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Ethnicity and Political Behaviour of the Gambian People: the Case of 2017 Parliamentary Election in Niani District

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Ethnicity and Political Behaviour of the Gambian People: the Case of 2017 Parliamentary Election in Niani District Ethnicity and Political Behaviour of the Gambian People: The Case of 2017 Parliamentary election in Niani District Undergraduate Thesis Submitted to Meet the Requirements in Obtaining a Bachelor of Social Science Degree (S. Sos) Written by: Abdou Barrow 11161110000076 Program Study Sociology Faculty of Social and Political Science State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta 2020 Supervisor’s Approval With this, my supervisor has endorse that, a student: Name : Abdou Barrow NIM : 11161110000076 Program Study : Sociology Has successfully completed writing his thesis with a title: Ethnicity and the Political Behavior of the Gambian People: The Case of 2017 Parliamentary election in Niani District He has meet the requirement for examination. Jakarta, 29 August 2019 Confirmed by, Approved by, Head of Program Study Supervisor Dr. Cucu Nurhayati, M.Si. M. Hassan Ansori, Ph.D. NIP. 197609182003122003 i PANEL OF THESIS EXAMINERS APPROVAL SHEET UNDERGRADUATE THESIS ETHNICITY AND POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE GAMBIAN PEOPLE: THE CASE OF 2017 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTION IN NIANI DISTRICT Written By: Abdou Barrow 11161110000076 Has successfully defended his undergraduate thesis at the Faculty of Social and Political Science, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta on 14 April 2020. This thesis was assessed and approve as partial fulfillment of the requirements for obtaining Bachelor of Social Science in Sociology. Head, Secretary, Dr. Cucu Nurhayati, M,Si Dr. Joharotul Jamilah,M.Si NIP. 197609182003122033 NIP. 196808161997032002 Examiner I Examiner II Saifuddin Asrori, M.Si. Fathun Karib., MA NIP. 197701192009121001 NIP. Accepted and declared eligible for graduation on the 14th April 2020. Head of the Department of Sociology FISIP UIN Jakarta Dr. Cucu Nurhayati, M.Si. ii Free From Plagiarism Thesis with a title: Ethnicity and Political Behavior of the Gambian People: The Case of 2017 Parliamentary election in Niani District 1. This is the original copy of my work, which is submit to meet the Requirements in Obtaining Bachelor’s degree in the Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta. 2. All the references used in this research, I cited them by adhering to the regulations of the Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta. 3. In the event that there happens to be refutable evidence that shows that, this work is plagiarize or stolen from someone else, I agreed to receive any punishment decided to deploy by the University. State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Jakarta, 29 August 2019 Abdou Barrow iii Abstract For the past decades, the issue of ethnicity and ethnic politics has been the prevailing custom of Africans, which means ethnicity had a great impact on African politics until today. The trend of ethnicizing politics is widely spread throughout Africa including The Gambia. This process of ethnicizing politics has triggered a form of political competition between ethnic groups in Africa, which, in most parts resulted in conflict between these groups in African societies. However, despite what ethnicity has been doing to most African countries, Gambia was enjoying her diversity and ethnic tolerance until in the early hours of 2016 when ethnicity and politics have strongly been associated. This research is intended to describe the role of ethnicity, on the voting and political behavior of the people in Niani District Central River Region of The Gambia in the 2017 parliamentary election. Furthermore, the research describes the mobilization process of votes through ethnicity. The researcher used Elite Mobilization Theory: Ethnicity as a Political Resource Malesevic, (2004). In this research, a qualitative approach is used, with a purposive sampling technique. Researcher use Telephone interview during the data collection process. The findings from this study describe the political behavior of the people in Niani district in the 2017 parliamentary election as follows: (1) Ethnicity has played an instrumental tool in mobilization process of votes during the election period. In other words, ethnicity was an instrumental tool in the 2017 Parliamentary election in Niani. (2) The current political situation in Niani today makes ethnic voting inevitable because people feel obligated to choose their ethnic members or social group member when running for political office. In sum, the ethnic identity of candidates was also a curial determinant during the election period in Niani. (3) Some other determinants that affects the voting and political behavior of the people in Niani other than ethnicity are candidate’s political party, academic qualifications of candidates, and candidate’s involvement in community/national development. Keyword: Ethnicity, Political Behavior, Voting Behavior, Ethnic Identity, Mobilization iv Acknowledgment Alhamdulillah Rabbil Alamin, all praise are to Allah SWT who has given me the strength, good health, and a steady mind to write and complete this project. With sincere gratitude, I wish to express my appreciation and thanks to all who have helped me through my study, especially on this project. As I cannot bring along all the wonderful people I met during this process but I wish to thank the following people for their tireless support, which are: 1. My parents for their support, motivation, and prayers throughout time. Thank you, mama, for the trust and faith you have in me. Knowing that you are always there to support and comfort whenever am down. You served as a friend, a sister, mother grandmother to me. Nonetheless, you are not just a mother but instead, you serve multifunction purposes as far as I am concern. 2. Prof. Dr. Zulkifly, MA. Former Dean of Faculty of Political and Social Sciences in State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 3. Dr. Ali Munhanif, MA, Dean of Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, State Islamic Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 4. Dr. Cucu Nurhayati, M.Si, who is serving as the head of Sociology Department in State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. As well as my academic guide lecturer. I appreciate all the support, advice, and guidance you gave me during my study at UIN. 5. Muhammad Hasan Ansori, Ph.D., who serves as my research guide, thank you for your help, guidance, motivations, and been inspiring throughout our v encounter. With your tireless support, allowed me to complete my research within an average period. 6. Lecturers in the Department of Sociology, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Especially those I have been interacting with from semester one to my final semester. 7. The entire Staff of faculty of social and political science. Thank you all for always been there whenever I knock at your doors. Your support has made my study in UIN very easy and successful I would say. 8. The leadership and the entire staff of the international office of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 9. My fellow international students especially my Gambian brothers and sisters, without them, I might not be where I am today. I appreciate your support and loyalty. 10. Special thanks to all my Informants without whom I might not achieve what am pursing on time. Bakary Kanteh, Sarjo Koteh, Alhagie Jawneh, Sibiti Conteh, Foday Jobarteh, Foday Jabbi, Omar Jobe, Alhagie Dembo Jaiteh, Begay Mbye, Isatou Mbye, Kaddy Mbye. 11. Mustapha Jobarteh who has been resourceful in helping me on the ground for interviews. Your role has a great impact on the completion of this project. 12. 2016 intakes in the department of sociology, especially those in class A of 2016 intake. vi 13. Ebrima Sillah, who has been my main facilitator in making sure I can conduct the telephone interview all the times I need. vii CONTENT CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background……………………………………………. 1 B. Research Question …………………………………….. 9 C. Purpose of the Research……………………………… 9 D. Significant of the Research…………………………….. 10 E. Theoretical framework………………………………… 10 a. Ethnicity………………………………… 10 b. Ethnic Identity…………………………………. 12 c. Political Behavior………………………………… 13 d. Voting Behavior………………………………… 14 e. Elite Mobilization Theory…………………….. 15 F. Literature Review………………………………….. 19 G. Methodology………………………………………. 26 a. Methodological Approach…………………………. 26 b. Method of Respondent Selection…………………… 27 c. Method of Data Collection……………………………… 29 1. Document………………………………. 29 2. Telephone Interview…………………………… 29 d. Types and Sources of Data…………………………… 30 e. Place and Time……………………………………….. 30 f. Method of Data Analysis……………………………… 31 g. Research Structure……………………………………… 33 CHAPTER II OVERVIEW OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE GAMBIA AND NIANI DISTRICT A. The Gambia……………………………………………………… 34 B. The Gambia’s Political System…………………………………. 36 C. Niani District…………………………………………………. 38 D. Demography of Niani District……………………………… 40 E. Ethnic Distribution……………………………………………… 41 viii F. Local Government Administration Structure …………………… 42 a. District Chairperson………………………………….. 44 b. Ward Councilors…………………………………………… 45 c. District Chief or “Seyfo” …………………………….. 45 d. Village Alkalo ……………………………………………. 46 CHAPTER III ETHNICITY AND VOTING BEHAVIOR OF THE PEOPLE OF NIANI IN THE 2017 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTION IN NINAI DISTRICT A. The Effect of Ethnicity on Political Behavior of the People of Niani District………… 49 1. Election Results per Polling Station in Niani District………. 58 B. The effect of ethnicity on political Behavior of the People of Niani District: Other Determinants That Affect the Political Behavior of the People of Niani District……………….. 61 1. Ethnic Mobilization during
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