Majeau.Mémoire Complet Corrections Faites

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Majeau.Mémoire Complet Corrections Faites Université de Montréal La bière et la terre: L'attachement au lieu à travers les microbrasseries québécoises par Antoine Majeau Département d'anthropologie Faculté des Arts et des Sciences Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du grade de Ms. c en anthropologie Novembre 2017 © Antoine Majeau, 2017 Résumé Les trente dernières années ont vu la naissance et le développement exponentiel d'une industrie qui s'inscrit dans un plus large contexte de renouvellement d'intérêt pour l'achat local au Québec: les microbrasseries. En plus d'une production limitée, d'une distribution locale et d'une ample variété dans l'offre, beaucoup partagent une philosophie d'utilisation de référents locaux dans la promotion de leurs produits. Cette recherche a pour objectif principal d'analyser les motivations des brasseurs et des propriétaires derrière l'usage d'un tel lexique ainsi que les impacts sur la perception des bières et brasseries du point de vue des consommateurs. Parallèlement, ce mémoire vise à peindre un portrait fidèle de l'industrie microbrassicole au Québec en 2016-2017 sous une loupe anthropologique, en traitant de manière scientifique les témoignages de nombreux acteurs importants dans le milieu de la bière. La collecte de données s'est produite dans le cadre d'une ethnographie de plus de deux mois dans trente microbrasseries réparties dans plusieurs régions administratives. Des entrevues semi-structurées d'une heure avec une douzaine de consommateurs et producteurs furent entrecoupées par des périodes d'observation participante dans des usines de production, des brouepubs, des festivals et des détaillants spécialisés en bières artisanales. À travers l'enquête de terrain, de nombreux sujets furent abordés, mais deux éléments en particulier ont été retenus pour représenter avec justesse le milieu des microbrasseries québécoises du point de vue des consommateurs et des producteurs: la difficulté à définir la microbrasserie en tant que telle et la solidarité qui s'observe dans le domaine des brasseries artisanales. Mots-clés : anthropologie économique, globalisation, consommation, territoire, authenticité, local, bière i Abstract The last thirty years have seen the birth and exponential growth of an industry that is situated in a broader context of renewed interest in local trade in Quebec: microbreweries. In addition to a limited volume of production, local distribution and a wide variety of offerings, many microbreweries share a philosophy in which the use of local references plays an important role in the promotion of their products. The main objective of this research is to analyze the brewers' and owners' motivations behind the use of such a vocabulary as well as the impact on consumers' perception of breweries and their beers. At the same time, this paper aims to paint an accurate picture of the contemporary craft beer industry in Quebec from an anthropological point of view. It will examine the data gathered through in-depth discussions with numerous actors in the world of craft beer. The data was gathered during ethnographic research that spanned over two months and thirty microbreweries located in different regions of Quebec. A dozen semi-structured interviews of approximately one hour with consumers, brewers and business owners were interspersed with periods of participant observation in factories, brewpubs, festivals and stores specializing in local craft beer. During this fieldwork, many subjects were discussed, although only two were kept to justly represent the craft beer market from the point of view of both consumers and producers: the difficulty of what constitutes an authentic microbrewery and the omnipresent solidarity between brewers. Keywords : Economic anthropology, globalization, consumption, territory, authenticity, local, craft beer ii Table des matières Résumé ......................................................................................................................................... i Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... ii Table des matières ...................................................................................................................... iii Liste des tableaux ........................................................................................................................ v Liste des figures ......................................................................................................................... vi Liste des sigles .......................................................................................................................... vii Remerciements ........................................................................................................................... ix Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapitre 1: La consommation de bière à l'ère de la globalisation ............................................ 11 1.1 Le local dans un monde globalisé ................................................................................... 12 1.2 La consommation sous la loupe anthropologique ........................................................... 18 1.2.1 La consommation et la position sociale ................................................................... 19 1.2.2 La culture matérielle et l'identité ............................................................................. 23 1.3 L'attachement au lieu ...................................................................................................... 25 1.4 Consommation, globalisation, lieu et bière ..................................................................... 29 Chapitre 2: Méthodologie de la « plus grande tournée des bars » du Québec .......................... 33 2.1 Le boire et le lieu ............................................................................................................ 33 2.1.1 Les microbrasseries américaines .............................................................................. 35 2.1.2 Les microbrasseries québécoises ............................................................................. 37 2.2 Collecte de données ........................................................................................................ 38 2.2.1 Observation participante .......................................................................................... 39 2.2.2 Entretiens semi-dirigés ............................................................................................. 44 2.2.3 Corpus de données ................................................................................................... 47 2.3 Analyse des données ....................................................................................................... 48 2.4 Le terrain multi-site ......................................................................................................... 50 Chapitre 3: « La microbrasserie, c'est la mentalité » ................................................................ 53 iii 3.1.1 Débat sur l'authenticité ................................................................................................. 54 3.1.2 Vendre sa microbrasserie? ........................................................................................... 63 3.1.3 Les consommateurs authentiques ................................................................................ 67 3.2 Des entreprises « tissées-serrées » ...................................................................................... 72 3.2.1 Solidarité interne .......................................................................................................... 74 3.2.2 Coopérative de travailleurs .......................................................................................... 79 Chapitre 4: Attachement au lieu ............................................................................................... 86 4.1 Consommer les produits de sa région ............................................................................. 86 4.2 Brasser dans sa région ..................................................................................................... 91 4.3 La culture matérielle ....................................................................................................... 95 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 112 Bibliographie ................................................................................................................................ i Annexe 1 – Microbrasserie du Lac-Saint-Jean ............................................................................ i Annexe 2 – Réactions sur les réseaux sociaux au sujet de la vente de Trou du Diable .............. ii iv Liste des tableaux Tableau I. Microbrasseries visitées durant l'enquête ethnographique ................................ 43 Tableau II. Informateurs interviewés .................................................................................. 45 v Liste des figures Figure 1 – Creemore Springs .................................................................................................... 66 Figure 2 – Goose Island ............................................................................................................ 66 Figure 3 – La Divine Comédie .................................................................................................
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