Análise E Comentário Do Tratado Militar Taktiká De Leão VI (Séc.X)

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Análise E Comentário Do Tratado Militar Taktiká De Leão VI (Séc.X) Imagem João Pedro Gomes Paiva Como “Navegar” a Guerra: Análise e Comentário do tratado militar Taktiká de Leão VI (séc.X) Dissertação de Mestrado em História Militar, orientada pelo Professor Doutor João Manuel Filipe Gouveia Monteiro, apresentada ao Departamento de História, Estudos Europeus, Arqueologia e Artes da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra Imagem 2018 Faculdade de Letras Como “Navegar” a Guerra Análise e Comentário do tratado militar Taktiká de Leão VI (século X) Ficha Técnica: Tipo de trabalho Dissertação de Mestrado Título Como “Navegar” a Guerra – Análise e Comentário do tratado militar Taktiká de Leão VI (século X) Autor João Pedro Gomes Paiva Orientador Doutor João Manuel Filipe Gouveia Monteiro Júri Presidente: Doutora Maria Alegria Fernandes Marques Vogais: 1. Doutor Pedro Gomes Barbosa 2. Doutor João Manuel Filipe Gouveia Monteiro Identificação do Curso 2º Ciclo em História Área científica História Especialidade/Ramo História Militar Data da defesa 22-2-2018 Classificação 17 valores Resumo A História do Império Bizantino é um assunto muito pouco estudado em Portugal, algo que esta tese pretende ajudar a colmatar. A dissertação aqui apresentada tem como objetos de estudo principais o basileús Leão VI, o Sábio (886-912) e uma das obras mais importantes que lhe são atribuídas, o Taktiká, uma enciclopédia militar que aborda temáticas muito diversificadas como o armamento de tropas, movimentações no campo de batalha e guerra naval. O Taktiká foi o primeiro manual militar da segunda época de ouro da produção literária bélica bizantina (séc. X-XI) e serve, como se pretende mostrar nesta tese, como elo de ligação da tradição antiga com os paradigmas militares bizantinos da época, que se encontravam em mudança no reinado deste imperador. No contexto deste trabalho, pretendemos desmistificar a alegada falta de interesse por questões bélicas de Leão VI, um imperador reconhecido pela sua ausência de participação em campanhas militares, bem como mostrar quais as preocupações que tinha, patentes no tratado em estudo. Quanto ao Taktiká, pretende-se demonstrar que, apesar de ter sido muito influenciado por manuais congéneres anteriores (como o Stratēgikón de Maurício, do século VI), refletia a realidade militar da época da sua escrita, incorporava o pensamento estratégico bizantino de então e serviu como foco de influência para as obras de literatura militar que se lhe seguiram. Para isto recorremos à leitura de fontes históricas e tratados militares bizantinos anteriores e posteriores ao objeto de estudo, como o Perì Paradromés de Nicéforo II Focas (governou entre 962-969) ou o Perì Strategías de Siriano (possivelmente do século IX), bem como a obras de especialidade que versam tanto temáticas bélicas como o principado do Sábio. Palavras-chave: História Militar, Império Bizantino, Leão VI, Taktiká, Themáta ii Abstract The History of the Byzantine Empire has been absent from the Portuguese research agenda, an issue this thesis attempts to address. The following dissertation focuses its study on the basileús Leo VI the Wise (886-912) and the Taktiká, a military encyclopaedia accredited to him, which approaches a vast set of subjects, such as arming the troops, moving in the battlefield, or waging war at sea. The Taktiká was the first military field book from the second golden era of byzantine war literature (X-XI centuries AD) and, as we attempt to showcase, it served as a link between the ancient tradition with the byzantine military standards of its time, which were undergoing some changes by then. Further, we intend to debunk Leo VI’s alleged lack of interest in military concerns, an argument based on his absence in military campaigns. As for the Taktiká, we defend that, while influenced by similar previous manuals (such as the 6th century Maurice’s Stratēgikón), it reflected the military reality as well as the Byzantine strategic thinking of its time, while serving as an influence focus for the military literature that followed it. To meet the set goals, we have read historical accounts and other byzantine military treatises, such as Nikephoros II Phokas’s (who ruled between 962 and 969) Perì Paradromés or Siriano’s Perì Strategías (possibly 9th century), as well as specific bibliography, versing both military subjects and the reign of the Wise. Keywords: Military History, Byzantine Empire, Leo VI, Taktiká, Themáta iii Aos meus avós, Lú e Narciso, por tudo o que fizeram por mim ao longo da minha efémera existência, por todas as aventuras e todos os ensinamentos. Esta dissertação foi feita com vocês sempre no meu pensamento. iv Tal como não é possível navegar um navio sobre os mares sem conhecimentos de navegação, também não é possível derrotar o inimigo sem disciplina e sem liderança. Ao passo que, com isto e com a ajuda de Deus, não só é possível prevalecer sobre um inimigo de igual força mas também sobre um que supere largamente em números as vossas forças. Leão VI o Sábio in Taktiká, Prólogo (9.) Entre as boas coisas que à vida trazem benefício, a História não é das menos, mas sim das mais importantes, pois é por sua própria natureza algo de útil e proveitoso. É que ela relata uma multiplicidade de feitos de toda a espécie, tais como é hábito acontecerem no decorrer do tempo e dos eventos, e em particular pelas escolhas dos homens que nesses eventos participam; prescreve também aos homens que tomem como modelos e emulem alguns feitos enquanto rejeitam e evitam outros, de tal modo que não negligenciem inadvertidamente o que é útil e benéfico e se prendam ao que é nocivo e abominável é. É, portanto, considerada a História como tão proveitosa quanto todas as outras coisas da vida, na medida em que restitui vida ou juventude aos assuntos mortais e não permite que eles se apaguem e se confinem às profundezas do esquecimento. Leão o Diácono, in A História, Livro I A paz era o objetivo principal (para Bizâncio), ainda que a guerra fosse necessária para o assegurar. John Haldon in Critical Commentary on the Taktika of Leo VI, p.22. v Agradecimentos A realização desta dissertação de mestrado não foi uma jornada fácil e foi repleta de percalços, de dúvidas e desalento, por muito deleite que tal empreendimento me tenha dado. É por este motivo que devo agradecer a todos os que me auxiliaram nesta fase e me incentivaram a seguir em frente. Em primeiro lugar, ao meu orientador, mestre e amigo, o Professor Doutor João Gouveia Monteiro. Muito há a agradecer, desde logo por ter acompanhado o meu percurso académico desde o meu segundo ano da faculdade, quando semeou em mim a paixão por História Militar. Por ter apontado o caminho para Constantinopla. Por toda a ajuda, todas as oportunidades e todas as palavras de força. A mais sentida gratidão por tudo isto e pelo que, espero, virá. Os meus agradecimentos devem agora estender-se aos outros eruditos que me aconselharam e me deram apoio bibliográfico para este trabalho. Primeiro e em especial, ao Professor Salvatore Cosentino, de Ravena, pela hospitalidade durante a viagem a Itália e pela disponibilidade incansável em me ajudar. Ao Professor John Haldon da Universidade de Princeton, o meu obrigado não só pelos conselhos que me deu mas também pela longa obra que já tem, parte do meu entusiasmo pelo exótico Império Romano do Oriente é devido a ele. E, por fim, à Professora Helena Catarino da Universidade de Coimbra por tudo o que me ensinou e por ter dado o empurrãozinho final para entrar no Mestrado Interuniversitário em História Militar. Um agradecimento especial ao Mestre João Nisa, não só em título, mas também em conhecimento. Por todos os conselhos e todas as ideias que me deu e por todas as dúvidas que me esclareceu. A todos os outros que me ajudaram durante a realização deste trabalho. Ao Rodrigo Gomes e ao Gustavo Gonçalves, amigos e companheiros de guerra, que sempre me ajudaram, alegraram e impeliram a seguir em frente. Que venham muitos mais anos de duros combates pela nossa frente! Uma palavra de gratidão para o Anton Stark e para o Mário Coelho por me terem ajudado na tradução do inglês mais traiçoeiro. Aos camaradas João Neto e Jorge Wolfs pelo apoio gráfico, terreno desconhecido e exótico para mim. E ao meu afilhado de amizade Pedro Baptista por todos os remendos, palavras de força e gargalhadas! A minha gratidão estende-se também a todos os outros que me ajudaram nesta dissertação somente pela boa-disposição e amizade, em especial a Cátia, a Laura, o Luís, o vi João Rainho, o Emanuel e o Pedro Parreira. Ah, e um agradecimento especial à Sara Serra pelos raspanetes quando a ansiedade teimava em aparecer. Deixo um agradecimento emotivo aos que me apoiaram desde sempre. Ao meu pai Zé, por nunca me deixar ir abaixo, pelas palavras sábias e por todas as correções que fez. À minha mãe Rosa, pelos sermões, pela companhia nas últimas noites e pelo lanchinho das “três da manhã”. Um agradecimento também para a minha avó Fernanda, por tudo o que fez por mim durante a minha breve vida, e a toda a restante família por nunca ter deixado de acreditar no “Joãozinho” / “João Pedro”. Por fim, e porque os últimos são sempre os primeiros, à Sofia pela inspiração, o encorajamento e pelo carinho (e pela paciência). Por nunca ter deixado de acreditar em mim, e por ser o meu grande porto de abrigo. O meu mais sentido obrigado milady. P.S.: Ao Professor Doutor Pedro Barbosa, da Universidade de Lisboa, meu arguente, por todas as suas construtivas opiniões e comentários, que serviram para beneficiar a versão final desta dissertação. O meu mais sentido agradecimento por tudo isto. vii Foto de capa: Leão VI do livro “Rulers of the Byzantine Empire” publicado pela KIBEA.
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