9A-10A (July) of Special Libraries in the Power Generation Heim, Kathleen M. and Leigh S. Estabrook, Career Industry, 228-237 Profiles and Sex Dism'rnination in the Library Profession, JOINT COMMITTEE ON PRINTING, US. book review by Laura N. Gasaway, 77-78 Politics and Publishing in Washington: Are Our Hewitt, Vivian D. and Muriel Regan, Whatever Needs Being Met in the 80s?, Thomas Kleis, Happened to that Kid Who Got the Scholar- 14-16 ship; Marie Gadula (letter), 9A (January) Heymann, Frank J. (jt. auth.), A Survey of Special Libraries in the Power Generation Industry, 228-237 Kelley, Cornelia A. (Connie), Candidate for SLA division Cabinet Chairman-Elect, 54-55 Kenney, Brigitte L., ed., Cable for Information Delimy: A Guide for Librarians, Educators and Cable Profes- IFLA (International Federation of Library Associ- sionals, book review by Rosa Liv, 340 ations) 49th Council and General Conference Kenyon, Kay A,, Zoo/Aquarium Libraries: A Sur- (1983), Pat Molholt, 74-76 vey, INDEXING Kleis, Thomas, Politics and Publishing in Wash- EnginePn'ng Index 1884-1984: Its History and Its ington: Are Our Needs Being Met in the 80~7, Service to Special Libraries, Herbert B. Landau, 14-16 312 Knowledge Put to Work: SLA at 75, Robert V. Reprint Control Using SAS, Mary F. Layman and Williams and Martha Jane Zachert; Irene N. Paige Groninger, 303 Strieby-Shreve (letter), 262 INFORMATION Knutson, Gunnar, Use Study of Online Cataloging Information and Corporate Cultures, Miriam A. in a Special Library, 36-43 Drake, 263 Kochoff, Stephen T. (jt. auth.), The Emerging Role The Nature of Information and Its Influence in for the Librarian in Data Administration, 238- Libraries, Pat Molholt, 247-251 246 INFORMATION BARRIERS Koenig, Michael E.D., book review, 79-80; Edu- Barriers Limiting the Usefulness of Published In- cation vs. Training (letter), 7A (October); Au- formation in the Research Environment, D.E. thor's Reply, 7A (October); with Stephen T. Haag, 214-220 Kochoff, The Emerging Role for the Librarian INFORMATION CENTERS in Data Administration, 238-246 The Library as a Profit Center, Stephen C. Tweed, Kotler, Philip, Marketing for Nonprofit Orpnizations, 270 book review by Christine A. Olson, 80 Performance Measures for Corporate Information Centers, Charles R. McClure and Betsy Re- ifsnyder, 193-204 The Information Industry of the Future, Anne LABOR STATISTICS BUREAU, U.S. Mintz; Carol A. Neimeyer (letter), 7A (January) Political Policy and Publishing in Washington, INFORMATION POLICY, U.S. NATIONAL Richard Leacy, 121-125; Marc A. Levin (letter), Information: Public or Private?, Jean Smith, 275 7A (October) Political Policy and Publishing in Washington, Landau, Herbert B., Engineering Index 1884-1984: Richard Leacy, 121-125; Marc A. Levin (letter), Its History and Its Senrice to Special Libraries, 7A (October) 312 october 1984 Layman, Mary F. and N. Paige Groninger, Reprint MICROCOMPUTERS Control Using SAS, 303 Microcomputers: An Interlibrary Loan Applica- Leacy, Richard, Political Policy and Publishing in tion, Elizabeth A. Evans, 17-27; Jim Hees and Washington, 121-125; Marc A. Levin (letter), Rya Ben-Shir (letter), 9A (July); Author's Re- 7A (October) ply, 9A-10A (July) Legal Looseleafs in Print, Arlene L. Stem, book review A Small Revolution: Microcomputers in Librar- by Aaron I. Reichel, 79 ies, Monica M. Ertel, 95-101 Levin, Marc A., Federal Information Policy (letter), Mintz, Anne, The Information Industry of the Fu- 7A (October) ture; Carol A. Neimeyer (letter), 7A (January) LIBRARIANS Mobley, Emily, Candidate for SLA Chapter Cabinet Burnout: A Survey of Corporate Librarians, Na- Chairman-Elect, 53 than M. Smith and Laura F. Nielsen, 221-227 Molholt, Pat, IFLA Conference (1983), 74-76; The The Emerging Role for the Librarian in Data Nature of Information and Its Influence on Li- Administration, Michael E.D. Koenig and Ste- braries, 247-251 phen T. Kochoff, 238-246 Moore, John R., book review; Ellis Mount (letter), Is It Possible to Educate Librarians as Managers?, 9A (January) Miriam H. Tees, 173-182 Mount, Ellis, Ahead of Its Time: The Engineering Societies The Library as a Profit Center, Stephen C. Tweed, Library, 1913-80, book review by John R. 270 Moore; Ellis Mount, Correction (letter), 9A LIBRARY AUTOMA TION SYSTEMS (book) (January) Stephen R. Salmon, Information, Please (letter),. , Mourey, Deborah A. and Jerry W. Mansfield, Qual- ~OA(July) ity Circles for Management Decisions: What's LIBRARY EDUCATION. see EDUCATION FOR in it for Libraries?, 87-94 LIBRARIANSHIP MUMPS (computer program) Locating Elusive Science Information: Some Search Marvin Bond (letter), 7A-8A (January); Author's Techniques, Marcia J. Bates, 114-120 Reply, 8A (January) MUSEUM LIBRARIES The Museum Library Revisited, Esther G. Rier- baum, 102-113 McClure, Charles R. and Betsy Reifsnyder, Per- formance Measures for Corporate Information Centers, 193-204 Malinowsky, H. Robert, Candidate for SLA Pres- The Nature of Information and Its Influence on ident-Elect, 51-52 Libraries, Pat Molholt, 247-251 MANAGEMENT, see also ADMINISTRATION Naulty, Deborah, book review, 261 Cutback Management for Special Libraries: Strat- Neimeyer, Carol A,, Turning Problems into Op- egies for Library Survival, Stephen J. Bell, 205- portunities (letter), 7A (January) 213 Nielsen, Laura F. (jt. auth.), Burnout: A Survey of Is It Possible to Educate Librarians as Managers?, Corporate Librarians, 221-227 Miriam H. Tees, 173-182 Management in Special Libraries: A Case Study Approach, Ron Coplen and Muriel Regan, 126-130 Performance Measures for Corporate Information OCLC (Online Computer Library Center) Centers, Charles R. McClure and Betsy Union Listing Via OCLC's Serials Control Sub- Reifsnyder, 193-204 system, Terrence J. O'Malley, 131-150; Robert Quality Circles for Management Decisions: G. Cheshier (letter), 262 What's in it for Libraries?, Deborah A. Mourey Use Study of Online Cataloging in a Special Li- and Jerry W. Mansfield, 87-94 brary, Gunnar Knutson, 36-43 Mansfield, Jerry W. (jt. auth.), Quality Circles for Ojala, Marydee, Public Library Business Collec- Management Decisions: What's in it for Li- tions and New Reference Technologies; Tom braries?, 87-94 Suddick (letter), 8A (January) MARINE SCIENCE LIBRARIES Olsen, James L., Jr., Candidate for SLA Director Marine Science Libraries: A State of the Art Re- (1984-87), 55-56 port, Judith B. Barnett, 183-192 Olson, Christine A,, book review, 80 MARION, GUY E. O'Malley, Terrence J., Union Listing Via OCLC's Sherry Terzian (letter), 7A (January) Serials Control Subsystem, 131-150; Robert G. Marketing for Nonprofit Organizations, Philip Kotler, Cheshier (letter), 262 book review by Christine A. Olson, 80 ONLINE COMPUTER LIBRARY CENTER The Marketing of Library and Information Seruices, Blaise (OCLC), see OCLC Cronin, ed., book review by Stanley J. Shaprio, ONLINE DATABASE SEARCHING 78-79 A Small Revolution: Microcomputers in Librar- Microcomputer Programming in the Information ies, Monica M. Ertel, 95-101 Center, Howard Fosdick; Marvin Bond (letter), ONLINE UNION LISTS OF SERIALS 7A-8A (January); Author's Reply, 8A (January) Union Listing Via OCLC's Serials Control Sub-

special libraries system, Terrence J. O'Malley, 131-150; Robert Politics and Publishing in Washington: Are Our G. Cheshier (letter), 262 Needs Being Met in the 80~7,Melvin S. Day, Operation Function Analysis-Do It Yourself Productivity Im- 9-13; Thomas Kleis, 14-16 prooement, William Bruce Bumbarger, book re- PUBLISHING, see REPRINTS, SCIENTIFIC PUB- view by Larry Chasen, 259-260 LISHING

QUALITY CIRCLES Quality Circles for Management Decisions: Pancake, Edwina H. (Didi), Candidate for SLA What's in it for Libraries?, Deborah A. Mourey President-Elect, 51-52 and Jerry W. Mansfield, 87-94 Parris, Lou B., Candidate for SLA Director (1984- 87), 55-57 PERFORMANCE MEASURES Performance Measures for Corporate Information Rainey, Laura J., Candidate for SLA Director (1984- Centers, Charles R. McClure and Betsy Re- 87), 55, 57 ifsnyder, 193-204 Regan, Muriel (jt. auth.), Management in Special POLICY, INFORMATION, see INFORMATION Libraries: A Case Study Approach, 126-130; POLICY, U.S. NATIONAL Whatever Happened to that Kid Who Got the Political Policy and Publishing in Washington, Scholarship; Marie Gadula (letter), 9A (Janu- Richard Leacy, 121-125; Marc A. Levin (letter), ary) 7A (October) Reichel, Aaron I, book review, 79 POLITICAL PROCESS Reifsnyder, Betsy (jt. auth.), Performance Measures Special Libraries and the Corporate Political Pro- for Corporate Information Centers, 193-204 cess, Herbert S. White, 81-86 REPRINTS Politics and Publishing in Washington: Are Our Reprint Control Using SAS, Mary F. Layman and Needs Being Met in the SOs?, Melvin S. Day, N. Paige Groninger, 303 9-13; Thomas Kleis, 14-16 RESEARCH, see also SCIENCE RESEARCH Potter, Beverly A,, Turning Around: Keys to Mofioation Barriers Limiting the Usefulness of Published In- and Productivity, book review by Larry Chasen, formation in the Research Environment, D.E. 260-261 Haag, 214-220 POWER GENERATION INDUSTRY LIBRARIES Rowley, Jennifer E., The Concise AACR2: A Review A Survey of Special Libraries in the Power Gen- and Evaluation, 319 eration Industry, Hilary C. Johnson and Frank J. Heymann, 228-237 Prentice, Ann E., Financial Planning for libraries, book review by Michael E.D. Koenig, 79-80 Salmon, Stephen R., Information, Please (letter), PRIVATE SECTOR / PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLISH- 10A (July) ING SCIENCE RESEARCH Information: Public or Private?, Jean Smith, 275 Locating Elusive Science Information: Some Political Policy and Publishing in Washington, Search Techniques, Marcia J. Bates, 114-120 Richard Leacy, 121-125; Marc A. Levin (letter), SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING 7A (October) Locating Elusive Science Information: Some Politics and Publishing in Washington: Are Our Search Techniques, Marcia J. Bates, 114-120 Needs Being Met in the SOs?, Melvin S. Day, SEARCH STRATEGY 9-13; Thomas Kleis, 14-16 Locating Elusive Science Information: Some PROFIT CENTERS Search Techniques, Marcia J. Bates, 114-120 The Library as a Profit Center, Stephen C. Tweed, SERIALS 270 Union Listing Via OCLC's Serials Control Sub- Public Library Business Collections, Marydee system, Terrence J. O'Malley, 131-150; Robert Ojala; Tom Suddick (letter), 8A (January) G. Cheshier (letter), 262 PUBLIC SECTOR/PRIVATE SECTOR PUBLISH- Shapiro, Stanley J., book review, 78-79 ING SLA (Special Libraries Association) Information: Public or Private?, Jean Smith, 275 Annual Conference (1984, New York City), 69- Political Policy and Publishing in Washington, 73; 164-170 Richard Leacy, 121-125; Marc A. Levin (letter), Annual Conference (1985, Winnipeg), Call for 7A (October) Papers, 252 Politics and Publishing in Washington: Are Our Audit Report (1983), 253-258 Needs Beina Met in the SOs?, Melvin S. Dav, Board of Directors, Fall Meeting Actions, 58-60: 9-13; ~homasKleis, 14-16 Winter Meeting Actions, 151-154 PUBLISHERS Candidates for Office, 51-57 Information: Public or Private?, Jean Smith, 275 Continuing Education (1984 Conference), 166- Political Policy and Publishing in Washington, 167 Richard Leacy, 121-125; Marc A. Levin (letter), Paperweight, 75th Anniversary, 163 7A (October) Salary Survey (1984), 338 october 1984 Scholarship Fund Contributions (1983), 253 Koenig (letter), 7A (October); Author's Reply, Silent Auction (1984 Conference), 168-170 7A (October) SLA's Long-Range Planning: A Vision for the Trends in Information Science Education, Howard Future, Vivian J. Arterbery, 61-68 Fosdick, 292 The Time of the Parenthesis: Moving Toward the Turning Around: Keys fo Motination and Produrtinify, Bev- Future, Joseph M. Dagnese, 155-163; M.E.D. erly A. Potter, book review by Larry Chasen, Koenig (letter), 7A (October); Author's Reply, 260-261 7A (October) Tweed, Stephen C., The Library as a Profit Center, A Small Revolution: Microcomputers in Libraries, 270 Monica M. Ertel, 95-101 Smith, Jean, Information: Public or Private?, 275 Smith, Nathan M. and Laura F. Nielsen, Burnout: A Survey of Corporation Librarians, 221-227 UNION LISTS OF SERIALS, see ONLINE UNION SOFTWARE, COMPUTER LISTS OF SERIALS Reprint Control Using SAS, Mary F. Layman and UNIVERSITY, for names of specific universities, N. Paige Groninger, 303 see under the specific name SPECIAL LIBRARIES, see AQUARIUM LIBRAR- URBAN RESEARCH CENTERS IES, CORPORATE LIBRARIES, INFORMA- Urban Research Centers: Their Purposes, Pro- TION CENTERS, MARINE SCIENCE grams and Libraries, Alva W. Stewart, 28-35 LIBRARIES, MUSEUM LIBRARIES, POWER USERS GENERATION INDUSTRY LIBRARIES, Use Study of Online Cataloging in a Special Li- ZOO LIBRARIES brary, Gunnar Knutson, 36-43 SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION, see SLA STAFFING NEEDS Determining Effective Staffing Levels in Special Libraries, Susan M. Collins, 283 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM (SAS) Whatever Happened to that Kid Who Got the Scholarship, Vivian D. Hewitt and Muriel Re- Reprint Control Using SAS, Mary F. Layman and N. Paige Groninger, 303 gan; Marie Gadula (letter), 9A (January) Stern, Arlene L., Legal Looseleafs in Print, book review White, Herbert S., Special Libraries and the Cor- by Aaron I. Reichel, 79 porate Political Process, 81-86 Stewart, Alva W., Urban Research Centers: Their Williams, Robert V. and Martha Jane Zachert, Crisis Purposes, Programs and Libraries, 28-35 and Growth: SLA, 1918-1919; Sherry Terzian Strieby-Shreve, Irene, Learning from the Past (let- (letter), 7A (January); Knowledge Put to Work: ter), 262 SLA at 75; Irene Strieby-Shreve (letter), 262 Suddick, Tom, Getting Over the Rough Spots (let- WORD PROCESSING ter), 8A (January) A Small Revolution: Microcomputers in Librar- A Survey of Special Libraries in the Power Gen- ies, Monica M. Ertel, 95-101 eration Industry, Hilary C. Johnson and Frank J. Heymann, 228-237 Zachert, Martha Jane (jt. auth.), Crisis and Growth: SLA, 1918-1919; Sherry Terzian (letter), 7A Tees, Miriam H., Is It Possible to Educate Librarians (January); Knowledge Put to Work: SLA at 75; as Managers?, 173-182 Irene Strieby-Shreve (letter), 262 Terzian, Sherry (letter), 7A (January) ZOO LIBRARIES The Time of the Parenthesis: Moving Toward the Zoo/Aquarium Libraries: A Survey, Kay A. Ken- Future, Joseph M. Dagnese, 155-163; M.E.D. yon, 329-334

special libraries special libraries'

Volume 75 1984

SPECIAL LIBRARIES INDEX Volume 75 Jan-Dec 1984

January ...... 1-80 July ...... 173-262 April ...... 81-172 October...... ,263-362

AMONG THOSE SERVED IYA*-BL JOY YdlCFR ADS ... -- ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LAB ALCON LABS LEYBOLD-HERAEUS ALLIS-CHALMERS LINDSAY INTERNATIONAL ALTOS COMPUTER SYSTEMS TRANSLATORS FOR INDUSTRY, GOVERNMENT; LITTON AMDAHL AMERICAN MICROSYSTEMS THE UNIVERSITIES SINCE 1957 LTV AMERICAN MOTORS LUCASFNM AMERICAN PRESIDENT I INES MATTEL AMPEX MEASUREX APPLE COMPUTER TRANSLATIONS MEMOREX APPLIED TECHNOLOGY MERCK ARC0 SOLAR FROMANTO ALL MAJOR LANGUAGES MICRO PRO ATARI MlTSUBlSHl AVERY LABEL WE SERVE THE WORLD'S INDUSTRY MOBlL BANK OFAMERICA MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES BARNES-HIND NASA BATTELLE Your technical/promotional/legal industrial literature NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR BECHTEL and documentation (articles, books, reports, propo- NlKE BECKMAN INSTRUMENTS NORTH STAR COMPUTERS BELL HELICOPTER sals, specs, ads, brochures, scripts, catalogues, NORTHROP BENDIX NUCLEAR METALS BLUE CROSS manuals, contracts) translated: OGILVY 6 MATHER BOEING 01.. IVETTI BURROUGHS t INTO ENGLISH from any other major language by OMARK CABOT OPTICAL COATING LABS CALIFORNIA MICROWAVE subject-qualified skilled professional industrial OSBORNE COMPUTER CESSNA OTIS ENGINEERING CHEVRON translators working into their native English (one PACCAR CLOROX PARSONS-BRINCKERHOFF COBlLT example: our internationally respected team of PENN POWER 6 LIGHT COLLINS RADIO expert Japanese-to-English translators)-or PERKIN-ELMER COLORADO SCH MINES PHILADELPHIA NATL BANK COMBUSTION ENGINEERING PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMMODORE t FROM ENGLISH into any other major language, PLESSEY COMPUTER SCIENCES again by subject-qualified skilled professional PORSCHE COOPER LABS PORT OF OAKLAND CORDIS DOW industrial translators working into their respective PORT OF SEATTLE CORDOVA CHEMICAL PPG CROCKER BANK native languages. PRECISION MONOLlTHlCS CROWN ZELLERBACH OUME DIABLO SYSTEMS + ALL MAJOR FIELDS Basic sciences All indus- RAYCHEM DIAMOND SHAMROCK RAYTHEON DIGITAL EOUIPMENT triallmilitarylbiomed sectors Legal Banking1 RELIANCE ELECTRIC DRESSER INDUSTRIES A-H-ROBINS DU PONT financehnsurance Textbook publishing. ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL €-SYSTEMS ROLM EASTMAN RODAK AD-EX serves hundreds of leading companies in SAFEWAY FPRl SAGA aerospace, modern military technology, indus- SANDIA LABORATORIES ESL 9,-U ETHYL CORPORATION trial and consumer electronics, computer EVERGREEN HELICOPTERS (hardwarekoftware) manufacture, robotics, SHELL FIXON SHUGART ASSOCIATES F~ikklLDCAMERA 6 INSTR nuclear engineering, state-of-the-art biomed/ SIEMENS FAIRMONT HOTELS SIGNETICS FARINON VIDEO pharmaceutical research and marketing, finan- 9UITH K1 INF FERRO SMITHSON~AN~NSTITU~ JOHN FLUKE cial services. industrial law. and related fields- SOH10 PETROLEUM FLUOR UTAH SOLAR TURBINES plus their law firms and ad agencies. SOUTHLAND CORPORATION %Ll AEROSPACE SRI INTERNATIONAL FORD MOTOR COMPANY t EQUIPPED TO DO THE JOB RIGHT Strategically STANDARD- OIL--. OF CALF. - FOREMOST FOODS STANFORD LINEAR FOSTER FARMS based production center in the heart of the San ACCELERATOR FOUR PHASE SYSTEMS Francisco Peninsula's "Silicon Valleyv-hiah- STANFORD UNIVERSITY FOXBORO STONE 6 WEBSTER FUJITSU technology world capital Tight ediorial quality SUNSTRAND GALL0 WINERY SVNTEX GENENTECH control of all translator output Up-to-the-minute SWA GENERAL ELECTRIC TANDEM COMPUTERS GENERAL MOTORS translators' reference library (unique in the busi- TEKTRONM GILLETTE TELEDYNE GRANGER ASSOCIATES ness) Multilingual word-processors, phototype- TELEVIDEO SYSTEMS GREYHOUND setting High-speed worldwide communications TEXAS INSTRUMENTS "fC TEXAS NUCLEAR GULF OIL (telefax, telex, data transmission). TEXASGULF GULFSTREAM AMERICAN J WALTER THOMPSON HACH CHEMICAL Tell us what you need. Call (collect), telex, or write to: TRACOR HARRIS TRAVELERS HEWLETT-PACKARD TRW HILTON HOTELS AD-8X TCARBLATIOIB IRTBRRATlORAL/UBA UNION CARBIDE HITACHI UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD HONEYWELL 525 Middlefield Road, Suite 150, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA US ARMY ENGINEERS HOOVER INSTITUTION Telephone (415) 854-6732 Telex 17-1425 Telelax (415) 325-8428 US BUREAU OF MINES HOUDAILLE US DEPT OFENERGY HUGHES AIRCRAFT U Send more mformatlon US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY HYATTHOTELS US NAVY IBM Telephonelteiexltelefax me ~mmed~alelyat UNlV OFCALIFORNIA INGERSOLL-RAND (number1 UNlV OF PENNSYLVANIA lNUAC My name T~lle VARIAN ASSOCIATES VERBA TIM Company name VITA WANG Street or PO Box WATKINS-JOHNSON WELLS FARGO Caty State ZIP- GRLDBANK ITEK XEROX ITT Telephone Telex Type of business AND WUNDRIDS YORE Revised and enlarged 1985-86 edition Encyclopedia of Information Systems and Services

Now in two volumes: V~deote<elctextsvctems telecommun~catlons net~orks I~brar\s\stem\ demograph~cand International. Apprc~x~matel\600 pages I 150 market~ngddtaf~rms document dellvery sources entrles 27 indexes $Ihi 00 Pub Oct 1984 software products the whole vast range of INIS Denvent AGKI5 INPADOC Telesv\temes products and 5ervlces that make up the dynam~c dnd nearl) I 200other ~nternat~ondldndnational world of ~nformat~ontechnolog\ organnatlons \\ctem\ and service\ located In \ome 70 countries lrxclud~ngthe U 5 Detailed entries ... United States. Approx~rnatelv1 200 pages Entnes cover organlzatlon and system name, 2350entr1ec 27 ~ndexes519000 Pub Drc 1984 dddress and pho~r date ectabl~shed name and t~tleof adm~n~stratvr staff sue related Informdt~ons\stem\ \tmlces and organlzatlons organlzanons deta~leddescr~pt~on sublect of ~nternat~ondlnat~onal, state or reg~ondl coverage Input sources hold~ngsand storage scope located In the US med~a publlcat~ons m~croformproducts and Two-volume set, $32i 00 wrvlces computer based products and servlces other servlces labstract~ng,consult~ng, data collect~on,5DI research etc I electron~cmall Th~smassl...e tool IS more than ever the world's network address and more leading gu~deto electron~c~nformat~on svstems dnd servlces Its h~ghlvdeta~led entrles l~stand 27 indexes speed research descr~benearlv 25,000 systems, serv~ces,products, ... and programs. Included are over400onl1ne servlces Easv access 1s prov~dedbv Indexes to organlzatlon and 3,600 databases, more than In anv other source ndmec, sublects, types of servlces, etc The Master Index covers all 25,000 organlzatlons, systems, Among the organizations covered... servlces, databases, software products, and more Publ~sherr as\oc~at~ons government Supplement also available agencles pr~vatef~rm\ and others that produce ... databases The range Includes b~bl~ograph~c New lnformat~onSystems and Services IS a soft nonb~bl~ograph~conhe offlme commerc~al bound, Inter ed~t~onsupplement, $250 00 government and prlvate databases Onlme computer serv~ceorganlzat~ons that can g~veaccess to database5 In countless f~elde 5% dlscount for stand~ngorders. All Gale books are Consultants market research flrms assocla sent on 60-day approval. 5% d~scountfor send~ng tlons and publ~cat~onsthat can help you make check w~thorder. Customers outs~dethe U.S. and prof~tableuse of electron~c~nformat~on Canada add 10%.

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