k

475

Index

Page references to specific laws and legal Angola 409–410 cases are listed in the Table of Laws Animal and Plant Health Agency 381 and Cases Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service abatement plans see threat abatement plans (APHIS) 264, 343 aboriginal heritage tree 203 Animal Defenders International 354 aboriginal hunting 70, 135, 167–168 animal fights, attendance at 353, 420, see also aboriginal subsistence whaling see whaling badger baiting; bear baiting; bull access to open land and water 91–93 baiting; camel fighting; dog fighting; accommodation, animal 329, 332, 337, 339, fighting, animal 356 animal needs see five freedoms k Act of Congress 4 animal passport see passports: animal k Act of Parliament 4 animal rights 56–59, 71, 242, 317–319 passing of 8 animal species of Community interest structure of 10–11 130–132, 224–225, 258, 430 agricultural payments 309 animal testing 276–277, 328 airborne hunting 158, 406, 422 animal traders see Harrods; World’s aircraft Zoological Trading Company height restrictions over bird reserves 246 Animal Welfare Board 82 hunting from see airborne hunting Antarctic Treaty System 191 landing of in protected areas 138, 237 anti-social behaviour order (ASBO) 280, 282, low flying over protected areas 138 396 use of in pollution control 197 AONB see area of outstanding natural see also unmanned aerial vehicle beauty air safety 24, 145–147 APHIS see Animal and Plant Health airspace reserves 246COPYRIGHTED MATERIALInspection Service alien species 112–113, 133, 249, 261–262, Arctic Sunrise see Greenpeace 275 area of outstanding natural beauty (AONB) Allemansrätt 91 155, 214, 222 alligators 58, 334, 417, 267, 269 aromatic plants 72 feeding of 280 A Sand County Almanac 56 American Humane Association 356 ASBO see anti-social behaviour order American Humane Society 54, 78 ASPCA see American Society for the American Indians see Native Americans Prevention of Cruelty to Animals American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty asses see donkeys, restrictions on riding of; to Animals (ASPCA) 77, 318 licence: donkey

The Laws Protecting Animals and Ecosystems, First Edition. Paul A. Rees. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

k k

476 Index

avian influenza 20–21, 56, 363, 416 biotopes, re-establishment of destroyed 259 aye-aye 68 bird identification test 181 birds see aircraft; birds of prey; nests; Royal badger Society for the Protection of Birds; wild bovine tuberculosis and 56, 363–365, 416 bird; wind farms disturbance of 40–41, 64 birds of prey legal cases 64 crimes against, in Scotland 371 badger baiting 42, 417 legal cases and 378–379, 400–402 badger control areas 365 Bishnois 71 badger setts 40–41, 141 bison 66 Badger Trust 56 hunting party 67 Baima Tibetans 69 legislation to protect 78, 126, 162, 422, 424 ballistics computer 159 Bison Pasture Rangers 387 basking shark 137 blood sports see badger baiting; bear baiting; Bass Rock gannet colony 224 bull baiting; bullfighting; fox hunting bathing waters 196–197 bluebells, sale of 274–275 bats, roosts of 30, 229, 302, 402 Blue Whale Unit 163 Baxter, William F. 56 bobcats 109, 151, 153, 180, 291, 340, 342 bear Born Free grizzly 253–254, 267, 341 bovine tuberculosis see badger: bovine polar 27–29, 35, 98, 266–267, 423 tuberculosis and spectacled 69 Brambell Report 79, 315 k bear baiting 77–78, 417 British Overseas Territories 4–7, 347 k bear-proof bins 280 Buddhism 73 beehives buffalo see bison compensation for attacks on see Bulgaria 16, 184, 248, 254 compensation bull baiting 417 damage to 291 bullfighting 352 bees, importation controls on 46–48, 363, bullfrogs, harvesting of 162 427 bull ring 78 Be Kind to Animals Week 338 Bundesamt für Naturschutz 393, 395 bestiality 367 Burma 101, 128, 156 Betretungsrecht 91 Burns Report 160 Bible, reference to bird protection in 70 burros 125, 288–289, 424, see also donkeys, big game, definition of 107–108 restrictions on riding of; licence: binomial system of nomenclature 95–99 donkey biodiversity bushmeat 290 duty of government to conserve 260 bycatch 278–279 term, first use of 80 UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework camel as dangerous animal 119 257 camel fighting 352 biodiversity action plans 256–257 camera trap 303 bioprospecting Cameron, Prime Minister David 318 definition of 165–166, 427–428 CAMPFIRE 178–179 licensing of 165, 167 Canada biosphere reserves 186–187, 213–214 aboriginal hunting rights in 168 biotope protection areas 231–232 aircraft access in parks in 238

k k

Index 477

caribou herd in 98, 243 Travis 12 compensation for damage by wildlife in China 38, 86, 133, 268, 397, 402, 407 291 circus green roofs in see green roofs acquisition of animals by 355 ownership of wildlife in 85–86 definition of 354–355 plant protection in 264 movements of animals in 361 protection of trees in 203 solitary animals in 355 sacred trees in 69 wild animals, use in 9, 318 captive animal, definition of 113 see also Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Captive Animals’ Protection Society (CAPS) Circus 354 CITES see Convention on Trade in captive breeding, identification of animals bred Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and 260 Flora Care for Our Common Home 75–76 climate change xxxv, 15, 60–61, 188–190 caribou see Porcupine Caribou Herd Clinton, President Bill 409 case law 39–41, 43, 45 clitoridectomy 326 castration 317, 325 close season 76, 161 cats closure of animal facilities 405 licensing of 347 cockling 155, 171, 402 reproduction, reporting of 347 Code of Federal Regulations 48 sterilization of 352 cod wars 173 cattle Commission Decisions 18, 20–21 k definition of 117, 313 Common Agricultural Policy 429 k keeping in dark of 329 Common Fisheries Policy 60, 174–175, 429 movements of 360–362, 416 Common Veterinary Entry Documents tagging of 324–325, 416 (CVED) 361 caution, simple 377–378 companion animal, definition of 117–119, see caves, protection of 236 also goldfish as companion animal Central Zoo Authority 331–332, 344, 427 compensation Cetacean Rights: Fostering Moral and Legal for bee and beehive losses 291 Change 318 for livestock losses 291 cetaceans Conference of the Parties (CoP) 34 harassment of 137–139 Congo, Democratic Republic of 409 protection of see whaling Congress, Act of see Act of Congress rights of 318 Congress, United States 8 see also Free Morgan Support Group; whale Congressional Record 8, 12 sanctuary; licence: whale watching and conservation covenant 311 swimming; whale watching, regulation conservation easement 245 of; whaling conservation police force 386, 388 cheetahs, reintroduction of 253–254 Conservation Reserve Program 309, 436 Cheyenne 65 containment standards for zoos 331, chimpanzee 335–336 enclosure for 332 apes and baboons 331 Hercules and Leo 318 Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of legal persons 318 Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) retirement of 322 Appendices I, II and III 98, 109–110, surplus 322, 422 268–270

k k

478 Index

CoP see Conference of the Parties Darwin, Charles 80 corporate body Darwin Initiative 304 legal personality of 53 Dawkins, Richard 57 offences by 376, 378–379 death sentence for wildlife crimes corridors, wildlife 37, 205, 209, 219, 244 394, 397 cosmetics 166, 328 Declaration of Animal Rights 2011 59 Costa Rica 138, 165–166, 302, 355 Declaration of Rights for Cetaceans 318 Council of Europe 15–16, 39, 46, 59, 250, 438 declared pest 112–113, 284 country park 214, 229–230 declared weed 112 Countryside Agency 393 decoys 149–150 coyote hunting 160 deer CPS see Crown Prosecution Service fallow 84, 131, 394 crane, Eurasian 248 red 84, 131, 375 crayfish 119 sika 69, 131 Crime in the United States 316 see also hybridization crime scene investigation (CSI) 369–371 deer licence tags 180–181 critical habitat (ESA) 230–231, 251, 423 deer parks 83–84 crocodiles, magic 68 Defenders of Wildlife 54–55, 392 Crown Dependencies 4–7 deforestation 79, 189–190, 442 Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) 38, 64, 378 DEFRA see Department for the Crow Tribe of Montana, prohibition of waste Environment, Food and Rural Affairs by 169 delegated legislation 12–14 k cruelty to animals denotification of SSSIs see Site of Special k definition of 314 Scientific Interest link with violence towards humans Department for the Environment, Food and 315 Rural Affairs (DEFRA) 56, 304, 340 crustaceans 104–106, 119 Department of Agriculture, Environment and culling Rural Affairs (DAERA) 393 geese 288 devolution in the United Kingdom 4 horses and burros 289 dingoes 70, 283–284, 287 kangaroos 285–286 directives, EU 18 ruddy ducks 286–287 disease, notifiable 362–363 wallabies 285–286 disease control order 361–362 customary law 23, 35, 69 disturbance, reckless 44–45, 137, 139–141 CVED see Common Veterinary Entry DNA 80 Documents evidence 375 fingerprinting 372 DAERA see Department of Agriculture, mitochondrial 132 Environment and Rural Affairs structure of 372 damage mitigation permit 285 docking of tails 404 dangerous dogs see dog: dangerous dog dangerous regulated animals 341–342 assistance 118, 345 dangerous species, definition of 115 badger sett and 141 dangerous wild animals births, reporting of 347 licence for 339 breeding of 339 list of 340 control order for 346 registration of 341–342 dangerous see also hazardous animal categories banned breeds 349

k k

Index 479

definition of 349–350 elephants dangerously out of control 349 calves, protection of 135–136 death, notification of 352 containment of in zoos 335–336 disease transmission by 345 cultural property and 87–88 enclosures, requirement to keep in 351 funds for the conservation of 305, 422 exclusion order for 346 importation, prevention of 317 faeces, failure to remove 345–346 ownership of 344 fox hunting and see fox hunting registering of 344 killing of man by 349 reserves for 235 leads, use of 347 retirement of 323 licensing of 345, 347 sport hunting of 178 livestock, attacks on by 347–348 tusk removal 316 menacing 350 see also ivory micro-chipping of 347 elk, tule 90 raccoon hunting and 157–158 emergency disease animal 363 reindeer frightening of by 348 emergency orders 161–162 reporting of reproduction of 347 emus 267, 334 restricted 350 EnCon see Environmental Conservation shock collars and 348–349 Police signs warning of 351 encyclical letter 75–76 status see status dog enforcement of legislation and international sterilization of 352 law 311–312 k dog fence 383–384 enforcement undertakings 376 k dog fighting 14, 313 Environment Action Programme (EU) in the United Kingdom 349 21, 80 in the United States 316, 353 Environmental Conservation Police (EnCon) dogs exclusion order 346 388 dolphin-friendly products 278–279 environmental ethics 56–59 dolphins 132, 137–139, see also cetaceans environmental impact assessment (EIA) donkeys, restrictions on riding of 321 293–299, 429 dredge, use of 154 Hoover Dam Bypass and 296–299 drone see unmanned aerial vehicle projects in EU requiring 441–443 ducks, call 149 environmental stewardship 305–307 duck stamp 310, 423 equity see inter-generational equity ethics see environmental ethics eartags 324–325, 416 European Commission, role of 15–17 Earth Summit 25, 187, 439 European Council, role of 15–17 easements see conservation easement European Court of Justice (ECJ), role of 17, ECJ see European Court of Justice 21–22 ecosystem, definition of 183 European Parliament, role of 15–17 education 301–302, 338 European priority natural habitat types eel pass 195 225–226 eggs European protected species 130–132 confiscated by police 401 European Union (EU) law 15–22 protection of 142 EU see European Union theft of 400–401 Everyman’s Right 91–92 EIA see environmental impact assessment exclusive economic zone 164, 173, 175, 394, electrophoresis gel 373–374 439

k k

480 Index

exhibition of rare species 275–276 fishing experimental population (ESA) 146, 251–253 ancient laws concerning 76–77 experimentation on animals 101, 313, illegal Chinese 173 326–328, 380, 416–417, 438 illegal, unreported and unregulated 164, explosives, illegal use of 149–150, 154, 156, 430 238 fishing quotas 60–61, 173–175, 429 ex-situ conservation 188, 259 five freedoms 79, 315 fixed monetary penalty 376 farm animals, definition of 116, see also Flamborough Head 171–172 cattle; horses; laying hens, floor area folklore and wildlife protection 65–70 required by; pigs; rare breeds, food labelling 276–278 conservation of force-feeding of geese 323 fatwa 75 forensic science, principles of 369–371 FBI see Federal Bureau of Investigation forensics laboratories 374–375 Federal Bureau of Investigation 315–316, forest fire, duty to prevent and control 201, 353 241, 428 Federal Register 48 forest officer 383–384, 428 federal systems of law 15 forest protection plan 241 feeding, of wildlife 279–282 forest protective association 241 fences Forestry Commission in Big Pine Key 293 history of 79, 198 reindeer 284–285 legislation establishing 79, 198–199, 418 k wildlife, effect on movements of 282 role of 79, 198, 200, 381 k see also dogfence;rabbit:fence Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC) ferae naturae 83, 89 203–204 ferrets 360–361, 429 forests black-footed 254 fire in 201, 238–241 fighting, animal 73, 352–354, see also animal management of Indian (in USA) 198 fights, attendance at protection of 198–205 Fiji 92–93, 105, 171 see also deforestation films, use of animals in 355–356, 416 forfeiture of equipment, vehicles etc. used in financial mechanisms, use of in conservation crime 405–406 304–311 Forstgesetz 91 fines 402–403 fox hunting Finland dogs, use of in 160–161, 318, 369, 418, access to water bodies in 91 420–421 wolf hunting, illegal 21 Heythrop Hunt 318, 402 see also Everyman’s Right foxhounds 160 firearms, illegal use of 150, 154, 158, see also Free Morgan Support Group 317–318 punt gun; smart rifle freshwater, protection of 192–195 fire, restriction on use of 238–241 Friends of the Earth International 54 firewood, movement restriction on FSC see Forestry Stewardship Council 264–265 funding, transfer of between states 304–305 fish fungi 75, 88, 102 anadromous 164 furbearers, definition of 109 definition of 105–106 future generations, rights of see fisheries officer, honorary 382–383 inter-generational equity

k k

Index 481

gambling on animals 352–354, 356 hedgerows game, definition of 107–108 definition of ‘important’ 206–207 game management unit 163 loss of in UK 205 Ganesh 73–74 protection of 205–209 gannets see Bass Rock gannet colony hens see laying hens, floor area required by gene editing 256 Heysham Nuclear Power Station 294 General Union Environment Action Hinduism 71, 73 Programme 21 hogweed, giant 113–114 genetic resources, exploitation of 164, 188, Hoover Dam Bypass see environmental 438–439 impact assessment Germany horses land access in 91 control of 89–90 legal cases against 21, 55, 317, 431–432 detention of 90 marine pollution surveillance in 196–197 whipping of during racing 355–356 priority habiatats (EU) in 226 wild free-roaming 125, 288–289, 424 statutory nature conservation agency of working 319–320 see Bundesamt für Naturschutz HouseofCommons,debatesin 9 giant panda, penalty for killing 397 Houses of Parliament see Parliament gift aid 310 HSUS see Humane Society of the United gifts of animals 266–267 States gin trap see trap, leghold human–animal conflict, reduction of Global Protected Areas Programme 289–291 k 215–217 humane society officers see humane special k goldfish as companion animal 119 agent; Royal Society for the Prevention gorilla 33, 290, 302, 312, 435 of Cruelty to Animals human conflict with 289 Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) veterinary treatment of 316 12, 80, 315, 353 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park 400 humane special agent 392 green paper 7 Humanity Dick see Martin, Richard green roofs 299–300, 411 hunting Greenpeace 54 aboriginal see indigenous peoples Arctic Sunrise 54 airborne see airborne hunting legal cases and 55, 392, 433 disabled persons and 159 locus standi and 55 dogs and see dog greyhound racing see racing: greyhound, Internet 159 prohibition of sport see hunting, trophy guardians, legal 55, 317 trophy 79, 177–179 gulls, feeding of 280–282 see also close season; fishing; fox hunting; jigging; moose hunting; whaling habeas corpus 318 hunting blocks 178 habitats, definitions of 108 hunting concessions 177–178 Haeckel, Ernst 80 hunting fees 178 Halsbury’s Laws 45–46 hunting licences see licence: hunting Hansard 8–9, 199 hunting quotas 163, 167, 178, 285 hardwoods 264–265, 402 hunting tags 180 Harrods, sale of animals by 272 hybridization hazardous animal categories 333–335 of deer 131

k k

482 Index

hybridization (contd.) International Maritime Organization (IMO) of ducks 286–287 191 of red wolves 131–133 International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) ICCWC see International Consortium on Cat Specialist Group of 97 Combating Wildlife Crime CITES and 25 ICJ see International Court of Justice founding of 79 IMO see International Maritime MPAs and 231 Organization protected areas defined by 213, 215–217 importation controls Ramsar Convention and 437 India TRAFFIC and 274 animal cruelty in 82, 320 see also Red List big game in 108 International Whaling Commission (IWC) CITES listed plants in 72 establishment of 123, 438 elephant retirement in 323 moratorium on whaling and 163 forest protection in 241, 384 aboriginal quotas and 167 hunting in 79 whale sanctuaries, designation of by 233 kingdom of Ashoka 67 INTERPOL 374 macaque, drowning of in 75 wildlife crime operations 389–390 plumage trade and 77 Intra Trade Animal Health Certificate reintroduction of cheetah in 253 (ITAHC) 361 reserves for tigers and elephants in 235 intrinsic value of wildlife 31, 56, 58–60, 104, k sanctuaries, designation of in 238 129 k translocation of lions in 59, 86 Ireland, Republic of 6, 19 wildlife crime in 387–388, 397 Islam, attitudes to animals of 73, 75, see also wildlife wardens in 285 slaughter: religious zoos in 344, see also Central Zoo Authority Israeli Federation of Animal Protection indigenous peoples Organizations 323 hunting licences exemption for 168 ITAHC see Intra Trade Animal Health ownership of wildlife by 87 Certificate use of resources by 30, 167–171, see also IUCN see International Union for the CAMPFIRE Conservation of Nature and Natural whaling by 135, 167 Resources Indonesian Council of Ulama 75 ivory information, gathering and dissemination of Angola and 409–410 300–304 crime in Kenya and 399 injunction 208, 317, 377, 396, 406 cultural heritage and ivory trade 88 inspector see wildlife inspector; zoo identification of 371 inspector INTERPOL and 389 inter-generational equity 61–62 trade in Africa 70–71, 79, 422 International Consortium on Combating TRAFFIC and 274 Wildlife Crime (ICCWC) 390 IWC see International Whaling International Court of Justice (ICJ) 38, 46, 55, Commission 242, 408 international law Jainism 71 principles of 23 Japan 69, 408 sources of 22–23 JARPA II 408 Vienna Convention and 23, 25, 31–34 jigging 154

k k

Index 483

JNCC see Joint Nature Conservation animal boarding establishment 338 Committee animal breeding establishment 338 Joint Nature Conservation Committee animal dealers 328, 344, see also licence: 393 pet shop judicial review 55–56, 432–433 animal exhibition 276 jungle corridor 219, 244 animal experiment 327, 380 badger 41 kangaroo see culling: kangaroos bioprospecting 165, 167 keeper captive breeding 145 death of 381 cat 347 definition of 88–89 CITES 268, 270, 276 responsibilities of 89, 329 class (WCA) 145–147 Kenya dangerous wild animal 338–340 hunting in 177, 397 disease/damage prevention 24, 145 wildlife crimes in 398–400 dog 345, 347 Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) 138, 165, 387, dog breeding 338–339 397 donkey 322 key threatening processes 257 educational purposes 24, 144–145 killer whale, legal case 317 elephant capture 87 KWS see Kenya Wildlife Service elephant ownership 344 Kyoto Protocol 189–190 falconry 145 laboratory animals 115, 322–323, 342, see farm animals, movement of 361–362 k also scientific procedures, regulation of fishing 164, 168, 171, 382 k land acquisition for conservation 210, game dealer 379 244–245 general (WCA) 145, 287 langur 340, 388 greyhound track 358 laying hens, floor area required by 330 health and safety, preservation of 24, law 144–145 customary see customary law hunting 144, 168, 177–181, 287, 310, 398 sources of 45–48, 50–51 individual (WCA) 145 transposing 19, 23–24 keeping dangerous animals 341–342 law reports 39–45 musk rat, importation and keeping of Leakey, Richard 397 359 legal cases, naming of 43–44 pests, killing of 285, 287 legal encyclopaedias 45–46 pet shop 338 legal journals 50 photography 24, 145 legal personality 53, 68, 317–319 riding establishment 338 Leighton Moss 227 reintroduction/ non-native species release lemurs, ancient beliefs and 68 96, 112, 247, 261 leopard, Amur 375, 402 restricted snake 341–342 Leopold, Aldo 56, 228 ringing or marking etc. 24, 145 liability scientific purposes 24, 144–145, see also for animals 89–91 licence: animal experiment occupier’s 89 slaughterman 366 vicarious 378–379 taxidermy 145 licence trapping/ capture 144, 168 agriculture, forestry etc., protection of 24, tree felling 200 145 veterinary surgeon 317

k k

484 Index

licence (contd.) moose hunting 180 whale watching and swimming 139 Morecambe Bay 155 whaling 408 Morris, Desmond 57 zoo 19–20, 263, 343–344, 380–381, 405 Moses and wildlife protection 70, 73 limestone pavement order 236, 402, 419 moths 81, 104 lion movements of animals, restrictions on Cecil, killing of 179 268–275 translocation of in India 59 MPA see marine protected area List of Wetlands of International Importance Muir, John 78 see wetlands: list of (Ramsar) musk rats 109, 151, 153, 359 Lithuania 16, 250 mutilation 323–325, 415 live-action game cameras 159–160 Myanmar see Burma livestock, compensation for losses see compensation National Incident-Based Reporting System locus standi 53–55 316 national ivory action plan 409–410 Madagascar 68, 184 national law 3–15 Magna Carta 76 National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) malarial parasite, gene editing of 256 129, 139, 256, 392, 394, 423 Man and the Biosphere Programme national nature reserve 213–214 Donna Nook 212–213 management authority (CITES) 270, 395 Lindisfarne 74–75 k management plans 204–205, 285–286, 288, National Oceanic and Atmospheric k 392 Administration (NOAA) 394 Maori,¯ fisheries management by 170–171 national park marine protected area (MPA) 171, 231–233 definition of 216–218 marine reserves first see national park: Yellowstone North Menorca 187 Great Britain, list of 220 Pitcairn Islands 231–232 Greater Addo Elephant 155, 219–221, marine water, protection of 195–198 386 marking of animals 24, 83, 145, 180, 260, 360, Lake District 211 422 Maria Island 285–286 Martin Mere 246 Minneriya 219 Martin, Richard 77, 313 Peak District 200, 214, 219–220, Mayr, Ernst 99 236 medicinal animal products 70, 72, 254 Snowdonia 219–221 medicinal plants 70, 72 Tarangire 135 memorandum of understanding 34, 38, 234 Yala 219 Mendel, Gregor 80 Yellowstone 57, 77, 80, 422 microsatellites 372 national park authority 221 migration, wildebeest 209 National Park Service 229, 261, 384, 427 migration routes, protection of 209, 241–245 national preserve 179, 215 mistreatment of animals, duty to report 319 national scenic area 215, 222 mitigation measures 276, 285, 289–290, National Tiger Conservation Authority 124, 298–299 235 molluscs see cockling; shell reserves National Trust 155, 211–212, 214 Mongolia 251 National Wilderness Preservation System monitoring wildlife 300 229, 424

k k

Index 485

National Wildlife Crime Control Bureau land access in 91 387–388 marine protected areas in 232–233 National Wildlife Crime Unit (NWCU) 390 mistreatment of animals, duty to report Native Americans, relationship with nature 319 65–67, see also bison; Bison Pasture non-native species release in 263 Rangers; Tribal Conservation Officers restorative action after damage 407 native breed at risk see rare breeds, wolf hunting in 242, 401 conservation of nose ring 323–324 native plants 99, 128–129, 144 No Take Zone 171–172, 233 Natura 2000 80, 225, 430, 433 notices 376–377 Natural England notifiable diseases see disease, notifiable badgers and 41 NTZ see No Take Zone establishment and functions of 393 nuclear power station 294, 441 licensing of exotic species release by 261 NWCU see National Wildlife Crime Unit limestone pavement orders and 236 obiter dicta 39 operations on SSSIs, consent from ocelot 97, 267, 276, 340, 342 238–239 oil pollution prosecution by 402 monitoring by aircraft of 197 sanctions available to 375–378 prevention of 196 SSSIs, notification by 229 Old Bailey 394, 396 Natural Resources Wales 189, 261, 393 Operation RAMP 390 nature, definition of 104 orangutan 69, 98, 276 Nature Conservancy 79 k Origin of Species 80 k Nature Conservancy Council 55, 79 over-working of animals 319–322 nature conservation organizations see owl, barn 54, 95–96 non-governmental organizations; ownership of wildlife see wildlife: ownership statutory nature conservation of organizations nature reserves, private 210–212 Pakistan 228 nests palm oil 276, 278 protection of 109, 127, 140–145 panda, giant 69, 130, 268, 334, 397, 436 reuse of 140 parakeet, ring-necked 262 newts 132, 262, 374 park Ngorongoro Crater 79, 184–185, 213 Dunham Massey 84 NGOs see non-governmental organizations Lyme 84 NMFS see National Marine Fisheries see also national park Service Parliament NNR see national nature reserve Houses of 8 NOAA see National Oceanic and Scottish 4, 6, 369 Atmospheric Administration United Kingdom 40, 199, 313 NOAA Fisheries 394 passports non-governmental organizations 53–54, 390, animal 360–361, 461 392 pet 360 Nonhuman Rights Project 318–319 plant 265 non-legally binding instruments 36, 234 PCR machine 373 noodling 156 penalties 394–408 northern spotted owl 43–44, 131, 231 People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Norway (PETA) 318

k k

486 Index

pest species see declared pest; declared weed; preamble, in relation to international laws problem animals 30–31 PETA see People for the Ethical Treatment of precautionary principle 56, 60–62 Animals precedent, legal 39–40 pet passports see passports: pet pressure groups 7, 53–56, see also American pet shops, licensing of 338 Humane Society; Defenders of Wildlife; PHSI see Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate Greenpeace; People for the Ethical physical activity, restrictions on 319–322 Treatment of Animals; Royal Society for pigs the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals; floor area required by 330 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Middle White 308 primates pinioning 113, 115, 314, 323, 381 trade in 269, 360 planning see environmental impact see also chimpanzee; gorilla; langur; lemurs, assessment; tree preservation order; ancient beliefs and zoning priority natural habitat types (EU) 225–226 planning policy 293 problem animals 279–282 Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate (PHSI) product labelling 276–279 381 protected animal 327, 380, 415 plant passports see passports: plant Protected Areas Categories System 213, plant species of Community interest 215–216 131–132, 224–225, 258, 430 public consultations 247, 250, 254–255, see plants also green paper k aromatic 72 punt gun 148 k definition of 101–102 highly safeguarded native 144 Queen Elizabeth II 83–84, 86 medicinal 72 quotas see hunting quotas; whaling: quotas picking of 143–144, 274 and protection of see forests; hedgerows sale of 274 rabbit transportation of 274 code of practice for the welfare of 337–338 uprooting of 143–144, 274 fence 284 see also forests; hedgerows; passports: plant; hutch, dimensions of 337 tree register; trees rabies 345, 347, 352, 360, 363–364, 429 polar bear see bear: polar racing Polar Code 191 greyhound, prohibition of 357 police see conservation police force; crime horse 356 scene investigation; Environmental rabbit board 284 Conservation Police; Federal Bureau of raccoon dogs 69, 151 Investigation; INTERPOL; National raccoons 109, 151, 153, 157–158, 291 Wildlife Crime Unit Ramsar sites, list in Pakistan 228 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) see PCR rangers 384–386 machine rare breeds, conservation of 307–309 Pope Francis 75 ratification of international laws 32, 35 Porcupine Caribou Herd 30, 32–33, 98, 243 ratio decidendi 39–40 ports designated for wildlife import and export reckless disturbance of wildlife see disturbance, 270–272 reckless possession order 377 recovery plans (ESA) 132–133, 253, 256, 423

k k

Index 487

Red List 34, 79 salvage tags and seals 129 regulations (EU) 18, see also statutory sanctions available to Natural England see instruments Natural England: sanctions available to reincarnation 68 sanctuary reindeer see Porcupine Caribou Herd experimental animal 322 reintroductions 247–255 shark see shark sanctuary research, promotion of 303–304 whale see whale sanctuary reservation, in relation to international laws Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture 31 374 restoration of ecosystems 258–259, 406–408, scientific authority (CITES) 34, 268, 270 see also reintroductions scientific name see binomial system of restoration order 377–378, 396 nomenclature restraint, limitations on 282–283, 319, scientific procedures, regulation of 44, 316, 347 327, 379–380, 415 restricted snakes 341–342 Scottish Natural Heritage 79, 393 rewilding Scottish Parliament 4, 6, 369 Pleistocene 247 scuba diving 156 projects, list of in Europe 248 sea fish, definition of 105 Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus seals, legal case on behalf of 55, 317 318 Seaworld 318 Roosevelt, President Theodore 78, 398 secretariat, in international law 32–33 royal assent 10 Secretary of State’s Standards of Modern Zoo k royal menagerie see Tower of London Practice (SSSMZP) 333–335 k menagerie seed bank 259 Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty seeds, protection of 58, 143–144, 259, 381 to Animals (RSPCA) Selfish Gene, The 57 convictions under Animal Welfare Act 2006 sewage sludge, ban on dumping in sea 195, 391 430 criticism of 318, 402 shark, basking see basking shark prosecution statistics for 391 shark sanctuary 234–235 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds shellfish 105, 154, 171, 176, 271, 402 (RSPB) 21, 77, 227, 255, 392, 433 shell reserves 235 RSPB see Royal Society for the Protection of Sherwood Forest 201 Birds shock collars see dog: shock collars and RSPCA see Royal Society for the Prevention Sierra Club 54, 78, 131, 392 of Cruelty to Animals Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund 44 Ryder, Richard 57 Singer, Peter 58 Sioux 65–66 SAC see SpecialAreaofConservation site of Community importance see Special sacred groves 65, 68 Area of Conservation Safe Use of Animals in Filmed Media 356 Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) St Cuthbert 74–75 damaging operations and 238, 407 St Helena 7, 347 denotification of 229 St Petersburg Declaration on Tiger notification of 238 Conservation 36–37 operations requiring consent 238–239 sale of animals and plants, prohibition on restoration of 377–378, 407–408 266–275 skunks 109, 291, 364

k k

488 Index

slaughter stolen animals, use of in research 328 humane 366 strict liability 56, 62–63, 134, 202 religious 366 suffering, definition of 314–315 smart rifle 159 supreme court 40 snakes see restricted snakes sustainable forest management plan 205 soft law 35 sustainable harvesting of timber sonar, effect on cetaceans 406 203–205 South Africa sustainable use of resources 163–181, see animal fighting in 354 also forests; sustainable forest cruelty to animals in 390 management plan forests, protection of 201 swan national parks, exclusion of people from ownership of 83 221 Queen’s Swan Warden 83 South Korea 99, 438 Sweden 16, 91, 231–232, 242, 401 SPA see Special Protection Area Swedish Forest Agency 231 Special Area of Conservation (SAC) 155, 171, 214, 226, 432 Taiwan 129, 168, 275, 310, 386, 409 Special Protection Area (SPA) 21, 155, 214, take, definition of 133–134 223, 225–227, 430–432 target tracking system 159 species, definitions of 99 Tasmania 70, 285–286 species best interest standard 59 taxes, use of for conservation 310, speciesism 57 see also gift aid k Species Survival Commission Cat Specialist TB see badger: bovine tuberculosis and k Group 97 television, use of animals in see films, use of specimen, definition of 109–110 animals in sport hunting see CAMPFIRE; hunting: tethering 78, 149–150, 322, 357, 419 trophy Thailand 36, 161, 313, 344, 428 spotlighting 149 third party undertakings 356 Sri Lanka threat abatement plans 257 elephant licensing in 344 Tibet see Baima Tibetans elephant trespassing in 287 tiger jungle corridors in 244 conservation see St Petersburg Declaration protected areas in 219 on Tiger Conservation SSSI see Site of Special Scientific Interest reserves 124, 235 SSSMZP see Secretary of State’s Standards of skin, ceremonial use of 111 Modern Zoo Practice toad, natterjack 132, 212 status dog 349 Tonga 138, 170 statutory instruments 13, 26, 179 tortoises 68, 72, 274, 276, 299, 334 statutory nature conservation Tower of London menagerie 266–267 organizations/agencies see toxocariasis 345–346, 367 Bundesamt für Naturschutz; Joint TPO see tree preservation order Nature Conservation Committee; TRACES see TRAde Control and Expert Kenya Wildlife Service; National System Marine Fisheries Service; Natural TRAde Control and Expert System (TRACES) England; Natural Resources Wales; 361 Nature Conservancy Council; Scottish trade in wildlife see Convention on Trade in Natural Heritage; Swedish Forest Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Agency Flora; Harrods; ivory; ports designated

k k

Index 489

for wildlife import and export; World’s United Nations (UN) 38–39 Zoological Trading Company purpose of 38 Trade Records Analysis of Fauna and Flora in resolutions of 38, 58, 409 Commerce (TRAFFIC) 274–275 United Nations Conference on Environment trade sanctions 23, 409 and Development (UNCED) 25, 187, traditional medicines 70, 72, 389 439 TRAFFIC see Trade Records Analysis of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Fauna and Flora in Commerce Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 32, transportation of animals 35, 38–39, 79, 183 conditions during 358–359 United Nations Environment Programme space allowance 358–359 (UNEP) 32, 38 trap United Nations Forum on Forests 36 leghold 152–153 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime types illegal in Britain 150 (UNODC) 390 tree preservation order (TPO) 63, 201–202, United States Code (USC) 46–48 208, 420 United States Commission of Fisheries 394 tree register 63 United States Department of Agriculture trees (USDA) 38, 264, 366, 383 aboriginal heritage see aboriginal heritage United States Fish and Wildlife Service tree (USFWS) damage to see tree preservation order elephant imports and 317 felling licence for 200 mission of 394 k historically important (in UK) 201 northern spotted owl and 131, 231 k protection of see tree preservation order reintroduction of wolves by 251–253 registered 203 wind farms and 402 regulated 203 wolverines and 292 religiousdutytoprotect 71 United States Forest Service 38, 78, 181, 198, see also forests 229, 383 trespass by animals 83, 89, 287, 415 United States Police Canine Association Tribal Conservation Officers 387 389 Tribes, Scheduled 168 Universal Charter of the Rights of Other trophy, definition of 109 Species 2000 59 trophy hunting see hunting: trophy Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare 58 tusker, definition of 344 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) 158–159 UNODC see United Nations Office on Drugs UAV see unmanned aerial vehicle and Crime ultra vires 55–56 unwanted organism, definition of 113–114, UN see United Nations 426 UNCED see United Nations Conference on USC see United States Code Environment and Development USDA see United States Department of UNEP see United Nations Environment Agriculture Programme USFWS see United States Fish and Wildlife UNESCO see United Nations Educational, Service Scientific and Cultural Organization variable monetary penalty 376 Uniform Crime Reporting Program vehicles, confiscation of 11, 396, 402, 405 316 vernacular names 95–99 United Kingdom, constituents of 4–5 veterinary care 260, 316–317, 332

k k

490 Index

veterinary certificate 360, see also Common Whitby and 124 Veterinary Entry Document; passports: whipping of horses 355–356 pet white paper 7 veterinary surgeon wild bird, definition of 104–105 attendance at greyhound races 358 wildcat, European dog breeding and 339 wilderness areas laboratory inspections and 380 banning of certain activities in 237 licensing of 316–317 establishment of in USA 229 performance of procedures by 316, 326 list of in USA 228 zoo inspections and 333 Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust 246, 287 Victims of Science 57 wildfowlers 148–149 vicuña 117, 126, 242–243 see also punt gun vivisection 77–78 wildlife definition of 103–104 wallabies see culling: wallabies ownership of 83–88 waste water treatment 192–193 wildlife corridors see corridors, wildlife water bailiff 381–382 wildlife crime organizations 390 water pollution 79, 193–197, 233, 430, 436 Wildlife DNA Forensics Unit 373 legal cases 317, 403 wildlife inspector WCO see World Customs Organization United Kingdom 379–380, 421 weapons United States 380 definition of prohibited 149–150 wildlife police 386–387 k prohibited for use on seals 154 wildlife wardens 238, 385, 388 k see also punt gun William the Conqueror 77 weeds see hogweed, giant; declared weed wind farms welfare, principles of see five freedoms bird deaths and 392, 402–403 wetlands EIA and 442 definition of 103 Wintu Indians 66 list of (Ramsar) 227–228 wolves, grey whale sanctuary 438 culling of 242 Australian 134, 233–234 illegal hunting of 21, 401 El Vizcaino 184 illegal traps and 150–152 Indian Ocean 233 protection of 132–133 Southern Ocean 233 reintroduction of 251–253 whale watching, regulation of 138–139 wolves, red whaling conservation of 132 aboriginal subsistence 135, 163, 167 hybridization in 131–132 calves, prohibition on taking of 135 Woodstock 266 catches of 163 World Conservation Strategy 35, 79 Iceland and 138, 163, 438 World Customs Organization (WCO) 390 legal action against Japan 234, 408 World Heritage Fund 304–305 measurement of 175 World Heritage List 184–185, 236 moratorium on 163, 423, 438 World Heritage Sites 80, 183–186, 213–214, oil from see Blue Whale Unit 436 quotas and 163, 167 World’s Zoological Trading Company 271 regulation of 123, 135 Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) 21, 35, scientific 408 53, 79, 274

k k

Index 491

legal cases involving 55, 59–60, 86, Colombo 332 253–254 conservation measures in EU 19, 260, World Wildlife Fund see Worldwide Fund for 304 Nature containment standards 331–332 WWF see Worldwide Fund for Nature definition of 343 escape from 341 Yellowstone National Park see national park Honolulu 268 Young, J.Z. 58 London 267–268 National Zoo, Washington 268 zebra, permits for hunting of 398 South Lakes Safari 381 Zimbabwe 98, 154, 177–179 Southport 276 zoning 204, 293 see also Tower of London menagerie zoo zoo inspector 381 Belle Vue 271 zoo licensing see licence: zoo Chester 38, 304, 335–336 Zulu 68

k k

k