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CHAPTER VI Mitigation Strategy CHAPTER VI Mitigation Strategy 270 Territory of American Samoa Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan The hazard mitigation strategy is the culmination of work presented in the planning area profile, risk assessment and capability assessment. It is also the result of multiple meetings and public outreach. The work of the Hazard Mitigation Council was essential in creating the following mitigation goal, objectives and individual mitigation actions. Multi-Hazard Mitigation Goals and Objectives The Goal of the 2015 American Samoa Hazard Mitigation Plan, endorsed by the Territorial Hazard Mitigation Council, is to: Reduce the risk of all natural hazards (identified and unidentified) to the Territory, thus alleviating loss of life and property to insure the well being of the people of American Samoa. The Objectives of the Plan are to: 1. Promote effective land use planning and regulation, as well as public awareness, in order to reduce damage from natural hazards. 2. Improve infrastructure development standards with special attention to mitigating the increasing flood hazard. 3. Develop and implement hazard mitigation projects aimed at reducing the risk of damage and destruction of existing assets and infrastructure from the full range of natural disasters threatening the Territory. 4. Improve building codes and standards, as well as training programs, in order to reduce disaster damage from strong winds, earthquakes and tsunamis. 5. Develop public information and education programs in order to reduce disaster damage from strong winds, earthquakes and tsunamis. 6. Fund related planning projects to strengthen mitigation standards, research, education, and outreach efforts. April 2015 271 Review of Goal Validity The Hazard Mitigation Council reviewed the validity of the Goal and the Objectives several times during the planning process. They voted to keep the goal and objectives identical to the one’s used in 2011 at their July 11, 2014 meeting. Many of the mitigation actions in the plan address chronic and repetitive flooding, power loss, communication issues and transportation problems each of which hinders productivity and livelihoods in the Territory of American Samoa. These problems are exacerbated during repetitive hurricanes and other disasters. American Samoa has a long history of hazard mitigation going back to pre-European contact times. Samoan houses or fales were designed and constructed to reduce risk of destruction from strong winds and earthquakes—roof framing was lashed together and thatch sheets were sewn on with coconut sennit. During strong windstorms, roofs could be lifted off of house posts and set on the ground to provide shelters. Structures were flexible and could tolerate earthquakes. House platforms were often elevated which made them less subject to flood damage. In recent years, building codes and standards, land use regulations, and flood mitigation requirements have been developed to reduce the risk of disaster damage. Building codes aim at reducing the impacts of strong winds and earthquakes. Land use regulations restrict construction and development in areas subject to flooding, tsunami, storm surge, high surf, and landsides. Droughts are mitigated through water conservation programs, agricultural practices, and infrastructure repair. Environmental policies that protect the island ecosystems provide additional protection from storms and flooding. American Samoa is still vulnerable to losses from natural hazards. Mitigation strategies are summarized for each category of natural hazard. Types of Hazard Mitigation Actions FEMA characterizes mitigation actions into four categories, Local Plans and Regulations, Structure and Infrastructure Projects, Natural Systems Protection and Education and Awareness Programs. The planning team made the Hazard Mitigation Council aware of these categories as a way to help identify possible mitigation actions. The Planning Team emphasized that Education and Awareness Programs are frequently the least expensive of the four categories but may provide a significant return on investment. The following table, taken from the Local Mitigation Planning Handbook, clearly defines each of these mitigation types and provides examples. 272 Territory of American Samoa Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan 1 Mitigation Action Description of Category Examples of Mitigation Actions Category Table 1 Four These actions include government • Comprehensive plans Mitigation Action 1 authorities, policies, or codes that • Land use ordinances Categories 1 influence the way land and buildings are • Building codes and enforcement Local Plans and developed and built. • Capital improvement programs Regulations • Open space preservation • Stormwater management regulations and master plans These actions involve modifying existing • Acquisitions and elevations of structures and infrastructure to protect structures in flood prone areas them from a hazard or remove them • Utility undergrounding 2 from a hazard area. This could apply to • Structural retrofits. Structure and public or private structures as well as • Floodwalls and retaining walls Infrastructure critical facilities and infrastructure. • Detention and retention structures Projects • Culverts This type of action also involves projects • Safe rooms to construct manmade structures to reduce the impact of hazards. 3 These are actions that minimize damage • Sediment and erosion control Natural Systems and losses and also preserve or restore • Stream corridor restoration Protection the functions of natural systems. • Forest management • Conservation easements These are actions to inform and • Radio or television spots educate citizens, elected officials, and • Websites with maps and information 4 property owners about hazards and • Real estate disclosure Education and potential ways to mitigate them. A • Mailings to residents in hazard-prone Awareness greater understanding and awareness of areas. Programs hazards and risk among local officials, • StormReady stakeholders, and the public is more • Firewise Communities likely to lead to direct actions. 1 Local Mitigation Planning Handbook. (2013). U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security, FEMA. P. 6-4. April 2015 273 Mitigation Strategies Specific to Each Hazard Table 2 Hazard Mitigation Strategies below represents general mitigation strategies for the natural hazards known in American Samoa. 2 Hazard Major Concerns Mitigation Strategies Table 2 2011 Mitigation Project Climate Sea-level rise and coastal erosion • Enforcement of the shoreline setback rules of the List Change as a result of more frequent and Coastal Zone Management Act through better more severe periods of drought and risk maps and improved PRNS permitting and flooding; inspections; • Education programs to increase awareness and According to the United Nations mitigation of impacts of climate change on island Confronting Climate Change report, environments; the significant impacts of climate • Local monitoring and hazard mapping program; change to the pacific islands and • Continue to implement and expand actions in small island nations is: “inundation Executive Order (EO) 0101A-2007, which focuses on of low-lying coral islands as sea reducing climate change impacts. level rises; salinization of aquifers; widespread coral bleaching; more powerful typhoons and possible intensification of ENSC extremes.”2 Coastal Loss of beach area and loss of Many coastal erosion remedies have negative Erosion properties near the beach; consequences and must be studied in detail to determine if they are the best solution. Erosion acceleration through human • Submerged breakwaters (decreases wave velocity); activities; • Detached breakwaters (artificial islands offshore); • Beach nourishment programs; Increased local Loss of buildable area – limited monitoring and data collection to determine areas in buildable, flat area on island of which greatest need of protection; most resides near the coast (making • Update of USACE shoreline status data and mapping it important to protect for current (last updated in 2004); and future population). • Continued installation of wave dampening structures (such as Samoa Stone) where appropriate; • Identification of at-risk structure through on-island studies. 2 Confronting Climate Change (2007). Retrieved September 30, 2014 from carboncounted.com. 274 Territory of American Samoa Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan Hazard Major Concerns Mitigation Strategies Drought Droughts have historically been • ASPA Water Resource Management, Agricultural related to El Niño-Southern Extension Programs for Farmers; Oscillation (ENSO) events, but • Wildfire Suppression; managed fairly effectively. • Implement water conservation programs and water restrictions if a drought is predicted to be of A short period without rain may significant duration; quickly deplete available potable • Improve the water supply system and storage system; water and harm agriculture and • Continue to eliminate known leaks and damage to the livestock. storage containers and distribution lines; • Implement agriculture programs through extension A major, long-term drought has agents to help farmers; potential to cripple cannery industry • Provide early warning information and forecasts which could have a ripple effect to improve decision making about planting and through the economy. harvesting, as well as livestock management prior to the onset of drought; • Develop a drought management plan in conjunction with local industry to help address water usage and ability to secure fresh water
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