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M. R. Ahmad, M. H. M. Yahya1), Production of Shape Memory Alloy Core- *M. R. Hassan, J. Salleh, Sheath Friction Yarns W. Y. W. Ahmad, Abstract N. Hassim This paper describes some studies on the development of shape memory alloy (SMA) core- sheath friction yarns. SMA wires for actuating purposes were utilised as a conductive ele- ment in the core-sheath friction yarn. A DREF 3000 friction spinning machine was used to produce the yarns. The conductive yarn was spun with the SMA actuator wire at the core and 100% cotton fibers in the second layer as the sheath producing a yarn called SMA Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, core-sheath friction yarn (SMA CSFY). During spinning, the core-sheath ratio and spinning Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia drum speeds were varied. The main purposes of the study were to evaluate the SMA CSFY single yarn tensile strength and its actuating performance against changes in the spinning *Faculty of Engineering, process parameters. The results showed that SMA CSFY with the highest spinning drum Universiti Putra Malaysia, speed and 60% core gave the highest tensile strength and fastest actuation performance. Serdang, Malaysia 1)Corresponding author: [email protected] Key words: shape memory alloy, DREF 3000 spinning system, conductive yarn. natural and synthetic fibres from 32 to ity, increasing the yarn strength and im- 60 mm in length [8]. Technically fibres parting any functional fibre to the yarn n Introduction from a card sliver are opened into indi- produced. Figures 1.a and 1.b illustrate vidual fibres. The opened fibres (reduced the cross-sections and longitudinal view The growing development of smart tex- size fibres) are then transfered onto the of core-sheath friction yarns from the tiles is changing the point of view of spinning drums, which are rotating in the DREF 2000 and DREF 3000 spinning world textile fashion from traditional same direction with the assisstance of an systems. A helical core wrapper means textile products to functional and more air stream system located at the top of the yarn is produced with a twist given interactive textile design products [1]. the spinning drums. Either one or both at a certain angle and direction (‘S’ or Schwarz et al. [2] noted that smart tex- of the drums are rotated and have a suc- ‘Z’ direction). Meanwhile a parallel core tiles products came about from an effort tion arrangement inside them to prevent wrapper means the core sliver has been to converge many disciplines such as fibre slippage while the fibres are twist- given a twist at first at the first drafting wireless and mobile telecoms, microsys- ed on the drums. The yarn is formed by unit and then false twisted when entering tems and nanotechnology, advanced the spinning zone. material technology, biology, physics, frictional forces between the fibres and chemistry, electrical engineering, and surfaces of the rotating spinning drums Many works have been done to embed textile. The many advantages of smart and is drawn-off at a right angle to the electrically conductive and smart mate- textiles are the generation of new ideas direction of the moving surface. Since rial into the core of spun yarns [10 - 18]. for engineers and designers such as im- the drum’s diameter is many times higher Some researchers reported on the spin- parting textile substrates with a lighting than the yarn diameter, each revolution of ning of conductive core-sheath friction device [3], thermochromic properties [4], the drum imparts a large number of twist yarn by utilising stainless steel or copper health-care monitoring device [5], a soft to the yarn [9]. wire as a conductive core for applica- antenna system for military usage [6] and tions such as electrical conducting and phase change properties [7]. The DREF 3000 is another version of the DREF spinning system. It has an addi- electromagnetic sheilding effectiveness The phases of change properties in SMA tional drafting system at the side of the [14 - 16]. In another study, Kumar et al. have made it mainly used for sensing and spinning zone that is for the insertion of [17] reported on the utilisation of plastic actuating. SMA provides a superelastic the core sliver for yarn structure stabil- optical fibre as an optical core for signal transferring fabric. Another study by Has- and shape memory effect. It is manu- factured in various forms such as a bar, san et al. [18] reported on the utilisation 1 1 of carbon filaments in the core and some ribbon, thin or thick sheet, hollow rod investigations on yarn electro-mechani- wire and thin or thick wire. Among oth- 2 ers, thin SMA wires are most suitable to a) cal properties. Jing and Hu [19] reported be incorporated into a textile substrate, on the production of shape memory core 3 3 especially in the form of yarn that tends spun yarn by utilising shape memory pol- DREF 2000 DREF 3000 to be electrically conductive and have a yurethane as a smart material in the core. 1 1 The present study aims to examine the shape memory effect. The embedding 2 technique is a suitable method of com- 3 3 production of SMA core-sheath friction b) bining thin SMA wire into a yarn and yarn (SMA CSFY) using the DREF 3000 the technology proposed to be used is the spinning system. SMA CSFY yarn shows DREF 3000 friction spinning system. special characteristics like electrical con- Figure 1. a) Yarn cross-section and b) ductivity and the shape memory effect in The DREF spinning system was intro- yarn longitudinal view from DREF 2000 comparison to other categories of con- and DREF 3000. 1) Sheath fibre (Helical ductive yarn. SMA CSFY yarn’s tensile duced in the early 1970s and is capable core wrapper), 2) Core fibre (Parallel core of spinning a medium to course yarn wrapper), 3) Strengthening or functional strength and actuation performance are sizes. It is also capable of processing purpose (Core component). discussed in this paper. 68 Ahmad MR, Yahya MHM, Hassan MR, Salleh J, Ahmad WYW, Hassim N. Production of Shape Memory Alloy Core-Sheath Friction Yarns. FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2013; 21, 3(99): 68-72. where the SMA is in a low temperature condition, while austenite is where the SMA is in a high temperature condition. In addition, each of them consists of two 2) categories of transformation tempera- ture: martensite start temperature (Ms), martensite finish temperature (Mf), aus- tenite start temperature (As) and austen- 1) ite finish temperature (Af). Ms refers to the temperature at which the SMA starts to transform from the austenite phase to the martensite phase. Meanwhile, As re- fers to the temperature at which the SMA starts to reverse from the martensite to austenite phase. Both Mf and Af refer to the temperature at which they are com- Figure 2. Location of the: 1) 1st and 2) 2nd drafting unit of the DREF 3000 spinning system. pletely deformed into martensite and aus- tenite phases [22]. This advantage makes DREF 3000 principle of operation ing drum, the fibres will be transported it widely used as a substitution for con- As previously mentioned, the DREF 3000 to the spinning zone. The spinning zone ventional pneumatic, hydraulic and mo- friction spinning system differs from the consists of two spinning drums arranged tor-based actuator systems. The fine wire DREF 2000 because it is comprised of perpendicularly to the carding drum and form of SMA is most suitable to be used another drafting unit for core sliver inser- one or two spinning drums rotating in in textile applications. However, due to tion. Aydogmus et al. [20] classified both the same direction. In addition, the sur- the drafting unit on the DREF 3000 spin- face of the spinning drums consists of an Table 1. Specific spinning process ning system as a first drafting unit and air suction system for transporting fibres parameters. second drafting unit. Figure 2 illustrates from the carding drum to the spinning Spinning Core-sheath zone. The high speed rotating spinning Spinning the location of the first and second draft- drum speeds, ratios, parameter ing unit. In the system, 1 to 6 carded sliv- drums receive the fibres and give them a r.p.m. % ers can be inserted as sheath slivers into twist either in the ‘S’ or ‘Z’ direction (ac- 1 3000 40-60 the second drafting unit. Only one carded cording to the requirement). At the same 2 3000 50-50 sliver is required to be inserted into the time, the core sliver will be wrapped by 3 3000 60-40 first drafting unit, which will be drafted the twisted sheath sliver from the second 4 3700 40-60 in order to fit into the core of the yarn. drafting unit, and because the core sliver 5 3700 50-50 A small amount of twist will be given to has been given a false twist, the fibre in 6 3700 60-40 7 4400 40-60 the sliver from the first drafting unit, and the core position will be in parallel with 8 4400 50-50 this sliver will be false-twisted immedi- the yarn axis, while the wrapper fibre will 9 4400 60-40 ately after it reaches the spinning zone. be at a helix angle. The amount of fibre supply from the first drafting unit will depend on the core- Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) wire the stiffness and high flexible properties sheath ratios that have been set before SMA is a bimetallic material consisting [21] of this wire, research on embedding the spinning process. The increasing por- of a combination of nickel and titanium SMA wire into a textile substrate is still tion of the core will lead to an increase in metals.

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