ommunicated to C ,469 .M.318.1938.XI. e council and (O.C ./A.R. 1937/97) e Members of the (issued in English only). ague). Geneva, November 28th, 1938 .

LEAGUE OF NATIONS.

TRAFFIC IN OPIUM AND OTHER dangerous DRUGS.

ANNUAL REPORTS BY GOVERNMENTS FOR 1937„

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

iote by the Secretary-General,

In accordance with Article 21 of the Convention f 1931 for limiting the Manufacture and regulating is Distribut ion of Narcotic Drugs, the Secretary- neral has the honour to communicate herewith to the rties to the Convention the above-mentioned eport. The report is also communicated to other tates and to the Advisory Committee on Traffic in pi urn and other Dangerous Drugs „

(For the form of annual reports., see document O.C.1600). V •IV. C7 * XU • lu UW *AX »

(O.C/A.R.li)37/97) Anner'J i

TRAFFIC IN OPIUM AND OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS

FOR THE

YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31 1937

U. S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT BUREAU OF NARCOTICS

WASHINGTON. D . C. U. S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT BUREAU OF NARCOTICS

TRAFFIC IN OPIUM AND OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS

FOR THE

YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1937

REPORT BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1938

the Superintendent of Documenta, Washington, D. C, ...... Price TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. GENERAL P ag» I. New legislation______1 An Act to Increase the Punishment of Second, Third, and Sub­ sequent Offenders against the Narcotic Laws______2 New administrative regulations and orders______2 Uniform Narcotic Drug Act______3 II. Administration______4 Organization______4 Drug addiction______4 III. Control of international trade______10 IV. International cooperation______11 V. Illicit traffic______12 Raw opium______12 Prepared opium______13 Morphine______15 Heroin______15 Cocaine______16 Codeine______17 Marihuana (Cannabis sativa L.)______17 Developments in the trend of the traffic______17 Seizures______18 Drug violators in Federal prisons______19 Examples of seizures______20 Atlantic Coast area______20 North Pacific Coast area______37 South Pacific Coast area______40 North Central area______41 South Central area______42 Hawaiian Islands______47 Illicit traffic by post, express, railway, and air______48 Adulteration______53 Illicit traffic in marihuana (Cannabis sativa L.)______53 VI. Other information______57 Educational work______57 Courts______57 Recidivism in narcotic law violators______59 Fugitives______59 Deportations of aliens______60 Automobile seizures______60 Thefts______61 Lost order forms______61 Diversions______62 State boards______62

( r a j IV

B. RAW MATERIALS Pae= V II. Raw opium------VIII. Coca leaf______63 IX. Marihuana (Cannabis sativa L., Indian hem p)------63 Effects of marihuana (Cannabis)------65 Research work on marihuana------66

C. MANUFACTURED DRUGS X. 1. Internal control of manufactured drugs------67 2. Licenses ______70 3. Manufacture______'------70 4. Trade and distribution------72 Consumption------73

D. OTHER QUESTIONS XI. Chapter IV of the Hague Opium Convention of 1912...... 74 X II. Prepared opium------74 APPENDIX Statistical tables------76 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

T r e a s u r y D e p a r t m e n t , Bureau of Narcotics, Washington, July 15, 1938. The Honorable the Secretary of the Treasury.

S ir : I have the honor to transmit herewith the report of the Gov­ ernment of the United States on the Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs, for the calendar year ended December 31, 1937, for distribution through the Secretary of State to the nations signa­ tory to the International Drug Conventions of 1912 and 1931. Copy of this report will be transmitted to Congress in accordance with the act of June 14, 1930. Respectfully, H. J. A n s l i n g e r , Commissioner of Narcotics. (v) report by t h e g o ve r n m e n t o f t h e u n it e d sta tes o f AMERICA FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1937, ON THE TRAFFIC IN OPIUM AND OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS

A. GENERAL The usual Federal law, enacted annually, making an appropriation for narcotic enforcement was approved May 14, 1937, and allotted the sum of $1,267,600 for enforcement of the Federal narcotic drug laws for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1938. I. New Legislation. An important step in the field of narcotic law enforcement was taken by the United States Congress during the year in enacting a Federal law placing marihuana (Cannabis sativa), insofar as use for other than medicinal or scientific purposes is concerned, in sub­ stantially the same class as other contraband narcotic drugs. Pre­ vious to the enactment of this statute on August 2, 1937, the United States Government was powerless to combat the increasing spread of the marihuana traffic except by disseminating information as to the seriousness of the problem and by urging active enforcement of marihuana laws by the various States in the Union. (All of the 48 States in the Union had theretofore enacted legislation of some nature controlling the drug. See table 4-A in appendix to this report.) The Federal law, which became effective October 1, 1937, defines “marihuana” to mean all parts of the plant Cannabis sativa L., whether growing or not ; the seeds thereof ; the resin extracted from any part of such plant ; and every compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of such plant, its seeds, or resin. The definition does not include the mature stalks of such plant, fiber produced from such stalks, oil or cake made from the seeds of such plant, any other compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of such mature stalks (except the resin extracted therefrom), fiber, oil or cake, or the sterilized seed of such plant which is incapable of germination. This law imposes an occupa­ tional tax upon all persons who import, manufacture, produce (plant, cultivate, harvest, etc.), compound, sell, deal in, dispense, prescribe, (1) 2 administer, or give away marihuana. It also provides that all trans­ fers of marihuana (with certain exceptions) must be made pursuant to a written order of the person to whom such marihuana is trans­ ferred and requires the payment of tax on such transfers at the rate of $1 per ounce of marihuana or fraction thereof, if the transferee is registered, and $100 per ounce if the transferee is not so regis­ tered. This law also requires appropriate records to be kept and information returns to be rendered regarding transactions in mari­ huana. Any person who is convicted of a violation of any provision of this act may be subject to a fine of not more than $2,000 or im­ prisonment for not more than 5 years, or both, in the discretion of the court. The act of Congress approved August 25, 1937, provides that the appropriation for the Bureau of Narcotics contained in the Treasury and Post Office Departments Appropriation Act, approved May 14, 1937, is made available for the payment of expenses in administering and enforcing the provisions of the act approved August 2, 1937, known as the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937.

A n A c t t o I n c r e a s e t h e P u n i s h m e n t o f S e c o n d , T h i r d , a n d S u b s e q u e n t O f f e n d e r s A g a in s t t h e N a r c o t ic L a w s Another new Federal law, approved August 12, 1937, provides tliat any person who, after having been convicted of selling, importing, or exporting, or conspiring to sell, import, or export narcotic drugs contrary to law, again sells, imports, or exports, or conspires to sell, import, or export narcotic drugs, shall, upon conviction of such sec­ ond offense, be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned for not more than 10 years, or both, in the discretion of the court. This law fur­ ther provides that if a person has been two times convicted of the type of offense described above and again commits such an offense, he shall, upon conviction of such third or subsequent offense, be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than 20 years, or both, in the discretion of the court.

N e w A dministrative R e g u l a t io n s a n d O r d e r s Pursuant to the authority contained in the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, joint regulations of the Commissioners of Narcotics and Internal Revenue, identified as Regulations No. 1, were promulgated, effective October 1, 1937. These regulations deal with the tax computation, procedure, the forms of records to be kept and information returns to be filed, and similar matters. Two new administrative regulations relating to the traffic in nar­ cotic drugs were promulgated during the calendar year 1937. These 3 are characterized, as Treasury Decisions. Treasury Decision No. 26 (Narcotics), approved on May 3, 1937, amends article 107 of Narcotic Regulations No. 5 by providing the form of record to be kept of those preparations and remedies which contain not more than two grains of opium, one fourth of a grain of morphine, one eighth of a grain of heroin, or 1 grain of codeine, or any salt, or derivative of any of them in one fluid ounce or, if a solid or semisolid preparation, one avoirdupois ounce. Treasury Decision No. 27 (Narcotics), ap­ proved July 19, 1937, amends article 103 of Narcotic Regulations No. 5 by providing that the use for aural, nasal, ocular, rectal, ure­ thral, or vaginal purposes is not regarded as external use and, there­ fore, preparations manufactured or used for such purposes contain­ ing more than 2 grains of opium, one fourth of a grain of morphine, one eighth of a grain of heroin, or 1 grain of codeine, or any salt, or derivative of any of them in an ounce, are not within the exception, mentioned in section 6 of the Harrison Narcotic Law.

U n i f o r m N a r c o t ic D r u g A c t

Continued progress was made in the adoption by the several States of the Uniform Narcotic Drug Act drafted and approved by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws at its annual conference in October 1932, and mention of which was made in reports for prior years. This proposed uniform law is king presented to the legislative bodies of the various States as they ronvene. During the year it was enacted into law by 10 States, namely, Arkansas, Idaho, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mon­ tana, Tennessee, Texas, and Wyoming, making a total of 39 States which have adopted this legislation as of December 31, 1937 ; the others being Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New York, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Caro­ lina, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. The State of Nevada reenacted this law on February 24, 1937, to cure defects in the earlier enactment. Splendid results have already been obtained in several States through the cooperation thus made possible, and there is every reason to believe that this act will prove of much value in coordinating en­ forcement machinery through mandatory cooperation of State and Federal officers, in such a way as to cause only minimum interference with the bona fide medical distribution of narcotic drugs, while pro­ hibiting distribution for purposes other than medical and scientific. 4

STATES WHICH HAVE NOT PASSED THE UNIFORM NARCOTIC DRUG ACT OR OTHER ADEQUATE NARCOTIC LEGISLATION Kansas. North Dakota. Maine. Vermont. Massachusetts. W ashington. New Hampshire. It is hoped that these remaining States will pass the act at the forthcoming sessions of their legislatures. The States of California and Pennsylvania, which have adequate narcotic legislation other than the Uniform Narcotic Drug Act, de­ serve high commendation for the work they have done during the year on the narcotic problem. Connecticut, Florida, Texas, Maryland, New York, and Ohio also deserve credit for the excellent manner in which they are enforcing their narcotic laws. JI. Administration.

O rganization No changes were made during the year in the administrative ar­ rangements for the implementation of the international conventions, the Bureau of Narcotics, under the supervision of the Commissioner of Narcotics, being charged with these responsibilities. The organi­ zation of the Bureau was described in detail in the 1931 annual report, and modifications thereof have been set out in the reports submitted from year to year.

D r u g A d d ic t io n (As it pertains to opium and its principal derivatives, morphine, heroin, and codeine; the coca leaf and its chief derivative, cocaine.) One of the most encouraging developments in recent years is re­ ported herewith in the result of a survey conducted by the Bureau into the prevalence of drug addiction in the United States. This study shows a substantial decrease in the estimated number of non­ medical drug addicts. The most accurate survey previously made was the one in 1924 which indicated that there was at that time 1 addict supplied by the illicit traffic in.every 1,000 of the general population. From the present study it is evident that addiction has decreased to the extent that there are now less than 2 addicts known to the authorities in every 10,000 of the population. The survey was conducted by investigating every known source of information and has been checked with a list of addicts appearing in Bureau case reports over the past 10 years. The search has been thorough, and it is believed that no better record is available. While 5 an actual count was not made in every state in the Union, it is con­ sidered that the extent of drug addiction shown in the following States is fairly representative of the remainder of the country.

N um ber of Population Per 10,000 State addicts

Connecticut------...... 1,606,903 251 1.56 New York (except N ew Y ork C ity ) 5, 290,683 593 1.12 Delaware ------283, 721 62 2.18 North Carolina______2,688,038 501 1.86 Georgia______2,911,000 286 .98 Kentucky— ...... 2,614, 589 584 2.23 Michigan...... 5,013, 000 821 1.63 Indiana - ...... - ...... 3, 429. 000 206 .6 0 Mississippi ...... - ...... 1,990, 521 458 2.3 Oklahoma ...... —...... 2,396,040 787 3.28 M innesota...... - ...... 2,563,953 323 1.26 Utah - ...... - ...... - ...... 520,000 27 .51» T o tal...... 31,337,448 4,899 1.56

The survey presents gratifying evidence that present policies of the United States Government are materially discouraging drug addiction. Three of the main factors brought about by strict en­ forcement of narcotic laws which have contributed to this decrease are: 1. The scarcity of pure drugs in the illicit traffic which has caused a prohibitive increase in price, forcing certain classes of addicts to take cures for economic reasons. 2. The high adulteration of drugs offered in the illicit traffic which ks acted as a forced reduction treatment. 3. The 1931 International Convention to Limit the Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs, 62 nations being parties thereto. Confirmation of these conclusions is found in the studies made by the United States Public Health Service Hospital at Lexington, Ky., as evidenced by the following correspondence on the subject :

T r e a s u r y D e p a r t m e n t , B u r e a u o f N a r c o t ic s , Washington, October 22, 1937. Dr. W a l t e r L . T r e a d w a y , Assistant Surgeon General, United States Public Health Service, Washington, D. C. D ear D octo r T r e a d w a y : I note in the pamphlet on Clinical Studies of Drug Addiction by C. K. Himmelsbach, the following statement : “That in only 19.09 percent of addicts admitted directly to the United States Public Health Service Hospital during a 9-month period was dependence suffi­ ciently intense for study purposes.” Is it your opinion that this low dependence of so many addicts is analogous to and has been brought about by the high percentage of adulteration of drugs now offered for sale in the illicit market? Sincerely yours, H. J. A n s u n g e r , Commissioner of Narcotics. 6

T r e a s u r y D e p a r t m e n t , U n it e d S t a t e s P u b l ic H e a l t h S e r v ic e H o s p it a l , Lexington, Ky., October 28, 193T.

Mr. H. J. A n s l i n g e r , Commissioner of Narcotics, Treasury Department, Washington, D. C. (Through the Surgeon General, U. S. Public Health Service) S i r : Your letter of October 22, 1937, addressed to Assistant Surgeon Gen­ eral W. L. Treadway, and asking about the reasons for the low dependence of so many addicts, as stated in the paper Clinical Studies of Drug Addiction. II— Rossium by C. K. Himmelsbach, has been referred to this office for answer. In reply, I quote below from a yet unpublished paper entitled Clinical Studies of Drug Addiction. Ill—A Critical Review of the Withdrawal Treatments with Method of Evaluating Abstinence Syndromes by Lawrence Kolb and C. K. Himmelsbach, in which your questions are partly answered. The quotation .follows : “ * * * most addicts who come in for treatment today do not have strong "habits because they have been getting an inadequate supply of adulterated drug at irregular intervals or have been deprived of their favorite drug for several days and are, therefore, almost over the withdrawal period when they are received for treatment.” It will be noted from this quotation that in our opinion adulterated drugs play an important part in bringing about the condition we have found, but the adulteration of the drug would make no difference if the addict could get as much of the drug as he wanted. In other words, 10 grains of morphine or heroin would cause just as strong a habit if taken along with 50 or 60 gra ns of some innocuous substance as if taken alone. The situation is that the addict buys what he hopes is 10 grains and only gets about 1 or 2. Shortage of money to make adequate purchases has something to do with the weak habit of many addicts, but, of course, the shortage of money is in part due to the high cost of bootleg narcotics which, we assume, is in turn due to strict enforcement of the narcotic laws. This latter information is gleaned from conversation with addicts. However, we assume that your office has more information about that phase of the question than we have. A very large proportion of our addicts speak of the high adulteration of the drugs they get. Respectfully, L a w r e n c e K o l b , Medical Director, Medical Officer in Charge. Respectfully forwarded, November 1, 1937, R B. Holt, for Assistant Surgeon General, Division of Mental Hygiene.

N ote. Dr. Kolb is medical officer in charge a t the United States Public Health Service Hospital for the treatment of drug addiction.

A b s t r a c t o f

THE OPIUM ADDICT AND HIS TREATMENT

By L a w r e n c e K o lb, Medical Director, United States Public Health Service, United States Public Health Service Hospital, Lexington, Ky.

(Published herewith by courtesy of Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease)

Most addicts are recruited from among unstable individuals and suffer with the weaknesses and delinquencies common to this type plus a certain amount 7 of moral deterioration brought about by a furtive concealing of the habit, the evil associates they are compelled to keep, the strong physical impulse that they aU have to get the drug at any cost in order to prevent suffering, and the mental and physical lethargy that the drug produces in them. It is difficult, however, to separate the original psychopathic and delinquent tendencies from tendencies produced by the habit and as a result the effect of original instability that leads to delinquency is often confused with the effect of the habit that is due to the instability. The unstable addict uses opium to blot out feelings of inferiority, inade­ quacy and distress and his treatment depends largely upon teaching him how to adjust in more healthy ways ; but the physical dependence produced by the continued use of opium is a condition peculiar to this drug and as presented by the abstinence symptoms is a very spectacular thing. For this reason most at­ tention has been given to the withdrawal treatment. Very little Is known about the fundamental mechanism of opium addiction but a number of treatments based on theories of it have been advanced. With­ out exception these treatments have been positively harmful or simply useless. In no instance has the author of one of them taken the trouble to use controls in order to test whether his treatment was better than others or better than no treatment at all ; and in every instance the authors have apparently failed to take account of the following three simple facts that must be considered in evaluating the merits of treatments : First, addicts with the same degree of habit vary in the intensity of their reaction to withdrawal. Second, only about 20 percent of addicts who come in for treatment have habits sufficiently strong to justify their inclusion in a program designed to test the value of cures. Third, all addicts from whom opium is withdrawn quickly get over the with­ drawal symptoms if opium is taken from them regardless of and in spite of what other treatment they are subjected to provided the treatment contains nothing that is harmful. The hyoscine treatment exemplifies better than any other how addicts sur­ vive the withdrawal period and get well in spite of vicious medication. The purgation, the strychnine and the pilocarphine used in this treatment add to symptoms already present in the addict and to the distress caused by the large doses of hyoscine. Other harmful or useless treatments, some of which have been widely used, are certain other belladonna treatments, the narcosan treatment, the bromide sleep treatment, the sodium rhodanate treatment, Modinos’ autogenous serum treatment (blister treatment), the rossium treatment and the insulin treatment The two last named are the newest and deserve special mention. The anaphylactic theory upon which the rossium treatment is based contains three remarkable errors, namely, th at the w ithdrawal symptoms are similar to the symptoms of anaphylactic shock; that addiction starts sud­ denly at about the twentieth day of continued morphine use ; and that a cured addict has his addiction reestablished by a minute dose of morphine and will have all the withdrawal symptoms unless the administration of the drug is continued. The insulin treatment is based on the theory that the cells are normally stimulated by a stimulating hormone (adrenalin) which attaches itself to a cell receptor ; that morphine replaces the adrenalin by attaching itself to this receptor causing sedation and euphoria ; that the morphine stimulates the formation of other receptors and when the morphine is withdrawn the stimu­ lating hormone combines with the increased cell receptors and overstimulates the cells, causing the withdrawal symptoms; insulin when given in sufficient 8

quantities combines with the receptors thereby excluding the stimulating hor­ mone and curing the symptoms. In describing his theory and the technique of withdrawal symptoms Sakel states that during withdrawal there is hypoglycemia due to the fact that adrenalin is busy stimulating the cells and is not available for metabolism. This part of the theory must be wrong for we have found at Lexington on the basis of examination of hundreds of patients that not hypoglycemia but hyperclycemia is invariably a part of the withdrawal picture. Neither insulin nor rossium has had any effect on the withdrawal symptoms of patients treated at Lexington. The method that has given us the best results is a rapid withdrawal in from 4 to 10 days by the use of morphine or codeine or both drugs in small doses. Restlessness is reduced by three 10-minute warm baths daily and patients who do not eat well are given 1,000 cc of 5 percent intravenous glucose as often as three times a day. Diarrhea is controlled by 5 grains of bismuth subcarbonate and sleeplessness by from 12 to 20 cc of paraldehyde in olive oil by rectum at bedtime. Sodium bromide in small doses is given to some cases for 3 days, but no longer. Under this treatm ent the acute symptoms quickly subside and the patients begin to gain weight 4 days after the last dose of narcotic. An attempt is then made to build up more healthy habits of adjustment by work and recreation that keep the patient busy during his waking hours. Several months’ treatment is necessary for this and to give the patient time to overcome the needle habit. Over a period of years the relief of oncoming distress and restlessness due to dying down of the effect of the last dose, has been brought about so o fte n by an injection that any distress at all is immediately associated in the m in d s of addicts with the use of a needle and some of them will use a needle even though they have no morphine to send through it. The physical and m e n ta l upsets during the course of treatment to which the addict adjusts w ith o u t the use of a needle do much towards breaking the association between the needle and pain and in curing the needle habit Special psychotherapy, not of the psychoanalytic variety, is important and is given to a selected few of the patients. We have not been able to find th a t latent homosexuality is at the root of the trouble in any great number of cases. The psychotherapy consists of discussing with the patient his life and problems, and suggestion forms a part of it. It is designed to get the patient to understand his own weaknesses so that he can solve his problems normally by facing and fighting them in the open instead of by e v a s io a Sermonizing is useless.

R ecommendations b t S t a t e a n d P r o v in c ia l H e a l t h A u t h o r it ie s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s

As of interest on the subject of drug addiction, excerpts are quoted from a report containing some excellent recommendations by the Committee on Drug Addiction of the Conference of State and Pro­ vincial Health Authorities : The habit-forming qualities of certain narcotic drugs have made it necessary for the Federal Government and the States to adopt regulatory procedures for the protection of the public. World conferences and international agree­ ments have been important factors in bringing the trade in narcotic drugs 9 under control. The United States Government has participated in these conferences and agreements. There is need for State action in drug addiction. Kansas, Maine, Massa­ chusetts, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Vermont, and Washington still have inadequate narcotic laws. It is impossible for the small force of Federal narcotic agents to police adequately the entire United States. Their efforts must be directed mainly to illicit importations and interstate traffic of peddlers. Intrastate law enforce­ ment is undoubtedly the function of State officials whose duty it is to protect the public welfare of its citizens. The protection of the public manifestly requires the enactment and enforcement of adequate and uniform narcotic laws which will deal with violations of the act within the State. These laws make it possible for the State boards to cooperate not only with the Federal Bureau of Narcotics but with all of the other law enforcement agencies within the State. As to the narcotic population, the Narcotic Bureau believes there has been a substantial reduction in the total number of narcotic addicts in the United States since the time an attempt was made about 10 or 12 years ago to make a Nation-wide survey for the purpose of arriving at an estimate. The practice of indulging in habit-forming drugs like the problem of chronic alcoholism and mental disorders, is not limited to any one class of society. It is the opinion of the California Senate Interim Committee that drug addic­ tion is permanently curable in its early stages and in very rare cases in its late stages. As long as the addict peddlers travel in a vicious circle from violation to violation with short prison stops between, it will be impossible to eradicate the drug evil without providing some means of holding the addict indefinitely. The isolation and segregation of drug addicts with the object of treatment instead of punishment appears desirable and necessary, for their presence and contact with others in the community is a potential damage and a causative factor in the production of further addiction. Their segregation and isolation should be for an indefinite period contingent upon the individual concerned in somewhat the same way as the insane are segregated. The United States Public Health Service has recently set up a Division of Mental Hygiene. The activities of this Division include studies of the nature an d treatment of drug addiction and dissemination of information on the subject; studies and abuses of narcotic drugs and of the causes, prevalence, a n d means for the prevention and for the treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts. In 1929 Congress authorized the establishment of two institutions for the segregation and confinement of persons addicted to the use of habit-forming drugs. The Lexington, ICy., institution, consisting of 1,000 acres of farm land, is now filled to its capacity of 1,000 male patients. The 1,400-acre Fort Worth institution is designed to meet the needs of the more tractable type of patients and will be soon placed in operation. When this institution is completed about June 30, 1938, it will accommodate approximately 1,000 beds. These institu­ tions are to provide custodial care and treatment for Federal prisoners, ex- Federal prisoners, prisoners on parole, and voluntary admissions. Apparently no provision has been made for women patients. Applications for voluntary admissions must be made to the United States Public Health Service. It is necessary to enact rigid laws governing the growing and traffic of mari­ huana. The Federal act relating to the sale, production, and administering of marihuana became effective October 1, 1937. In the United States no effort of any great importance has been made to raise hemp for its medicinal properties. 10

It (marihuana) causes intoxication in various degrees. The sense of time and space is entirely lost, and there is a sensation of extreme well being and a feeling of superstrength. These reactions vary, depending on the amount of drug used, running the gauntlet from mildness to extreme violence. State legislation is needed to curb this evil effectively.

RECOMMENDATION

1. That the conference approves the adoption by States of the Uniform Nar­ cotic Act or equally effective legislation to control the narcotic traffic. 2. That marihuana be included in the list of narcotic drugs and that the States secure legislation to control the growing of the plant and either limit or prohibit the sale of this truly dangerous drug. 3. That State laws be amended so as to provide sufficient funds for the enforcement of State narcotic laws. 4. That the States provide means for the care and treatment of addicts so that they can be segregated for a sufficient length of time to insure a satisfac­ tory cure and rehabilitation. It is the opinion of the committee that this could be done in most State hospitals and farms where modern facilities for the treatment of mental cases are available. 5. That State departments engage in a campaign of education to prevent drug addiction with the understanding that strict enforcement of narcotic laws is a police function in which not only the boards of medical examiners, dentists, pharmacists, but all State, county, and city officials must cooperate. Finally, in summation it might be said that in rehabilitating a narcotic drug addict, and eliminating the drug peddler, any State is not only accomplishing a praiseworthy moral purpose but lifting an economic burden from its citizens as well, for the average addict and peddler are parasites whose upkeep and expense to the community and State, both as criminals and nonproducers, can­ not be justified. NOTES California—Note 1.— * * * V. We urge the creation of a narcotic farm for incurable addicts, providing for their segregation for a very long period of time, thus removing them from the streets and protecting our citizens from their pernicious activities in spread­ ing addiction among others and providing a market for illicit drugs. New York—Note 8.— More rigid enforcement, cooperation with other States and Federal agencies, safety and control of legal narcotic supplies for professional use, and restriction of the same to bona fide medical use. The provision for State institutional treatment of addicts as public charges in order to remove the addict as a social problem and as a liability to the medical profession. III. Control of International Trade. The system of import permits and export authorizations in force for the control of imports and exports of opium and coca leaves and their salts, derivatives, and preparations has operated satisfac­ torily in 1937 ; and no cases involving forged or falsified import cer­ tificates or export authorizations have come to the knowledge of the Government during the year. 11

No changes were made during the year as to the authority respon­ sible for issuing import certificates or export and in transit authoriza­ tions, all of which are issued by the Commissioner of Narcotics. There was likewise no modification in the conditions of issue of such documents, these being controlled by the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act, which specifies conditions precedent to their issue that are generally more rigid than those set out in the several interna­ tional conventions. In transit.—Permission was granted during the year for 16 in­ transit shipments, all through the port of New York, based on import authority from the countries of destination. Endorsements of export authorizations forwarded to the import­ ing countries have been returned from Australia, British Guiana, Canada, Cuba, New Zealand, Southern Rhodesia, and the Union of South Africa. The quantities of narcotic drugs exported during 1937 are shown in table 16. The Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act requires that the country to which any salt, derivative, or preparation of opium or I coca leaves is to be exported shall have adopted an adequate system of import permits. Accordingly, no permit is issued for the exporta­ tion of any such drug until a proper import certificate issued by the appropriate authorities of the importing country lias been received k the Commissioner of Narcotics. Cannabis.—As elsewhere explained, the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 has brought cannabis and its preparations under Federal con­ trol, and the regulations issued under that act have provided for export authorizations for such products. The authorizations pro­ vided are similar in form and manner of issuance to those now in use for opium and coca leaf derivatives. However, no such authori­ zations were issued during 1937. No import certificates for cannabis products have been provided as all such importations are subject to a revenue transfer tax, generally regarded as prohibitive, and it is not expected that any importations of cannabis or its preparations as covered by the international conventions will be made. IV. International Cooperation. No international treaties or additional arrangements for the in­ formal direct exchange of information in regard to the illicit traffic ""ere concluded during the calendar year 1937. Arrangements of this kind, now in effect between the United States and 23 other gov­ ernments, are operating effectively in most cases. The American Government deeply appreciates the cooperation extended under the foregoing arrangements by the enforcement officers of Canada, Cuba, RfifiSn— 3R_____ 2 12

Egypt, France, Germany, Great Britain, Mexico, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Greece, and Rumania.

V. Illicit Traffic. The illicit traffic in the United States and its possessions displays markedly different characteristics in different sections. For this reason, it has been found convenient to examine the situation sepa­ rately in respect to each drug as regards each of the following areas : 1. The Atlantic coast area. 2. The North Pacific coast area. 3. The South Pacific coast area. 4. The North Central area. 5. The South Central area. 6. The Panama Canal Zone. 7. The Hawaiian Islands. 8. The Philippine Islands.

R a w O p i u m

The heaviest arrivals of raw opium were in the Atlantic coast area. Although small quantities were seized in the South Central area, most of the material seizures of raw opium in continental United States were effected in the Atlantic coast area. The largest individual sei­ zure of raw opium was made in New York City and consisted of twenty-one 1-pound bricks and twenty-one 1-kilogram bricks, of a total net weight of 63 pounds, 4y* ounces. This opium was seized on the steamship Manhattan coming from Hamburg. Another large seizure was effected at New York City on a vessel coming to the United States from Hamburg. Seizures of raw opium in the South Central area were mostly centered in Arizona at points on or near the Mexican border. The opium seized in this area is believed to be of Mexican origin. The raw opium was in most cases unlabeled, although in two instances there were effected at New York City seizures of raw opium bearing the well known Iranian “A and B Monopoly” label, over which had been pasted a label which read “Lion Brand Special.” Prices of raw opium.—Raw opium prices in the illicit market ap­ pear to have been quoted mainly from the Atlantic coast area and the South Central area, where they have undergone only a slight in­ crease, being quoted at $95 to $125 per pound in the former area and from $65 to $85 per pound in the latter. This compares with prices of from $75 to $100 per pound quoted during 1935 and 1936. 13

p r e p a r e d o p i u m

11 1 contrast with several previous years when the largest seizures of prepared opium had been effected in the Pacific coast area, in 1937 the heaviest arrivals of prepared opium shifted to the Atlantic coast area. The largest seizures were effected there, although considerable quantities were also seized on the Pacific coast. Smaller quantities were seized in the North Central and South Central areas in Hawaii and in the Philippine Islands. The three largest individual seizures were effected in the Atlantic coast area. In each of the three last- named instances the opium had been brought into the country on vessels arriving from the Far East. In one case the opium was con­ tained in five hundred and ninety-nine 5-tael tins, of a total net weight of 3,743 ounces ; in another case the seizure consisted of four hundred and ninety-eight 5-tael tins, of a total net weight of 3,137.4 ounces, and ninety-nine 5-tael tins weighing 643.5 ounces net, while in the third case there were seized two hundred 5-tael tins, weighing 1,3381,4 ounces, net. In the first case the tins bore the “Rooster and Elephant” and “Lo Fook Kee” labels. In the second case the tins bore the “Rooster and Elephant” and “Tick Kee” labels, and in the third case the tins were of the “Rooster and Elephant” brand, each tin bearing the word “Cheong” stamped into the metal at each end and the large letter “K ” embossed on the side. The fourth largest individual seizure was effected in the Pacific coast area, the opium being contained in ninety-five 5-tael tins bearing the “Rooster and Elephant” and “55” labels. Occasional small seizures of prepared opium were made in the South Central area at points on or near the Mexican border. This opium was of inferior quality and of a low morphine content and is believed to have been prepared from raw opium grown in Mexico. The greater portion of the prepared opium seized came by ship from the F ar East. The most common marks were “Lam Kee” (Rooster and Elephant), “Yick Kee” in the At­ lantic and Pacific coast areas; “Lam Kee” in the Hawaiian Islands; and “Lion” and “Tonggee” in the Philippine Islands. A notable fea­ ture in 1937 was the increased extent to which there appeared in the illicit traffic prepared opium labels not hitherto met with. Labels not previously encountered in the United States were the “Running Deer,” “Lion Brand, Special” and the “Three Coins” (or Three K’s). Prepared opium seized at Seattle, New York City, and Boston bore narrow strip labels purporting to be tax stamps issued by the Shang­ hai Opium Suppression Monopoly. The total quantity of prepared opium seized during the calendar year of 1937 showed an increase of 55 percent as compared to the quantity seized during the same period in 1936. 14

Practically all of the prepared opium seized came from China and appeared to be mostly a blend of Chinese and Iranian opium. Most of the 5-tael tins seized bore labels and stamped impressions claiming manufacture in Macao. The following table shows seizures of prepared opium, by years,

Kilograms Grams 1932 148 6 1933 339 689 1934 ____172 537 1935 353 G6S 347 1926 _ _ 221 ____ 344 205 1937 The price of prepared opium in the illicit traffic on the Pacific coast had remained fairly constant until the outbreak of the Sino- Japanese hostilities, when it began to rise steadily; by the end of December 1937 the price had more than doubled in certain sections of the Pacific coast area. There was a slight decrease in the price of prepared opium in Hawaii, but the price nevertheless remained so high as to indicate a marked scarcity of prepared opium in the illicit traffic in the islands. In the Atlantic coast area the price of prepared opium underwent little change, with the exception of a brief period in the summer and autumn of 1937, when it rose about 25 percent. This was believed" to have been due directly to large seizures of prepared opium effected shortly before. The increase in prices on the Pacific coast appeared to be the result of hostilities in the Far East and of concentrated enforcement by the United States Government. The fact that prices on the Atlantic coast have varied but little would indicate that there is no decrease in the supply available in China. Therefore, the American narcotics administra­ tion continues to view the situation with concern and regrets to note the continued smuggling of Iranian opium into China north and south of the Great Wall and of prepared opium out of China.

Prepared opium prices, Hawaii, Pacific coast, and Atlantic coast [Prices are in dollars per 5-tael tin]

New York M onth H awaii California Seattle City

1937 $225-250 $110-120 $125 200-225 92-150 125 225-25C 100-150 90 $70 170-200 100-150 90-105 100-125 190-210 80-150 90 80—135 95-120 135 210-230 135 190-235 85-125 95—125 80-125 95-125 180-200 135 180-200 80-125 110-135 180-200 90-180 110-135 135-180 110-135 180-200 120 180-200 90-155 S t r ip l a b e l s P u r p o r t i n g T o b e t a x S t a m p s i s s u e d b y t h e S h a n g h a i o p i u m S u p p r e s s i o n M o n o p o l y . üWj.

S t r i p L a b e l s p u r p o r t i n g t o b e T a x s t a m p s Is s u e d b y t h e s h a n g ai O p i u m suppression m o n o p o l y . 15

M o r p h i n e Morphine was seized in every one of the areas under consideration. The largest individual seizure was of morphine hydrochloride in the North Pacific coast area. The second largest seizure was of morphine sulphate in the North Pacific coast area seized from a Japanese seaman on a Japanese vessel which had arrived in the United States from Yokohama. It was unlabeled. A seizure was effected of morphine hydrochloride at New York City, N. Y., from the Italian steamship Rex which had arrived at that port from Genoa. For a long time past, morphine in cubes has been conspic­ uous by its absence from the illicit traffic. In 1937 large quantities of cube morphine appeared in the illicit tra'ffic in the eastern part of the United States and this seizure indicates one of the channels of entry. A small quantity of crude morphine (base) was seized from a seaman on the steamship Exeter upon arrival of that vessel at Jersey City, N. J., from Beirut. The defendant claimed that he had secured the contraband from a Greek at Istanbul. The greater por­ tion of the unlabeled morphine seized in the Pacific coast area came by ship from the Far East. Part of this was identified as coming from Japan. There was also indication that morphine was being shipped overland from New York City to the Pacific coast area. The price in the illicit traffic remained about the same as in 1936 in the Atlantic coast and North Central areas, with a slight increase in the South Central area and a marked rise in the Pacific coast area following the outbreak of hostilities in the Far East. The total quantity seized during the calendar year 1937 showed an increase of 2 percent as compared with the quantity seized during 1936.

H e r o in Heroin continued to be found in the illicit traffic in all parts of the United States. With a few exceptions, heroin seizures, though considerable in the aggregate, were individually small. The largest individual seizures were effected in the Atlantic coast area and the next to the largest in the South Central area. In one seizure the heroin bore the following label : “Tai Kee Co., Ltd., Manufacturing Chemists, Bremen-Shanghai,” but it is believed that this label is not genuine. Otherwise, none of the heroin seized bore any authentic labels. Purely local labels of no real significance, such as “White Horse,” “Hadji Ala Baba,” and “Lion Brand” appeared occasionally, although not as frequently as in previous years. The total quantity of heroin seized during the calendar year 1937 showed an increase of 101 percent over the total seized during 1936. The price in the illicit traffic was fairly constant in the North Atlantic coast and Pacific coast areas, but in the South 16

Atlantic coast and South Central areas an appreciable price increase developed, and it was evident that there was at times an acute shortage in the illicit traffic, despite the heavy adulteration which continued. These fluctuations in price were probably due to the» frequent seizures made and the resulting arrest of important smug­ glers and distributors. Circumstances in connection with the heroin seized in the United States, particularly in the Atlantic coast area, point to Europe as the base now being used from which to smuggle it to the United States—whether it was manufactured in Europe or in the Far East. Heroin and morphine manufactured in Japan continued to enter the United States in considerable quantities. Evi­ dence points to the fact that heroin continues to be brought to the United States from Tientsin, via Shanghai, Marseille, and Cherbourg. Heroin pills.—Although there were only a few large seizures of heroin pills, there was definite indication that the Chinese in the United States continue to smoke these pills extensively. Further­ more, the belief that heroin pills were being manufactured domes­ tically was substantiated by a seizure in New York City of 9,771 pills, a solid mass of red heroin pill material, weighing 355^ grains, net, and complete apparatus employed in preparing the pills. A t San Antonio, Tex., 45 ounces, 267 grains, net, of red heroin pills were seized, together with one-half gallon of a brown, sticky substance apparently used in the manufacture of heroin pills, and 10 complete heroin pill pipes. These pills had been mailed from Chicago by a Chinese syndicate, members of which had been arrested in that city in 1936 for attempting to mail a package of heroin pills to New York City. It was ascertained that 936 heroin pills seized at Boston, 858 pills seized at Washington, D. C., and 904 ounces, net, of red heroin pills seized at New York were mailed from Chicago from this same Chinese syndicate. A further seizure of 32 ounces, net, of red heroin pills was effected at Chicago.

C o c a in e

Although seizures of cocaine were effected in the Atlantic coast, Pacific coast and South Central areas, the total quantity was in­ significant. At New York City there were effected two seizures, each of small quantity, of cocaine, which had been stolen from the Mont­ real warehouse of the firm of May & Baker, Ltd. The total quan­ tity of cocaine seized during the calendar year 1937 showed an in­ crease of 74 percent as compared to the total quantity seized during 1936, while the price of cocaine in the illicit traffic in 1937 was with­ out noticeable change. The use of cocaine in the illicit traffic is very small and is of little concern. H e r o i n P il l M anufacturing i m p l e m e n t s 17

C o d e in e

While the illicit traffic in codeine continued, seizures showed a de­ crease as compared to the previous year and the volume continued to be insignificant. Very little codeine was smuggled into the United States from Canada.

M a r i h u a n a (Cannabis sativa L.) Marihuana was seized in all of the areas under review with the exception of the Panama Canal Zone and the Philippine Islands ; or in a total of 37 of the 48 States within the continental limits of the United States, and in the Territory of Hawaii. There was some smuggling, but due to the ease with which the plant can be cultivated domestically, it was negligible. Cases only occasionally involved interstate transportation. The abuse of marihuana in this country consists principally in smoking for the narcotic effect, of the resinous flowering tops and crushed portions of the plant, rolled into cigarettes. The price of such cigarettes ranges from 10 cents to $1 each, the average price in most areas being approximately two for 25 cents. In Hawaii, the price averaged about 65 cents each.

DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TREND OF THE TRAFFIC All available information indicates that illicit traffickers continue to rely on the Far East for supplies of prepared opium, morphine and heroin, while France and the near East are bases for smuggling of raw opium and heroin into the United States. Morphine orig­ inating in Europe and in most cases diverted from legitimate chan­ nels on the American continent outside of the United States was seized in small quantities in the South Central area. Of particular significance is the seizure of 1 kilogram of heroin at New York City, the container bearing a label purporting to be that of a Shanghai firm. Investigation disclosed that the persons arrested in connection with this seizure had, over a period of time extending from April 1936 to February 1937 made six trips to Shanghai and succeeded in smuggling into the United States, via Marseille and Cherbourg, an estimated total of 649 kilograms of heroin which had been obtained from Tientsin. Of interest also are the seizures in the Atlantic coast area of raw opium of Iranian origin. In the Pacific coast, North Central and Atlantic coast areas several important seizures were effected of smoking opium in 5-tael tins bearing tax stamps pur­ portedly issued by the Shanghai Opium Suppression Monopoly. In the South Central area numerous seizures were made of raw opium and smoking opium which was apparently of Mexican origin. 18

Traffickers still appear to be despatching their drugs in smaller lots than was their custom about 6 years ago, but seizures effected indicate that smugglers are attempting to increase the size of indi­ vidual shipments. False compartments in trunks and hand baggage have been employed in the effort illicitly to introduce into the United , States narcotic drugs in commercial quantities, and there is some in­ dication that smugglers are again commencing to utilize the methods employed in 1930, particularly the practice of falsely manifesting merchandise. Strict enforcement of narcotic laws was reflected by the trend of prices in the illicit traffic and the high adulteration en­ countered during the calendar year 1937. Following the outbreak of hostilities in the Far East in 1937, prices of narcotic drugs, prin­ cipally those of prepared opium, rose appreciably, particularly in the Pacific coast area, and there was indication, for a time, at least, that prepared opium and other drugs were being transported to the Pacific coast across the continent from New York City. Subsequent to several large seizures of prepared opium and heroin in the At­ lantic coast area, there appeared to be, in that area, a noticeable shortage of these drugs in the illicit traffic accompanied by higher prices. The heavy adulteration of heroin continued on an increasing scale, and the price of that drug varied, according to its purity. In the illicit traffic, unadulterated heroin was seldom encountered, except in cases of seizures effected directly from vessels.

SEIZURES

The quantities of narcotic drugs seized under the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act and under the Federal intemal-revenue nar­ cotic laws are shown in the appendix in tables 3 and 3-A. A comparative statement of seizures and enforcement statistics under the Federal narcotic drug laws for the 7-year period from 1931 to 1937, inclusive, will be found in the appendix as table 1-C. Seizures under the Marihuana Tax Act from October 1, 1937 (effec­ tive date of Federal legislation), to December 31, 1937, are shown in table 3-C. The division of statistics of cases under the two principal Federal narcotic drug laws is approximately accurate, although in a number of indictments under the intemal-revenue narcotic laws there were included charges against the same defendants for violations of the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act. Customs enforcement of­ ficers investigate violations of the Im port and Export Act in con­ nection with their general duty of enforcing all customs laws. The enforcement statistics with reference to the Narcotic Drugs Import 19 and Export Act reflect, in substance, the activities of customs en­ forcement officers, while those under the Federal internal-revenue narcotic laws reflect generally the activities of narcotic officers, of whom an average number of 237 constituted the force available dur­ ing the calendar year 1937. The two enforcement branches coop­ erate closely in the discovery and prevention of attempted illicit in­ troduction of narcotic drugs into the United States. The Bureau of Narcotics requested the Governors of the various States to furnish, for inclusion in this report, statistical data cov­ ering narcotic law enforcement activities during 1937 by State offi­ cers acting more or less independently of Federal enforcement officers. In response, reports were submitted by the authorities of 17 of the 48 States, namely, California, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Wyoming. Many State and local enforcement officers collaborate with Federal officers in the investigation of the illicit narcotic traffic, but table 2, appearing in the appendix, reflects the results of enforcement activity in those States which has to a greater or less extent been conducted independently, except where noted in the explanatory statements.

C o m p a r is o n o f N a r c o t ic D r d g V io l a t o r s i n F e d e r a l P r is o n s W i t h T o t a l P r is o n P o p u l a t io n It is noteworthy that for every agent in our field service, there are confined in the Federal penitentiaries and other institutions 10 con­ victed narcotic law violators. This is a high record. Many of these convicts have some of the worst criminal records in the United States for major crimes. On June 30, 1937, there were 19,692 persons confined in institu­ tions for convictions of Federal offenses, 18,733 being males and 959 females. Of this total, 2,055 were serving sentences imposed for vio­ lations of the Federal narcotic drug laws, 1,629 being males and 426 females. (See table 5.) On June 30, 1937, there were 830 convicted narcotic drug law vio­ lators in confinement at the United States Public Health Service hospital, Lexington, Ky., undergoing treatment looking toward cures of their addiction, all of these men having been transferred to the hospital from Federal penitentiaries. On the same date there were, out of a total of 524 female prisoners, 269 narcotic drug law violators confined in the Federal Industrial Institution for Women, at Alder- son, W. Va. 20

E x a m p l e s o f S e iz u r e s

Résumés of the circumstances surrounding the following important seizures illustrate briefly a few of the intricate and various methods employed in the illicit narcotic traffic:

SIGNIFICANT CASES OF ILLICIT TRAFFIC IN t h e ATLANTIC COAST AREA Regarding the smuggling of manufactured drugs from the portion of North China under Japanese control to the United States via Shanghai, the Suez Canal, and French ports, the following case is significant : Katzenberg-Lvovsky Case Climaxing exhaustive joint investigations by narcotic and cus­ toms officers of circumstances dating back to the year 1935, when the Lvovsky organization conceived a plan of bringing narcotics into the United States in the baggage of ostensible round-the-world tour­ ists, indictments were returned on November 30, 1937, at New York City, N. Y., charging some 32 persons with conspiracy to smuggle narcotics into the United States and with related offenses ; thus suc­ cessfully concluding what is considered to be the most important narcotic case developed in the past several years. I t will be recalled that in February 1935 one Pietro Quinto, a chemist, was arrested in New York City following an explosion and fire in his premises which resulted in the discovery of a clandestine narcotic plant and the seizure of a quantity of morphine base, mor­ phine, and heroin. It was ascertained that Quinto was employed by the leaders of the narcotic ring whose members were indicted in this case, namely, Jasha Katzenberg, Jacob Lvovsky, and Samuel Gross. Emissaries of the Lvovsky organization went to Shanghai, China, where they procured heroin and morphine which was obtained in Tientsin, brought to Shanghai, there packed in steamer trunks and then transported in bond through France, and across the Atlantic to the port of New York, where it was smuggled through the cus­ toms by the connivance of minor customs employees. These em­ ployees have been indicted. From October 1935 to February 22, 1937, members of this organization made six trips to Shanghai and succeeded in smuggling into the United States an estimated total of 649 kilograms of pure heroin at a total net profit of $519,220. The man with whom they negotiated in Shanghai was a Greek trafficker named Yani Tsounias. It is estimated that the quantity mentioned above would supply 10,000 addicts for a year. Besides uncovering the important drug smuggling ring in the United States, evidence was obtained during the course of the in­ vestigation against notorious drug suppliers in China. This in- 21 form ation has been called to the attention of the Chinese author­ ities at Shanghai in an attempt to have the guilty persons prosecuted in China. On September 17, 1937, 1 kilogram of heroin was purchased by narcotic agents in the United States from one of this gang. The container in this instance bore the following legend : “Manufactured by the Tai Kee Company, Ltd., Manufacturing Chemists, Bremen— Shanghai.” This label is believed to be false, since the evidence available indicates that the heroin was manufactured and packed in the Japanese quarter of Tientsin. To date 10 of the defendants in this case have made confessions. Fifteen have already entered pleas of guilty. Among these were Jacob Lvovsky who was sentenced to 7 years’ imprisonment and a fine of $15,000 and Samuel Gross who received a sentence of 6 years and a fine of $15,025. Through the cooperation of the French, Rumanian, and Greek authorities, Josef (Sam) Schwartz and Jasha (Jack) Katzenberg were arrested in France and Greece, respectively, and held for extra­ dition to the United States. Schwartz was returned to the United States and sentenced to 3 years’ imprisonment and a fine of $1.00. Katzenberg was subsequently extradited from Greece. The others have not yet been sentenced. Regarding the smuggling of heroin from France to the United States, the following cases are significant: French Steamship “Paris” Case On January 15, 1937, at New York City, customs officers arrested Alexandre-Pierre Marie Rio, a cleaner on the steamship Paris, while he was attempting to smuggle ashore from that vessel two packages of heroin concealed under his socks and secured to his ankles by strips of cloth. A search of his quarters on the ship resulted in the discovery of a third paper parcel of heroin hidden under the mattress of his bunk. The heroin was pure and un­ adulterated. The total quantity seized was 3 pounds, ounces. The French authorities were informed and were furnished with the sworn statement made by Rio following the seizure. Rio stated that the heroin had been entrusted to him by a man in Havre for delivery in New York. On February 2, 1937, Rio was sentenced to imprison­ ment for 5 years. Max Bauer Case On June 28, 1937, customs officers at New York City seized 12 packages of heroin, weighing 29 pounds, 6% ounces, gross, from Max Bauer, American citizen, a passenger on the French steamship 22

Normandie, which he had boarded at Havre. The heroin was con­ cealed in the false compartments of three suitcases carried by Bauer. Bauer claimed that the baggage had been given to him in Paris by a person unknown to him, who paid him $45 to carry it to New York and to deliver it to a certain hotel in the latter city to another man, whose name was likewise unknown to him. He professed ignorance of the fact that the suitcases had false compartments or that they contained heroin. The French authorities were informed. On July 31, 1937, Bauer was sentenced to 2 years’ imprisonment.

Gottlieb Case

On July 26, 1937, Jacob N. Gottlieb, an American citizen and a resident of New York City, was arrested on the Canadian border, on the Montreal-New York train, at Rouses Point, N. Y., when an examination of his baggage by a customs officer had disclosed the presence therein of four packages of heroin, of a total net weight of 20 pounds, concealed in the false compartments of his trunk. Investigation disclosed that Gottlieb had sailed from New York to France on the steamship Queen Mary on May 26, 1937. He arrived at Montreal on July 22, 1937, on the steamship Montcalm from a French port, and after spending 4 days in that city, boarded the train for New York. At first, beyond stating that he had dis­ embarked at Cherbourg and from there had proceeded to Paris, Berlin, Poland, Budapest, and Vienna, Gottlieb refused to answer questions or state from whom he had obtained the heroin. The trunk with false compartments appears to be of French origin. The French authorities were informed. Later, Gottlieb pleaded guilty and made a confession implicating several persons in New York City and Paris ; but before signing this statement, he committed suicide in jail while awaiting sentence.

French Steamship “Paris’’'1 Case

On September 8,1937, a customs guard at New York City searched Henri Solliez, a dining room steward on the French steamship Pam, as that person came ashore from the vessel and found three bags of heroin concealed on his person. A search of his bed on the ship revealed seven more bags. Shortly thereafter, customs guards found four more bags of heroin on top of the thermotank and three more on top of the carpenter’s locker on the ship. These last seven bags were discovered outside of the quarters of Solliez and he denied ownership of them. The total net weight of the heroin was 154% ounces. There were no identifying marks or labels. Solliez stated that prior to leaving Havre on September 1, 1937, a man identifying himself as Paul Renoux came aboard the Paris 23 with 10 bags in a valise and requested him to deliver 3 bags to a man in New York who would know him (Solliez) by his wearing apparel. The French authorities were informed. On October 13, 1937, Solliez was sentenced to 5 years’ imprison­ ment. Frank Caruso Case—British Steamship “Berengaria” In October 1937 information reached the authorities that Frank Caruso, notorious New York narcotic trafficker, was about to proceed to Europe. This information was conveyed to customs officers at New York City and to the French authorities. It was ascertained from the latter that Caruso had been seen in Paris associating with several persons strongly suspected of complicity in the illicit traffic in nar­ cotic drugs. When Caruso returned to New York City on Novem­ ber 23, 1937, on the steamship Berengaria, his baggage was subjected to a thorough search. In a false compartment of a trunk belonging to him were found 10 packages of heroin, of a total net weight of 15 pounds 7y± ounces. The lining of the trunk containing the false compartments was identical in design with the lining of a trunk containing narcotic drugs which had been seized at New York City on July 16, 1935, from Vincenzo di Stefano. The French authorities were informed. Caruso pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 4 years’ imprisonment.

French Steamship “Champlain" Case On November 18, 1937, Louis Lanlo, French citizen, steward on the steamship Champlain just arrived from Havre, was searched by a customs guard stationed at the pier in New York City at which the vessel was alongside and five packages of heroin were found con­ cealed under an elastic girdle which he was wearing. Lanlo claimed that the packages had been given him by a passenger on the vessel with instructions to deliver them to a person in New York City. Subsequent investigation failed to disclose the identity of this person. Search of Lanlo’s quarters on the vessel disclosed five additional packages of heroin concealed underneath the bottom panel in a wall locker in a stateroom. The French authorities were informed. Lanlo was subsequently sentenced to 3 years’ imprisonment.

Regarding the smuggling from Italy to the United States, the following cases are significant : Italian Steamship “Rex” Case On April 10, 1937, customs officers at New York arrested Antonio Strazzullo as he was leaving the steamship Rex. He had in his 24 possession five cigarette tins containing morphine in small white cubes. He was seen to drop a sixth tin while being searched on the pier. Strazzullo claimed that he had been on board to see a friend who was sailing and that a member of the crew asked him to take some boxes ashore. He was arrested just before the ship sailed. The managing director of the Italian Line and the captain of the vessel offered to cooperate in every way possible to detect the carrier of the narcotics. Arrangements were made with the approval of the company officials that the vessel would sail on schedule but would anchor at quarantine to complete the investigation. The captain musteretj the entire crew of some 900 men, the members of which were viewed by the prisoner, but he failed to identify the person who had given him the narcotics. On account of the full cooperation given by the director of the company and the captain of the vessel, the ship was delayed at quarantine for only 40 minutes. Two telegraph messengers found in the waiting room on the pier another tin containing morphine cubes under circumstances which indicated that at least one other person besides Strazzullo had taken morphine off the ship. Strazzullo had come on board the ship as a visitor. He at first stated that his name was Antonio Eesino, but later admitted that his true name was Antonio Strazzullo and that he was of Italian nation­ ality. He had come to the United States as a member of the crew of the steamship Satum ia in November 1930 and acknowledged the fact that he was in the United States illegally. The Italian authori­ ties were informed. On June 25,1937, Strazzullo was sentenced to 3 years’ imprisonment and fine of $100. Case Concerning Drug Carrier from Italian Steamship “Rex On June 21,1937, customs officers at New York City were informed that a hatch longshoreman named Cipriano working on pier 92, North River, had been a persistent narcotic carrier from vessels of the Italian Line. Investigation disclosed that the name Cipriano was an alias used by one Giacinto Di Franco. This person was kept under sur­ veillance, until finally, on June 24. he was stopped after leaving the lower gangway of the steamship Rex, then in port, and a seaich re­ vealed two packages containing a net total of 17.175 ounces of heroin concealed on his person. Di Franco identified Are Gavino, a seaman on the Rex, as the indi­ vidual who had given him the heroin. However, questioning of Di Franco and Gavino led customs officers to the conclusion that Di Franco had intentionally identified Gavino in order to cover up the 25 real culprit. As a consequence, Gavino was released. The Italian authorities were informed. On August 6, 1937, Di Franco was sentenced to 2 years’ im­ prisonment. Regarding the smuggling from Germany to the United States of raw opium and of manufactured drugs, the following cases are re­ garded as significant:

American Steamship “Manhattan” Case In October 1936 information was received that Henry Dominick, then master-at-arms on the steamship Manhattan, and two other sea­ men named John Goose and John Real, were carrying narcotic drugs for Joseph John Aveta of New York. On November 2,1936, as previ­ ously reported, a seizure was effected at New York on the steamship Manhattan, from Stado Stadens and Olaf Olsen, of 52 pounds of raw opium. It was strongly susp acted that this shipment was part of the supply carried by Dominick for Aveta, and this was later verified by the statements of Stadens and Olsen. Subsequently, Stadens and Olsen each received a sentence of 10 years’ imprisonment in connec­ tion with this seizure. Aveta and Dominick were indicted.

American Steamship “President Harding'''' Case On April 27, 1937, approximately 37 pounds of raw opium were seized at New York City on the steamship President Harding from Nils Arnessen and Joseph Leslie. The latter admitted that the opium was intended for Aveta. In connection with this case, indictments were returned against Aveta, Arnessen, and one Victor S. Walleck, another drug carrier for Aveta, and on July 22, 1937, Aveta was sen­ tenced to 16 years’ imprisonment, while Arnessen and Walleck each received sentences of 12 years.

American Steamship “Manhattan)’’ Case On August 9,1937, customs officers at New York, acting on informa­ tion that Johann Murken and Stephen Frank Kryszak were carrying narcotics on the steamship Manhattan, intended for Henry Dominick, arrested the former and seized 10 muslin bags containing 21 pounds 13 ounces, net, of heroin which had been concealed behind the panel­ ing of a stateroom. Dominick was indicted in connection with this seizure, as well as the former seizure on this vessel. Murken con­ fessed that other drugs, part of the original supply placed on the Manhattan in November 1936 were still concealed on the vessel ; in fact, that they had been placed under the ceiling covering of a state­ 26

room by the cabin steward, Stephen Frank Kryszak. This information was immediately communicated to the master of the vessel, which was then in Hamburg, with the result that Kryszak was placed in irons and the stateroom in question was carefully guarded. The Manhattan returned to New York on September 2,1937, and customs officers discovered twenty-one 1-pound bricks of raw opium and twenty-one 1-kilogram bricks of raw opium, of a total net weight of 63 pounds 4y2 ounces, concealed in the place in the cabin indi­ cated. Kryszak was arrested. Since Murken had confessed that these drugs were intended for Dominick, the latter was likewise in­ dicted in connection with this seizure. Dominick, Murken, John Gertscher, alias Coose, and Albert Fisher, the latter two being drug carriers for Dominick, pleaded guilty, while Kryszak entered a plea of not guilty. On December 30, 1937, the following sentences were imposed on these defendants : Frank Kryszak, 15 years and $1,000 fine. Henry Dominick, 5 years and $6 fine (remitted). John Gertscher, & years. Johann Murken, 1 year and 1 day. Albert Fisher, 1 year and 1 day. Calla Moren, a stewardess on the steamship Manhattan and a sweetheart of Kryszak, 2 years’ suspended sentence, proba­ tion for 2 years, and a fine of $2,500 to be paid within 30 days. Aveta later made a sworn statement to the effect that others who had assisted him in smuggling narcotic drugs into the United States were Benjamin Greengrass, alias Barney Greengrass, alias Barney Karouss ; Joseph Davidowitz, alias Joseph Davis ; Max Kaplan, alias “Kitty” ; and Nathan Rosen, alias “Little Nate.” Rosen was already under an indictment in connection with an illicit sale of narcotic drugs and is now at liberty under $25,000 bond. The others were indicted, but to date only Greengrass and Davidowitz have been convicted. Greengrass was sentenced to 3 years’ imprisonment and a fine of $500, while Davidowitz was given a sentence of 2 years’ im­ prisonment and a fine of $1.00. Regarding the mention which was made in the Opium Advisory Committee meeting last year of the increasing prevalence in the illicit traffic of raw opium of Iranian origin, the following two cases are of interest : On January 8, 1937, narcotic agents at New York City questioned Lawrence Douglas, James J. Crowley, and Morris Saul relative to an intended delivery to an informer of a 1-pound brick of raw opium, weighing 16 ounces 109 grains, net, which was found in their room. 1-9.: R w a O um iu p S zed e iz e in N w e Y k r o

g n i r a e b I an ia n a r (P n a i s r e G ) t n e m n r e v o “ A A “ d n a b M y l o p o n o " l e b a l . Ir o n d o o r w h i c h S e p a r a t e d C p i u m -s m o k i n g r o o m f r o m r e s t o f H o u æ OCCUPIED BY DEFENDANT IN CASE MADE IN PHILADELPHIA, PA. 27

Douglas and Crowley were arrested. Saul was not apprehended. No further prosecution of charges was had, however, due to inability to establish which, if any, of the three had been in possession of the opium. The inside wrapper of the opium brick was of tin foil, while the next wrapper was of dark red paper bearing the lettering “A and B Monopoly—B. M.” On the side of the inner wras what appeared to be a yellow revenue stamp of indistinct design and also a round stamp in black. The outside wrapper was a red glazed paper marked “Lion Brand, Special,” together with a design showing the drawing of a lion in silver. “A and B Monopoly” label is understood to be that of the Iranian Government. On March 28, 1937, narcotic agents at New York City searched a room in a hotel occupied by John Hanley and seized one brick of raw opium, weighing 15% ounces, net; three jars of smoking opium, of a total net weight of 5 ounces, 205 grains ; one small tin of smoking opium, weighing 75 grains, net; one tin toy of smoking opium, weigh­ ing 25 grains, net ; and one box of opium dross, weighing 16 ounces, 37 grains, net. Hanley was not present during the search, but was apprehended later. The case against him was dismissed on technical grounds. The brick of raw opium bore the “A and B Monopoly” and “Lion Brand, Special” labels. The seizure of prepared opium in the Atlantic coast area, par­ ticularly at New York, in lots of considerable size continued in 1937. In reference to these seizures, attention is called to the fact that opium packed in 5-tael tins bearing the Lam Kee brand is prepared in China by blending Iranian opium (prohibited import into China) with the local product and is intended exclusively for illicit export to Canada and to the United States. Our information is to the effect that the Lam Kee brand is practically unknown in the local market in Shanghai. How well known it is in the illicit market in North America is evidenced by the seizure reports for over 10 years past. This is a situation which we find it difficult to understand. A number of these tins bore narrow strip stamps purporting to show that the prepared opium concerned had been inspected and passed by local authorities. (See also cases reviewed under North Pacific coast area, where similar tins were seized.) These stamps have not been encountered previous to 1937. A new variety of Lam Kee prepared opium is now appearing in the illicit traffic on the Atlantic coast, the tin bearing, in addition to the rooster and elephant impressions and the Lam Kee paper label, the word “Cheong” in raised letters on the side and a small square pink label printed in Chinese characters which are the same 86685—38------3 2 8 as those that appear on the old-style Lam Kee square labels, with the exception of several characters in the last line. The Chinese text explains in each instance that because of imitations of the company’s product, an additional mark is being placed on the tin, in order to distinguish it from other varieties. In the case of the old-style Lam Kee tin, the distinguishing mark generally appears in the form of a large letter “K ” on the side and sometimes on one end, of the tin, while in the case of the new type of Lam Kee tin, it appears as the word “Cheong,” as stated above. Occasionally, the word “Cheong” is stamped in purple ink across the face of the small square label. Among the following seizures of prepared opium are several of outstanding significance :

British Steamship “Taybank” Case On March 6, 1937, at Brooklyn, N. Y., customs agents seized, from the steamship Taybank, five hundred ninety-nine 5-tael tins of pre­ pared opium, weighing approximately 3,743 ounces, net. Five hundred and eighty-nine of the tins were of the familiar Booster and Elephant (Lam Kee-Macao) brand, one side of each tin bearing a raised impression reading “Cheong,” while 10 tins were labeled Lo Fook Kee. Twenty-five of the Lam Kee tins bore stamps of the Shanghai Opium Suppression Monopoly Bureau. On the reverse side was a square white adhesive label bearing Chinese characters reading “Owing to the falsification of the company’s merchandise, the company is now using an extra seal for identification of the genuineness of the product * * *" William Bonanzi, New York junk boat operator and gangster, was known to have been receiving shipments of narcotics from vessels from the Far East and to have been delivering the drugs to a local Chinese named Pung See Too, alias Lum Soo. Bonanzi, Pung See Too and two river boatmen, Dominick Butto and Tizio Buda, together with three crew mem­ bers, were arrested in connection with the seizure. It was alleged that a member of the crew had been paid by the manufacturer at Shanghai, one Wong Cheong, to deliver this prepared opium at New York City. Bonanzi was sentenced to serve 10 years in prison and pay a fine of $3,000. The others implicated were convicted and were sentenced as follows : Omar Bin Gani, 4 years. Ah Nan, 3 years and 6 months. Sainee Bin Kasep, 2 years. Kechil Bin Hassen, 18 months. Dominick Butto, 6 years, 6 months. Tizio Buda, 6 years, 6 months. 29

On appeal these convictions were reversed on technical grounds and the case will be retried. Twenty-five of the tins seized on the steamship Taybank bore adhesive stamps printed in Chinese characters, a translation of which reads as follows : “Bureau of Inspection of Opium Suppression. Inspected. Shanghai.” There also appears a Chinese character regarded as indicating the time when or the person by whom the opium was inspected. The character last named varied on the tins seized from the steamship Taybank. Each of the 300 tins destined to the United States which were seized at Shanghai on the steamship Mobile City in 1937 is reported to have borne the tax-paid stamp of the Chinese Inspectorate Gen­ eral of Opium Suppression indicating to authorities in China that the opium was legal opium and not illicit opium such as that here­ tofore handled by crew smugglers. These tax-paid stamps are re­ ported to have appeared on each tin in the form of an adhesive label 3 inches long and one-half inch wide, bearing two stamped surcharges in purple ink. The adhesive label or stamp read (in translation) “Examined by the Inspectorate General of Opium Suppression ; Wu Eleven.” This is understood to mean “Shanghai eleven,” the number of the Opium Suppression Bureau in Shanghai. The surcharge was a character “Fu” which is believed to be the examiner’s chop. The Chinese Maritime Customs were asked to supply a sample of the tins seized on the Mobile City.

Ruoti Case On March 24,1937, narcotic agents at Brooklyn, N. Y., seized seven 5-tael tins of prepared opium, weighing 34 ounces 117 grains, net; sixteen 1-pound bricks of raw opium, weighing 156 ounces, net ; nine glassine bags, containing 8 ounces 399 grains, net, of heroin; three glassine bags, containing 1 ounce 18.5 grains, net, of morphine hydro­ chloride ; and one piece of paper, containing 5 grains, net, of mor­ phine hydrochloride. The owners of the drugs, Michael Ruoti, Angelina Ruoti, and Salvator Palmieri, were arrested. Michael Ruoti was committed to an institution for the treatment of addic­ tion for 2 years and, in addition, was sentenced to imprisonment for 6 years and a fine of $1,000. Angelina Ruoti was committed to an institution for the treatment of drug addiction for 2 years and sentenced to pay a fine of $100. The charges against Palmieri were dismissed. 30

The 5-tael tins of prepared opium were of the familiar ‘‘Rooster and Elephant” brand (Lam Kee-Macao) but also bore paper labels. Four of these labels showed the figure of a camel in gold on a black background and the lettering “Camel Brand,” while on three of the tins was depicted the figure of a lion in gold on a black back­ ground and the lettering “Lion Brand.” The raw opium was wrapped in plain red paper. The heroin and morphine containers. bore no identifying marks or labels. The figure of a lion appearing on three of the 5-tael tins is identical in design, although smaller in size, with the drawing appearing on the so-called “Lion Brand, Special” label appearing on bricks of raw opium seized at New York City on January 8 and March 28, 1937, respectively, referred to previously. Six of the 5-tael tins bore narrow strip labels with Chinese charac­ ters at the top end of the tins. Owing to the mutilated condition of these strips, an accurate translation could not be obtained, nor could photographs be made. The Chinese lettering appears to indi­ cate the net weight of the contents of the tins.

B etty Williams Case On October 1, 1937, Betty Williams was arrested at Atlantic City, N. J., by agents of the Department of Justice, who found in her possession one 5-tael tin of prepared opium which bore a black label reading “Lion Brand, Special,” but, otherwise, appeared to be of the typical Lam Kee-Macao variety. Subsequently, Betty Wil­ liams pleaded guilty and was sentenced to imprisonment for 18 months and a fine of $1.00.

M oy You Dat Case On December 2, 1937, narcotic agents at Boston, Mass., seized from a safe deposit box in a local bank, rented by a Chinese named Moy You Dat, two 1-ounce unlabeled packages of heroin, weighing 419.41 grains, net, each; and twenty-three 5-tael tins of prepared opium, weighing 185 ounces, 148 grains, net. Moy You Dat was one of 15 Chinese indicted at Chicago early in April 1936 in connection with an alleged conspiracy involving the manufacture of so-called pink heroin pills at Chicago and their dis­ tribution through the United States. Moy was a large purchaser of the pills. After a package addressed to him at a Boston address containing a quantity of the pills was seized at Chicago, he disap­ peared from Boston and it was later ascertained that he had fled to China. 31

The heroin was unlabeled. The opium tins were of the Lam Kee brand. Four tins bore stamps which were identified as purporting to have been issued by the Shanghai Opium Suppression Monopoly. Yee Wah Case On January 17, 1937, narcotic agents at Boston, Mass., arrested a Chinese named Yee Wah, alias Wah Hing, at his shop and seized eleven 5-tael tins of prepared opium, weighing 86 ounces 250.5 grains, gross; four 5-tael tins of prepared opium, weighing 32 ounces 198 grains, gross; five large plain tins of prepared opium, weighing 65 uunces 76 grains, gross; and 1 ounce 164.5 grains, net, of prepared opium which had leaked from the tins. On April 7, 1937, Yee Wah pleaded guilty and was sentenced to imprisonment for 6 months and to pay a fine of $500. The eleven 5-tael tins each bore stamped impressions indicating that they were of the Lam Kee-Macao (Rooster and Elephant) va­ riety. The four 5-tael tins were of the “Cheong” variety of the Lam Kee brand, bearing on one side the stamped word “Cheong” and on the other a likeness of a world globe. On two of these four tins narrow adhesive strip stamps were displayed directly under the like­ ness of the globe impressed into the metal on one side of the tins. These strip stamps bore Chinese characters, which translated into English read “Office of the Opium Control Bureau of the Shanghai Municipality.”

British Steamship “MarorC’ Case On January 12, 1937, at Brooklyn, N. Y., customs officers seized, from the steamship Maron, 597 tins containing 3,780 ounces of pre­ pared opium. The information which led to the seizure wTas given to the customs by the master of the ship. Chinese seamen were re­ sponsible for the attempted illegal importation. The seaman who was principally responsible was sentenced to 5 years’ imprisonment and $5,000 fine. The opium was contained in 5-tael tins, whereof 498 bore the familiar Lam Kee-Macao (Rooster and Elephant Brand) label and 99 bore the familiar Yick Kee label. The opium was stated to have been placed on board at Hong Kong. Lee Hing Case On March 21, 1937, narcotic agents at Baltimore, Md., acting on information that Lee Hing, the alleged proprietor of an opium smoking den in that city, made frequent trips to New York City for the purpose of obtaining prepared opium, raided the premises occupied by this person and seized two 5-tael tins of smoking opium, 32 weighing 6% ounces, net, each, together with an undetermined quan­ tity of opium dross, opium dross solution and opium smoking par­ aphernalia. Two other Chinese, Ching Jen and Lee Fook, alias Young, were also arrested. The charges against all three defendants are still pending One of the 5-tael tins was of the familiar “Booster and Elephant” brand (Lam Kee-Macao) and bore the customary labels and stamped impressions. The other tin contained the usual stamped impressions of a rooster and an elephant at each end, but likewise bore a yellow label printed in English and Chinese characters which represented it as the “Cock (or Cook) Brand.” There were numerous misspellings and grammatical errors in the English text ; further, the net content of the tin was given as five ounces. A small square label affixed to the tin is identical in every respect with labels which have in the past been affixed to practically all tins of prepared opium of the Lam Kee, Yick Kee and Lo Fook Kee brands. Danish Steamship “Anna MaersTc1'1 Case On May 11, 1937, customs officers at Brooklyn, N. Y., when search­ ing the Danish steamship Anna Maersh just arrived from Hong Kong, found concealed under dunnage and matting in the forward corner of No. 5 hatch two hundred 5-tael tins of prepared opium, weighing approximately 1338^ ounces, net. The boatswain of the vessel was questioned in connection with this seizure, but was sub­ sequently released because of insufficient evidence. The opium tins were of the familiar Lam Kee (Cheong) variety. Each had the letter “K ” stamped into the metal on one side. H ip Sing Tong Case Following a trail which led through many cities of the United States, Federal narcotic agents in November 1937, succeeded in crush­ ing the largest Chinese narcotic drug ring which has operated in the United States during recent years—a syndicate composed of mem­ bers of the Chinese Mutual Benefit Association known as the Hip Sing Tong. In February 1937 narcotic agents, in investigating a source of illicit narcotics which were being distributed on the Pacific coast, made contact with one Chin Joo Hip (often referred to as the lead­ ing Chinese in Montana) and his son Howard Chin at Butte, Mont., who were allegedly engaged in the distribution of narcotics at that point. Purchases of opium were made through these two Chinese and valuable information was obtained relative to the narcotic busi­ ness in the West and as to individuals who were their source of sup­ ply in New York City, Ko Wing Chuck, Chin Jim Wong, and others. Y ee H a i m . One of defendants in Hip Sing Tong case. Former national president of the Hip Sing Tong.

2 33

Continuing the investigation, it developed that the New York Chinese received some of their narcotics from Mary De Bello, al­ leged wife of Tommy “The Bull” Pennachio, an aide to “Lucky” Luciano, notorious gangster. Mrs. De Bello was carrying on her husband’s business while he was in the penitentiary. Chin Jim Wong operated a narcotics “mail order house” in New York and did a large business throughout the United States among members of the Hip Sing Tong. In pursuing the inquiry, narcotic officers at Pittsburgh, Pa., suc­ ceeded in purchasing drugs from Ye On Li, commonly known as Yee Haim, who was at that time national president of the Hip Sing Tong, and from Dong Bing and Ng Yee Song, Chicago, 111., prom­ inent members of the Tong at that point; also from the San Fran­ cisco distributors, Tong Bow and Nom Yok. During the course of the inquiry agents purchased or seized quan­ tities of prepared opium, morphine, heroin, and cocaine in New York City, Pittsburgh, Chicago, Butte, Salem (Oregon), Olympia (Wash­ ington), and Downey (California). Correspondence seized in the case indicated that members of this drug distributing organization had accomplices in Hong Kong who supplied them with narcotics. One letter seized was written in Chinese on a letterhead of Neon Signs (Calcutta) Co., 100/B. Bow Bazaar Street, Calcutta, India. It was addressed to one Ah Choy, and was signed Eng Seung Lum. This letter dealt with the alleged offer of a sea captain to permit his vessel to be used in the transpor­ tation of contraband. It has been referred to the British authori­ ties for investigation. Twenty of the principals in the conspiracy were arrested, of whom 12 have been tried and convicted to date as follows • Don On, alias James King, sentenced at New York City to 2 years’ imprisonment. Dong Bing, sentenced at Chicago, 111., to 9 years’ imprison­ ment. Fred Lour Toy, sentenced at New York City to 2i/2 years at the Federal narcotic farm at Lexington, Ky. Jolin Fong Ching Too, sentenced at New York City to serve 4 months in prison and placed on probation for 2 years fol­ lowing his release. ^om Yok, alias Leong Horn, alias Leong Tong, alias George Young, sentenced at San Francisco, Calif., on December 11, 1937, to serve a total of 20 years in a Federal penitentiary. Tong Sung, alias Thomas Tong, alias Tong Bow, sentenced at San Francisco, Calif., on December 11, 1937, to serve a total of 12 years in a Federal penitentiary. 34

Ng Yee Song, alias Wu Yu Sheng, sentenced at Chicago, 111., to 9 years’ imprisonment. Wong Wai, alias Henry Wong, sentenced at New York City to serve a prison term of 3% years, after which he will be under a suspended sentence of 7 years. Leong Leong, alias Leong Long, alias Harry Long, sentenced at New York City to serve 1 year and 1 day in a Federal penitentiary. (The judge took into consideration the fact that Leong had been in jail approximately 6 months.) Chin Jim Wong, alias Jimmy Wong, sentenced at New York City to serve 5 years’ imprisonment and to be placed on pro­ bation for 2 years following his release. Yee On Li, alias Yee Haim and Yee Ping Jong, convicted at Pittsburgh, Pa. Motion for new trial pending. Celli-Ignaro Case According to information received by narcotic agents in New York City, Michael Celentano, alias Mike Celli, alias Hugo Lehart, and Charles Riverra, alias F. Sworson, who had been under investigation for some time as to their activities in the narcotic traffic, had been despatching heroin through the mails to persons in Florida and Washington, D. C. On the night of February 24,.1937, Celentano was taken into custody and four small envelopes containing 1 ounce 110U grains, net, of heroin, 62 envelopes containing 4 4 1 /9 grains, net, of heroin, and five 1-pound bricks of raw opium, weighing 76 ounces 82 grains, net, were seized. The heroin was unlabeled. The raw opium bricks were wrapped in red paper and tied with gold string. They envelope bore no identifying marks or labels. Riverra was arrested later that evening. Investigation in Kissimmee, Fla., resulted in the seizure of 2 ounces of morphine hydrochloride and the arrest of Richard Baird, George Pritchard, Freda Drachman, and Robert Fuller. One George W. Cahill was arrested in New York on March 23, 1937, charged with receiving heroin through the mails at Washington, D. C., from Celentano. Celentano stated that he had mixed powdered opium with the raw brick opium and that he had obtained the former in Canada ; fur­ ther, that he had smuggled into the United States 5 kilograms of cocaine which had been stolen from the May & Baker warehouse at Montreal by Johnnie Di Paolo, one “Red” and an unnamed French citizen. On May 24, 1937, narcotic agents at New York City apprehended Lucien Ignaro, Louis Ruppolo, and Sladyslaus Boysa and seized from them one brick of raw opium, weighing 15.9 ounces, net, one tin S o m e o f t h e d e f e n d a n t s in c e l l i -Ig n a r o c a s e in c u s t o d y o f f e d e r a l a g e n t s . 35

of cocaine, weighing 25 ounces, net, four, paper decks of heroin, weighing 2 ounces, 325 grains, net, and one envelope, containing 42 grains, net, of cocaine. The raw opium was wrapped in plain brown paper. The tin of cocaine bore the label of May & Baker, Ltd., Montreal, Canada. In­ side of the tin the cocaine was contained in a white paper bag sealed with a strip bearing the name of May & Baker and the words “Planet Brand.” The heroin and cocaine contained in decks and in an envelope bore no identifying marks or labels. Investigation disclosed that the cocaine bearing the label of May & Baker had been stolen from the Montreal warehouse of that firm in October 1936, and that it had been smuggled into the United States by Michael Celentano, a defendant in a previous narcotic case. A search of Ignaro’s automobile resulted in the discovery of a cloth waistcoat with patch pockets sufficiently large to hold in each a 1-pound brick of rawr opium. Further investigation of the two cases described immediately above disclosed that Celentano procured in Montreal after its theft from the May & Baker warehouse, a quantity of powdered opium and cocaine. He delivered the powdered opium to A1 Mauro, alias AI Montana, and the cocaine to Lucien Ignaro. He smuggled these drugs into the United States with the assistance of Henry Bovell, a negro porter on the Montreal-New York train. Mauro and Bovell were likewise arrested. It is understood that several persons have been arrested at Mon­ treal in connection with the May & Baker theft. Connected with the three cases just described was another, the ramifications of which were unusually wide. On September 27, 1937, the Federal grand jury in the Southern District of New York returned an indictment against 79 defendants for conspiracy to violate the Federal narcotic laws. A superseding indictment was obtained listing 88 defendants. The persons involved represented one of the most important narcotic smuggling and dis­ tributing organizations with headquarters at New York, and the indictment included middlemen and distributors in New York, Louisiana, and Texas. One of the principal factors in the illegal importaton of the drugs handled by this gang was one Gennaro Caputo. In 1936 Gennaro Caputo was arrested by customs agents at New York, charged with attempting to smuggle narcotics into the United States. It was as­ certained that he was wanted for murder in France and he was held pending a formal request from the French Government for his extradition. It was learned in January 1937 that prior to his arrest in 1936 Caputo, with Ignaro and Lago, had been obtaining large 36 quantities of heroin and raw opium from 1 ranee, from several sea­ men on vessels of the French line. Following Caputo s arrest, this activity was continued by Ignaro, Lago, and accomplices. The distributing organization was headed by Vincent Carriera, A1 Mauro, and Dominick Visco. Their headquarters were in New York City. The principal wholesalers concerned with the shipments from New York to southern points were Vincent alias Jimmie DiMaggio and Nicholas Gentile. The transporters from New York to the Southwest were almost entirely women, directed by August Simoncini and his wife, Filipina. Most of the shipments to the Southwest were made to an organiza­ tion said to be controlled by Sam Maceo, Galveston, Tex. It appears that this organization handled as much as 400 ounces of heroin weekly. Two defendants in this case, after being arrested, forfeited bonds totaling $20,000 and have fled to Europe. One defendant has died. Of the remaining defendants, the Government has thus far been successful in bringing to trial 43, with the following results : Twenty- four have entered pleas of guilty, 12 have been found guilty after a trial by jury, 3 have been found not guilty by a jury, 2 have been found not guilty by a directed verdict of the court, and 2 cases were dismissed. Heroin Pills With regard to the illicit manufacture in the United States of heroin pills, the following case may be cited : On March 19, 1937, narcotic agents at New York City, acting on information that pink heroin pills were being manufactured at two Chinese laundries, searched the premises situated at 341 East Ninth Street, arrested a Chinese named Chin Suey Young, alias Chin Chee, and seized one tin, containing 8,774 heroin pills, one cloth bag con­ taining 373 of the same pills, one tin toy containing 20 grains net of smoking opium, and materials and equipment used in the manu­ facture of the pills. The agents then searched the premises at 52 East Ninth Street, arrested Chin Toy, Chin Len, and Park Chin, and seized 624 pink heroin pills contained in a basin, a solid mass of pill material, weighing 355% grains net, one package of opium dross weighing 4 3 1 / 2 grains net, and three jars containing traces of smoking opium. On May 3, 1937, the charges against Chin Len and Park Chin were dismissed by the court, but on June 18, 1937, Chin Toy p l e a d e d guilty to narcotic charges and received a suspended sentence of » years on each of six counts of the indictment. Implements for manufacturing heroin pills were also seized. 37

In addition to the narcotic drugs and the implements the agents found among papers seized a formula for manufacturing heroin pills. A translation of this formula indicates that, in addition to coloring and bulk material, the pills contained the following drugs : Heroin, caffeine, quinine, and strychnine. In February 1937 a seizure was effected in Chicago which included 32 ounces of pink heroin pills, ingredients for mixing pink pill base, and a Chinese formula for such pills.

Arrest of Lonnie Affronti by New York Police On December 30, 1937, New York police officers arrested Lonnie Affronti, a notorious dealer in illicit narcotics, as he emerged from an apartment in Brooklyn, N. Y. The police officers found a loaded revolver in Affronti’s overcoat pocket and upon searching the apart­ ment found 45 ounces of gum opium, 11 ounces 31 grains of smoking opium, 1 ounce 207 grains of morphine, and 22 ounces 293 grains of heroin, as well as measures, milk sugar, and other material and paraphernalia used in the adulteration of drugs. Numerous con­ tainers bearing the well-known fictitious “Ali Baba” label for heroin were found. As an habitual offender Affronti was subsequently sentenced in State court to serve from 7 to 14 years for unlawfully possessing firearms. The narcotics case was turned over to the Federal authori­ ties for prosecution. He was convicted in Federal court on the drug charges and sentenced to serve 3 years, this sentence to begin at the expiration of the first-mentioned sentence. An attempt is also being made to obtain Affronti’s removal to Missouri for prosecution in con­ nection with a murder charge to the effect that, in 1932, he is alleged to have killed a witness who was to appear against him in a narcotic case. Other items in Affronti’s criminal record include convictions on violation of the drug laws, first degree robbery, and pickpocket charges.

SIGNIFICANT CASES OF ILLICIT TRAFFIC IN THE NORTH PACIFIC COAST AREA Japanese Steamship “Heian Maru1'1 Case With regard to the smuggling of morphine from Japan, the follow­ ing case is of interest : As a result of extensive investigations on the Pacific coast, it was learned that narcotics might be found concealed in a shipment of soy consigned by M. Furuya & Co., Yokohama, to a company of the same name at Seattle, Wash., and carried in the cargo of the Japanese steamship Heian Mara, arriving at Seattle on April 3,1937. 38

When the Heian Maru arrived at Seattle on April 3 customs offi­ cers segregated this shipment of soy and proceeded to examine it minutely. The shipment was found to consist of one hundred 4y2- gallon tubs, numbered from 1 to 100. Five of these tubs, which bore the numbers, 44, 46, 48, 64, and 66, were found to contain tins, 11 inches in diameter and 5 inches deep and carefully soldered so as to be air- and water tight. Each of these tins was filled with mor­ phine hydrochloride of a very high grade, not of the usual so-called cottony Japanese variety. Altogether, a net total of 247.39 ounces of morphine was seized. The tins were shaped to fit into the bottom of the tubs. Wooden wedges were installed to hold the tins in place, and the remainder of each tub was filled with soy, so that a casual inspection would make it appear that nothing was unusual. Interrogation of officials of M. Furuya & Co., Seattle, disclosed that the tubs of soy were owned by a Japanese named Seiichi Tensaka, who personally delivered the goods for shipment from Yokohama. The Furuya Co. appeared to be merely the forwarding agent. Ten­ saka was arrested in Seattle. He admitted ownership of the 100 tubs of soy, including the 5 which contained morphine, and claimed that the tubs which contained the morphine were intended for an­ other Japanese at Seattle named Kudo. He also implicated one Nonaka, a resident of Japan. Further investigation of this case indicates that Tensaka is a member of a narcotic ring operating be­ tween Japan and the Pacific coast. On June 4, 1937, Tensaka was sentenced to 30 months’ imprisonment and $6,000 fine. The Japanese authorities were kept informed of this case, and have reported that H. Nonaka, an accomplice of Tensaka, was arrested after a thorough investigation. Nonaka, whose domicile was in a suburb of Kobe, had fled to Dairen. He was arrested there by Japanese police offi­ cers who were sent from Tokyo. The case is still under investigation in Japan. Referring to the cases reviewed under the Atlantic coast area con­ cerning tins which bore stamps purporting to show that the prepared opium had been inspected and passed by organs of the Chinese Gov­ ernment, a case concerned with similar stamps is given below.

Leong W ing Case Following an investigation lasting a considerable period of time of the activities of Leong Wing, well known local Chinese narcotic trafficker, customs agents at Seattle, Wash., on February 12, 1937, searched his automobile and discovered therein two glass jars con­ taining 3 ounces, net, of prepared opium. L. G. Gray, who entered the car just prior to the seizure, was also arrested. A search of 39

Leong’s residence resulted in the additional seizure of three 5-tael tins of prepared opium. Leong Wing was sentenced to 2 years’ imprisonment. The case against Gray was dismissed. The three 5-tael tins of prepared opium appeared to be of the usual Rooster and Elephant Brand (Lam Kee-Macao) but one of the paper labels which appeared on the tins showed a picture of a deer, together with Chinese lettering stamped thereon in indelible ink! This tin-likewise bore a strip label purporting to be a stamp issued by the Shanghai Opium Suppression Monopoly Bureau.

Tee Dung Jung Case

On June 19, 1937, customs officers at Seattle seized eighty-five 5-tael tins of prepared opium, weighing 529.2 ounces, net; and eleven 1-tael tins of prepared opium, weighing 13.86 ounces, net, which were found concealed in secret compartments in a tray and bottom of a eamphorwood chest, during the examination of the baggage of Yee Dung Jung, a passenger arriving at Seattle on the steamship Princess Marguerite from \ ictoria, B. C., Canada. This passenger arrived at A ictoi ia on the Canadian steamship Empress of Russia and trans­ ferred to the local steamer mentioned. Questioning of Yee disclosed that he had been commissioned by Eng Bow Sing, a Chinese residing at 23 Pell Street, ^ew York City, to purchase this opium from one Wong Wing, Ah Jue Hotel, Hong Kong. On June 22, 1937, Eng Bow Sing was arrested at New York City, and a search of his living quarters resulted in the discovery and seizure of one small jar con­ taining one-fourth ounce of prepared opium ; one tin toy containing one-eighth ounce of prepared opium ; one small package containing 0.035/100 ounce of opium dross and three small packages contain­ ing 0.0140 ounce of heroin. Eng Bow Sing was tried in New York City and on September 21, 1937, sentenced to 6 months’ imprisonment. The case against Yee Dung Jung is still pending. Fifty-five of the 5-tael tins had embossed on one side and end of each the words “No. 1” and the imprint of a rooster. The remaining twenty-nine 5-tael tins had the words “No. 1” and the rooster on one side, but the figure of an elephant on one end. The 1-tael tins bore the figure of a running deer, as well as the Chinese characters mean­ ing “Golden Deer” and “Lam Kee.” This “Golden Deer’’ label is identical in design, even to the Chinese characters, with that which appeared on a flat, square tin of prepared opium seized in Honolulu ^ ' s no*> however, the same in appearance as e >eer label referred to in the Leong Wing seizure given above. 40

SIGNIFICANT CASES OF ILLICIT TRAFFIC IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC COAST AREA

“55” Brand Opium

On March 15, 1937, police officers at San Francisco, Calif., seized twenty-five 5-tael tins of prepared opium from a Chinese named Gon Huie Ho. A search of his premises resulted in the discovery and seizure of seventy additional 5-tael tins of prepared opium. The total net weight of the opium was 633^ ounces. The case was turned over to local customs officers for prosecution in the Federal courts. On July 13,1937, Gon Huie Ho was sentenced to 5 years’ imprisonment and a fine of $5,000. The twenty-five 5-tael tins were of the familiar Rooster and Ele­ phant brand (Lam Kee), of the “K” variety. The seventy tins bore figures of roosters and elephants stamped into the metal ends of the tins, but the front side bore small rectangular imprints marked “55” and on the back side rectangular blocks of Chinese characters which, translated into English, read as follows : “Net weight 5 taels five.” These latter tins were approximately one-half inch longer than the usual 5-tael tins and were of a gross weight of 8.75 ounces, as com­ pared with 8 ounces, the usual gross weight of a 5-tael tin. However, they were not as long, nor as heavy as the so-called 6-tael tins of prepared opium. Although these “55” tins are unfamiliar in the illicit traffic in the United States, San Francisco Chinese have been overheard referring to “55” opium and the “larger tins.” Enquiry at Shanghai discloses that the “55” brand is equally unfamiliar at that port. Possibly the tins are manufactured in the United States.

“55” Brand Opium

State narcotic officers at San Francisco, Calif., made arrangements for a large purchase of prepared opium and requested the assistance of Federal authorities. As a result of investigations by State officers, narcotic agents and customs officers, on May 25 and 27, 1937, respec­ tively, eight 5-tael tins of prepared opium, weighing 54 ounces, 28 grains, net, were seized and the following Chinese arrested : Low Bing Chung, alias C. S. Low, alias Low Chung. Jick Lee, alias Lee Jick. Lee Hung Thet, alias Lee Hong Sing, alias John Lee, alias Lee Sing. On July 17, 1937, the following sentences were imposed for these violations : Low Bing Chung, 18 months’ imprisonment and a fine 41

of $1,000; Jick Lee, 18 months’ imprisonment and a fine of $1,000; Lee Hung Thet, 2 years’ imprisonment and a fine of $5,000. One 5-tael tin was of the familiar Yick Kee brand. The remaining se\en tins x\ ere of the 55 brand, referred to above as having been seized from Gon Huie Ho.

SIGNIFICANT CASES OF ILLICIT TRAFFIC IN THE NORTH CENTRAL AREA

Hildebrandt Case

For several years William Hildebrandt has been known to be the master mind among drug dealers in the Minneapolis area and his organization enjoyed a virtual monopoly in this business by reason of his reputation as a “bad man’' who would countenance no competition. During the latter part of the year 1936 it was brought to the atten­ tion of the Bureau of Narcotics by the Canadian authorities that William Hildebrandt was a source of supply for heroin which was making its appearance in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Following a lengthy investigation by narcotic agents, sufficient evi­ dence was obtained to cause the arrest on October 11, 1937? Qf Hilde­ brandt and his associates. The drugs involved were heroin and prepared opium. One James Crumley, exchief of detectives at St. Paul, Minn., was arrested shortly after the arrest of Hildebrandt, charged together nth Hildebrandt with attempting to influence the disposition of the case against one of the defendants. The following sentences were imposed in this case.

Defendant Imprisonment Fine

Williara Hildebrandt.. 20 years...... Art Miller_____ 11 years, 1 d a y ...... $3,000 Joseph K a t z . . . : : : : : : : ; 6 years...... 2,150 Joe Ross 300 7 years...... XX Walter EarlXXXXX! 2,000 4 years...... ” ” ” 2,000 WalterSchwenke ... 5 years...... ‘ "X Walter Matson 4 years...... 2,000 Lloyd King.. 2,000 2 years...... XXXXX 6,000 Harry Blood I' 5 y e a rs.. Pat Gavin X" XXXX 2,000 1 year, suspended...... XXX" Roy Johnson ...... i ICO f4 months on count 1...... 100 Dorothy Sanders_____ [1 year on count 2. suspended. » 500 Louis Capra 3 years, 6 m o n th s...... 1,000 18 m onths...... ~ Ben (Pug} Norris"."."::' 500 2 years...... XXXXXX Dennis Sullivan...... : 2 years...... 1,000

1 Suspended.

One of the defendants committed suicide in jail. James Crumley was sentenced to serve 7 months in the Min­ neapolis City Workhouse for contempt of court. Hildebrandt was 42 likewise found guilty of contempt of court and given a sentence of 1 year and 1 day, to run concurrently with the 20-year sentence previously imposed.

SIGNIFICANT CASES OF ILLICIT TRAFFIC IN THE SOUTH CENTRAL AREA Ginsberg Case On pages 36 and 37 of the Annual Report on the Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs for 1936, the case against Louis Gins­ berg and several others at Dallas, Tex., in connection with the opera­ tion of a vast narcotic distributing organization in the Texas- Louisiana area, was reviewed. In this case Ginsberg was convicted on numerous counts and re­ ceived prison sentences totalling 52 years. In September 1937, while at liberty on appeal bond Ginsberg was rearrested at Houston, Tex., in connection with a transaction in which he disposed of 1 kilogram 291 grains of heroin. In this Houston case Ginsberg and his co­ defendants, Richard Luke West and Eddie Salibo, were tried and convicted, and in October 1937 Ginsberg received additional sentences totalling 8 years in the penitentiary. Subsequently, Ginsberg’s con­ viction in the Dallas case was affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals. Woodward Case In May 1937, Eddie Woodward was arrested at Houston, Tex., after several months investigation of charges that he was the head of a large narcotic ring operating out of Houston. Investigation of his activities resulted in the apprehension of numerous other deal­ ers who had been associated with him in the distribution of drugs procured through him. The inquiry also resulted in the indictment on conspiracy charges of Irving J . Mendelsohn, alias Little Mendy , a notorious narcotic dealer in New York City who had been supply­ ing drugs to Woodward by air express. Shortly after his arrest on narcotic charges Eddie- Woodward was arrested and questioned in connection with the murder of Mike Salibo of Houston, Tex., who was suspected of association with Woodward in the narcotic drug traffic. While in jail Woodward committed suicide by hanging himself. Prosecution of other defendants in this case resulted in peniten­ tiary sentences as follows: Irving J. Mendelsohn, 2 years. Rex Ellisor, 2 years. Leland Barnwell, 4 years. Glen Fox, 30 months. D e f e n d a n t s in H il d e b r a n d t C a s e . Reading from left to right: Art Miller, John W. Hill (Kansas City, Mo.), William (“Big Bill”) Ilildebrandt, Joe Ross, Walter Earl, Pat Gavin, Joe (alias “Sixty”) Katz, and Walter Schwenke (alias “Hank” Swankey). 43 Fred Wall, 4 years. Hardy Nunnellee, 2 years. Martha Yates, 13 months, suspended. Weyman Adair, 20 months. Clinton Briggs, 4 years, $100 fine. In following various leads in the development of the foregoing case, one Clinton A. Briggs was arrested by narcotic officers in San Antonio, Tex., on January 28, 1937, as he received a package of heroin through the mails from Houston. He pleaded guilty to the purchase and possession of the heroin, and on March 11, 1937, was sentenced to serve 4 years in Leavenworth Penitentiary and fined $100. At the time of his arrest, Briggs was training three race horses at Alamo Downs Race Track. He is an addict, but the inference was that he intended to use part of the drugs for doping race horses. In 1935 his license as a race horse trainer was revoked and he was ruled off all tracks in the State of Illinois for life for similar reasons. He had served a previous term in the penitentiary for narcotic law violations, as well as a term for armed robbery and theft. With regard to the smuggling of drugs into the United States from Mexico, the following cases are of interest: Corcoran-Haverly Case On August 3, 1937, customs officers at Nogales, Ariz., seized four 25-gram bottles of cocaine hydrochloride, weighing 3 ounces 118.46 grains, net, which had been found concealed in the automobile driven and owned by William Eustis Corcoran as this person entered the United States from Mexico. Corcoran and his companion, Don Ha- verly, were arrested. The two defendants, according to their sworn statements, made a trip to Mazatlan, Mexico, accompanied by Fer­ nando Mendoza, for the express purpose of securing these drugs. They purchased four bottles of cocaine at Mazatlan from one Faustine Duarte and one bottle of alleged cocaine from Guillermo Collard at Mazatlan. The last-mentioned bottle was likewise seized by customs officers, but was found to contain a nonnarcotic substance. The five bottles were transported to Nogales, Sonora, Mexico, on the person of Fernando Mendoza, and were then concealed in the motor of Corcoran’s automobile. Corcoran and Haverly were sentenced to 2 years’ imprisonment each. The other defendants, Duarte, Collard, and Mendoza have not been apprehended. The bottles of cocaine bore labels with serial numbers obliterated which purported to be those of E. Merck, Darmstadt. The orig- 86685—38------1 44 inal labels bave been forwarded to the German authorities for examination. Varillas-Mercado Case Customs officers at Phoenix, Ariz., on July 5, 1937, acting on infor­ mation, searched the automobile of Leopoldo Varillas and discovered a lump of raw opium, weighing 8 ounces, net, concealed under the front seat. Varillas admitted that he had secured the opium in Mexico ; that this was just a sample; and that there was more opium at the Gulf Fish Market in Phoenix. The officers then proceeded to this market, found seven bundles, containing 5 pounds 11 ounces, net. of raw opium and arrested the owners of the market, Luis and Pablo Mercado. Investigation disclosed that Varillas and at least one of the Mer­ cado brothers made frequent trips to the Gulf of California in Mex­ ico for loads of fish to be transported to Phoenix in refrigerator cars and that, on the return trips to the United States, they smuggled nar­ cotics across the international border concealed among the fish. On December 13, 1937, Leopoldo Varillas was convicted and the court suspended imposition of his sentence for 2 years. On the same day, Luis Mercado was convicted on two counts. On count 1 the imposition of sentence was suspended for 2 years ; and on count 2 he was sentenced to serve 10 months in the penitentiary and fined $250. The case against Pablo Mercado was dismissed. Ramirez Case Acting on information that Jose Maria Ramirez, a Mexican citizen, would attempt to smuggle a quantity of raw opium into the United States from Mexico, a customs patrol inspector, on June 12, 1937, apprehended this person at a point approximately 30 miles north of Nogales, Ariz., and seized one package containing 2 pounds 12 ounces, net. of raw opium. Chemical analysis of the opium disclosed that it contained 5.9 per­ cent anhydrous morphine. Local authorities expressed the opinion that it was a part of the product of the May opium poppy crop in the Altar District, State of Sonora, Mexico. The seizure was called to the attention of the Mexican authorities. On July 16, 1937, Ramirez was sentenced to 20 months’ imprison­ ment and $400 fine. Badillo Case

Telesforo Badillo, a Mexican citizen, was apprehended by customs officers at the stage office in Nogales, Ariz., on August 22, 1937, im­ mediately prior to his intended departure for Tucson, Ariz., and 45 there was found concealed on his person three 1/5-ounce cocoa tins, the first containing 5.8 ounces, net, of prepared opium; the second, 1.4 ounces, net, of prepared opium ; and the third, 5.3 ounces, net, of prepared opium. The total net weight of the prepared opium was 12.5 ounces. The opium in the first tin contained 10.3 percent an­ hydrous morphine; that in the second tin, 14.8 percent anhydrous morphine; and that in the third tin, 10.1 percent anhydrous mor­ phine. Badillo stated that the opium was given to him by a Mrs. Dolores Trujillo of Nogales, Sonora, Mexico, and that he was to receive 50 Mexican pesos for delivering it to a Chinese named Lee Hop in Tucson, Ariz. On October 5,1937, Badillo was sentenced to 2 years’ imprisonment and fine of $400. Lee Hop has not been apprehended, nor is it known whether any action has been taken against Mrs. Dolores Trujillo. These latter two are possibly fictitious persons. The Mexican authorities were notified of the seizure.

Varela Case The automobile operated by Carlos Varela, Mexican citizen, was searched on September 26, 1937, by a customs patrol inspector at Tombstone, Ariz., and there were found concealed therein 1 quart jar, containing 1 pound iy 2 ounces, net, of prepared opium, 1 pint Mason jar, containing 2 pounds 10 ounces, net, of prepared opium, and 20 cocoa tins, containing a net total of 120 ounces of prepared opium. The opium in the quart Mason jar contained 10.2 percent anhydrous morphine; that in the pint jar, 13.4 percent anhydrous morphine; and that in the 20 tins, 14.19 percent anhydrous morphine. Varela stated that he was handling the opium for a man named Franco who lives in Sinaloa, Mexico; that he was to deliver the opium to a person in a new Buick sedan whom he would meet at the edge of Nogales, Ariz., and that he was to collect 1,000 Mexican pesos for the load and return to Cananea, Sonora, Mexico. On October 5,1937, Varela was sentenced to 3 years’ imprisonment and fine of $600. The Mexican authorities were apprised of this seizure.

Saba Case On September 30, 1937, a customs patrol inspector at Nogales, Ariz., acting on information that Sabas Saba, a Syrian, residing at Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico, was in possession of 25 kilograms of opium which he was to deliver to a purchaser in the United States, made enquiries and upon ascertaining that Saba had crossed the border at 46

Nogales, discovered this person in the act of delivering packages from his automobile to two men in another automobile. When the customs officer approached these persons, the two men started their automobile and headed for Tucson, Ariz. The customs officer then placed Saba under arrest and attempted to overtake the other auto­ mobile. Being unable to do so, he stopped the car in which he and Saba were riding at a point 3 miles north of Nogales and endeavored to make a thorough search of Saba’s person. Saba, however, in step­ ping from the car, drew a pistol and fired at the customs officer, who knocked the pistol to one side with a flashlight he was carrying in his left hand, and, drawing his revolver, he returned the fire, killing Saba. The opium described above was found in the back of Saba’s auto­ mobile. The two other persons have not been apprehended. The Mexican authorities were informed of this seizure.

Cesare Case

Acting on information, customs officers at Nogales, Ariz., on Oc­ tober 25, 1937, searched the automobile driven by Alexander and Anthony Cesare, Mexican citizens, and found concealed behind the rear cushions three paper bundles, containing 2 pounds 8 ounces, net, of raw opium. These persons were then arrested. Anthony Cesare took the customs officers to the home of a friend and there turned over to them one cocoa tin, containing 6 ounces, net, of raw opium, and one glass jar, containing 2 pounds 2 ounces, net, of raw opium. He stated that he had left this opium with his friend for safekeeping. The defendants admitted that all of this opium had been smuggled into the United States by them and that they intended to take it to Tucson, Ariz., for sale. They stated that this was their first at­ tempt at smuggling narcotics and that they were encouraged to do so by one Ramon Valenzuela, of Imuris, Sonora, Mexico. Anthony Cesare was sentenced to 14 months’ imprisonment and $200 fine. Alexander Cesare received a sentence of 1 year and 1 day and a fine of $200. Ramon Valenzuela, if, in fact, such a person exists, has not been apprehended. The facts in this case were brought to the attention of the Mexican authorities. Marquez-0choa Case

On November 26, 1937, a customs patrol inspector, acting on in­ formation that Alfonso Marquez and Oscar Z. Ochoa, Mexican citizens, were transporting opium from Mexico to Tucson, Ariz., searched the automobile occupied by these two persons at a point 47 on the Tucson-Sells Highway near the Eobles Ranch, Pima County, Ariz., and found concealed therein two tins, containing a net total of 32 pounds of raw opium. This opium contained 9.2 percent anhydrous morphine. Marquez is an inspector of the Mexican customs service and was in uniform and armed at the time of his apprehension. The offenders admitted that they had smuggled the opium into the United States from Mexico through the port of Sasabe, Ariz., at 3:30 p. m., on the day of their arrest. Marquez was sentenced to 5 years in the penitentiary and fined $500. Ochoa pleaded guilty and was sentenced to imprisonment for 4 years and fined $300. This information was furnished to the Mexican authorities.

SIGNIFICANT CASES OF ILLICIT TRAFFIC IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

Upon the arrival of the Canadian steamship Empress of Japan at Honolulu from Vancouver, B. C., Canada, on January 14, 1937, the master-at-arms of the vessel informed local narcotic agents that a steerage passenger was using narcotic drugs. This information was passed on to customs officers, and as a result, they arrested Yung Boon Chew and seized one envelope containing 2Ï0 grains of heroin and one tobacco tin, inside of which were 5 grains of heroin wrapped in tin foil. On January 15, 1937, the defendant was sentenced to 3 years’ imprisonment.

S e iz u r e o f P r e p a r e d O p i u m B e a r in g P u r p o r t e d C h i n e s e L a b e l s

On June 15, 1937, narcotic agents at Honolulu seized one 5-tael tin of prepared opium and arrested two Chinese named Fong Kui Sam and Sam Den Ho. On November 2, 1937, Fong Kui Sam was given a suspended sentence of 1 year and Sam Den Ho was sen­ tenced to imprisonment for 1 year and 1 day with a further sus­ pended sentence of 5 years. The 5-tael tin bore a white paper label upon which appeared Chinese characters. On the other side of the tin, stamped into the metal, appeared a reproduction of three interlocking Chinese coins, below which appeared a reproduction of the figure of a rooster stamped into the metal. According to information received from Honolulu, this type of opium container is called the Three Coins, or Three Ks brand. Apparently, it has never before been encountered in Hawaii. This label has, on one previous occasion, however, ap­ peared in the illicit traffic in the United States, namely, at Seattle, Wash., on May 26, 1937. A 1-tael tin seized at Seattle on that occa­ 48

sion bore a label and stamped impressions identical with those appearing on the 5-tael tin seized at Honolulu. There is quoted below a translation of the Chinese characters which appear on the tins just described : The merchandise selected among the best, especially for exportation abroad, resembles the color of Leechi Kernel. Its aromatic rich fragrance has been continuously enjoying the praise of the public. Now we have taken further steps in the advancement of its refinement, and, in order to protect our interest, a special identity to oür merchandise is used to countercheck the ever-increasing imitations. We appreciate your past patronage and you are always welcome to try the merchandise and to verify the genuineness of the same. (Signed) Yee Kee Tack.

I llicit T raffic b t P ost, E xpress, R ailw ay, a nd A ir Gargano Case The extensive investigation which resulted in the arrest of Phil Gargano and Mrs. Evelyn Gargano, his wife, in San Francisco, Calif., on July 8, 1937, involved important members of an orginiza- tion which distributed drugs on a large scale on the Pacific coast, principally in California. The drugs were obtained from smug­ glers on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. In this instance the Gar- ganos were apprehended when they received 30 ounces of morphine by air express from New York City. On July 9, 1937, John La Fata, Mrs. Gargano’s brother, was arrested in New York City as the shipper of the narcotics, at which time additional quantities of morphine hydrochloride were seized from him. La Fata at the time had a record of three previous con­ victions for drug violations, on the last of which he had been sen­ tenced to serve 2 years in the Atlanta Penitentiary. He is believed to be the son of one Pietro La Fata, who is also suspected of being a large-scale narcotic smuggler. On September 13, 1937, La Fata was sentenced at New York City to serve 6 years’ 6 months’ imprison- ment. On December 3, 1937, Irving Halper, alias “Little Itch, long suspected of being an international drug smuggler, was arrested at New York City in connection with the seizure. Halper, an opium smoker, was a narcotic distributor on a large scale. He is a natural­ ized American; born in Russia. He had been arrested in March 1932, at which time a considerable quantity of drugs was seized from him; and while on bail pending trial Halper had continued to dispose of drugs, for which he was rearrested in New York City in September 1932, and additional drugs in substantial amounts were again seized from him. He was sentenced to 1 year and day in the penitentiary on conviction of these offenses in 1932. 49

Phil Gargano was sentenced at San Francisco, Calif., to 12 years' imprisonment and fined $3,000. His wife, Evelyn, pleaded guilty to the charges against her on the same date, and received a suspended sentence. Coincident with this case, narcotic agents in February 1937, made purchases of smoking opium from one Mario Balistreri, allegedly a former member of the “Black Tony” Parmagini gang. I t was alleged by one of Balistreri’s contact men that he would ship nar­ cotics anywhere in the United States by express or air mail. During the investigation of Balistreri’s narcotic activities, he was arrested for counterfeiting and was given a 15-year sentence for that offense. This conviction resulted in the revocation of Bali­ streri’s parole which had been granted in connection with a former narcotic law violation, and the imposition of an unexpired sentence of 7 years upon him. As the result of the sale of opium by him in February 1937, he was given an additional sentence of 5 years in prison, to be served at the expiration of his other sentence. Five of the opium tins had the figure 55 stamped on one side and Chinese lettering in an oblong block on the other side. There were also other Chinese notations on the cans. Five others bore a large "K” on one side, an elephant and Chinese characters on one end, and a rooster and Chinese characters on the other end. Anita Martin Case Narcotic agents at Covington, Ky., who had received information from local postal officials in regard to the suspicious nature of a package addressed to Mrs. Margaret Harvey, 1815 Madison Avenue, Covington, Ky., bearing the return address printed thereon with pen and ink Murdock Printing Co., 45 Rose Street, New York City (address later found to be fictitious), opened the package and dis­ covered that it consisted of a 2-pound candy box, in which were 18 plain white envelopes containing 18 ounces 151 grains, net, of heroin. The addressee, Margaret Harvey, proved to be Anita Martin. She was arrested. At the time of her arrest, she was already on 3 years’ probation in connection with a narcotic violation of the previous year. On April 26, 1937, Anita Martin was sentenced to 10 years’ im­ prisonment and fined $1,000. L un Case In January 1937 an express package was received at Chicago, 111., from one Way Chun Tong, 15 Mott Street, New York City. The package was not called for and was opened, disclosing five 5-tael tins of prepared opium and one 16-ounce brick of raw opium. The local narcotic agents were notified. 50

On February 12, 1937, a Chinese named Chu Kee, from Granite City, 111., and his Negro chauffeur, Oscar Brown, called for the package. They were arrested and on October 9, 1937, Chu Kee was sentenced to 18 months’ imprisonment. On the same date Oscar Brown was sentenced to 30 days in jail, the court taking into con­ sideration that he had been confined 8 months in jail awaiting trial. Investigation in New York City disclosed that Way Chun Tong was, in reality, Leong Sai Lun, alias Shak Leong. Search of his home resulted in the seizure of fifteen 5-tael tins of prepared opium, two bricks of raw opium, one weighing 15 ^ ounces, gross, the other 8% ounces, gross, and three cardboard boxes and one paper bag containing a net total of 32 ounces of pink heroin pills. The prepared opium bore the familiar Lam Kee-Cheong label. The other drugs were unlabeled. Other articles seized were ingredients for mixing pink pill base and a Chinese formula for making the same. Leong Sai Lun, his wife, Angelina Leong, and Lee Sing were arrested and charged with violations of the law, and on October 27, 1937, Leong Sai Lun was sentenced to imprisonment for 4 years and 4 days and fined $500, and Angelina Leong was given a suspended and probated sentence of 1 year and 1 day. The charges against Lee Sing, a watchman at Leong’s premises, were dismissed. Yee W ay Case On November 1, 1937, customs officers at Seattle arrested a Chinese named Yee Way, alias Yee Shee Foon, alias Yee Wee, alias William Yee, as he alighted from a Northern Pacific railroad train and seized from him twenty 5-tael tins of prepared opium, each weighing 6% ounces, net, 128 grains, net, of morphine hydrochloride and 92% grains, net, of heroin. Yee Way had procured these drugs in New York City. The opium tins bore the familiar Yick Kee label. The case against this defendant is still pending. Drebin Case On November 4, 1937, narcotic agents at Seattle, Wash., arrested Milton Jerome Drebin, alias Milton Harris, alias Milton Jerome, alias “Wingie,” Frank Albert Caputo, Philip John Caputo, and Helen Montgomery and seized six porcelain jars of prepared opium, weighing 3 ounces, gross. This opium had been forwarded by air express by Drebin from Portland, Oreg., to his own name and address in Seattle. The cases against Philip John Caputo and Helen Montgomery were dismissed. The cases against the other defendants will be left open until such time as Milton Jerome Drebin is apprehended. SMOKED SAUSAGE SHIPMENT USED TO CONCEAL NARCOTICS.

50 51

N onnarcotic S ubstances F alsely L abeled as N arcotic D rugs Seizures in the south central area of nonnarcotic substances falsely labeled as morphine and cocaine and smuggled into the United States from Nogales, Sonora, Mexico, showed a decrease as compared with seizures of such goods effected in 1936. On January 8, 10, and 19, 1937, respectively, customs officers and narcotic agents at Harlington, Tex., arrested Jose Gonzales Blanco, Victor G. Valdez, Leo Zamora, Francisco Guerra, alias Venoni Gon­ zales, and Arturo Cavazos, following the seizure of two tins, con­ taining a net total of 1% ounces of purported morphine hydro­ chloride, and six 50-gram tins, containing 4,713% grains, net, of purported morphine hydrochloride. The defendants admitted that they had brought the tins into the United States from Mexico. The tins, which were poorly constructed, bore labels purporting to be those of E. Merck, Darmstadt. The labels were apparently false. Chemical analysis of the contents of the tins disclosed that the substance contained in the two tins was brucine, while that in the six 50-gram tins was brucine dusted with morphine and heroin. The seizures were called to the attention of the German and Mexican authorities, photographs of the alleged Merck labels being furnished the former. I t is understood that as a result of investiga­ tions in Mexico, Francisco Guerra, alias Venoni Gonzales, and Ar­ turo Cavazos were arrested in that country and a quantity of nar­ cotic drugs seized. Victor G. Valdez and Leo Zamora were tried à the United States and sentenced to 4 years’ imprisonment and $1,000 fine each. On May 13, 1937, Jose Gonzales Blanco was sentenced to serve 15 months in a reformatory.

Seizures of C h in e se M edicinal P reparations C o n t a in in g M o r ph in e

There appeared to be no diminution in the importation into the United States of Chinese medicinal preparations containing narcotic drugs, despite the fact that most thorough examination was given all such importations, and that whenever it was ascertained that the preparations contained opium derivatives, the shipment was seized and the importer warned against future importations of a similar nature. However, it became apparent that continued seizure of these medicines was having some effect, particularly upon exporters of such preparations from Canton and other Chinese cities. Toward the end of the calendar year 1937, when examination was made of certain Chinese medicinal preparations which had hitherto been known to contain morphine or other opium derivatives, it was fre­ quently discovered that the manufacturers of these medicines had failed to include narcotic drugs among the ingredients used in their preparation. 52

S eizure of O p iu m P oppy S eed P ods

A number of seizures were effected of opium poppy seed pods. Although in no instance were the importers of this merchandise prose­ cuted, nevertheless, there is a very strong suspicion that they had guilty knowledge of the narcotic content of these poppy pods and their possible use in the illicit traffic for the preparation of “post,” a potent infusion, rich in morphine, similar to that used in northern British India for the satisfaction of addiction. On January 4, 1937, customs officers at New York City seized 1 pound 4 ounces, net, of opium poppy pods consigned from Italy to one Joseph Nobile, a resident of Brooklyn, N. Y. Since the importer disclaimed any knowledge of the morphine content of these pods, he was not prosecuted, but the pods were confiscated. On January 25, 1937, California State narcotic enforcement officers at Fresno, Calif., seized two bales of opium poppy pods from one Henry Rosenthal. Questioning of this person elicited the informa­ tion that addicts had been receiving these poppy pods in quantities and by boiling them in water had been able to obtain sufficient mor­ phine from the resultant liquor to satisfy their cravings for the drug. Customs agents were requested to participate in the investigation, with the result that visits were made to a number of Chinese im­ porters in Fresno, Oakland, and San Francisco, Calif., and a net total of 702 pounds of dried opium poppy pods was seized. The case was presented to the United States attorney at San Francisco for consideration of criminal prosecution of the importers. On February 15, March 5, 22, and 23, 1937, respectively, customs officers at San Francisco, Calif., seized 12 bales of opium poppy pods, of a total net weight of approximately 240 pounds, imported from Hong Kong by several local Chinese firms. This case was likewise presented to the United States attorney at San Francisco. On March 3,1937, customs officers at New York City seized one bale of crushed opium poppy pods, consigned by Man Fook Tung, Hong Kong, on the steamship Silver Yew to the Lun Tai Co., 46 Mott Street, New York. The poppy pods were segregated from a shipment of various merchandise consigned to the New York firm. The case was not reported to the United States attorney. On September 22, 1937, customs officers at Chicago, 111., seized one bamboo bale of crushed opium poppy pods in bulk consigned by the Shing Tung Co., Hong Kong, to the Chinese firm of Jay W. Rapp & Co., Chicago. The United States attorney at Chicago ruled that there was insufficient ground for criminal prosecution. Numerous smaller seizures of opium poppy pods were reported throughout the calendar year 1937. 53

A dulteration

Adulteration in varying degrees has been found in the morphine, heroin, and cocaine sold in the illicit traffic. Two hundred and eighty-seven separate chemical analyses of morphine seizures, 3,102 analyses of heroin seizures, and 47 analyses of cocaine seizures were made during the calendar year 1937 to determine the percentage of purity, and it was found that the morphine ranged from 9 to 100 percent pure; heroin from less than 1 to 100 percent pure; while cocaine ranged from 48 to 100 percent pure, the average percentage of purity being 95.32 percent for morphine, 21.01 percent for heroin, and 89.31 percent for cocaine.

I llicit T raffic i n M a r ih u a n a (Cannabis sativa L.)* The consumption of marihuana reached such serious proportions in the United States as to call for the enactment of national-control legislation during the year. This gives the enforcement authorities a new weapon and enables the Federal Government to deal with the marihuana problem in the same realistic manner as it deals with other dangerous drugs. The traffic in marihuana, except in isolated instances, is separate and distinct from the traffic in other drugs, both as to sellers and users. The (Federal) Marihuana Tax Act became effective October 1, 1937, and between that date and the close of the year Federal of­ ficers reported 250 violations of the act, involving 369 seizures of marihuana in various forms, and 223 arrests. The total number of seizures of marihuana reported by Federal and State officers during the year amount to 704. These involved 7,145 marihuana cigarettes, 345 kilos, 893 grams of dried bulk marihuana, 15 kilos, 146 grams of seeds, 70,280 growing plants, 44,453 kilos of green mar­ ihuana, and growing marihuana scattered through 872 hectares of land, all of which were destroyed. (See tables 1-B, 3-C, and 4 in appendix of this report.) All of the 48 States of the Union and the Territory of Hawaii have control legislation of some nature on marihuana. (See table 4-A in appendix of this report.) Many State and city officers throughout the country have been quick to realize the dangers of the drug, and have taken hold of marihuana enforcement problems in a most commendable manner. Numerous police departments have been educating their forces in the recognition of the marihuana plant. There have also been initiated local campaigns to eradicate the plant from vacant lots and back yards in various localities where it has been found growing.

•For information regarding legitimate cultivation see IX, Marihuana (Hemp). 54

The widespread dissemination of educational material during the year is bringing forcibly before the notice of the people the extremely pernicious effects of marihuana smoking and the necessity for eradicating it. Unquestionably these combined efforts have materially discouraged any attempt to organize the illicit traffic on a large scale. (Unlike other drugs, marihuana is not generally handled by well-organized distributing syndicates.) The authorities, however, feel obliged to pay special attention to marihuana law violations. One of the most disturbing elements in connection with the illegal use of this drug is its potential danger to a different group. Young people not pre­ viously contaminated with drugs appear to be especially susceptible to the marihuana smoking practice. Few of the cases reported under the Marihuana Tax Act are of sufficient international interest to be set out in detail. A number of representative cases of major importance, involving violations of this act or the various state laws for the control of marihuana, are summarized in the succeeding paragraphs under headings indicating the localities in which they occurred.

DENVER, COLO. Among the first cases tried under the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 were those against Samuel Richard Caldwell and Moses Baca, both of Denver, Colo. Caldwell, an ex-convict, was arrested for selling and smoking marihuana. He admitted possession and sale of the drug and stated that he had personally brought it from the State of Kansas, claiming to have harvested it from a patch growing wild outside of Kansas City. Caldwell had a criminal record showing 11 previous arrests on various charges dating from 1921. He was sentenced to serve 4 years in a Federal prison. Moses Baca was arrested on a charge of assaulting his wife. Although only 23 years old, he had a long criminal record involv­ ing 12 previous arrests dating from 1931. He admitted being under the influence of marihuana at the time of the assault, and upon search of his residence one-fourth ounce of marihuana was found in a bureau drawer. He was then charged with a violation of the Marihuana Tax Act and was sentenced to serve 18 months in a Federal prison. In Denver, Colo., Juan Moya, alias Juan Valley, was arrested while under the influence of marihuana and fought the officers so savagely that it took four 200-pound men almost 10 minutes to sub­ due him. At the time of arrest, the defendant attempted to eat the contents of a can of marihuana he was trying to dispose of. He succeeded in eating about one-half of the can before the officers could take the balance away from him. 55

Moya was convicted and sentenced to 2 years’ imprisonment and fined $500. He has had numerous convictions for the use and sale of drugs, and is alleged to be a habitual user of marihuana. He usually resists violently when arrested, and on one occasion escaped from arresting Federal officers under gunfire after making three sales of drugs. Moya has also been arrested several times for forgery. He is considered dangerous to society when at large.

STATE HIGHWAYS, IOWA

Between August 1 and August 17, 1937, the Iowa Highway Com­ mission destroyed approximately 1,000 acres of marihuana growing wild along highways in the State.

DETROIT, MICH.

Between July 15 and August 9, 1937, the Detroit Police Depart­ ment destroyed several tons of marihuana found growing partly wild and partly under cultivation in various vacant lots and back yards in the city of Detroit, the amounts in the several plots ranging from 20 to 3,360 pounds.

CHELSEA, MICH.

On August 26, 1937, a narcotic officer and State officers destroyed approximately 25,000 marihuana plants from 6 to 12 feet in height growing on a farm near Chelsea, Mich. There was no evidence that any of the tenants of the farm recognized the weed until a guest identified it as marihuana. From the appearance of the patches the marihuana had evidently been planted by a former tenant.

GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.

On September 23, 1937, narcotic and police officers destroyed about 2,000 marihuana plants growing on a vacant lot. It was alleged that a person whose name was unknown was obtaining the drug from this lot and selling cigarettes, but since the lot was being used as a playground by children of the neighborhood it was deemed advisable to destroy the plants immediately rather than leave them and attempt to apprehend the person responsible for their growth.

COATESVILLE, PA.

Acting on information that Joe Gracia was selling marihuana in Coatesville, Pa., narcotic officers assisted by local officers made pur­ 56 chases from him totalling approximately 2 pounds, then arrested Gracia and seized from the basement of his home one large trunk containing 487 ounces of marihuana and one small wooden drum containing 328 ounces of marihuana. Gracia was tried, convicted, and sentenced ro serve 3 years in a Federal penitentiary.

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

On October 22 and 23, 1937, two plots of marihuana were found in the heart of the city of Philadelphia. The marihuana about 3,000 plants on one plot and 3,500 plants on the other—was cut and burned by Federal and State officers.

evekettville , w . v a .

Acting on information that Pete Lopez, alias Mexican Pete, was growing and selling marihuana in Everettville, W. Va., narcotic of­ ficers assisted by local officers made four purchases totalling 7 ounces 309 grains of marihuana from him and from a colored woman, Lucy Vaughn, then arrested Lopez and upon searching his house found and seized 15 pounds 8 ounces 120 grains of marihuana. It was found that he was growing the marihuana in a corn field near his cabin and 345 stalks, bare of leaves and seeds, were cut and burned. Lopez, 37 years old, claimed to have smoked marihuana since he was about 10 years old. Investigation disclosed that he was engaged in illicit traffic in marihuana on a large scale solely for monetary gain. He was tried, convicted, and sentenced to 10 years in a Federal prison. Lucy Vaughn was sentenced to 1 year in a county jail.

MIAMI, FLA.

A seizure of marihuana of international significance was effected near Miami, Fla., on October 9, 1937. An old oil drum containing 53y2 pounds of the drug was found on the beach where it had been landed and buried in September by Capt. William Hood, British sub­ ject, resident of British Honduras, master of the Honduran schooner Alert, and Octavio Carrillo, a Mexican, both of whom were arrested. The marihuana is alleged by the defendants to have come aboard the vessel at Baca La Chica, British Honduras, in two sacks which came from Xcalat, Mexico, and was removed from the vessel before it came through quarantine at Miami. Hood was convicted and sentenced to serve 2 years in the peniten­ tiary. Carillo was sentenced to serve 1 year and 1 day. MARIHUANA SEIZED FROM JOSE GRACIA, COATESVILLE, PA. 57

VI. Other Information. E ducational W ork The Bureau of Narcotics believes that the efforts expended by it during the year on preventive educational work, and particularly re­ garding marihuana, have been fruitful of much good. There has been constant demand for speakers and for written information on the nar­ cotic and marihuana problems, manifesting an active desire on the part of many worthy civic organizations to be of assistance in stamping out the abuse of narcotic drugs. The Bureau is particularly grati­ fied with the excellent work done by the General Federation of Women’s Clubs, the National Congress of Parents and Teachers, and the National Woman’s Christian Temperance Union in informing the public regarding the dangers attending the illicit use of narcotic drugs. Over 100 addresses were delivered, on request, by various officials of the Bureau to organizations throughout the country such as the vari­ ous medical associations, the American Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Association, various police schools and State police training schools, the Training School of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the National Police Academy, the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, the American Legion, various churches, hospital groups, and lodges, The Institute of Government, Kiwanis, Rotary, and other clubs, col­ leges of pharmacy and science, parent-teacher associations, Associa­ tions of University Women, Peace Officers’ Training Schools, the National Police Academy, Peace Officers Associations, and other interested groups. The Commissioner of Narcotics personally fulfilled a number of lecture engagements before national groups on the narcotic problem. The Bureau of Narcotics has also furnished assistance to various States toward educating enforcement agencies and State and city chemists concerning the identification of marihuana.

C ourts In passing sentence in the Baca and Caldwell cases (reviewed else­ where in this report), Judge J. Foster Symes, of Denver, Colo., made the following noteworthy statement in stressing the seriousness of the use of marihuana : I consider marihuana the worst of all narcotics—far worse than the use of m o rp h in e or cocaine. Under its influence men b e c o m e beasts, just as was the case with Baca. Marihuana destroys life itself. I have no sympathy with those who sell this weed. In future I will impose the heaviest penalties. The Government is going to enforce this new law to the letter. In sentencing one Wong Kop, cafe operator and prominent mem­ ber of Memphis’ Chinese colony, for conviction of a narcotic law viola­ 58 tion, Federal Judge John D. Martin, Sr., of the Western District of Tennessee, made the following statements : It is one of the most corrupt rackets in the United States today. From it come mind, body, and soul destroying habits that rob the victim of reason. There is no habit that can more encourage criminality in its worst form. Ail this can be laid to the viper who puts narcotics into the hands of victims for the gain of money. Sentences of imprisonment were imposed on a number of counts which will require Wong Kop to serve 10 years’ imprisonment in a Federal institution, and to pay fines amounting to $3,000. If this attitude prevailed in all districts of the United States, it would act as a strong deterrent to the illicit traffic in drugs.

Percentage of persons arrested having previous fingerprint records [AS reported In Uniform Crime Reports, Fourth Quarterly Bulletin, 1937] 59

R ecidivism i n N arcotic L aw V iolators

The fact that the majority of narcotic law violators are major criminals is evidenced by the Uniform Crime Reports for 1937, issued by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (see table 5 in appendix of this report), wherein it will be noted that 63.2 percent of the violators of the narcotic drug laws arrested during the year nad previous fingerprint records and arrests, whereas in the general arrests 42.4 percent of the persons had previous fingerprint records. The records of 2,526 persons arrested for offenses against the nar­ cotic drug laws in 1937 who had previous fingerprint records, show, in addition to the offense charged at the time of current arrest, the following : 1,940 records showing one or more prior convictions; 4,812 prior convictions of major offenses; 2,016 prior convictions of minor offenses ; or a total number of prior convictions of 6,828. During the year the Federal Bureau of Narcotics secured from the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the Department of Justice and made available for use at trials of the respective defendants, the criminal history and records of 2,954 persons arrested for violation of the Federal narcotic laws. This criminal background of defend­ ants is furnished to assist the courts in imposing adequate sentences. Harold Normandale Case.—One of the most notorious records en­ countered during the year was that of Harold Normandale, who was given a 5-year sentence on a narcotic charge in New Orleans, La. Normandale had a police record dating from 1917 and including over 90 arrests. His convictions included charges of burglary, bootleg­ ging, assault (beating and wounding), carnal knowledge, robbery of a United States mail truck, and conspiracy to steal United States mail. He also had a record of two prior convictions for violations of the Federal narcotic laws, on the latter of which he had been sentenced to serve 30 months in a Federal penitentiary but was given a conditional release on January 4,1937, after serving approximately 24 months of the sentence. He was discharged from the conditional release on July 6, 1937 ; and some 2 months later committed his third narcotic law violation as described above.

F ugitives

A number of persons indicted for violation of the Federal narcotic drug laws and released on bond pending trial failed to appear for trial and their appearance bonds were ordered forfeited.

8 6 6 8 5 — 3 8 ---- 5 60

The delinquents who disappear completely are regarded as fugi­ tives from justice and, in cases other than those of comparati\ely minor significance, their photographs and descriptions are circular­ ized throughout the United States. During the calendar year 1937, 13 fugitives were circularized by the Bureau, and 5 were apprehended. Of the 86 persons who became fugitives from justice during the calendar year 1937, but were not circularized, 35 were apprehended by Federal narcotic enforcement officers, cases against 3 were closed and the death of 1 reported to this Bureau. Federal narcotic officers also apprehended during the year 17 additional fugitives who had been reported to the Bureau in previous years but who had not been circularized. Cases against 26 fugitives reported in previous years were closed. D eportations of A lien s The deportation under authority of legislation approved in 1931 of aliens convicted of one or more violations of the Federal narcotic laws continues to serve the purpose of eliminating a number of these illicit traffickers. In every case where the convict is, prima facie, an alien, the conviction is reported to the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization of the Department of Labor, which makes fuitlier investigation to determine whether the person is actually an alien and whether there is any bar to deportation. The alien is not deported until his release from confinement under the sentence imposed. Action is taken by the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization causing warrants of deportation to be issued in all cases of deport able aliens convicted and sentenced. Under the Federal deportation law of 1931, alien narcotic drug addicts who are convicted of viola­ tions of the Federal internal-revenue narcotic drug laws not involving sale are not deportable. The statistical table showing the result of action taken in deporta­ tion cases, with respect to convicted violators of the Federal narcotic drug laws, during the calendar year 1937, together with the number of cases previously reported and pending on January 1, 1937, will be found in the appendix in table 7. The table shows the deportation of 76 aliens during the year.

A utomobile S eizures Under a general provision of the customs laws, motor vehicles and vessels are seized and confiscated on account of their use in coiinec tion with the transportation of contraband drugs. The forfeiture procedure is either of a summary nature or in the form of court action commenced by the filing of libel and monition. 61

On January 1, 1937, there were cases pending against 37 automo­ biles, valued at $15,246, and 1 bicycle, valued at $5. During the cal­ ender year 1937. 171 automobiles, valued at $70,253, 3 trucks, valued at $1,350, 1 wooden boat, valued at $50, and 1 bicycle, valued at $10, were seized in connection with violations of the Federal narcotic laws. The following table shows the disposition of the 214 vehicles, valued at $86,914 : Forfeited summarily------86 cars valued at______$36,169 Forfeited------1 truck valued at______500 Forfeited ------1 bicycle valued at______5 Forfeited through court------7 cars valued at______4,874 Returned ------23 cars valued a t ______9,288 Pending------92 cars valued at______3 5 ,168 Pending------2 trucks valued at______830 Pending ------1 wooden boat valued______50 Pending------1 bicycle valued at______10

T o ta l------214 T o ta l______86, 914 Of the 95 vehicles forfeited, 67 were delivered under statutory authority to field narcotic law enforcement officers for use pursuant to the performance of their official duties, while 22 were sold at pub­ lic auction for a total sum of $1,132.25, and 6 were delivered for of­ ficial use to other Federal agencies.

T h e f t s Thefts of narcotic drugs from wholesale drug houses, retail phar­ macists and physicians reported during the calendar year 1937, while slightly less in number than those reported during 1936, involved larger quantities of drugs. The frequency of such thefts notwith­ standing the precautions taken against them is an indication of the difficulties encountered by the addict and peddler in securing their supplies of narcotics in the illicit traffic. A schedule of such thefts by enforcement districts is set out in table 8 in the appendix.

L o s t O r d e r F o r m s Official narcotic order forms, which must be used to cover all sales or transfers of narcotic drugs under the law, are issued and sold to registrants by the Federal Government. From time to time some of these official order forms are lost by or stolen from registrants, who are required thereupon to report the loss to the Commissioner of Narcotics. During the calendar year 1937, 17 thefts and 256 in­ stances of unaccounted-for losses of such order forms were reported to the Bureau of Narcotics. The Commissioner sends a monthly list 62 of such lost forms, showing their identifying serial numbers to reg­ istrants who are authorized to make sales of drugs, with instructions to refuse to honor those reported as lost or stolen when and if pre­ sented but to report the circumstances, transmitting the order form or forms to the Bureau of Narcotics for investigation.

D iversions Following the successful prosecution during 1936, as previously reported, of a number of physicians and druggists for more or less flagrant violations of the narcotic laws, a somewhat more satisfactory condition with respect to the diversion of drugs from legitimate channels to nonmedical uses has obtained, the cases reported agains registered persons during 1937 being only 14.8 percent of the total number of violations reported. Such diversions remain, however, a significant enforcement problem.

S tate B oards Under authority of the Federal law approved June 14, 1930 as amended, the Commissioner of Narcotics, on behalf of the Secretary of the Treasury, continued furnishing the respective licensing boards in the several States with information in cases where licensed physi­ cians, dentists, veterinarians, osteopaths, or pharmacists had been con. victed of violations of the Federal narcotic drug laws or had been reported by investigating officers as being addicted to the use o narcotic drugs. Assistance has been rendered these boards in the prosecution of such persons with a view to the revocation or sus- pension of the licenses heretofore issued them and the conseque withdrawal of their right to purchase, sell, or dispense narcotic drugs. Statistical tables showing the number of convicted or addicted physicians, dentists, veterinarians, osteopaths, and pharmacists wh cases were reported to and pending before the various hcensin boards at the beginning of the calendar year 1937, the number of persons whose cases were reported during the year, and the actio taken thereon as reported to the Commissioner of Narcotics, °Se 1 with the number of persons whose cases were pending at the end o the calendar year 1937, will be found in the appendix as tables b, 6-A, 6-B, 6-C, and 6-D. , , It will be recalled that in the 1936 report statements were quoted of an officer of the American Medical Association calling atten ion to the fact that 80 percent of the cases brought to the attention the various licensing boards had been carried over from )ear year, and to the further fact that the percentage of l i c e n s e s revok by the various licensing boards was very low. Only a slig t impro ment was noted in the figures for 1937. Excellent cooperation, how- 63 ever, was afforded by the licensing boards in California, Kentucky, Minnesota, and Oklahoma, in acting upon these cases. B. RAW MATERIALS VII. Raw Opium. R a w opium is not at present lawfully produced in the United States, all supplies therof for manufacture into the various medici­ nal derivatives being imported. Its importation is permitted only for medical and scientific purposes under official permit. Importations of raw opium during the calendar year ended De­ cember 31, 1937, are shown in the statistical tables appearing in the appendix, as tables 9 and 9-B. There is no exportation of raw opium from the United States to any other country. Importers of raw opium pursuant to special permit generally use the entire supply obtained by importation for their own manufac­ ture, with only occasional sales of small quantities to pharmaceutical manufacturers for making tinctures and extracts. The revenue represented by the opium imported during the cal­ endar year 1937 was $590,400.78, based on an import duty of $3 per pound and an internal-revenue tax of 1 cent per ounce, or 16 cents per pound upon the same opium. The total Federal revenue for the calendar year 1937, internal-revenue collections and customs duties, was $6,104,455,028.15.

VIII. Coca Leaf. The coca leaf is not grown in the United States, all supplies thereof being imported. A comparative statement of importations of coca leaves for the 13- year period from 1925 to 1937, inclusive, will be found in the appen­ dix, in table 10. The revenue represented by the coca leaves imported during the year 1937 was $108,678.18, based on an import duty of 10 cents per pound and an internal-revenue tax of 1 cent an ounce, or 16 cents a pound upon the same leaves. IX. Marihuana (Cannabis sativa L., Indian Hemp). During the year 1937 hemp was grown on about 4,695 hectares in the States of Illinois, Kentucky, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, for fiber and seeds. Of this approximately 3,685 hectares were grown in the States of Illinois and Minnesota for experimentation in the develop­ ment of a fiber suitable for textiles, paper, and plastics. That grown in Wisconsin was mainly for cordage purposes, amounting to ap­ proximately 485 hectares, while that grown in the State of Kentucky was primarily for seed, approximately 525 hectares being grown, mostly in the Kentucky River Valley. 64

No information is available as to the areas devoted to the growth of the plant for the purpose of obtaining the flowering or fruiting tops or the production of cannabis therefrom for medicinal purposes during the year. However, the quantity grown for such purposes if any, is believed to be negligible and it is not believed that the plant will be cultivated for this purpose m the future m view of the tax of $1 an ounce which is imposed under the act on the transfer 0f the flowering tops, the whole plants, or any extracts or preparations

hemp seed during 1937 ?Uled ■ compared to 62,911,204 pounds during 1936. This marked de crease in importations has followed the imposition of an internal revenue tax of 2 cents per pound on all such seeds imported the tax becoming effective August 21, 1936. The importations of hemp seed during each quarter of the years 1930 and 1937 are shown in table 10-A in the Appendix. The federal supervision of the authorized production and[distribu­ tion of hemp for industrial and medicinal purposes will be accom- plished by a control of production exercised through a system of annual returns covering the essential details of cultivation, harvest- ing and production; a control of the distribution by producers, man- ufacturers, and dealers exercised through a similar system of month- ly and quarterly returns required of manufacturers and d a , covering complete details of all transactions involving manufacture purchase, sale, or transfer, and a system of serially numbered official order forms or certifications of the collector of internal revenue, re- quired before any transfer of such products can be made, and a con trol of dispensing for medicinal purposes exercised through official inspections of the records of druggists and practitioners. As a basic qualification for engaging m the international either as importer or exporter, one must be registered m the appro­ priate classification under the Marihuana Tax Act. Wit I to importations, in addition to being so registered the importer m d in each case present to the collector of customs at the port oigentry a document issued by the collector of internal revenue of th e disnet showing that an official order form for the procurement of the Man huana has been issued and that the transfer tax of $1 per ounce has been paid, except that hemp seeds may be imported by . importer without the use of official order forms or payment of trans­ fer tax, but such importer must present to the collector a certificate issued by the collector of internal revenue f

P°With reTp^t to exportations to countries which regulate the im­ portation of cannabis, in addition to being registered as a manufac- 65 turer, producer or dealer or being qualified as an official of the Fed­ eral or a State government, the exporter must procure a permit from the Commissioner of Narcotics authorizing the exportation, and the application for the export authorization must be accompanied by an import permit issued by the government of the country of destination or other evidence that the applicant has complied with the require­ ments of the laws and regulations of such country with respeci to the proposed shipment. Exportations to countries which do not regulate such importations, while not specifically prohibited, are subject to the transfer tax of $1 per ounce or fraction thereof on the total quan­ tity of the drug or preparation exported, and it is not expected that any such exportations will be made. As a basic qualification for engaging in the internal trade, one must be registered in one or more of the five classes specified in the act. Every person who imports, manufactures, produces, com­ pounds, sells, deals in, dispenses, prescribes, administers, or gives away marihuana, unless an official of the Federal or State Government dispensing marihuana in the course of his official duty, is therefore required to register with the collector of internal revenue for the district his name and place of business, and to pay an occupational tax. the amount of which is determined by the type of business conducted. Such registration will be renewed annually and the occupational tax paid annually. Those registered in the first class include importers, manufac­ turers and compounders of marihuana. The second class of registrants is composed of producers. The third class of registrants is composed of dealers. The fourth class of registrants is composed of physicians, dentists, veterinary surgeons, and other practitioners. The fifth class of registrants is composed of producers, and other persons, other than importers, manufacturers, producers, and com­ pounders, who use marihuana in a laboratory for the purpose of re­ search, instruction, or analysis.

E ffects of M a r ih u a n a (Cannabis) Reference is made to an article published in the March 1938 issue of the Druggists Circular, in which the following statements are included : Cannabis (Marihuana) because of its dangerous properties is quite generally considered as having no good use in medicine. » * » The United States Pharmacopoeia X standardizes the drug by the physiological assay on dogs. This test is based on the degree of incoordination produced in dogs. * * * After the dog is used for a period of time the detrimental effect of the drug on the brain demonstrates itself. The dog must then be destroyed * * » the dog is used in this assay because it possesses a central nervous system more 66 like that of man than any other laboratory animal. The response of the dog to the action of marihuana in many respects is similar to that produced in man.

R esearch W ork on M a r ih u a n a Conducted during the summer of 1937 by the Bureau of Narcotics Laboratory (in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture) With the passage of the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, controlling the growth and traffic of the plant Cannabis sativa, there devolved upon the Bureau of Narcotics, of the United States Treasury Department, the responsibility of assembling significant data upon which compe­ tent administration of the law might be based. In order that this Bureau might be in full possession of all perti­ nent information it was decided to plant a plot of ground with Cannabis sativa and to observe the growing of the plant and related phenomena. To assist in accomplishing these ends an extensive com­ parative study was made of the findings of experts. The data developed in carrying through the above program re­ quired 4 months of activity by three chemists, with the occasional assistance of technologists of the Department of Agriculture. There were performed at least 3,000 individual chemical tests. The farm was visited weekly and observations made. On May 12, 1937, a plot of ground 130 feet long and 15 feet wide was selected in the lowlaijd, near the Potomac River, of the Arlington (Va.) Experimental Farm of the United States Department of Agriculture. Seeds of a Kentucky variety, usually cultivated for fiber, were planted in six rows, 3 feet apart. The young plants were not artificially thinned. On October 25, 1937, when the leaves were mostly gone and the stalks were more readily visible, it was found that the plot contained approximately 3,100 plants of which approximately 1,900 were fe­ males, and approximately 1,200 were males. Below are listed the various parts into which the plants were divided for the purpose of determining response to the tests. The complete subdivision was, of course, dependent on maturity. Each subdivision was added as the part in question appeared during growth and, of course, deleted after it was no longer on the growing plant. For example, the lower leaves blew off early in the decadence of the plants. 1. Tops. 7. Stems of branches. 2. Tops of branches. 8. Flowers (of m ale plants). 3. Upper leaves. 9. Bracts. 4. Lower leaves, 10. Fruits. 5. Upper stalk. 11. Roots. 6. Lower stalk. Ma r huana Grown for Experimental purposes at Arlington Experi­ mental farm of U. S. Dept, of agriculture During summer of 1937.

66-1 F l o w e r i n g T o p —M a r i h u a n a p l a n t .

66-2 67 In every case where plants were found to be “positive” by the preliminary alkaline test subsequent examination of each of the sub­ divisions developed a “positive” alkaline test in each of such sub­ divisions excepting the pith, lower stalk, and root. A survey based upon observation of the growth of these 3,000 plants of marihuana in one area was completed. From this survey the following are some of the major conclusions that were drawn : That the proportion of male plants reacting “positive” to the alkaline Beam test is the same as the proportion of female plants. That at no time during the growth of the plant was “pos­ itive” alkaline or acid Beam test to be obtained from the pith, lower stalk, or roots. That plants as small as 3 inches above ground are capable of giving the alkaline Beam test. That the alkaline Beam test and the acid Beam test may result from more than one compound, or may be affected by the presence of other inhibiting compounds which result in a nonuniformity in the degree to which both tests are obtained.

N o t e .—Until very recently, the definition of Cannabis sativa (marihuana) was based upon the traditional conception that the active principle of the drug, technically known as eannabinol or cannabinone, is present only in the female or pistillate plant and present there only in the flowering tops. Since the development of more refined chemical tests, it has been discovered that the ictive principle up to 50 percent'of the U. S. P. strength is contained in the leaves of the pistillate plant as well as the leaves of the staminate plant. This brought about the advisability of making the definition all inclusive in laws for control of the drug.

C. MANUFACTURED DRUGS

X. 1. Internal Control of Manufactured Drugs. The internal control of manufactured drugs is accomplished by : (1) A control of manufacture exercised through a system of monthly and quarterly returns covering the essential details of all manufac­ turing operations, carefully scrutinized in the course of thorough administrative examination and audit, supplemented by official inspections of the manufacturers’ premises, operations, and records by technically qualified inspectors who verify such records and re­ turns and inventory each narcotic substance in stock; (2) a control of distribution by manufacturers and wholesale dealers, exercised through a system of serially numbered official order forms required to be used for all transactions of purchase, sale, or transfer, and by a system of monthly returns which report the complete details of every such transaction, which returns are scrutinized in the course of a thorough administrative examination and audit, supplemented by 68 official inspections of their places of business, operations, and records by technically qualified inspectors who verify their records and re­ turns and inventory each narcotic substance in stock ; and (3) a con­ trol of dispensing exercised through official inspections of the pre­ scription records of druggists and the dispensing records required to be maintained by physicians, dentists, and other practitioners and through official inspections of the premises, operations, and sales records of persons who manufacture or deal in preparations of low narcotic content sold directly to the consumer for medical use. This system of control is supplemented by arrangements with the several manufacturers and wholesale dealers for the placing of serial numbers on all packages containing 1 ounce or more of morphine or cocaine and the keeping of permanent sales registers from which the identity of each successive purchaser of a particular package can be ascertained when the name of the manufacturer and the serial num­ ber of the package are known. While this has been required only for the drugs morphine and cocaine, and only for packages containing 1 ounce or more in quantity, a number of manufacturers actually apply such numbers to each package of their production regardless of the kind or quantity of drug which it contains. These serial numbers and the registers in which they are recorded are of value m ascer­ taining the points at which drugs are diverted from legitimate channels into the illicit traffic. All manufacture of opium and coca-leaf derivatives is effected from imported materials. Limitation of manufacture of the basic opium and coca-leaf alkaloids commences with a limitation set upon the importation of raw materials. The annual estimates for manufac­ ture are prepared in accordance with article 6, section 1, of the .Nar­ cotics Limitation Convention of 1931, and only those quantities of crude opium and of coca leaves which are calculated on the basis of experienced factorv efficiency to be necessary for the manufacture of the drugs included in such estimates are authorized to be imported. The total of these predetermined quantities is allocated to the several manufacturers in accordance with the ratios of their experienced re­ quirements and their existing or available stocks. Thereafter, the quarterly return of each manufacturer is promptly examined and the total manufacture to date of each derivative ascertained in order that the necessary action may be taken in the event that production of any derivative in excess of estimates is in prospect. Difficulty is experienced, however, in arriving at satisfactory es­ timates of the annual requirements in sufficient time to furnish the formal reports of such estimates by August 1 of the preceding year as is required by the provisions of the Narcotics Limitation Conven­ tion of 1931. This difficulty is due principally to the impossibility of accurately foretelling at so early a date the quantity of each drug 69 which will remain in the hands of manufacturers and wholesale deal­ ers as stocks at the beginning of the year for which the estimate is being made. At the time when such estimates must necessarily be made, no dependable data are available to indicate for the current year either the consumption trend of the several drugs or the prob­ able yield of such drugs from the opium to be made available for their manufacture, much of which frequently has not then been im­ ported or assayed. These factors are controlling influences in de­ termining the quantity of any particular drug which will remain on hand at the beginning of the following year. Accordingly, the estimates as originally submitted provide only for expected consump­ tion and exports during the year. The requirements for adjustment of stocks are reported by supplemental estimates submitted after the actual stocks at the beginning of the year have been ascertained, such procedure being provided in the model administrative code. How­ ever, due to unexpected increases in the consumption of codeine, sup­ plemental estimates for the current consumption and export require­ ments for this drug also became necessary during the year. Upon determination of the total manufacture to be authorized for the year, allotments distributing the total quantity to be manu­ factured during the year were issued to the several manufacturers. This plan has operated very effectively in limiting production to actual requirements. Since neither the importation of manufactured narcotics nor the return to the United States of narcotics which have been exported is permitted under the law, there are no quantities to be deducted from the manufacturing estimates under provision (i) of article 7 of the Limitation Convention. The quantities of confiscated drugs utilized for domestic consumption are insignificant and consist only of small quantities of crude opium, opium derivatives, and cocaine turned over to other Government establishments for medical and scientific uses. Diacetylmorphine, or heroin, is not manufactured in the United States. The law governing imports and exports of nar­ cotics, known as the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act, limits importations to raw opium and coca leaves, and prohibits the im­ portation of diacetylmorphine itself and of opium for the manu­ facture of diacetylmorphine. The supplies of opium and diacetyl­ morphine on hand June 7, 1924, the date the prohibition became effective, were not affected thereby, but shortly thereafter manufac­ turers discontinued all production of diacetylmorphine and the stock has gradually diminished until only a small quantity remains. In view of its present exaggerated market value in the United States arising from its demand for rare and isolated medical uses, there is no occasion for any exportation of heroin except as it may be con­ 70 tained in minute quantities in exported specialty preparations, but no heroin or preparations thereof were exported in 1937. Manufacturers have been instructed that the annual estimates for the United States include estimates for the manufacture of morphine, codeine, ethylmorphine, dihydromorphinone, thebaine, and cocaine only, and that no other phenanthrene alkaloid or derivative of opium or ecgonine alkaloid or derivative of the coca leaf may be produced for the trade unless and until the approval of the proper governmental authorities has first been obtained and estimates there­ for have been submitted in accordance with the provisions of the Narcotics Limitation Convention of 1931. Since the convention came into effect, the Commissioner of Narcotics has had occasion to con­ sider applications for authorizations to manufacture small quanti­ ties of dihydromorphine ( paramorfan ), dihydrodesoxymorphine I) (desomorphine), dihydrocodeinone (dicodide), eucodal, eucodin, di- nitrophenylmorphine, monoacetylmorphine, and benzoyl-ecgonine, all io r scientific or experimental purposes, but no manufacture of these products for the trade has yet been authorized. Those drugs falling in group II of he Narcotics Limitation Con­ vention of 1931 are subjected to the same rigid control as those in group I, no distinction being made between the two groups under the laws of the United States. The manufacture of all derivatives of opium and of coca leaves is confined to those establishments and premises which are duly registered under the Federal law, and only such persons or firms as are so registered are permitted to import, export, manufacture, sell, distribute, or transfer such drugs. Records are required to be maintained continuously and reports or returns to be rendered monthly and quarterly, covering the details of all transactions of importation, exportation, manufacture, sale, or transfer. 2. Licenses. No change was made during 1937 in the qualifications for engaging in the international or internal trade in narcotic drugs, and the system of import permits and export authorizations remains the same. 3. Manufacture. Three establishments were authorized to import raw opium dur­ ing the year for the purpose of manufacturing medicinal, powdered, and granulated opium and for extracting alkaloids for sale or export as such. These are as follows: Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N. J. Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, St. Louis, Mo. New York Quinine & Chemical Works, Inc., Brooklyn, N. Y- 71 The following opium derivatives were produced during the year by these three establishments, both for domestic use and export: Powdered opium Methylmorphine Granulated opium Ethylmorphine Morphine Papaverine Dihydromorphinone Narcotine. In addition small quantities of opium derivatives were produced for analytical and clinical research as follows : Dihydromorphine Eucodal Dinitrophenylmorphine Eucodin Monoacetylmorphine. A fourth establishment, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, N. J., was authorized to import raw opium for the purpose of extracting the alkaloids therefrom, not for sale as such but for use exclusively in the manufacture of its specialty, pantopon. The following four additional establishments were authorized to import comparatively small quantities of raw opium for the purpose of manufacturing medicinal opium, tinctures, and extracts: Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, Mich. Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Sharp & Dohme, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. E. R. Squibb & Sons, Brooklyn, N. Y. These establishments do not extract alkaloids. They do, how­ ever, manufacture tablets and pharmaceutical preparations from alkaloids purchased by them from alkaloid-extracting manufac- turers. Alkaloid-extracting manufacturers render returns each quarter to cover the details of their manufacture. These quarterly returns cover the full details of the crude materials on hand and substances in process of manufacture or conversion at the beginning and end of each quarter; the importations, quantities used in manufacture and conversion, and manufacture therefrom. In addition to the quarterly returns each manufacturer is required to submit monthly returns covering the full details of each receipt or disposition, in­ cluding the date, the serial number of the official order form pursuant to which the transaction was made, the name, address, district, and registry number of both the consignor and consignee, and the name and quantity of the drug involved. _ ^ _ These returns are carefully examined and audited in the Federal Bureau of Narcotics to determine whether proper yields from the raw materials arse obtained, whether all transactions of purchase, sale, or manufacture have been properly accounted for, and whether the stocks of raw materials, materials in process, and finished drugs m 72 the possession of each factory are properly and fully reported. In addition to this audit special representatives of the Bureau make periodic inspections of factory premises, study their operations, ex­ amine factory records, inventory all stocks, and verify the reports of substances on hand. The establishments specified below were authorized to import coca leaves for the purpose of producing cocaine : Merck & Co., Inc., Bahway, N. J. Maywood Chemical Works, Maywood, N. J. The Maywood Chemical Works, in addition to importing coca leaves for the manufacture of cocaine, was also authorized to import a further supply of coca leaves for the purpose of manufacturing therefrom a nonnarcotic flavoring extract, as authorized by law. All cocaine, ecgonine, and salts, derivatives, and preparations from which cocaine or ecgonine might be made, which were contained in such additional supplies of coca leaves, were destroyed under the supervision of a personal representative of the Commissioner of Narcotics. 4. Trade and Distribution. The extent of the manufacture, sale, and distribution of narcotic drugs and preparations in the legitimate trade may be gaged some­ what by the number of persons registered in the various classes under the law, these several classes having been previously described. On June 30, 1937, there were 181 persons or firms registered in class 1 as importers, manufacturers, producers, and compounders, which figure includes the factories authorized to import crude opium and coca leaves for the purpose of manufacturing medicinal opium and extracting morphine and cocaine. There were 1,353 persons or firms registered in class 2 as wholesale dealers in taxable narcotic drugs on June 30, 1937. The remaining three classes of registered persons included retail dealers (druggists), registered in class 3; physicians, dentists, veterinarians, and other practitioners lawfully entitled to distribute, dispense, give away, or administer narcotic drugs and preparations to patients upon whom they in the course of their professional practice are in attendance, registered in class 4; and manufacturers and distributors of preparations and remedies not subject to commodity tax because of low narcotic content, registered in class 5. On June 30, 1937, there were 51,488 registrants in class 3, 153,951 in class 4, and 133,741 in class 5. The figure for those registered in class 5 includes persons or firms also registered in one or more of the other classes. Statistical tables showing registrations under the Federal narcotic laws, the quantities of crude opium and coca leaves held at the begin­ 73 ning of the year by the importing manufacturers, the quantities of crude drugs imported during the year, the quantities used for extrac­ tion of alkaloids and manufacture of tinctures and extracts, the quantities of alkaloids produced for conversion into other drugs, the sales of such manufactured drugs, the stocks of crude and manu­ factured drugs on hand at the end of the year, the exportation of drugs during the year, and shipments of drugs to insular possessions, will be found in the appendix, tables 9 to 19, inclusive.

C o n s u m p t io n The per capita consumption of opium in the form of all its salts, derivatives, and preparations, amounted to 8.3194 grains or 539.097 milligrams for 1937. This is slightly higher than the consump­ tion figure for 1936, owing almost entirely to a further very marked increase in the consumption of codeine. These per capita consumption figures are ascertained by convert­ ing the quantities of the several opium products consumed to terms of original raw opium on the basis of the average assay of opium imported and the actual manufacturing yields obtained therefrom, then dividing this equivalency by the officially estimated population of continental and territorial United States, including insular pos­ sessions other than the Philippine Islands, 131,687,000. Because the entire quantity of the several opium products con­ sumed, in terms of raw opium, is used in making the computations, as shown in the appendix in table 20, the per capita consumption arrived at in each instance will be higher than the actual per capita consumption by human beings, due to the fact that the entire quan­ tities consumed include not only the indeterminable miscellaneous losses by fires, floods, breakage, and deterioration on the shelx es of retailers and dispensers, but also the unascertained quantities which are used by veterinarians in the medical treatment of animals. The cocaine and its salts sold during the year to registrants dis­ pensing directly to consumers is equivalent to 826 kilograms 360 grams of cocaine alkaloid. This is equivalent to 12,752,688 grains and indicates a per capita consumption of 0.09684 grain or 6.275 milligrams of cocaine alkaloid during the year. (See appendix, table 21.) With the increasing emphasis on supervision over the legitimate manufacture and distribution of narcotic drugs there has long been a tendency toward the concentration of these activities in the hands of fewer and more responsible manufacturers and wholesale dealers. This tendency, which has been constant since such registrants were first required to render an accounting of their operations, continued during the year 1937. Thus, while the trend since 1922 in the num- 74 ber of persons registered in the dispensing groups as retailers, prac­ titioners, and dealers in tax-exempt preparations has been generally upward, the number registered as manufacturers and wholesale deal­ ers has consistently decreased. The number of manufacturers regis­ tered on June 30, 1937, represented 63 percent of the number regis­ tered on June 30, 1930, and the corresponding figure for wholesale dealers was 78 percent. . The consumption of individual drugs as reflected in the sales by manufacturers and wholesale dealers shows variations from year to year due to seasonal influences and prevailing economic conditions T h e consumption of medicinal opium and its preparations decreased somewhat during 1937. The consumption of morphine and its salts also decreased while the consumption of codeine and its salts con­ tinues to increase. Cocaine consumption was slightly higher m 1937 than in 1936. D. OTHER QUESTIONS

XI. Chapter IV of The Hague Opium Convention of 1912. With reference to the execution of the provisions of chapter IV of The Hague Convention of 1912, the following information is

presented.^ ^ ^ Margaret Florence Evers, an American citizen, arrived at Anyang (a district in Honan, China on the Peiping-Hankow railway) from Tientsin, carrying two leather case , and proceeded to the Kuang Sheng Hospital for medical treatment. The director of the hospital became suspicious because there were many far better hospitals in Peiping and Tientsin to which she con d more conveniently have gone for treatment. The director therefore, requested the local (Chinese) police authorities to come to the hos­ pital for an investigation. An examination of Mrs. Evers’ baggage resulted in the discovery that one of her cases contained 6 packages of heroin, each weighing 25 ounces, and that the other case contained 10 packages of narcotics weighing in all 190 taels (about 253 ounces). Mrs. Evers was arrested and afterwards handed over to the Ameri­ can authorities. „ , , ,, Mrs Evers was tried in the United States Court for China, held in Shanghai on January 12, 1938, and was sentenced to 4 years im­ prisonment in the Federal Industrial Institution for Women at Alderson, W. Va. She is now serving that sentence.

XII. Prepared Opium. There is at present no lawful manufacture of prepared opium in the United States. The importation of prepared opium, or of opium 75 prepared for smoking, into the United States, the admission of the substance for transfer or transshipment to another country, and the exportation thereof to another country are absolutely prohibited. It is believed that there is comparatively little opium smoking in the United States among the native population, although there continues to be a certain indulgence in the habit, more particularly among the alien population, especially the Chinese. There were re­ ported during the year 42 cases of violations of the law governing the manufacture of smoking opium, as compared with 10 in 1936. These do not include the offenses of possession or sale. Four such cases were pending on January 1, 1937. Of these 46 cases, prosecu­ tion was instituted in 17, with 17 convictions. A total aggregate sentence of 37 years 9 months 7 days, and an aggregate fine of $2,411 were imposed upon those convicted. Eleven cases, being of minor significance and the available evidence being too scant to warrant prosecution, were dropped during the year, leaving 18 such cases pending at the end of the year. These figures, however, have been included in the statistical table of enforcement activity of Federal narcotic officers under the Federal internal-revenue narcotic laws. A total of 344 kilograms and 205 grams of smoking opium was seized and confiscated during the calendar year 1937. The exact origin of this smoking opium could not be definitely determined, but the great bulk was undoubtedly manufactured and packed some- vhere in the Far East, since it was seized from vessels arriving di­ rectly or indirectly from far eastern ports in the manner herein­ before described in the discussion of seizures. When no longer needed as evidence, all smoking opium seized is destroyed by the Government. 86685— 38------6 APPENDIX

T a b l e 1.—Violations of the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act and Custom« Laws reported during the calendar year 19S7 and their disposition Violations reported 488 Defendants presented for prosecution------96 Defendants convicted------64 Defendants acquitted------7 Penalties : Aggregate sentences imposed______156 years 11 days Total fines imposed------$36,935.00 Number of vessels upon or in connection with which narcotic drugs were seized on account of failure to manifest------36 Amount of penalties assessed against such vessel^------1 $49,449.80 Amount of penalties collected------1.586.80 i A statute places a liability upon the master or owner of a vessel in the amount of $25 per ounce for each ounce of smoking opium discovered on board the vessel which h a s not been manifested. This penalty automatically attaches, except that the master or ow n er of a vessel used as a common carrier shall not be liable to the penalty if it appears that neither the master nor any of the officers nor the owner knew, and could not, by the exer­ cise of the highest degree of care and diligence, have known that smoking opium w as on board. A penalty is also imposed upon the master or owner of a vessel arriving at a port of the United States with respect to any narcotics, other than smoking opium, found on board the vessel without being included or described in the vessel's manifest, said penalty being $50 for each ounce of heroin, morphine, or cocaine and $10 for each ounce of crude opium. A further provision of the customs laws gives to the owner or master of the vessel the right to file with the Secretary of the Treasury a petition setting forth any facts w h ich in the judgment of the latter official should warrant relief being granted from the assessment of the full penalty. The purpose of this provision is to grant to a master or owner equi­ table relief when it is clearly shown that they have exercised every precaution to prevent the bringing aboard of smoking opium or other narcotics intended for illegal introduction into the United States. Hence, the penalties finally collected are but a part of the penal­ ties originally assessed, due to the showing made by and on behalf of masters and owners of preventive measures taken by them. N o te . It is not possible to show the occupations of the persons prosecuted as shown in the above table, but it is believed that they have no known lawful occupation or profession, with the exception of those few persons who were employed as members of crews of vessels plying between this country and foreign ports.

T a b l e 1 - A . Violations of Federal internal revenue narcotic laws reported during the calendar year 1931, and their disposition

Registered Unregistered

Persons reported for criminal violations: Federal cases Joint cases Persons tried in courts: Federal cases in Federal courts. Federal cases in State courts Joint cases in Federal courts. Joint cases in State courts Persons convicted: 1 Federal cases in Federal courts 1,590 Federal cases in State courts 231 Joint cases in Federal courts 518 Joint cases in State courts 119 Persons acquitted: Federal cases in Federal courts. Federal cases in State courts Joint cases in Federal courts Joint cases in State courts See footnote at end of table. (76) 77

T a b le 1-A.—Violations of Federal internal revenue narcotic laws reported during the calendar year 1937, and their disposition—Continued

R egistered Unregistered T o tal

Penalties: Aggregate sentences imposed: * 163 3,797 3,960 6 222 228 9 1,087 1,096 ___ d o ___ 1 99 100 Total fines imposed: $18.375.02 $170,347.08 $188,722.10 $499.85 $3,915.08 $4,414.93 $216.00 $25,474.03 $25, 690.03 $400.00 $5, 527.05 $5,927.05 Cases com prom ised: * 338 1 339 11 11 Total amount accepted in cases compromised: $30,871.50 $100.00 $30,971. 50 $505.00 $505.00

i These figures include 13 persons who were placed on indefinite probations and 8 persons whose sentences were indefinitely suspended. J These figures include definite probationary sentences aggregating 386 years and sentences aggregating 62 vears which were suspended. Sentences aggregating 4,615 years running concurrently with those in­ cluded in these figures were im posed in a d d itio n thereto. i In addition to the 350 cases in which compromises were accepted, 27 cases involving tax liability were closed on p ay m en t of taxes a n d penalties am ounting to $112.79. Notes.—This table also includes 17 convictions in the Federal courts of violations of the laws governing the manufacture of smoking opium, the convicted persons receiving aggregate sentences of 37 years 9 months and 7days and aggregate fines of $2,411. These sentences and fines were imposed under indictments containing counts also charging violations of narcotic laws other than the smoking opium law. Cases described as Federal are those mâde by Federal officers working independently, while those de­ scribed as joint are those made by Federal and State officers working in cooperation with each other. The column headed Registered (registered under the Harrison Narcotic Law, as amended) represents prac­ titioners of th e healing arts an d druggists w ho w ere prosecuted for narcotic-law violations, w hile th e colum n headed Unregistered represents persons whose occupations or professions cannot be determined, but who were in the main underworld characters.

Table 1-B.— Violations of the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 reported during the period from Oct. 1 to Dec. 81, 1937, and their disposition

Unregistered

Persons reported for criminal violations: Federal cases------150 Joint cases______100 Persons tried in courts: Federal cases in Federal courts...... 38 Federal casus in State courts______-...... 2 Joint cases in Federal courts______27 Joint cases in State courts ...... -...... -...... Persons convicted: Federal cases in Federal courts...... - ...... - ...... — 37 Federal cases in State courts______, ______2 Joint cases in Federal courts______24 Joint cases in State courts ...... -...... -...... -...... — Persons acquitted: Federal cases in Federal courts.-...... —...... Federal cases in State courts _ ...... -...... Joint cases in Federal courts______Joint cases in State courts ...... —...... -...... Penalties: Aggregate sentences imposed: » Federal cases in Federal courts...... years.. 90 Federal cases in State courts ...... do. 2 Joint cases in Federal courts ...... —...... -...... do---- 42 Joint cases in State courts______do. Total fines imposed: Federal cases in Federal courts...... -...... -...... $1.100 Federal cases in State courts.-...... Joint cases in Federal courts______8Ô1 Joint cases in State courts ...... -...... -......

1 These figures include a definite probationary sentence of 5 years. Sentences aggregating 24 years running concurrently with those included in these figures were imposed in addition thereto. Note.—Cases described as Federal are those made by Federal officers working independently, while loose described as joint are those made by Federal and State officers working in cooperation with each other. 78

T a b l e 1 - C .— Comparative statement of seizures,1 violations, convictions, sentences, and fines under Federal narcotic laws, calendar years 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935,1936, and 1937

1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1 o a G ram s G ram s G ram s K ilogram s G ram s K ilogram s G ram s G ram s K ilogram s K ilogram s K ilogram s K ilogram s 5 0

D ru g s seized or p u r­ chased: At ports and bor­ d e rs______1,403 498 284 799 487 526 353 36 306 345 377 913 437 889 Internal traffic... 1,124 596 223 394 113 86 8 6 579 205 647 63 371 133 949

T o ta l...... 2,528 94 508 193 600 612 439 615 511 992 441 284 5711 838

Violations reported: By registered per- 575 902 863 1,872 2,268 2,063 2 603 By unregistered 4,460 4,267 3,529 3,826 3, 727 3,468 3,468

T o ta l...... 5,035 5,169 4,392 5,698 5,995 5,531 4,071

Convictions: Of registered per- 133 103 137 203 191 155 119 Of unregistered persons------2,995 2,785 2,453 2,471 2,927 2,725 2,458 T o t a l ...... 3 128 2 8 88 2,590 •2,674 3,118 2,880 2,577 Sentences imposed, years (including concurrent sen- 9 867 6, 740 5,680 6, 591 8 .669 7,285 9,9S Fines imposed...... $163,514. 38 $115,147.82 $136, 274.40 $149,193.67 $200,904.38 $155,164.83 $224, 64.11 Automobiles seized. 146 130 121 100 101 97 171

i Seizures are stated in terms of the actual quantities of all drugs in the forms in which seized i The decrease during 1937 in the number of cases reported pertaining to registered persons is largely due to the fact that the Bureau no longer includes as cases reports showing merely technical or minor violations of the regulations.

T a b l e 2 .—Results of enforcement activity X>y State and municipal enforcement officers under the State narcotic drug laics, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1937

I P e r­ Aggregate sentences C rim ­ C ases P e r­ P er- sons im p o se d 1 in a l P e r­ P e r­ pen d ­ T otal sons be­ ing viola­ sons sons com ­ D ropped fines tried con­ de­ D ec. tions in ing imposed re­ victed ceased 31, Y ears M o n th s D ays courts ted fugi­ 1937 ported tives

California...... 881 766 554 34 Connecticut__ 16 16 14 1 12 10 10 5 2 G eorgia...... $24,884.00 478 478 370 * 4 139 Illin o is ...... 1 , 200.00 Io w a ...... 7 6 6 11 K e n tu c k y _____ 1 1 1 1 L o u isian a...... 168 62 40 6 M a ry la n d _____ 8 8 1 2 Massachusetts. 5 7 7 3,500.00 N ew Y o rk ____ 1,905 1,847 1,663 188 N orth C arolina. 1 1 1 " ' ‘ J 642.25 13 O hio...... 5 13 13 "2 2 j 1,950.00 Pennsylvania.. • 171 140 132 Rhode Island.. 5 3 1 South Dakota . 6 6 6 3 "30 I 1M-<5 T ennessee____ 100. 1» W yom ing_____ 1

1 In cases of indeterminate sentences, the average sentence has been computed. 1 Turned over to Federal Department of Justice. » Committed to State farm for treatment of drug addiction. 4 Placed on probation. a Ohio State Board of Pharmacy reported 1,798 investigations made, t Pennsylvania State Department of Health reported 1,318 investigations made. 79

T a ble 3. Seizure» of narcotic drugs at ports and borders under the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act during the calendar year 1937

Gross weight in form Net weight in terms seized C onver­ of anhydrous alkaloid Kind of drug and form in which seized sion factor used K ilogram s G ram s Kilogram s G ram s

74 520 Opium! sm oking...... 305 934 44 8 603 Ô. 75506 6 496 48 193 .8714 41 995 Heroin salts...... 69 .77399 53 Codeine salts...... 900257 85 Cocaine s a lt s ...... 95 Miscellaneous d rugs...... 431

VnTE _ The first column represents the kind of drug seized; the second column represents the g ro ss welBht of the drug in the form in which seized; the third column shows the conversion.factor usedw ith S en c e to morphine, heroin, codeine, and cocaine salts; while the last column represents the net weight, Srhranect to morphine, heroin, codeine, and cocaine salts, of the anhydrous alkaloidal content for each Wnd o fdrag based on a calculation which ignores any adulteration, no quantitative chemical analyses having been made to determine the adulteration present in any given seizure.

T a ble 3-A.—Seizures of narcotic drugs in the continental United States under the Federal internal-revenue narcotic laws during the calendar year 1937

Net weight in terms Gross weight in form P ercent­ of anhydrous alka­ seized C onver­ age of a n ­ loid Kind of drug and form in which seized sion fac­ hydrous to r used alkaloid K ilogram s G ram s Kilogram s G ram s

13 3 Opium, sm oking...... 38 271 10 902 10 934 71.974 7 870 Morphine salts------12 808 Heroin salts------69 953 18.31 136 0. 77399 105 2 .8120 2 732 80.407 588 Miscellaneous drugs------6

NOTE —The first column represents the kind of drug seized; the second column represents the gross wêieht of the drug in the form in which seized; the third column shows the conversion factor used with reference to codeine anddionto salts; the fourth column represents the average percentage of anhydres alkaloid based on chem ical analyses of 287 sam ples of m orphine, 3,102 sam ples of herom , an d 47 sam plœ of roeaine made during the calendar year 1937, while the last column represents the actual net weight of the heroin, codeine dionin, and cocaine tating m toam m nt the conversion factors and the percentages of purity shown in the third and fourth columns, respectively. 80

T able 3-B .— Comparison of seizures of narcotic drugs at ports and borders under the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act, and in the continental United States under the Federal internal revenue narcotic laws, calendar years J936 and 1931 [Gross weight of drug in form seized]

1936 1937 Increase Decrease

Q u an tity Q u an tity Per­ Per­ K ilo­ K ilo­ G ram s G ram s cent­ cent­ gram s gram s K ilo­ K ilo­ G ram s age G ram s age gram s gram s

O pium : 140 206 87 523 52 683 37 221 347 344 205 122 858 55 286 10 276 96 Tinctures and ex- 514 946 432 84 M o rp h in e...... 19 54 19 537 483 101 H ero in ...... 58 628 118 146 59 518 C odeine...... 475 205 66 1 13 12 1,200 473 827 354 74 296 426 130 44

441 280 571 838 130 558 29

T a b l e 3-C.—Seizures of cannabis (marihuana) during the period from Oct. 1 to Dec. 31, 1931, by Federal enforcement officers

B u lk M arih u a n a Growing seeds plants N u m ­ Ciga­ m arih u an a b er of rettes State sei­ K ilo­ Kilo­ zures ber) K ilo­ G ram s G ram s P lan ts gram s gram s grams

A lab am a...... 13 36 30 90 71 10 A rizona...... 339 1 C alifornia...... 12 115 3 906 C olorado...... ----- 15 80 District of Columbia. 6 F lo rid a - ...... 102 24 653 52 2 744 2 H a w a ii------768 Id a h o ...... 363 Illin o is ...... 19 144 10 201 In d ia n a ------47 Io w a ...... 19 11 583 K an sas...... - ...... 454 K e n tu c k y ...... 93 212 L o u isian a------14 955 M a r y la n d ...... 290 Massachusetts...... — 129 20 394 17 871 138 502 M ich ig an — ...... 852 794 M in n eso ta ------47 9 M isso u ri...... 103 686 907 Mississippi...... N ew Jersey ...... 107 220 N ew Y ork...... 72 North Dakota—...... 22 9 740 96 O h io ...... 21 141 10 O klahom a------504 O regon...... — 72 Pennsylvania...... 16 102 185 9 South Carolina------61 61 Tennessee. ------85 T e x as...... 43 711 44 52 U ta h ...... 105 Washington.------18 40 56 153 West Virginia...... 5 3 91 4 324 706 4M T o ta l- 369 2,852 229 444 14 81

Table 4.—Seizure* of cannabis (marihuana) during the calendar year 1937 by State and municipal enforcement officers

B ulk m a ri­ M ari­ huana hu an a Growing plants N u m ­ C iga­ seeds ber of State rettes ber) ures Kilo- G ram s G ram s P la n ts K ilo­ H ec­ gram s tares

3 23 397 142 99 837 20 263 223 227 15 83 283 237 277 1 15 3 3 2 3 724 7 31 10 100 1 361 36 849 2 10 15 15 1,010 13 608 15 133 1 701 2,268 Massachusetts______4 338 33 52 11 850 43,775 14,282 2 30 1 291 15 25 1 361 1,200 3 18 24,249 44 463 39 357 453 3,100 680 1 5 112 3 62 1 8 74 1 66 21,000 21 South D ak o ta...... 1 4 649 00 20 232 9 185 281 1 227 4 14 794 West Virginia...... 8 45 190 2 136

335 4,293 116 449 822 69,574 43,999 1,195

1 Number of seizures unknown. 82

T a b l e 4 - a .—State laws relating to marihuana (cannabis) [Compiled as of M ay 16,1938]

Controls (or licenses) production Controls possession C ontrols sale

ALABAMA.» ALABAMA. ALABAMA. A R IZ O N A .i ARIZONA. ARIZONA. ARKANSAS.* ARKANSAS. ARKANSAS California.* California. California. COLORADO .1 COLORADO. COLORADO. CONNECTICUT.» CONNECTICUT. CONNECTICUT. DELAWARE.» DELAWARE. DELAWARE. FLORIDA.» FLORIDA. FLORIDA. GEORGIA.» GEORGIA. GEORGIA. IDAHO.» IDAHO. IDAHO. ILLINOIS.» ILLINOIS. ILLINOIS. INDIANA.» INDIANA. INDIANA. IOWA.» IOWA. IOWA. Kansas.* K ansas. K ansas. KENTUCKY. KENTUCKY. LOUISIANA.* LOUISIANA. LOUISIANA. M aine. MARYLAND.» MARYLAND. MARYLAND. Massachusetts. Massachusetts. Massachusetts. MICHIGAN.» MICHIGAN. MICHIGAN. MINNESOTA.* MINNESOTA. MINNESOTA. MISSISSIPPI.» MISSISSIPPI. MISSISSIPPI. MISSOURI.* MISSOURI. MISSOURI. MONTANA.» MONTANA. MONTANA. NEBRASKA.* NEBRASKA. NEBRASKA. NEVADA.» NEVADA. NEVADA. New Hampshire. NEW JERSEY.» NEW JERSEY. NEW JERSEY. NEW MEXICO.» NEW MEXICO. NEW MEXICO. N E W Y O R K .» N E W Y O R K . N E W Y O R K . NORTH CAROLINA.» NORTH CAROLINA. NORTH CAROLINA. North Dakota. North Dakota. OHIO.» OHIO. OHIO. OKLAHOMA.* OKLAHOMA. OKLAHOMA. OREGON.» OREGON. OREGON. Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania. RHODE ISLAND.» RHODE ISLAND. RHODE ISLAND. SOUTH CAROLINA.» SOUTH CAROLINA. SOUTH CAROLINA. SOUTH DAKOTA.» SOUTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. TENNESSEE. TENNESSEE. TEXAS.» TEXAS. TEXAS. UTAH.! UTAH. UTAH. V erm ont. VIRGINIA.* VIRGINIA. VIRGINIA. Washington. Washington. WEST VIRGINIA. WISCONSIN.» WISCONSIN. WISCONSIN. WYOMING.! WYOMING. WYOMING.

l Denotes States which control cannabis under the uniform narcotic law. * Denotes States which prohibit cultivation of cannabis. States in capitals are those which have enacted the uniform narcotic law. N o t e . —The law of Virginia prohibits cultivation and growth with an exemption as to licensed growers, but contains no provisions for licensing growers.

T a b l e 4 - B — Seizures of narcotic drugs as reported by State officials Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1937 [Gross weight in form in which seized]

M assa­ P ennsyl­ Rhode C alifornia C onnec­ L ou isian a tic u t chusetts vania Island

Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams Gram O p iu m ...... - ...... — 1,408 Y en Shee...... - ...... 683 50 115 255 699 42 86 H ero in ...... - ...... - ...... — 56 M o rp h in e______465 340 M iscellaneous drugs------— ...... 141 ------83

T a b le 5.—Percentage of persons arrested during the calendar year 1937 having previous fingerprint records

Offense Percent Offense P ercent

63.2 35.6 58.2 Weapons—carrying, possessing, etc_____ 34.2 51.1 Offenses against family and children ____ 32.9 49.6 32.4 Prostitution and commercialized vice— 49.0 Stolen property—buying, receiving, etc.. 32.1 46.3 29.3 45.8 27.6 43.3 27.3 43.2 27.2 41.8 26.7 40.9 25.6 40.5 24.7 40.4 24.1 38.8

i Only 30 fingerprint cards were received representing arrests for violation of parking regulations.

T able 5-A.—Comparison of narcotic law violators with total Federal prisoners, on June 30, 1937

Male prisoners convicted of Federal offenses and confined on June 30, 1937: For all offenses...... — ...... —...... - ...... 18,733 For narcotic d ru g law violations ...... - ...... 1,629 Female prisoners convicted of Federal offenses an d confined on Ju n e 30,1937: For all offenses______959 For narcotic drug law violations------426 Male persons confined in United States Public Health Service Hospital at Lexington, Ky., on June 30, 1937...... 830 T a b l e 6 .— Physician»

Reported for narcotic irregularities Action taken

Reported during 1937

Licenses revoked Licenses suspended P robations 1936 prior case pending Conviction A ddiction pending 1 pending 1

State For For For For con­ N ot con­ N ot con­ con­ N ot N ot con­ vic­ vic­ con­ vic­ vic­ For For For For For For For For F or For tion For tion vict- For vict­ For tion vict- For tion vict­ con­ con­ con­ con­ con­ con­ con­ addic­ addic­ or a d ­ addic­ or a d ­ ed or addic­ ed or addic­ or a d ­ ed or addic­ or a d ­ ed or addic­ vic­ vic­ vic­ vic­ a d ­ vic­ diction ad ­ vic­ tion tion vic­ tion diction tion diction ad­ tion ad­ tion diction tion tion tion tion tion tion tion tion in dict­ in d ic t­ in in d ic t­ dict­ other ed » other ed * other other ed 1 ed » States States States States

4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 7 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 District of Colum- 1 1 Florida •...... 10 7 1 3 1 1 1 2 25 14 1 10 1 1 1 2 14 10 6 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 9 5 9 5 1 2 3 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 1 2 4 2 1 14 2 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 6 4 4 10 1 1 2 6 2 1 2 4 1 1 1 N ew H a m p sh ire .-.1 1 N e w J e r s e y __ New Mexico.. N ew Y ork------North Carolina___ North Dakota.. Ohio...... 6 7 O klahom a ' ...... 12 15 O regon...... 2 Pennsylvania.. 2 •1 South Carolina___ 11 8 South Dakota. 1 T ennessee...... 31 " ii" T e x as...... 17 i l 3 V erm o n t...... l .... V irginia...... W ash in g to n ___ ” 5’ .... West Virginia ”... 1 W isconsin...... 2 W yom ing...... 1 T o ta l___ 227 71 48 20 12 24 10

ioQ«'-?BCh °/mhM0 J!hySiici/ mS .'£aSv,rCp0,rte d t 0 the 8tate licensing board during 1937, while a conviction case, included in this chart under the heading, “Pending action on Dec. 31, lVuo, was still pending before the board. . ’„Eaoh Of these physicians was reported to the State licensing board during 1937, while an addiction case, included in this chart under the heading, "Pending action on Dec. 31, 00 ludo, was still pending before the board. Oi > These physicians, while not convicted and apparently not addicted to narcotic drugs, were reported because of evidence of narcotic irregularities In addition to these reported cases, the State authorities, as a result of independent investigation, instituted action before the State board against 9 physicians on account of narççtic irregularities. The licenses of 5 of these physicians were revoked. Two physicians were placed on probation for 5 years, without narcotic privileges. The board restored the licenses of 2 physicians, but placed these physicians on probation for 5 years, without narcotic privileges. > In addition to these reported cases, the State authorities restored, with probation for 2 years, 1 physician’s license which had been revoked in 1936 on account of his conviction 01 violation or the Harrison Narcotic Law. of violatf^oM he^arHso^^arcotic^Law 116 8tate authorities restored, without narcotic privileges, 1 physician’s license which had been revoked in 1935 on account of his conviction .. ‘ In addition to these reported cases, the State authorities, as a result of independent investigation, revoked the licenses of 2 physicians who had been convicted of violation of toe Hanison Narcotic Law in another State. •T his physician, who was reported to the board for narcotic irregularities other than drug addiction, was later found to be a drug addict. 11 This action was taken in 1938. 11 to addition to these reported cases, the State authorities revoked the license of 1 physician who had been convicted of violation of the Harrison Narcotic Law In another State. T a b l e 6.— Physicians— C o n tin u ed

Action taken N o t D eceased qualified 1937 Dismissed without Probations without nar­ Admonitions cotic privileges disciplinary action

F or For State For For For con­ N o t N o t con­ con­ con­ con­ N o t vic­ vic­ vic­ vic­ con­ vic­ con­ For F or For For For For tion F or vict- tion F or tion For tion F or For tion vict­ con­ v ic t­ con­ con­ For con­ con­ ed or addic­ ed or or ad­ addic­ or a d ­ addic­ or a d ­ con­ addic­ or a d ­ ed or addic­ or a d ­ vic­ vic­ addic­ vic­ vic­ vic­ tion diction a d ­ tion a d ­ diction tion diction tion diction vic­ tion diction a d ­ tion tion tion tion tion tion in d ic t­ d ic t­ in in in tion in d ic t­ other ed* ed 1 other other other other ed» States States States States S tates

2 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 5 1 6 1 1 1 31 15 2 3 4 3 2 10 11 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 3 11 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 2 2 6 1 1 11 1 1 2 2 3 5 i 1 5 2 5 1 32 17 3 1 1 3 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 l 1 1 2 l North Carolina ______I... ____ i l 4 20 20 North Dakota. O hio ...... O klahom a ■------O regon------Pennsylvania— South Carolina- South Dakota... T ennessee . T exas...... V erm o n t...... V irginia______W ashington ...... West Virginia >».. W isconsin . W yom ing .

T o ta l. 10 20 42 13 188 148 25

» These physicians, while not convicted and apparently not addicted to narcotic drugs, were reported because of evidence of narcotic irregularities. « In addition to these reported cases, the State authorities, as a result of independent investigation, instituted action before the State board against 9 physicians on account of narcotic irregularities. The licenses of 5 of these physicians were revoked. Two physicians were placed on probation for 5 years, without narcotic privileges. The board restored the licenses of 2 physicians, but placed these physicians on probation for 5 years, without narcotic privileges. i In addition to these reported cases, the State authorities restored, with probation for 2 years, 1 physician’s license which had been revoked in 1936 on account of his conviction of violation of the Harrison Narcotic Law. qq • In addition to these reported cases, the State authorities restored, without narcotic privileges, 1 physician’s license which had been revoked in 1935 on account of his conviction of violation of the Harrison Narcotic Law. 7 The licenses of these 2 physicians are under suspension, due to previously reported drug addition. • In addition to these reported cases, the State authorities, as a result of independent investigation, revoked the licenses of 2 physicians who had been convicted of violation of the Harrison Narcotic Law in another State. ii In addition to these reported cases, the State authorities revoked the license of 1 physician who had been convicted of violation of the Harrison Narcotic Law in another State T a b l e 6-A .— Dentists

Reported for narcotic irregularities Action taken Deceased Pending action on Dec. 31,1937

Pending action dn Reported during Licenses revoked P ro b a­ Dismissed without S tate Dec. 31,1936 1937 Licenses tions disciplinary action sus­ w ith o u t F or con­ For a d ­ For con­ For a d ­ pended narcotic viction diction viction diction for a d ­ For con­ For a d ­ F or con­ For a d ­ For con­ For a d ­ privileges For con­ F or a d ­ diction for a d ­ viction diction viction diction viction diction viction diction diction

A rk an sas...... 1 1 Georgia...... 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 L ouisiana...... 1 1 M ichigan...... 1 1 M ississippi...... 2 1 1 1 1 M issouri...... 2 1 1 N ew Y o rk ...... 1 1 O h io ...... 1 1 * 1 1 South Carolina...... 1 1 T ennessee...... 1 3 1 T e x a s ..______1 1 V irg in ia ...... 1 1 W ash in g to n ...... 1 1

T o ta l...... 11 9 1 4 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 7 5

1 This license was revoked for nonpayment of the State annual registration fee. 1 This license was suspended for failure to register as required by the State dentallaw. 89

T able 6-B .—Veterinarians

R eported for narcotic irregularities Action N ot Pending action taken, on Dec. 31, Pending action licensed Reported dur­ dismissed 1937 on D ec. 31, or state ing 1937 w ith o u t 1936 disciplinary qualified, action, for for con­ addiction viction For con­ For a d ­ For con­ For ad­ For con­ For a d ­ viction diction viction diction viction diction

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

Total...... 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2

i I i T a b l e 6-C.— Osteopaths

Reported for narcotic irregularities Action taken

on Dec. 31, 1937 Pending action Probation without D eceased, Reported during 1937 narcotic privileges D ism issed on D ec. 31, 1936 w ith o u t for con­ State License viction revoked, disciplin­ for con­ ary action, N o t con- F or con­ N o t con­ F or con­ F or F or con­ F or viction For con­ F or for addic­ victed or victcd or viction addiction tion viction viction addiction viction addiction addicted » addicted ‘

2 1 C alifornia...... 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 M isso u ri...... 1 N eb ra sk a ...... 1 1 O klahom a...... 3 T ennessee...... 3 2 1 1 4 1 T o t a l ...... 4 2 3 1 1 1 1

i These osteopaths, while not convicted and apparently not addicted to narcotic drugs, were reported because of evidence of narcotic irregularities. Fahi.h- e i>.----F*hartnacists Reported for narcotic irregularities Action taken Pending action on Dec. 31, 1037 Pending action P robation Dism issed Reported in 1937; no Licenses re­ w ithout on D ec 31, l'J36 prior case pending Probations w ithout voked â narcotic disciplin­ 8 privileges ary action 81 SI State Is <§ ° 11 a S 3-2 few £ * . . a «•a a fe S o Co .21 11 II ,2-Qt3o ► a o▻ — a ti'-o a’o Sg 8

A rizona...... A rkansas...... C alifornia...... District of Columbia...... F lo rid a...... Illinois ...... __ In d ia n a ...... K ansas...... K e n tu c k y ...... L ouisiana...... M ic h ig a n ...... M ississippi...... M issouri...... ” * N ew Y ork 3...... N o rth C aro lin a...... O hio...... O klahom a...... "" P en n sy lv an ia...... South Carolina...... T ennessee...... T exas...... *’ ’ ’ W ashington...... 15 W isconsin...... l T o ta l ...... 39 1 27 1 ------— ------l 1 '1 i l l i 4 1 1 2 43 2 m v'• w « a »*a s sstfil.h^ till yoiiuuig L Pm ueiuro S t h Llie 7 LDOartl. 3 rte d t0 th 6 S tate boar<1 durin« 1937’ " hile addiction case, • included —in this •—— chart------—under ». •••»th .u heading v u u m D -'Pending* uuuiug uvuvu action u on u Dec. o v . I l l , 2* These ~u''irmacists,pharmacists, while not convicted and aonarentlvapparently notnot. addintAdaddicted tnto nnmnfionarcotic drues ...—wore______rnnnrto,!______, .. . , , . addition to these reported cases, the State authorities, as a result of independent in veftigatlon, revoked the^icwise oH ^harm acist ivho was convicted in 1934 of narcotic violations. 92

T a b l e 7 .—Aliens reported for deportation and action taken

Previously reported R eported D eported N o t de- during d uring Country of nationality an d pen d ­ portable ing on Jan. 1937

1937 m S . i | 1 1, 1937 I I

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 C hile - ...... 1 1 192 93 44 67 84 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 5 1 1 34 10 6 4 34 2 2 11 1 7 3 2 1 1 18 4 14 8 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 Russia (U. S. S. R.) ...... -...... 4 2 2 4 6 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1

T o ta l...... i 190 126 76 74 166

i The difference between these totals and those shown as pending on Dec. 31,1936, represents one Chine» who was deported during 1936, but the information was not available when statistics were being compiled for that year. T a b l e 8.— Narcotics reported stolen from registrants under the Harrison Narcotic Lam, as amended, during the calendar year 1937, by districts

M edicinal opium Morphine Codeine H eroin D ionin Derivatives, mis­ Num­ cellaneous, opium Cocaine District ber of thefts Kilo­ Kilo­ grams Grams Grams Kilo­ Grams Kilo­ Grams Kilo­ Kilo­ Kilo­ grams grams grams grams Grams grams Grams grams Grams Boston . 14 New York___ 6 38 2 24 502 911 14 Philadelphia.. 7 812 74 Baltimore...... 52 25 20 35 26 55 139 2 Atlanta . 73 332 261 3 Nashville . 45 188 21 Detroit______242 306 157 68 686 504 43 Chicago . 46 212 76 San Antonio... 36 256 96 57 112 291 172 24 Kansas City... 52 507 257 55 Minneapolis..., 70 116 23 Denver...... 42 255 116 26 327 213 62 42 San Francisco.. 52 171 29 Seattle...... 45 112 91 45 Honolulu...... 262 260 209 2 1 72 to 1 CP T o tal.. 616 603 745 43 66 26 522 oplum°deriv«ivM repreSnttoe ac”u^™uantitos of such^derivaUvM.^Au'otoer'figùrM are lnl«rms’o(*the ^MpMtîve^anhytonM*alkaîoid^fS, 6XtraC^S' 6*° F‘gUreS for miscellaneous T a b le 9.-Im portations of crude opium into the United States during the calendar year 19S7, by country of export and country of production

Country of production Total Country from which exported to the United States Turkey Yugoslavia Bulgaria Afghanistan Kilograms Grams Kilograms Grams Kilograms Grams Kilograms Grams Kilograms Grams England______90,597 862 52,101 Switzerland II! 265 30,353 773 7,700 799 442 25 Turkey in Europe.. 1,266 825 1,266 825 23,273 686 Yugoslavia...... 14,926 575 Total.. 130,064 948 76,641 776 45,280 348 7,700 799 442 25 94

Table 9-A.— .Allotments of crude opium granted to importers, calendar years 193; to 1937, inclusive

Calendar year Kilograms Grams Calendar year Kilograms Gnum

61,779 914 1935...... 52,163 57,289 304 1936...... 65,771 45,541 141 1937...... 83,914 1934...... 45, 339 291

T a b l e 9 - B .—Importations of crude opium into the United States by calendar years 1925 to 1937, inclusive

Calendar year K ilogram s G ram s Calendar year Kilograms 1 Grains

1925. 46,655 326 1932 59,292 1926. 64,837 217 1933 52,520 723 1927 64,927 312 1934 61,454 1928 44,586 41 1935 32,147 644 1929 76,993 593 1936 87,188 438 1930 54, 243 805 1937 130. Ot',4 94S 1931 61. 165 681

T a b l e 10.—Importations of coca leaves into the United States by calendar years, 1925 to 1937, inclusive

Country of production Total Calendar year Jav a

Kilograms Grams Kilograms Grams Kilogram? , Grams

1925.. 42, 334 29,797 244 72,254 1926.. 61, 963 72,054 91 133,347 1927.. 84, 162 30,217 724 114,594 19*28.. 56, 862 54,558 485 110,667 1929.. 51, 544 10,114 418 61,617 1930.. 745 22,075 410 89.699 845 221,235 1931- 591 55,605 1932- 67, 322 33,972 18 101,624 1933- 58, 132 >22,799 914 81.699 58, 281 3 22,847 83 85,551 1934- 1 4, HO’17 Ij 655 60, 34,326 246 110,330 1935.. i 15, 881 67, 416 34, 248 398 171,389 1 69, 820 67, 775 34,012 587 189,598 1937.. 1 88, 869 }

i Imported under sec. 6 of act of June 14, 1930, for the purpose of manufactu/ing a nonnarcotic flavoring extract, all cocaine and ecgonine content of the leaves being removed and destroyed under Governmen. supervision. . , » Of this quantity, 998 grams were imported under special permit for experimental purposes. » Of this quantity, 2 kilograms 268 grams were imported tinder special perm it for experimental pu.pt»

Table 10-A.—Importations of cannabis seed (hempseed) during the years 1930 to 1937

F irst Second T h ird F ourth Total Y ear q u arter q u arter q u arter quarter

S, 393,(2 1, 317,279 1,833,009 1, 258,859 984,475 1930 ...... 3,595# 1931 ______838,495 1,211,006 1,086,963 459, 225 3,624,473 1,157,418 555,073 1,037,888 6,371852 4.5ÎS.W 1933 ...... 1,888, 273 1,028,663 603,885 1,017,643 6,009, 817 3,083,84,8 1934 ______2, 213,060 1,674, 724 116,719,»12,9*2 23,058,930 33,120,096 22, 416, 694 38,123, 310 1935 ...... 62,911,* 1936 ______30, 222,622 20,165, 979 12, 425, 585 97,018 216 477,$ 1937 ...... - ...... 202,050 259,950 15,000 95

Table 11 .—Persons registered under Federal narcotic laws on June SO, each year 1921 to 1987, by classes

Class 1— Class 4— Class 5— Importers, Class 2 - Class 3— Physicians, M anufac­ m anufac­ dentists, vet­ turers of and Year turers, com­ W holesale R etail T otal dealers dealers erinarians, dealers in pounders, and other exem pt etc. practitioners preparations

1921. 649 2,948 47,233 160,906 83,391 295,127 1922. 516 2,467 42,942 147,677 74,656 268,258 1923. 410 2, 256 45,356 147, 891 90,492 286,405 1924. 364 2,060 46,416 143,232 96,975 289,047 1925. 339 1, 959 48,187 144,711 113,413 308,609 1926. 322 1,826 48,459 143,879 119,146 313,632 1927. 306 1, 778 48,523 144,056 120,699 315, 362 1928. 296 1, 784 50,601 145,379 120,877 318,937 1929. 291 1, 751 51, 568 146,588 123, 784 323,982 1930. 287 1, 725 53,118 148,079 127, 594 330,803 1931. 263 1,605 53,227 149,025 128,757 332,877 1932. 253 1, 523 52,539 148,556 128,192 331,063 1933. 226 1, 467 51,744 146,632 123,123 323.192 1934. 218 1,426 49,907 144,643 121,200 317,394 1935. 206 1, 405 51,080 148,317 124,457 325,465 1936. 192 1, 356 51,481 152,421 127,631 333,081 1937. 181 1,353 51,488 153,951 133,741 340,714

N o t e - T h e figures for persons or firms registered in each class include persons or firms also registered in _e or m ore of the other classes.

| Table 12.—Statement of etude opium and coca leaves imported, used, and held as stocks by importing manufacturers during the calendar year 1937

R aw opium Raw coca leaves

• Kilograms Grams Kilograms Grams

On hand Jan. 1,1937...... 859 358 972 Imported during 1937...... i 61,912 88 1 189,598 231 [Released from customs bond.. . 3 22,337 19 Gain in weight due to absorption of moisture____ 431 848 Seized d ru g s released to other governmental departments. _ 1 531

T o ta l ...... 85,109 996 190,227 51

Used for extraction of alkaloids and salts . 80,083 688 101,816 210 Used for manufacture of medicinal opium 3,103 759 Used for manufacture of tinctures, extracts, and other p r e p ­ aratio n s___ 1,398 27 Used for manufacture of nonnarcotic products___ 3 88,213 869 Lsed by governmental establishments___ 1 531 consum ed in analyses, etc ...... 1 616 pn h a n d D e c . 31, 1937___ 521 375 196 972

T o ta l...... 85,109 996 190,227 51 ------‘ A total of 130,064 kilogram s 948 gram s of crude o p iu m was im ported, b u t of th is q u a n tity 68,152 kilogram s 'w grams were held by the Federal Government in customs bond and were not made available to manu- icturers. L!'Of the q uantity of coca leaves im p o rted 88,213 kilogram s 869 gram s, from w hich approxim ately 654 kilo­ ban d 0‘ Cocaine were producible, were imported and used under sec. 6 of the act of June 14,1930, for the wanuiacture of non-narcotic flavoring extracts. All cocaine and narcotic substances contained therein were I j t v an<* 9omPtetely destroyed ilnder Government supervision. Inont • Quantity was imported in 1936 in advance of actual requirements and held by the Federal Govern- tram 'L 0115*01115 bond and was not made available until 1937. The weight was reported to be 22,835 kilo- R , : grams. These were importers’ entry weights. Upon withdrawal the actual weight was found to c kilograms 19 grams. 96

Table 13.—Statement of original manufacture from crude opium, coca leaves, and morphine, by importing manufacturers during calendar year 1SS1

Morphine for Crode opium Crude opium Crude coca codeine, ethyl- Crude opium leaves for for medicinal for tinctures for alkaloids morphine, opium and extracts alkaloids dilaudid and apomorphine

Kilo­ Kilo- Kilo­ Kilo­ Grams Grams Kilo­ Grams grams Grams grams grams grams G ram ,

In process Jan. 1,1937...... 166 638 24 381 3,850 428 29,938 397 405 766 P laced in process during 1837. 3,103 759 1,398 27 80,083 688 101,816 210 7,944 520

T otal...... 3,270 397 1,422 408 83,934 116 131,754 607 8 ,350 286 Removed from process as finished products...... 3,263 621 1,409 963 81,746 811 105,702 472 8,053 750 Remaining in process Dec. 31, 1037...... 6 776 12 445 2,187 305 26,052 135 296 536 T otal...... 3,270 397 1,422 408 83,934 116 131,754 607 8 ,3 5 0 286 Tabi.E 14. Statement of principal drugs produced for aale, sold, , '* *1*93719 stoc^s by importing manufacturers during the calendar year

M edicinal D ihydro- M ethyl- E th y l- o pium M orphine m orphinone m orphine m orphine Cocaine T h eb ain e (dilaudid) (codeine) (dionin)

Kilo- Kilo- Kilo­ Kilo­ K ilo­ K ilo­ G ram s G ram s G ram s G ram s G ram s G ram s K ilo­ gram s gram s gram s gram s gram s gram s gram s G ram s

On hand Jan. 1, 1937... 885 43 75 580 804 34 P roduced d uring 1937.. 360 448 180 246 13 636 6,606 2,311 816 37 1 7,622 44 988 812 808 T o ta l. 6,391 81 2,387 44 112 7,656 404 400 436 54 13 636 Produced as— Medicinal opium ...... 3,727 221 Tinctures, extracts, etc.. 1,778 817 Refined alkaloid ...... 1,461 444 S u lp h ate s a lt...... 52 106 1,999 64 4, 408 715 57 Phosphate salt...... 1,751 573 H ydrochloride sa lt...... 284 37 308 312 391 758 Acetate salt...... 530 H ydro b ro m id e s a lt...... 769 Meconate salt...... 123 tO Nitrate salt______113 P a n to p o n ...... 147 Tropococaine...... 523 T o ta l. 2,311 816 7,622 391 988 812 Sold domestically principally to pharmaceutical manu­ facturers...... 925 2,245 847 7,513 636 392 527 875 574 Exported by importing manufacturers""!” ” " " ! ” ” ” !!!! 822 13 381 U sed for extraction of alkaloids...... 1S4 356 U sed for eucodal...... mmm'm 13 Losses in handling, remanufacturing, packaging, etc !.. "*126 418 3 912 333 90 141 Used by importing manufacturers in exempt preparations... 859 415 On hand Dec. 31,1937...... 1,204 967 "Ï36* 815 443 139 "678" "768" 104 623 T o ta l. 6,391 81 2,387 44 112 7,656 404 400 436 64 13

iZ„,~ï r r o Vu « r u j j ttIlu u - pruuucts consumeu in analyses. Manufacturers are subject to prosecution foi in th ïS iÎ5 î5 e?ni she(! P ^ u ^ ^ ^ ^ o ^ n by assay focontainthefuHamountof each active ingredient which it purports to contain. In order to assure the presence in the finished product of the full assayable narcotic content manufacturers find it necessary to actually use more opium, or other narcotic, in the manufacture of a preparation than is a»nhîiïïr zed finished product. Particularly is this true in the manufacture of tinctures, etc., where some decomposition of the assayable alkaloid occurs during included to this figure ences between the actual narcotic used and the assayable standard of the finished product are reflected in the accounting as manufacturing losses and are also T ab le 15.— Statement of principal drugs produced, consumed, and held as stocks, calendar year 1U37

Dihydromor- M ethylm or- E thylm or- Diacetylmor- Ooca-leaf phine M edicinal M orphine phinone phine phine Cocaine preparations opium (dilaudid) (codeine) (dionin) (heroin)

Kilo­ K ilo­ K ilo­ Kilo­ K ilo­ K ilo­ K ilo­ G ram s G ram s G ram s Kilo­ G ram s G ram s G ram s G ram s gram s gram s gram s gram s gram s gram s gram s gram s

605 202 109 2,953 195 1,743 833 450 1,981 261 101 633 Stocks held at beginning of year...... 308 7,622 44 391 988 812 808 Produced during the year...... -- 5,500 38 2,311 816 Seized drugs released to governmental 340 esta b lish m e n ts...... 794 Returned from dispensers for remanufac­ 673 tu r e ...... 868 109 4,056 443 74 758 9, 603 305 493 621 1,418 to T o tal to be accounted for...... 8,459 233 OO Consumption: 283 Sales to retailers, practitioners, etc., 4,705 762 113 171 360 for dispensing ...... ------1,977 922 2,010 234 35 Used by governmental establish­ 340 m e n ts ...... 794 487 Used in analysis, lost in remanufac­ 436 113 138 453 tu re, destroyed, etc...... 38 297 284 829 498 793 770 1,977 922 2,049 325 37 44 4,713 50 113 T o ta l...... 208 2 745 1 474 15 515 E x p o rted ...... 27 351 4 142 184 356 Used for extraction of alkaloids...... 645 225 350 758 2,243 239 63 474 1,552 226 Used in exempt preparations...... 3,334 865 153 513 573 57 317 106 Stocks held at close of year...... 4,026 365 l,ti 502 37 109 996 74 758 305 493 621 1,418 70 868 Total accounted for. 4,056 443

N o te s- m fUeither"as^^V or’ct^tain^in^ti^ctur^s* extract,™ t°U^FCigurcsSfor^o^a'-U'af^rep^aUons^r^fn^erm To^Uie^ctua^^u^ifut^of r ^ co^^e^^^represent^by^the p?eparaUonsVC( AlVothcr?.. .. figures ~ are in iterms______of 41...the respective ntiKtr.Irniieanhydrous (llalkaloids. Irtllnifls 99

T a b le 16.—Taxable narcotic drugs exported from the United States during the calendar year 1937

M edicinal opium Morphine Dilaudid Codeine D ionin Cocaine

Country of destination 1 G ram s K ilogram s K ilogram s G ram s K ilogram s K ilogram s G ram s

O G ram s K ilogram s K ilogram s G ram s

19 1 British H onduras______463 11 6 1 British W est Indies...... 19 183 103 15 96 120 207 13 575 Colombia...... 16 478 Costa Rica...... 244 430 38 473 37 Dominican R epublic...... 1 764 71 219 26 3 299 99 335 128 739 73 442 124 130 61 Newfoundland and Lab- 4 23 68 350 Nicaragua...... 400 1 57 279 164 133 4 60

T otal...... 27 319 1 804 208 1 379 1 474 14 584

Note.—Figures for medicinal opium represent the actual quantities of medicinal opium involved, either as such or contained in tinctures, extracts, etc. All other figures are in terms of the respective anhydrous alkaloids.

T a b le 17.—Taxable narcotic drugs shipped from the United States to the Philippine Islands during the calendar year 1937

Kilograms Grams

Medicinal opium...... 32 Morphine...... 2 Codeine...... Cocaine...... 931

Note.—F igures for medicinal opium represent the actual quantities of medicinal opium involved, either as such or contained in tinctures, extracts, etc. All other figures are in terms of the respective anhydrous alkaloids.

Table 18.—Taxable narcotic drugs shipped from the United States to Puerto Rico during the calendar year 1937

Kilograms Grams

Medicinal opium 28 819 Morphine 2 133 Codeine__ 10 632 Dilaudid . 81 Dionin. . 267 Miscellaneous opium derivatives______379 Cocaine. 1 835

lgures for medicinal opium represent the actual quantities of opium involved, either as such or contained in tinctures, extracts, etc. Figures for miscellaneous opium derivatives represent the actual quantities of such derivatives. All other figures are in terms of the respective anhydrous alkaloids. 100

T a b l e 19.—Report of the government of the Virgin Islands of the United Statet of narcotic drugs received, dispensed, and on hand, calendar year 1937

M o r­ Co­ D io­ Co­ C o d lftna Paregoric O pium ph in e deine n in caine

Kilo- Kilo- Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams Grams Qram* O n h a n d Jan . 1, 1937------... 612 102 176 53 454 2 G °267 R eceived...... - ...... 595 76 155 11 85 ...... i 360 4 536 T o ta l...... 1,207 178 331 11 138 l 814 6 803

D isp en sed...... 577 60 223 3 7 i 219 4 536 O n h a n d D ec. 31, 1037------630 118 108 8 131 595 2 267

T o ta l...... 1,207 178 331 11 138 l 814 6 803

N o t e —Figures for medicinal opium represent the actual quantities of medicinal opium Involved, either as such, or contained in tinctures, extracts, etc. Figures for morphine, codeine, dionin, and cocaine are in terms of the respective anhydrous alkaloids. Figures for cocillana compound and paregoric represent actual quantities of these preparations. T a b i - k 2 0 . Per capita, t'oti&utnpfinn r,f opium, calendar years Î 9 SÎ to lif&lf, iru'lusivf. [Figures are in terms of the crude opium represented by the quantities of the several drugs reported as consumed]

1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 Form in which consumed M illi­ M illi­ M illi­ M illi­ M illi­ G rains G rains G rains G rains G rains G rains M illi­ M illi- gram s gram s gram s gram s gram s gram s G rains

I. Drugs included in Geneva Convention or in group I of limitations convention: Opium, morphine, dilaudid, heroin, and pantopon ___ 2.8006 181.480 2.6842 173.940 2. 5833 167.398 2.2987 148.953 2.3295 II. Drugs included in group II of limitations con­ 150. 951 2.2465 145.573 2.1153 137.071 vention: C odeine an d dio n in ...... 2.8496 184.650 2.8853 186.960 2. 5630 166.082 227.973 III. Preparations of low narcotic content not in­ 3.5181 3.8864 251.839 4.1383 268.162 cluded in either convention: Tax-exempt p rep a ra tio n s...... 1.2986 84.150 1.1721 75.960 1.3049 84.558 1.2661 82.044 1.4205 92.048 1.6639 107.821 2.0658 133.864 T o tal for all d rugs...... 6.9488 450.280 6. 7416 436.860 6.4512 418.038 6.7315 436.200 7.2681 470.972 7.7968 505.233 8.3194 539.097

T a b l e 21.—Per capita consumption of cocaine, calendar years 1931 to 1937, in c lu siv e

[Figures are In terms of the cocaine alkaloid represented by the quantities of cocaine reported as consum ed]

Y ear G rains M illigram s Y ear G rains M illigram s

1931...... 0.10550 6.840 1935 0.09351 1932...... 6.059 .09380 6.080 1936 .095129 1933...... 6.168 .09203 5.960 1937 .09684 6.276 1934...... 09632 6.241 INDEX

A P age A

Page Alias Karouss, Barney (see Greengrass, Barney)------25-28 King, Jam es (see Don On)------32, 33, 34 “ K itty” (see Kaplan, M ax)------25-28 Lee Hong Sing (see Lee Hung T h et)------40, 41 Lee Jick (see Jick Lee)------40, 41 Lee Sing (see Lee H ung T h et)------40, 41 L ehart, Hugo (see Celentano, M ichael)------34, 35, 36 Leong Horn (see Nom Y ok)------32, 33, 34 Leong Long (see Leong Leong)------32, 33, 34 Leong Tong (see Nom Y ok)------32, 33, 34 “ Little Itch ” (see Halper, Irving)------48, 49 “Little Mendy” (see Mendelsohn, Irving J.) ------42, 43 “Little Nate” (see Rosen, N athan)------25-28 Low, C. S. (see Low Bing Ghung) ...... - - 40, 41 Low Chung (see Low Bing Chung)------40, 41 Lum Soo (see Pung See Too)------28, 29 Mexican Pete (see Lopez, P ete)------56 Montana, A1 (see Mauro, Al)------34, 35, 36 Shak Leong (see Leong Sai Lun)------49, 50 Sworson, F. (see Riverra, Charles)------34, 35, 36 Thomas Tong (see Tong Sung)------...... - ...... 32- 33’ 34 Tong Bow (see Tong Sung).. ------— 32> 33> 34 Valley, Juan (see Moya, Ju an )------®4, 55 Wah Hing (see Yee W ah)------31 W ay Chun Tong (see Leong Sai L un)------49, 50 “Wingie” (see Drebin, Milton Jerome)------50 Wu Yu Sheng (see Ng Yee Song)...... 32> 33> 34 Yee H aim (see Yee On L i)------32> 33> 34 Yee Ping Jong (see Yee On L i)------32, 33, 34 Yee Shee Foon (see Yee W ay)------50 Yee Wee (see Yee W ay)------Yee, William (see Yee W ay)------Young (see Lee Fook)------3*’ 32 Young, George (see Nom Y ok)------32, 33, 34 “Ali Baba” label, seizure bearing------Aliens, deportations of------” Amendments of regulations under narcotic law s ------2> 3 American citizen, arrest of in hospital at Anyang, China------American Legion, educational work w ith th e ------American Pharmaceutical Manufacturers’ Association, educational work w i t h ...... —- ...... ------o J g American steamship Manhattan case------President Harding case------Analytical research, drugs produced for------^ Anna M aersk, seizure ex steam ship------Annual estimates, drugs included in ------preparation o f...... ------— q difficulty in ------^bs, o» Appendix (statistical d ata and tables)------76-101 Appropriation for Federal narcotic law enforcement------Area, Atlantic coast, illicit traffic in the ------2<^ 3 Central, North, illicit traffic in the ------4 - South, illicit traffic in th e------105

Area—Continued. Page Pacific coast, north, illicit traffic in th e______37-39 south, illicit traffic in th e______40-41 Arizona, case involving Gulf Fish Market at Phoenix______44 Arnessen, Nils, arrest of______25 Arrest of Affronti, Lonnie, by New York police______37 members of Chinese syndicate______16 Arrests. (See names of individuals.) Associations, Peace Officers, educational work with______57 Atlantic coast area, illicit traffic in th e ______20-37 Audit of m onthly returns______67-70" Authorized distribution and production of hemp, Federal supervision of. . 64, 65- importers of coca leaves______72 raw opium ______70, 71 in-transit shipm ents______1 0 -1 1 manufacturer of nonnarcotic flavoring extract______72 manufacturers______70, 71, 72 of cocaine______72 Automobiles, confiscation of______60, 61 disposition of seized______60, 61 forfeiture of______60, 61 seizures of______60, 61 Aveta, Joseph John, arrest of______25

B Baca, Moses, arrest of______54, 55 statement of court in sentencing of______5 7 Badillo, Telesforo, arrest of______44, 45 Baird, Richard, arrest of______34, 35, 36 Balistreri, Mario, arrest of______48, 49 Barnwell, Leland, arrest of______42, 43 Bauer, Max, case______21, 22 Beam test of m arihuana______67 Beirut, seizure ex steamship from ______15 Berengaria, seizure ex steamship______23 Blanco, Jose Gonzales, arrest of______51 Blood, H arry, arrest of______41 Boards, S tate______62, 63 licensing, cooperation w ith______62, 63 Bonanzi, William, arrest of______28, 29 Bovell, Henry, arrest of______34, 35, 36 Boysa, Sladyslaus, arrest of______34, 35, 36 Brand of opium, “ 55” , seizure of______40, 41 Three Coins, seizure of______47, 48 Yick Kee, seizure of______40, 41 Bremen-Shanghai, heroin bearing label of Tai Kee Co., Ltd., manufactur­ ing chemists______2 0 , 21 Briggs, Clinton A., arrest of______42, 43 British Honduras, arrest of resident of______56 smuggling from ______56 British steamship Berengaria, seizure ex______23 Mar on case______31 Taybank case______28, 29 Brown, Oscar, arrest of______49, 50 106

Page Brucine, seizure of______51 Buda, Tizio, arrest of______28,29 Bureau of Investigation, Federal, cooperation of______59 B utto, Dominick, arrest of______28,29

C Cahill, George W., arrest of______34, 35,36 Calcutta, India, conespondence on letterhead of Neon Signs Co. of 32, 33, 34 Caldwell, Samuel Richard, arrest of------54, 55 Camel B rand label, seizure bearing------29, 30 Canada, smuggling from------34, 35, 36 Cannabis, requirem ents for im port and export of------11 Cannabis sativa L. (see M arihuana)______17 Cannabis, tax on im ports of------11 Capra, Louis, arrest of______41 Caputo, Frank Albert, arrest of______50 Gennaro, arrest of______34, 35, 36 Philip John, arrest of______50 C am era, Vincent, case involving______34, 35, 36 Carrillo, Octavio, arrest of------56 Case concerning drug carrier from Italian steamship Rex______24, 25 involving Ah Choy______32, 33, 34 Chin Joo Hip______32, 33, 34 Chinese in Shanghai______28, 29 Mutual Benefit Association (Hip Sing Tong)__ 32, 33, 34 narcotic drug ring______32, 33, 34 Coose, John______25 De Bello, Mary______32, 33, 34 Eng Seung Lum ______32, 33, 34 Gulf Fish Market, Phoenix, Ariz------44 LaFata, Pietro------48, 49 Lee H op______44,45 Olsen, Olaf______25 one Franco______45 Quin to, P ietro______20, 21 Real, Jo h n ______25 residents of Hong Kong______32, 33, 34 Saul, M orris------25-28 Stadens, Stado------25 Tong Bow______32, 33, 34 traffickers in Shanghai------20,21 Trujillo, Mrs. Dolores______:------44,45 Tsounias, Y ani______20,21 Valenzuela, Ram on______46 Wong W ing______® Caruso, Frank, arrest of------® case______23 Cavazos, Arturo, arrest of------_ ^ Celentano, Michael, alias Mike Celli, alias Hugo Lehart, arrest of 34, 35,36 Celli-Ignaro case______34, 35,36 Central Area, North, illicit traffic in the ------41-42 South, illicit traffic in th e ------42-4^ 107

Page Cesarc, Alexander, arrest of______4 6 Anthony, arrest of______^g c a se ... ------46 Champlain, seizure ex steam ship______23 Chapter IV of the Hague Convention of 1912______7 4 Chemical tests of Marihuana______gg g? “Cheong” prepared opium, seizure of______13 Chin, Howard, case involving______3 2 , 3 3 , 3 4 Chin Jim Wong, alias Jimmy Wong, arrest of______32, 3 3 , 3 4 Chin Joo Hip, case involving------3 2 , 3 3 | 3 4 Chin Len, arrest of------3 7 Chin Suey Young, alias Chin Chee, arrest of______3 6 i 3 7 Chin Toy, arrest of------36, 37 China, Anyang, arrest of American citizen in hospital at______74 illicit export of opium from ______27 indication of no decrease in prepared opium available in______14 seizure of prepared opium from ______13-14 North, smuggling from ______20-21 smuggling into of Iranian opium ______14 Chinese, case involving leading M ontana______32, 3 3 , 34 and Iranian opium blend of prepared opium, seizure of______13-14 Government, seizure bearing stamps of______38, 39 importers, seizures involving______52 in Shanghai, case involving______28, 29 labels, seizure bearing purported______4 7 , 48, 4 9 Maritime Customs seizure______29 medicinal preparations containing morphine, seizures of______51 Mutual Benefit Association, case involving members of 32, 3 3 , 34 narcotic drug ring, case involving______32, 3 3 , 34 seamen, seizure involving______31 smoking of heroin pills by ______16 syndicate, arrest of members of______16 Ching Jen, arrest of______3 1 , 32 Christian Temperance Union, National Woman’s educational work by 57 Chu Kee, arrest of______4 9 , 50 Cipriano, alias (see Di Franco, Giacinto)______24, 25 Circularizing of fugitives______60 Clinical research, drugs produced for______71 Cocaine, adulteration of______53 authorized manufacturers of______72 destruction of______72 illicit traffic in ______16 increase in quantity of seized______16 seizures of------16, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 43, 44 Coca leaf______^ 63 leaves, authorized importers of______72 customs duty on______63 im portation of______63 for the manufacture of flavoring extract 72 law governing______69 limitation of______68 revenue from ______63 tax on______63 86685— 38------8 108

Page Cock (or Cook) brand, seizure bearing label of------31, 32 Codeine, decrease in seizures of------17 illicit traffic in ------I7 Collard, Guillermo, case involving------43>44 Colorado, Denver, violations of the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 m ------54, 55 Compliance with Narcotics Limitation Convention of 1931------67-70 Comparison of Narcotic Drug Violators in Federal Prisons with total prison population------^ Concealment of drugs in shipm ent of so y -— ------37> 38 shipments of fish------44 Conference of State and Provincial Health Authorities, recommendations by the Committee on Drug Addiction of th e ------S-10 Confiscation of automobiles------60> 61 vehicles______*— 60,61 vessels______Congress of Parents and Teachers, National, educational work done by— 57 Consumption------animal______71 per capita------of m arihuana------Continued seizure of prepared opium------Control of dispensing------®7, distribution------b7'' “ m anufacture, internal------67-73 marihuana, new legislation on------M system of______^ trade, internal------67-73 international------^ Convention, Narcotics Limitation of 1931, compliance with------67-70 The Hague of 1912, execution of provisions of chapter IV of th e ______7 74 Conventions, administrative arrangements for implementation of inter­ national------Conviction of third offense, Federal law for------Cooperation, International------’ of courts ------57' . ” of Federal Bureau of Investigation, Department of Justice. - o9 on enforcement------j® S tate------! with State licensing boards------ft Coose, John, case involving------^ ^ Corcoran-Haverly case------’ Corcoran, William Eustis, arrest of------> Court, statement of in sentencing Baca, Moses------® Wong K op------„ . • 57 Courts — ----- — ------— — ~ - j cooperation of------’ „ statements of on use of marihuana------0 ’ Criminal record of Norman dale, H arold------records of narcotic law violators------9 5 -2 8 Crowley, Jam es J., arrest of------. Crude morphine (base) seizure of------y Crumley, James, arrest of------109

Page Cube morphine, seizure of______15 Customs duty on coca leaves______53 raw opium ______6 3 officers, enforcement by ______lg f 19

D Dangers of smoking m arihuana______5 3 ( 5 4 Danish steamship Anna Maersk case______32 Davidowitz, Joseph, alias Davis, Joseph, arrest of______25-28 De Bello, M ary, case involving______32, 3 3 34 Decisions, T reasury______3 amending regulations No. 5______3 Nos. 26 and 27______3 Decrease in drug addiction______5 factors contributing to ______5 in seizures of codeine.______17 Description and origin of “ Lam Kee” labeled opium ______27 Definition of m arihuana______1 67 Deportations of aliens______60 Destruction of cocaine______72 marihuana ______5 3 , 5 5 , 56 Developments in the trend of the traffic______17> ig Diacetylmorphine. (See Heroin.) Difficulty in preparation of annual estimates______6 8 , 69 Di Franco, Giacinto, arrest of______24, 25 DiMaggio, Vincent, alias Jimmie, arrest of______3 4 , 3 5 , 3 5 Di Paolo, Johnnie, case involving______3 4 ) 3 5 , 3 5 Dispensing, control of______67, 68 Disposition of seized automobiles______61 drugs ...... 69 vehicles______61 vessels______61 smoking opium ______7 4 ) 7 5 Distribution, and trad e______72 control of ...... 67, 6 8 of hemp, Federal supervision of authorized______64, 65 Diversions______62 Dominick, Henry, arrest of______25-28 Dong Bing, arrest of______32, 3 3 , 3 4 Don On, alias James King, arrest of______32, 3 3 , 3 4 Douglas, Lawrence, arrest of______25-28 Drachman, Freda, arrest of______3 4 ( 3 5 , 35 Drebin, Milton Jerome, alias Harris, Milton, etc., arrest of______50 Dross, opium, seizure of______25-28, 39 Drug addiction______’ 4 extent of______4 number of persons undergoing treatment for at United States Public Health Service Hospital, Lexington, Ky__ 19 recommendations on by State and provincial health authorities______8 - 1 0 studies of______5 _ 8 survey on ______5 treatm ent of______5 - 1 0 110

Page Druggists Circular, statement on effects of marihuana published in th e... 65,66 Drugs. (See Narcotic Drugs.) Duarte, Faustine, case involving------43,44 D uty, customs, on coca leaves------63 opium,, raw ______63 E Earl, Walter, arrest of------41 Education on marihuana------53>54 Educational w ork------57 Effect of Sino-Japanese hostilities on prices of prepared opium ------14 Effects of marihuana (Cannabis) ------65-67 Ellisor, Rex, arrest of------42’43 Empress of Japan, seizure ex steam ship ------47 Russia, seizure involving steamship------39 Enactments by States of uniform narcotic drug act------3,4 Endorsements of export authorizations received------11 Enforcement of Federal narcotic law s ------18,19 appropriation for ------1 by customs officers------18> 19 narcotic officers------18,19 state officers______1® cooperation on------*8’1® of m arihuana laws------^3, 54 Eng Bow Sing, arrest of------* Seung Lum, case involving------— àô>" Estim ates, annual, drugs included in ------— ™ preparation of------68—70 difficulty in ------68,69 supplemental, submission of------Europe, smuggling from ------^ Evers, Mrs. M aragret Florence, arrest of------" Evidence of manufacture of heroin pills------smuggling from Tientsin------Exam ples of seizures------Exchange of information between governments...... U' " Exeter, seizure ex steam ship------Experim ental growth of m arihuana------Export authorizations, endorsements of received------law controlling issue of------operation of system of------llH 1 from China, illicit------of Cannabis (m arihuana), law governing------“ requirements for------H> ®*> narcotic drugs, law governing------requirem ents for------Exported narcotic drugs, prohibition on return of------Q Express, illicit traffic b y ------^ E xtent of drug addiction------F 5 Factors contributing to decrease in drug addiction ...... — ...... Falsely labeled nonnarcotic substances, seizures of ...... I l l

Page Far East, seizure of morphine from______15. seizures on vessels from______13-14 smuggling from______17,18 Federal Bureau of Investigation, Department of Justice, cooperation of 59 educational work with______57 Federal control of marihuana______53 Industrial Institution for Women, Alderson, W. Va., number of narcotic drug law violators confined in______19 law controlling marihuana______1, 2 to increase punishment for conviction of third offense______2 laws, new______1, 2 narcotic laws, enforcement of______18, 19 appropriation for______1 number of persons in Federal prisons for violations of______19 prisons, comparison of narcotic drug violators in, with total prison population______19 supervision of authorized distribution of hemp______64, 65 production of hemp______64, 65 Federation of Women’s Clubs, General, educational work done by______57 Fingerprint records______58 Fish shipments, concealment of drugs in______44 Fisher, Albert, arrest of______25-28 Flavoring extract, nonnarcotic, authorized manufacturer of______72 Florida, Miami, seizure of marihuana at______56 Fong Kui Sam, arrest of______47, 48 Fox, Glen, arrest of______42, 43 Trance, smuggling from ______17, 21-23 Franco, case involving one______45 Fred Lour Toy, arrest of______32, 33, 34 French steamship Champlain case______23 Paris case______21, 22, 23 Fugitives______59, 60 Fuller, Robert, arrest of______34, 35, 36 Furuya, M., & Co., Yokohama, seizure involving______37, 38

G Gang of Parmagini, “Black Tony,” arrest of member of______48, 49 Gargano case______48, 49 Evelyn, arrest of______48, 49 Phil, arrest of______48, 49 Gavin, Pat, arrest of______41 Gavino, Are, arrest of______24, 25 General Federation of Women’s Clubs, educational work done by______57 Genoa, seizure on Italian steamship arrived from______15 Gentile, Nicholas, arrest of______34, 35, 36 Germany, smuggling from______25-28 Gertscher, John, alias Coose, arrest of______25-28 Ginsberg case______42 Louis, arrest of______42 Golden Deer label, seizure bearing______39 Gon Huie Ho, arrest of______40, 41 112

Page G ottlieb case______22 Jacob N., arrest of______22 suicide of______22 Government, the Institute of, educational work with ------57 Governments, exchange of information between------11,12 Gracia, Joe, arrest of------55, 56 G ray, L. G., arrest of------38, 39 Greek trafficker, case involving------20, 21 Greengrass, Benjamin, arrest of------25-28 Gross, Samuel, arrest of------20, 21 Growth of merihuana for experimental purposes------66, 67 illicit______55, 56 legitim ate______63, 64 Guerra, Francisco, alias Venoni Gonzales, arrest of------51 Gulf Fish Market, Phoenix, Ariz., case involving------« Gum opium, seizure of------^7

“Hadji Ala Baba” label, seizures-bearing------15 Hague Convention of 1912, execution of provisions of chapter IV of the.. 74 Halper, Irving, alias “Little Itch,” arrest of ------48> 49 Hamburg, seizures on steamships from------12 Hanley, John, arrest of------25-28 Haverly, Corcoran case------44 Haverly, Don, arrest of------Hawaiian Islands, illicit traffic in the------47-48 Health Authorities, recommendations by the Committee on Drug Addic­ tion of the Conference of State and Provincial ...... - ...... ^ 10 Heian Maru, seizure ex steamship------37, Hemp, authorized distribution of, Federal supervision of production 64, 6o Hemp seed, requirements on importation of------64 tax on------Heroin, adulteration of------’ illicit traffic in ------’ manufactured in Japan, smuggling of------prices of illicit------(diacetvlmorphine) prohibition of manufacture of------M purchase of------Ü1 seizures of ______15, 16, 21-37, 42, 43, 47, 49, 50, 74 Heroin pink pills, evidence of manufacture of------illicit manufacture of------® ’ seizures of______smoking of by Chinese------^ Hildebrandt, William, arrest of ------Hip Sing Tong case------Hong Kong, case involving residents of------’ seizure of shipment from Shing Tung Co., of------Hood, Captain Wm., arrest of------Hospital at Anyang, China, arrest of American citizen i n . . - ...... Houston narcotic ring, arrest of members of------1 Howard Chin, case involving ------3 ’ ’ 113

I Page Ignaro, Celli c a s e ...... - _____ 34, 35, 36 Lucien, arrest of______34, 35, 36 Illicit export from China______27 growth of marihuana______55, 56 manufacture of heroin pills------36, 37 in Tientsin, indication of______20, 21 prices of morphine______15 traffic - ...... 12-56 by Post, Express, Railway, and Air______48-50 in cocaine______16 codeine______17 heroin______15, 16 marihuana______17 (Cannabis sativa L.)______53, 54 morphine______15 prepared opium------13-14 raw opium______12 the Atlantic coast area______20-37 Hawaiian Islands______47-48 North Central area______41-42 Pacific coast area______37-39 South Central area______42-47 Pacific coast area______40-41 indication of difficulties in securing supplies in______61 Import and Export Act, requirements of Narcotic Drugs______11 Import permits, law controlling issue of______11 operation of system of______10, 11 Importation of coca leaves______63 for the manufacture of nonnarcotic flavoring extract______72 hemp seed, requirements for______64 manufactured drugs, prohibition on______69 opium for the manufacture of Pantopon______71 raw opium______63 Importations of coca leaves, limitation of______68 marihuana, requirements for______64, 65 raw opium, limitation of______68 Importers, authorized, of coca leaves______72 raw opium______70, 71 Imports of marihuana (cannabis), requirements for______11 tax on______11 raw opium and coca leaves, law governing______69 Increased adulteration of heroin______18 Increase in punishment of offenders against the narcotic laws, new law for. 2 in quantity of cocaine seized______16 in seizures of heroin______15 morphine______15 prepared opium______13-14 India, Calcutta, case involving Chinese in ______32, 33, 34 Indian Hemp (see Marihuana)______63-67 114

Page Indictment of Aveta, Joseph John------25 Dominick, Henry------25,26 Kaplan, Max, alias “Kitty”------25-28 Rosen, Nathan, alias “Little Nate” ------25-28 Information, exchange of between governments------11,12 furnished State licensing boards------62,63 other______57 Inspection of premises------67,68 records______67,68 Institute of Government, educational work with the------57 Internal control of manufactured drugs------67-73 trade in marihuana, requirements for------64,65 Iranian “A and B Monopoly,” seizures bearing label of------12 and Chinese opium blend of prepared opium, seizure of------13,14 opium, smuggling of------HI" origin, seizures of______25-28 Italian steamship Rex case------23, 24 seizure ex------15 Italy, seizure of poppy pods from------52 smuggling from------23-25

J Japan, identification of morphine smuggled from------13 smuggling of heroin manufactured in------16 smuggling from------Japanese control, smuggling from territory under------20, 21 quarter of Tientsin, indication of illicit manufacture in------20, 21 Sino hostilities, effect of on prices of prepared opium------14 steamship Heian Maru case------37, 38 steamship, seizure of morphine from seaman on------15 Jick Lee, alias Lee Jick, arrest of------40>41 John Fong Ching Too, arrest of------32, 33,34 Johnson, Roy, arrest of------^ K

Kaplan, Max, alias “Kitty,” indictment of------2^ 8 Karouss, Barney, alias (see Greengrass, Barney)------25-28 Katz, Joseph, arrest of------Katzenberg, Jasha (Jack), arrest o f------^ Katzenberg-Lvovskv case------’ Kechil Bin Hassen, arrest of------’ King, Lloyd, arrest of------Kiwanis Club, educational work with the------Kolb, Dr. Lawrence, report on studies of drug addiction by------Ko Wing Chuck, case involving------32- Kryszak, Stephen Frank, arrest of------1 Kuang Sheng Hospital, arrest of American citizen at------Kudo, seizure involving one------' L 37 Label “Ali Baba,” seizure bearing------^ “Camel Brand,” seizure bearing------' ^ “55” brand, seizure bearing------’ 115

Page Label “Golden Deer,” seizure bearing______39 “Hadji Ala Baba,” seizures bearing______15 of A and B Monopoly— B. M., seizure of opium bearing______25-28 of Cock (or Cook) brand, seizure bearing______31, 32 of Iranian “A and B Monopoly,” seizure bearing______12 Lam Kee (Cheong), seizures bearing______32, 49, 50 “Lam Kee,” description and origin of opium bearing______27 seizures bearing______25, 28, 30, 31, 40 of Lam Kee-Macao (Rooster and Elephant Brand), seizure bearing, 31,32 “Lion Brand,” seizures bearing______15, 29, 30 “Lion Brand, Special,” seizures bearing______12, 25-28, 30 “Loo Fook Kee,” seizures bearing______13, 28, 29 of May & Baker, Ltd., Montreal, “Planet Brand,” seizure bear­ ing 34, 35, 36 of E. Merck, Darmstadt, seizure bearing______43, 44 “Rooster and Elephant” (Lam Kee-Macao) seizures bearing______13, 28, 29, 30, 38, 39, 40, 41 of “Tai Kee Co., Ltd., Manufacturing Chemists, Bremen-Shanghai,” seizure bearing______15- of Tai Kee Company, Ltd., heroin bearing______20, 21 “White Horse,” seizures bearing______15 “Yick Kee,” seizures bearing______13, 31, 50 Labeling, false, of nonnarcotic substances______51 Labels, Chinese, seizure bearing purported______47, 48, 49 false______51 on prepared opium seized______•_ 13-14 Laboratory study of marihuana, results of______67 tests on marihuana______66 la Fata, Pietro, case involving______48, 49 John, arrest of______48, 49 Lago, case involving one______34, 35, 36 “Lam Kee” brand label, seizure bearing______25-28, 30, 31, 40 Lam Kee-Cheong label, seizures bearing______32, 49, 50 “Lam Kee” labeled opium, description and origin of______27 Lam Kee-Macao (Rooster and Elephant) label, seizure bearing. 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 “Lam Kee” (Rooster and Elephant) labeled prepared opium______13 Lanlo, Louis, arrest of______23 Law governing exports of narcotic drugs______11, 69 imports of raw opium and coca leaves______11, 69 issue of import permits, export and in-transit authoriza­ tions______11,69 Laws and Publications______1, 2, 3 Federal______1, 2 narcotic, punishment of second, third, and subsequent offenders against the______2 Lee Fook, alias Young, arrest of______31, 32 Lee Hing case______31, 32 arrest of______31, 32 Hop, case involving______44, 45 Hung Thet, alias Lee Hong Sing, John Lee, Lee Sing, arrest of______40, 41 Sing, arrest of______49, 50 Legion, American, educational work with the______57 Legislation, new Federal______1, 2 controlling marihuana______1, 2, 53, 54 States which have not passed adequate narcotic______4 116

Page Legitimate growth of marihuana------63,64 trade, number of persons registered to engage in------72 trend in number of persons registered to engage in 73,74 Leong, Angelina, arrest of------49, 50 Leong Leong, alias Leong Long, Harry Long, arrest of------32, 33,34 Sai Lun, alias Shak Leong, Way Chun Tong, arrest o f...... 49, 50 Wing case______38,39 arrest o f. ______38, 39 Leslie, Joseph, arrest of------25 Lexington, ICy., number of convicted persons undergoing treatment in I1 United States Public Health Service Hospital a t------19 Licenses------70 State, revocation of dentists’______62, 63 osteopaths’______62,63 pharmacists’______62,63 physicians’______62, 63 veterinarians’______62,63 suspension of dentists’______62,63 osteopaths’______62,63 pharmacists’______62, 63 physicians’______62, 63 veterinarians’______62, 63 Licensing Boards, State, cooperation with------62, 63 Limitation Convention of 1931, compliance with------67-70 of importations of coca leaves______68 raw opium______68 of manufacture______68-70 •“Lion Brand, Special,” label, seizures bearing------12, 13, 25-28, 30 “Lion” label, seizures bearing------13,15, 29,30 “Lo Fook Kee” label, seizures bearing______13, 28,29 Lopez, Pete, alias Mexican Pete, arrest of______56 Lost order forms______61,62 Lour Toy, Fred, arrest of------32> 33> Low Bing Chung, alias C. S. Low, alias Low Chung, arrest of ------40,41 Lum Soo, alias (see Pung See Too)------28,29 Lun Tai Co., seizure from------® Lun case______49,50 Lvovsky, Katzenberg case------20,21 Jacob, arrest of------20,21

M Maceo, Sam, case involving------34, 35,36 Macao, seizures of prepared opium bearing labels of manufacture in------13-14 Manufacture ______70-73 from raw materials------70-72 illicit, in Tientsin, indication of------20,21 of pink heroin pills,evidence of------16, 36,37 limitation of______66-72 of heroin, prohibition of______of Pantopon, importation of opium for the------?1 Manufactured drugs______®7-7; internal control of______67-7» prohibition on importation of------69 117

Page Manufacturer of nonnarcotic flavoring extract, authorized______72 Manufacturer’s Association, American Pharmaceutical, educational work with______57 Manufacturers, authorized------70, 71, 72 of cocaine, authorized______72 Manufacturers’ premises, inspection of______67, 68 records, inspection of______67, 68 returns, quarterly, submission of______71, 72 Manhattan, seizure ex steamship______12, 25-28 Marihuana, beam test of------67 (Cannabis saliva L., Indian hemp)______68-67 cigarettes, prices of______17 consumption of______53 control of------63-67 definition of------1, 67 destruction of------53, 56 education on______57 effects of------65-67 experimental growth of______66, 67 exportation of, requirements for______64, 65 exporter of, qualification of______64, 65 illicit traffic in______17, 53-56 importation of, requirements for______64, 65 importer of, qualification of ______64, 65 laws, enforcement of Federal and State______53-56 legitimate growth of______63, 64 new legislation controlling______1, 2 registration for trade in______64, 65 requirements for importations of______64, 65 internal trade in______64, 65 research work on______66, 67 seizures of______17, 53, 55, 56 smoker, arrest of______54, 55, 56 smoking of______17 dangers of______53, 54 smuggling of from Mexico______56 statements of courts in the use of______57, 5& system of control of______63-65 Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, enactment of______1, 2 seizures under------18 violations of the______53, 54, 55 Marihuana, tax on transfers of______2, 64 Maron, seizure ex steamship______31 Marquez, Alfonso, arrest of______46, 47 Marquez-Ochoa case______46, 47 Martin, Anita, alias Harvey, Margaret, arrest of______49 Federal Judge John D., Sr., statement of on marihuana______58 Materials, raw ...... 63 Matson, Walter, arrest of______41 Mauro, Al, alias A1 Montana, arrest of _____ 34, 35, 36 May & Baker warehouse at Montreal, theft from______34, 35, 36 May & Baker, Ltd., Montreal, Canada, seizure bearing label of 34, 35, 36 May opium poppy crop, seizure of product from______44 118

Page Mendelsohn, Irving J., arrest of------42,43 Mendoza, Fernando, case involving------43,44 Mercado, Luis, arrest of------44 Pablo, arrest of______44 Varillas case______44 Merck, E., Darmstadt, seizure bearing label of------43,44 Mexican opium, seizure of______12,17 Mexico, arrest of citizen of------45 smuggling of marihuana from------56 smuggling from______43-47 Methods of smuggling------18 Michigan, Chelsea, destruction of marihuana near ...... 55 Detroit, destruction of marihuana a t------55 Grand Rapids, destruction of marihuana at------55 Miller, Art, arrest of------41 Mobile City, seizure ex steamship------29 Montana, case involving leading Chinese in------32, 33,34 Montcalm, case involving steamship------22 Montgomery, Helen, arrest of------_ 50 Monthly returns, audit of------67-70 system of______67-70 Montreal warehouse, theft from------34, 35,36 Moren, Calla, arrest of------25-2* Morphine, adulteration of...... - ...... __ 5; concealment in shipment of soy------37, 35 crude (base), seizure of------13 hydrochloride, seizure of------15, 34-38 illicit traffic in______13 in cubes, seizure of------13 increase in seizures of------13 prices of illicit______seizures of ...... 15,23, 24, 29, 30, 32-34, 37, 48, 49, 50 seizures of Chinese medicinal preparations containing------51 smuggled from Japan, identification of------15 unlabeled, seizure of from Far East------13 Moya, Juan, alias Valley, Juan, arrest of ...... - 54,55 Moy You Dat, arrest of------30,31 case______30,31 Murdock Printing Co., seizure bearing address of------_ Murken, Johann, arrest of------25-28 N Narcotic drugs, diversion of...... - ...... - ...... 62 exports of______Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act, requirements of------U Narcotic drugs, law governing imports and exports of------11 65 nonnarcotic substances falsely labeled as------51 result of adulteration of______® Narcotic drug law violators, comparison of with total prison population in Federal prisons______J® Narcotic drugs, seizure of in hospital at Anyang, China------1 thefts of ...... - ...... —...... 61 119

Page Narcotic law enforcement, appropriation for Federal______1 violators, criminal records of______59 recidivism in ______59 legislation, States which have not passed adequate______4 Narcotics Lim itation Convention of 1931, compliance w ith______67-70 Narcotic enforcement officers, num ber of______19 officers, enforcement b y ______18, 19 National Congress of Parents and Teachers, educational work by______57 Police Academy, educational work with the ______57 Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, educational work by 57 Near East, smuggling from ------17 Neon Signs (Calcutta) Co., case involving correspondence on letter head of. 32, 33, 34 New adm inistrative regulations and orders______2, 3 legislation______1, 2 New York police, arrest by ______37 Ng Yee Song, alias Wu Yu Sheng, arrest of______32, 33, 34 Nobile, Joseph, seizure involving______52 Nom Yok, alias Leong Horn, Leong Tong, and George Young, arrest of. 32, 33, 34 Nonaka, H., arrest of______37, 38 Nonnarcotic substances falsely labeled as narcotic drugs______51 Normandale, Harold, criminal record of______59 Norris, Ben (Pug), arrest of______41 North Central area, illicit traffic in the ______41-42 Pacific coast area, illicit traffic in ______37-39 Number of convicted persons undergoing treatment in United States Public Health Service Hospital, Lexington, Ky______19 Number of narcotic drug law violators confined in Federal Industrial Institution for Women, Alderson, W. Va______19 Number of narcotic enforcement officers______19 persons in Federal prisons for violations of Federal narcotic drug law s______19 Number of persons registered to engage in legitimate trad e______72 Nunnellee, H ardy, arrest of______42, 43

O Ochoa, M arquez-case______46, 47 Ochoa, Oscar Z., arrest of______46, 47 Offenders against the narcotic laws, punishment of______2 Officers Associations, educational work with Peace______57 customs, enforcement b y ______18, 19 narcotic, enforcement b y ______18, 19 num ber of______19 peace, educational work with training schools of______57 State, enforcement b y ______19 Olsen, Olaf, case involving______25 Omar Bin Gani, arrest of______28, 29 Operation of system of im port perm its and export authorizations______1 0 -1 1 Opium Control Bureau of the Shanghai Municipality, seizure bearing stamps of______31 120

Opium, crude. (See Opium, raw.) Page derivatives produced for analytical and clinical research------71 dross, seizure of------25-28,39 “ 55” brand, seizure of------40,41 gum, seizure o f . ------37 Iranian, smuggling of------17 smuggling of into China------14 labeled “ Lam Kee,” description and origin of------27 “ Lam Kee” brand, seizure of------25-28 Mexican, seizures of------12,17 poppy crop, seizure of product from M ay------44 poppy seed pods, seizure of______52 prepared______74 bearing purported Chinese labels, seizure of------47,48 continued seizure of______27 illicit traffic in ______13-14 increase in seizures of______13-14 indication of no decrease in supplies in China------14 labels on seizures of______13-14 prices of______14 prohibition of______74,75 seizures of______13—14, 28—34, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49,56 raw ______63 authorized im porters of______70,1 bearing label of A and B Monopoly—B. M ______25-$ drugs m anufactured from ______71 customs duty o n ------61 illicit traffic in ------12 im portation of, for the m anufacture of Pantopon------71 im portation of------63 law governing______69 lim itation of im portations of______68 m anufacture from ______63 of Iranian origin, seizures of______25-28 Mexican origin, seizure of______12 prices of illicit------12 revenue from ______63 seizures o f...... 12, 25-28, 29, 30, 34^36, 44, 45, 46, 49,50 tax on ______63 seizure of Three Coins brand______47,48 Yick Kee brand ______40,41 smoking, disposition of------74,7a purchases of______48,49 in th e U nited S tates______74,75 seizures of______25, 28, 31, 32, 36, 37, 74,75 violations of law governing------74,75 Order forms, lost______Orders, new administrative regulations and Organization______Origin of “Lam Kee” labeled opium ______Other information______questions______121

P P age Pacific coast area, north, illicit traffic in______37-39 south, illicit traffic in ______40-41 Palmieri, Salvator, arrest of______29 30 Pantopon, im portation cf opium for the m anufacture of______71 Parents and Teachers, National Congress of, educational work by ______57 Paris, seizure ex steam ship------21, 22, 23 Park Chin, arrest of ...... 36, 37 Parmagini, “ Black Tony,” arrest of member of gang of______48 49 Peace Officers Associations, educational work w ith ,. ______57 Training Schools, educational work with______57 Pennachio, Tommy “The Bull,” case involving alleged wife of______32, 33, 3 4 Pennsylvania, destruction of m arihuana a t Philadelphia______56 seizure at Coates ville______5 5 i 5g Persons registered for legitim ate trade, number of______72 trend in______73 f 74 Pharmaceutical Manufacturer’s Association, American, educational work with______57 Phoenix, Arizona, case involving Gulf Fish Market at______44 Pills, pink heroin, illicit manufacture of______36 37 seizurç of...... 36, 37, 49^ 50 Pink heroin pills. (See Pills, pink heroin.) Police Academy, educational work with the National______5 7 Department of Detroit, Mich., destruction of marihuana by______55 Poppy crop, seizure of product from May opium______44 seed pods, seizure of opium ______52 Post, illicit traffic by______48-50 Premises, inspection of______67, 68 Preparation of annual estim ates______68-70 difficulty in------68-69 Preparations, Chinese medicinal, containing morphine, seizures of______51 Prepared opium. (See Opium, prepared.) President Harding, seizure ex steamship______25 Prices of heroin, fluctuation in______15, 16 illicit morphine______15 raw opium______12 marihuana cigarettes______17 illicit narcotic drugs, trend in the______18 prepared opium . ______14 effect of Sino-Japanese hostilities on______14 Princess Marguerite, seizure ex steamship______39 Prisons, comparison of narcotic drug violators with total population in Federal______19 Pritchard, George, arrest of______3 4 , 3 5 , 36 Producers, authorized, of cocaine______72 Production of hemp, Federal supervision of authorized 64, 65 marihuana, records on______64, 65 Progress in adoption of Uniform State Narcotic Drug A ct.. ______3 , 4 Prohibition on im portation of m anufactured drugs______69 of manufacture of heroin (diacetylmorphine)______69 prepared opium ______74, 75 on return of exported drugs ______69 122

Page Prohibitive tax on imports of Cannabis------11 Publications arid Laws------1,2,3 Pung See Too, alias Lum Soo, arrest of------28,29 Punishment of second, third, and subsequent offenders against the narcotic law s______2 Published statem ent on effects of m arihuana------65,66 Purchase of heroin______20,21 Purchases of smoking opium ------48,49

Q

Qualification of exporter of m arihuana------64,65 im porter of m arihuana______64,65 Quarterly returns, system of------67-70 Quinto, Pietro, case involving------20,21

R

Race track, seizure involving------42,43 Railway, illicit traffic b y ------48-50 Ramirez, Jose M aria, arrest of------44 Rapp, Jay W., & Co., seizure from ------52 Raw m aterials______63-65 m anufacture from ______70-7! Raw opium. (See Opium, raw.) Real, John, case involving------25 Recidivism in Narcotic Law Violators------59 Recommendations by State and Provincial Health Authorities on treat­ m ent of drug addicts------8-10 Records, criminal, of nacrotic law violators------59 Record, criminal, of Normandale, H arold------59 Records, fingerprint______58 inspection of______67,68 Registered persons, number of engaged in legitimate trade------72 trend in ______73,74 Registration for trade in m arihuana------64,65 Regulations and Orders, new adm inistrative------2,3 Regulations No. 1______2 No. 5, amendments of------2,3 under Marihuana Tax Act of 1 9 3 7 ------2 narcotic laws, am endm ents of------2,3 Renoux, Paul, case involving------22,23 Requirem ents for im port and export of m arihuana------11, 64,65 export of narcotic drugs______H importation of hemp seed______64 internal trade in marihuana------64,65 Research, drugs produced for------^ Research work on marihuana------66,67 Resino, Antonio (see Strazzullo, Antonio)------23,24 Result of adulteration of narcotic drugs on drug addiction------& Results of educational w ork------01 laboratory study of marihuana------® Return of exported drugs, prohibition on------69 123

Page Returns, audit of m onthly------67-70 quarterly m anufacturing, rendering of______71 72 system of m onthly and quarterly______67-70 Revenue from coca leaves______53 raw opium ______53 Revocation of licenses by State licensing boards______62 63 Rotary Club, educational work with the ______57 Rex, case concerning drug carrier from Italian steamship______24, 25 seizure ex steam ship______1 5 23 24 Ring, case involving Chinese drug______3 2 33 3 4 Houston narcotic, arrest of members of______42 43 Rio, Alexandre-Pierre Marie, arrest of______21 Riverra, Charles, alias F. Sworson, arrest of______3 4 ; 3 5 3 5 Rooster and Elephant brand (Lam Kee-Macao), seizure bearing label of. _ 13 28, 29,30, 31, 32, 38, 39, 40, 41 Rosen, Nathan, alias “Little N ate,” indictm ent of______25-28 Rosenthal, Henry, seizure involving______52 Ross, Joe, arrest of______41 Rouses Point, N. Y., seizure a t______22 “Running Deer” labeled prepared opium ______13 Ruppolo, Louis, arrest of______3 4 35 3 5 Ruoti, Angelina, arrest of______29 30 Ruoti case______2 9 3 0 Ruoti, Michael, arrest of______29 30

S Saba case------45,46 Saba, Sabas, a n est of______4 g Sainee Bin Rasep, arrest of______28 29 Salibo, Eddie, arrest of______* 4 2 Sam Den Ho, arrest of______4 7 4 g Sanders, Dorothy, arrest of______41 Saul, Morris, case involving______25-28 Schooner Alert, seizure involving______. ______56 Schwartz, Josef (Sam), arrest of______20 21 Schwenke, Walter, arrest of______41 Seamen, Chinese, seizure involving______31 Seized drugs, disposition of______69 Seizure at Rouses Point, N. Y______2 2 Shanghai______29 bearing address of Murdock Printing Company______49 “ Ali Baba” label______3 7 Camel Brand label______29, 30 Chinese Government stam ps______38, 39 labels...... 48,49 Cock (or Cook) brand label______31, 32 “Golden Deer” label______39 “Hadji Ala Baba” label. . _____ 15 Lam Kee (Cheong) label______32, 49, 50 Lam Kee label— ______30, 31, 40 Lam Kee-Macao, Rooster and Elephant brand label 31, 32 “Lion B rand” label______15, 29, 30 86685— 38---- 9 124

Page Seizure bearing “Lion Brand, Special” label------12,30 Lo Fook Kee label------28,29 May & Baker, Ltd., Montreal, Canada, label------34, 35,36 Merck, E., Darmstadt, label------43,44 Opium Control Bureau of the Shanghai Municipality stam ps------31 Rooster and Elephant (Lam Kee) label------40,41 “Rooster and Elephant” (Lam Kee-Macao) label.. 29, 30, 38,39 Shanghai label------17 Shanghai Opium Suppression Monopoly Bureau stamps.. 28, 29, 38,39 “Tai Kee Co., Ltd., Manufacturing Chemists, Bremen- Shanghai” label______15 Yick Kee label______31,50 by Chinese Maritime Customs------29 ex steamship Anna Maersk------32 Berengaria------23 Champlain______23 Empress of Japan------47 Exeter______15 from Beirut------15 Heian M aru______37,38 Manhattan______12,25-2! Maron______1 Mobile City------i Paris______21,22,2! President Harding------2i Princess Marguerite______3! Rex______15,23,21 Silver Yew______’2 Taybank______28,29 from Lun T ai Co., New Y ork------52 Rapp, Jay W., & Co., Chicago------5Î involving Chihese seamen ------M Furuya, M., & Co------37,38 Nobile, Joseph------52 one K udo______37’® Rosenthal, Henry------® schooner Alert------™ steamship Empress of Russia------® of Brucine______® drugs in hospital at Anyang, China------“55” brand opium *------gum opium------Mexican raw opium ------morphine, crude (base)------cube------opium------25-28,29 prepared______pink heroin pills------36, 37,4,' shipment from Shing Tung Co., of Hong Kong------Three Coins brand opium------Yick Kee brand opium------’ 125

Page Seizures------18, 19 bearing “Rooster and Elephant” and “Lo Fook Kee” labels 13 “ White Horse” label______15 “Yick Kee” label______13 examples of------20-50 falsely labeled as narcotic drugs______51 from Hong Kong______52 involving Chinese im porters______52 of automobiles______60, 61 Chinese medical preparations containing morphine______51 cocaine------16, 32-36, 4 3 , 44 codeine, decrease in______17 heroin------15, 16, 21-37, 39, 42, 43, 47, 49, 50, 74 increase in______15 pink pills______i 6 m arihuana------17, 5 3 , 5 5 , 56 morphine------15, 23, 24, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 37, 48, 49, 50 hydrochloride------34, 35, 36, 37, 38 increase in______15 opium drosis------25-28, 39 of Mexican origin______17 opium, prepared------13-14, 28-34, 38, 39, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50 increase in______13-14 poppy seed pods______52 raw ------12, 25-28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50 smoking------17, 25-28, 31, 32, 36, 37, 74, 75 vehicles ------60,61 vessels______60 61 on steamships from Hamburg______12 under Federal narcotic laws______18, 19 Marihuana Tax Act______18 Serial numbering of packages______68 Shanghai, Bremen, seizure labeled Tai Kee Company, L td ______20, 21 case involving Chinese in______28, 29 traffickers in ______2 0 , 21 Shanghai Opium Control Bureau stamps, seizure bearing______31 Suppression Monopoly Bureau, seizure bearing stamps o f ------13, 17, 28, 29, 38, 39 seizure a t______29 bearing label of firm in ______17 Shing Tung Co., seizure of shipment from ______52 Shipments, authorized in-transit______1 0 -1 1 Silver Yew, seizure ex steamship______52 Simoncini, August, case involving ______3 4 , 3 5 , 36 Filipina, case involving______3 4 , 3 5 , 36 Sino-Japanese hostilities, effect of on prices of prepared opium ______14 Smoker of marihuana, arrest of______5 4 , 5 5 , 56 Smoking marihuana, dangers of______5 3 , 54 of heroin pills by Chinese______16 m arihuana______17 opium in the United States______74, 75 Smoking opium. (See Opium, smoking.) 126

Page Smoking opium, disposition of------74,75 purchases of------48,49 violations of law governing------74,75 Smuggling from British Honduras------56 Canada______34, 35,3 Europe______17 F ar E ast______17 France______17,21-23 Germ any______25-28 Ita ly ______23-25 Jap an ______37,38 Mexico______43-47 N orth C hina______20,21 the Near E ast------17 Tientsin, evidence of______16 methods of______18 of heroin manufactured in Japan------16 Iranian opium ------17 into C hina______14 marihuana from Mexico______56 Solliez, Henry, arrest of______22,23 South Central area, illicit traffic in th e ------42-41 Pacific coast area, illicit traffic in th e------40-41 Soy, concealment of morphine in shipment of------37, Î Stadens, Stado, case involving------Stamps of the Chinese Government, seizure bearing------38, i State and Provincial Health Authorities, recommendations by the com­ mittee on drug addiction of the Conference of------8-10 State boards______^ control of m arihuana------53 cooperation______licensing boards, cooperation w ith ------62,63 revocation of licenses b y ------62,63 Statement of Court in sentencing Wong Kop------58 Federal Judge John D. M artin, Sr------58 Judge J. Foster Symes------57 on effects of marihuana published in Druggists Circular------65,66 State officers, enforcement b y ------^ destruction of marihuana by------55 States having enacted the Uniform Narcotic Drug Act------3,4 which have not enacted the Uniform Narcotic Drug Act------* which have not passed adequate narcotic legislation------* Statistical data and tables (see Appendix)------76-101 Statistics on enforcement (see also Appendix)------18,1 Steamship Anna Maersk, seizure ex------Berengaria, seizure ex------Champlain, seizure ex------Empress of Japan, seizure ex------Empress of Russia, seizure involving------" Exeter, seizure ex------Heian Maru, seizure ex------" ’ Manhattan, seizure ex------^ Mar on, seizure ex------127

Page Steamship Mobile City, seizure ex___ . 2 9 Montcalm, case involving______22 Paris (French) case______21 Paris, seizure ex______22 23 President Harding, seizure ex______25 Princess Marguerite, seizure ex______39 Rex, case concerning drug carrier from Italian______24 25 seizure ex------15,23,24 Silver Yew, seizure ex______52 Taybank, seizure ex______28 29 Steamships from Hamburg, seizures on______12 Strazzullo, Antonio, arrest of______23 24 Studies of drug addiction______5_§ Submission of quarterly returns______71 72 supplemental estim ates______gg Substances falsely labeled as narcotic drugs______51 Suicide of Gottlieb, Jacob N ______22 Woodward, Eddie______42 43 Sullivan, Dennis, arrest of ___ 41 Supervision, Federal, of distribution of hem p______64, 65 production of hemp______64, 65 Supplemental estimates, submission of______69 Supplies of prepared opium in China, indication of no decrease in______14 Survey on drug addiction______4 Suspension of licenses by State licensing boards______62, 63 System of control of m arihuana______64 65 import permits and export authorizations, operation of______1 0 -1 1 monthly and quarterly returns______67-70 Symes, Judge J. Foster, statem ent of______57

T

Tables and statistical d ata (see Appendix)______76-101 Tai Kee Company, Ltd., heroin bearing label of______20, 21 “Tai Kee Co., Ltd., Manufacturing Chemists, Bremen-Shanghai,” seizure bearing label of______15 Tax Act of 1937, M arihuana, enactm ent of______1, 2 Tax on coca leaves______63 hemp seed______64 marihuana______11,64 transfer of______2 raw opium______63 Taybank, seizure ex steamship______28, 29 Temperance Union, National Woman’s Christian, educational work by 57 Tensaka, Seiichi, arrest of______3 7 , 33 Test of marihuana, Beam______67 Tests on marihuana by Bureau of Narcotics Laboratory______66 Theft from warehouse in M ontreal______3 4 , 3 5 , 36 Thefts of narcotic drugs______61 order forms______61, 62 The Institute of Government, educational work with______57 hird offense, Federal law to increase punishment for conviction of 2 Three Coins” (or Three K ’s) brand opium______13, 47, 48 128

Page Tientsin, evidence of heroin smuggled from ------16 indication of illicit manufacture in Japanese quarter of------20,21 Tong Bow, case involving------32, 33, 34 Tong, Hip Sing case______32, 33, 34 “ Tonggee” labeled prepared opium ------13 Tong Sung, alias Thomas Tong, Tong Bow, arrest of------32, 33, 34 T rade and distribution------72 in m arihuana, registration for------64, 65 legitimate, number of persons registered to engage in ------72 trend in number of persons registered for—: 73,74 Traffic, developments in the trend of th e ------17,18 illicit______12-56 in the Atlantic coast area------20-37 cocaine______16 codeine______17 the Hawaiian Islands______47-48 heroin______15,16 indication of difficulties in securing supplies in------61 in marihuana______17, 53,54 morphine______15 the North Central area______41-42 Pacific coast area------37-39 South Central area ------42-47 Pacific coast area------40-41 Traffic, illicit, by post, express, railway, and air------48-50 in raw opium------12 Trade, control of international------10~U Training schools, educational work with peace officers’------57 Training School of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, educational work w ith______”7 Transfer of marihuana, tax on------2, 11,64 Treatment of drug addiction 5-1® for drug addiction at United States Public Health Service Hospital, Lexington, Ky., number of persons undergoing, 19 Trend in number of persons registered for legitimate trade------73, 74 of prices of narcotic drugs------1® the traffic, developments in the ------17,18 Trujillo, Mrs. Dolores, case involving------44, 45 Tsounias, Yani, case involving------20’21 U Uniform Narcotic Drug Act, progress in adoption of States having enacted- 3,4 United States Public Health Service Hospital, Lexington, Ky., number of convicted persons undergoing treatm ent in------1® Public Health Service studies of drug addiction------5-8 University women, educational work with associations of------57

V Valdez, Victor G., arrest of------Valenzuela, Ramon, case involving------Varela, Carlos, arrest of------Varillas-Mercado case______Varillas, Leopoldo, arrest of------129

Page Vaughn, Lucy, arrest of______gg Vehicles, confiscation of______60 61 forfeiture of______------J S1bl seizure of______gg g^ disposition of seized______’ gj Vessels from the Far East, seizures of prepared opium on______13-14 confiscation of______fin fil forfeiture of______• • ” DUj 61 seizure of______60 61 disposition of seized______’ g^ Violations of law governing smoking opium______74 75 the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937______I . 53 54 55 Violators, comparison with total population in Federal prisons_____"____’ ’ 19 of the narcotic laws, criminal records of______59 Narcotic law, recidivism in______-g Visco, Dominick, case involving______34 3g 3g

W Wall, Fred, arrest of______Walleck, Victor S., arrest of______’ 25 West, Richard Luke, arrest of ______* ^ West Virginia, Everettville, seizure and destruction of marihuana at ~~~~_ 56 “White Horse” label, seizures bearing______^ Williams, Betty, case______30 arrest of______gg Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, National, educational work by___ 57 Women, Associations of University, educational work with______57 Federal Industrial Institution for, at Alderson, W. Va., narcotic drug law violators confined in ______Women’s Clubs, General Federation of, educational work done by______57 Wong Cheong, case involving______28 29 Kop, statement of court in sentencing______gg Wai, alias Henry Wong, arrest of______32 33 34 Wing, case involving______’ ’ 3g Woodward, Eddie, arrest of______42 43 suicide of______42'43 Y îates, Martha, arrest of______42 43 Yee Dung Jung, arrest of______’ 3g case______39 Yee On Li, alias Yee Haim, Yee Ping Jong, arrest of______32 33 34 ïee Wah, alias Wah Hing, arrest of______’ '31 case______gj Yee Way, alias Yee Shee Foon, Yee Wee, William Yee, arrest of_"_ 50 case______Yick Kee label, seizures bearing------111II 111 " Ï3,” 3Î, 40, 41, 50 lOKonama, seizure on Japanese vessel from______15 lung Boon Chew, arrest of______47

Zamora, Leo, arrest of______gj 1 2 8

Tientsin, evidence of heroin smuggled from ------__ indication of illicit manufacture in Japanese quarter of ^ ^ Tong Bow, case involving ------_ _ g2 33’ ^ T ong, H ip S ing case------32^331 ! “ Tonggee” la b e le d p repared o p iu m ------' Tong Sung, alias Thomas Tong, Tong Bow, arrest of------32 33 f T ra d e a n d d is trib u tio n ______’ „ in m a rih u a n a , re g is tra tio n f o r ------^ legitimate, number of persons registered to engage in ______tre n d in n u m b e r o f persons registered fo r ______, T ra ffic , develop m en ts in th e tre n d o f th e ______illic it ______in the Atlantic coast area______2q_.j- cocaine______^ . codeine______j. th e H a w a iia n Is la n d s ______I h e ro in ------15, 151 indication of difficulties in securing supplies in ______, , I in m a rih u a n a ______17, 53 54 1 m o rp h in e ______j-1 the North Central area ______41-421 Pacific coast area______37-3&I S outh C e n tra l a re a ______42-47! Pacific coast area ______40-41 Traffic, illicit, by post, express, railway, and air ______48-5(1 in ra w o p iu m ______j;.| T ra d e , c o n tro l o f in te rn a tio n a l______10- li| Training schools, educational work w ith peace officers’ ______Training School of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, educational work w ith ______,],i T ra n sfe r o f m a rih u a n a , ta x o n ______2,11. (iJ Treatment of drug addiction ______5-li| for drug addiction at United States Public Health Service Hospital, Lexington, Ivy., number of persons undergoing 1<] Trend in number of persons registered for legitimate trade ______73.; of prices of narcotic drugs ______1,1 th e tra ffic , developm ents in th e ______17,11 T ru jillo , M rs . Dolores, case in v o lv in g ______44,41 Tsounias, Y a n i, case in v o lv in g ______20,

U

Uniform Narcotic Drug Act, progress in adoption of States having enacted. 3. ; United States Public Health Service Hospital, Lexington, Ky., number of convicted persons undergoing treatm ent in ______l j Public Health Service studies of drug addiction ______5-1 University women, educational work w ith associations of ______5|

V Valdez, Victor G., arrest of______V a lenzuela, R a m on , case in v o lv in g ______V a re la , C arlos, a rre st o f______V a rilla s -M e rc a d o case______V a rilla s , L e o po ld o , a rre st o f______129

Page Lucy, arrest of------56 Vehicles, confiscation o f ------0 0,61 forfe itu re o f------60, 61 seizure o f------60, 61 disposition of seized ------61 Vvels from the Far East, seizures of prepared opium on ______1 3-1 4 confiscation o f------60, 61 forfeiture o f------60, 61 seizure o f------60, 61 disposition of seized------61 Violations of la w g o ve rn in g s m o kin g o p iu m ------74, 75 the M a rih u a n a T a x A c t o f 1937______53, 54, 55 Violators, comparison w ith total population in Federal prisons ______19 of the n a rc o tic la w s, c rim in a l records o f______59 Narcotic law, recidivism in ______59 Visco, Dominick, case in v o lv in g ------34, 35, 36

W Fred, arrest o f------42, 43 Walleck, V icto r S., a rre s t o f------25 st, Richard L u ke , a rre s t o f------42 West Virginia, Everett ville, seizure and destruction of marihuana at 56 “White Horse” label, seizures b e a rin g ------15 Williams, B e tty, case------30 arre st o f______30 Toman’s Christian Temperance Union, National, educational work by 57 lïomen, Associations of University, educational work w ith ______57 Federal Industrial Institution for, at Alderson, W. Va., narcotic drug law violators confined in ______19 faen’s Clubs, General Federation of, educational work done b y ______57 fog Cheong, case in v o lv in g ------28, 29 Kop, statement of court in sentencing ______58 Wai, alias Henry Wong, arrest of ______32, 33, 34 Wing, case in v o lv in g ______39 |Toodward, E ddie, a rre s t o f______42, 43 su icid e o f______42, 43

Y [Tates, Martha, a rre st o f______42, 43 |ïee Dung Jung, a rre s t o f______39 case______39 i On Li, alias Yee Haim , Yee Ping Jong,arrest of______32, 33, 34 |Tee Wah, alias W ah H in g , a rre s t o f______31 case______31 6 Way, alias Yee Shee Foon, Yee Wee, W illiam Yee, arrest of______50 case______50 pck Kee label, seizures b e a rin g ______13, 31, 40, 41, 50 a, seizure on Japanese vessel from ______15 J'œg Boon Chew, a rre s t o f______47

Z Nora, Leo, a rre st o f______51 o