DOCSLIB.ORG

Buffeted in the Borderland R I G H T S the Treatment of Migrants and Asylum Seekers in Ukraine WATCH

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Buffeted in the Borderland R I G H T S the Treatment of Migrants and Asylum Seekers in Ukraine WATCH Ukraine H U M A N Buffeted in the Borderland R I G H T S The Treatment of Migrants and Asylum Seekers in Ukraine WATCH Buffeted in the Borderland The Treatment of Asylum Seekers and Migrants in Ukraine Copyright © 2010 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-716-7 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org December 2010 ISBN: 1-56432-716-7 Buffeted in the Borderland The Treatment of Asylum Seekers and Migrants in Ukraine Map of Ukraine ....................................................................................................................1 I. Summary ......................................................................................................................... 2 Detention of Migrants .....................................................................................................4 Ukraine’s Dysfunctional Asylum System......................................................................... 6 Unaccompanied Children................................................................................................7 Refoulement .................................................................................................................. 8 II. Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 9 To the Government of Ukraine........................................................................................ 9 To the Governments of Slovakia and Hungary ............................................................... 13 To the European Union.................................................................................................. 13 To UNHCR ..................................................................................................................... 15 To the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, and the UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants.................................. 15 III. Methodology, Scope, and Terminology .........................................................................16 IV. Background ..................................................................................................................19 External Dimension of EU Asylum and Migration Policy .................................................19 Readmission Agreements ............................................................................................. 21 The EU-Ukraine Readmission Agreement.......................................................................23 EU Relations with Ukraine in the Spheres of Migration and Asylum ...............................25 EU Burden Sharing through Resettlement .................................................................... 29 V. A Dysfunctional Asylum System.....................................................................................31 Access to Asylum: The Failure of the SBGS to Forward Asylum Applications or to Inform Detainees of the Asylum Procedure...............................................................................35 Asylum Interviews.........................................................................................................38 Legal Gaps in Asylum Standards ...................................................................................40 Unaccompanied Children Seeking Asylum .................................................................... 41 Corruption in the Asylum Process..................................................................................45 Extradition and Ukraine’s Nonrefoulement Obligations .................................................46 VI. Torture and Ill-Treatment of Migrants in State Custody ................................................ 50 Abuses upon Apprehension..........................................................................................50 Torture during Interrogations ........................................................................................53 VII. Detention of Migrants and Asylum Seekers................................................................. 64 Legal Authority for Detention.........................................................................................65 Inadequate Legal Representation; Lack of Effective Remedies to Challenge Detention . 68 Paying for Detention and Transfers: Sanctioned (and Unsanctioned) Corruption ................72 Detention of Unaccompanied Children..........................................................................75 Lack of Gender Sensitivity and Cultural Respect............................................................78 Preparations for Visitors: Clean Up and Concealment....................................................79 Conditions of Detention and Treatment in Detention .....................................................83 Specially Equipped Premises ........................................................................................84 Temporary Holding Facilities .........................................................................................87 Migrant Accommodation Centers ................................................................................. 92 International Standards on Conditions of Detention......................................................94 VIII. Protection, Education, and Housing for Unaccompanied Migrant Children................. 98 Age Assessment .......................................................................................................... 98 Access to Education and Housing ...............................................................................100 Housing for Asylum Seeking Children..........................................................................102 Housing for Children Deprived of Family Care.............................................................. 103 Single Adult Males in Centers for Families and Unaccompanied Children .................... 103 Access to Education....................................................................................................104 Trafficked Children......................................................................................................106 IX. Readmissions from Neighboring EU Countries ............................................................109 Slovakia ......................................................................................................................111 Hungary...................................................................................................................... 116 Hungary and Slovakia’s International Legal Obligations Governing the Returns of Migrants and Asylum Seekers and the Right to Seek Asylum .......................................120 Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................123 Map of Ukraine 1 Human Rights Watch | December 2010 I. Summary When I said I wanted to seek asylum [the Slovakian border guards] said “yes” but took us back to the border [with Ukraine]…. The first night [after return] I spent in a border place. People there were hitting me. I asked for food. The border guards said “fuck you”…. They punched me on my heart … also on my mouth and my back. I fell on the ground and they hit me more. A Pakistani asylum seeker recounted his treatment in Ukraine after he was deported from Slovakia on May 21, 2010. On January 1, 2010, a readmission agreement between the European Union and Ukraine came into force that provides for the return of third-country nationals who enter the EU from Ukraine. Readmission agreements are a cornerstone of the European Union’s so-called externalization strategy for asylum and migration. The core of this strategy is to stop the flow of migrants and asylum seekers into the EU by shifting the burden and responsibility for migrants and refugees on those countries that neighbor the Union, in this case Ukraine. Such an agreement presumes, however, that the receiving state will provide comparable treatment and respect for rights as the sending state. That, as this report will show, is not the case. Ukraine has a dysfunctional asylum system that was completely unable to recognize or provide protection to refugees from August 2009 through August 2010 and at the time of this writing is struggling to manage the backlog of claims that were not processed during that time. Not only has Ukraine been unable or unwilling to provide effective protection to refugees and asylum seekers, it has also subjected some migrants returned from neighboring EU countries to torture and other inhuman and degrading treatment. The EU-Ukraine readmission agreement sets out a
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Carpathian Rus', 1848–1948 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978), Esp
    24 Carpathian Rus ' INTERETHNIC COEXISTENCE WITHOUT VIOLENCE P R M!" e phenomenon of borderlands together with the somewhat related concept of marginal- ity are topics that in recent years have become quite popular as subjects of research among humanists and social scientists. At a recent scholarly conference in the United States I was asked to provide the opening remarks for an international project concerned with “exploring the origins and manifestations of ethnic (and related forms of religious and social) violence in the borderland regions of east-central, eastern, and southeastern Europe.” 1 I felt obliged to begin with an apologetic explanation because, while the territory I was asked to speak about is certainly a borderland in the time frame under consideration—1848 to the present—it has been remarkably free of ethnic, religious, and social violence. Has there never been contro- versy in this borderland territory that was provoked by ethnic, religious, and social factors? Yes, there has been. But have these factors led to interethnic violence? e answer is no. e territory in question is Carpathian Rus ', which, as will become clear, is a land of multiple borders. Carpathian Rus ' is not, however, located in an isolated peripheral region; rather, it is located in the center of the European continent as calculated by geographers in- terested in such questions during the second half of the nineteenth century. 2 What, then, is Carpathian Rus ' and where is it located specically? Since it is not, and has never been, an independent state or even an administrative entity, one will be hard pressed to nd Carpathian Rus ' on maps of Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Assistance to Undocumented Migrants.DOC
    UKRAINE: Assistance to Undocumented Migrants Project summary: 2004 was an historic year for Ukraine, as it saw the beginning of a new phase in its geopolitical significance. For the first time, a non-Russian member of the ex-Soviet Union has a border with the European Union (EU). Ukrainian Red Cross Society (URCS) wishes to step up its activities in favour of undocumented and other migrants who already use Ukraine as a transit point – now they will be able to enter the EU directly from Ukrainian soil. The State Committee of Ukraine for Nationalities and Migration has predicted that EU expansion will lead to a 17% rise in the number of undocumented migrants entering Ukraine. According to the Ministry of Interior, about 50,000 illegal migrants from more than 45 countries are currently living in Ukraine. They come from China, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Somalia, as well as other former Soviet states in the Caucasus and Central Asia, as well as from conflict zones like Chechnya. In 2003, over 4,000 undocumented migrants were apprehended by Ukrainian border guards, including 2,253 who tried to cross the borders in Zakarpattya and Lviv oblasts. Most of these people ended up in detention camps. At the moment there are three such camps in Zakarpattya, in the towns of Mukachevo, Pavshyno, and Chop. According to Ukrainian law, people arrested at the border must stay in camps until they are identified and finally deported, which can sometimes take up to two months. Initially the camps were not intended to host large numbers of people; therefore, they are constantly overcrowded, especially in spring and summer.
    [Show full text]
  • OPEN for Investors UKRAINIAN Infrastructure
    UKRAINIAN Infrastructure: OPEN for Investors Introduction 3 Sea & river 10 Airports 18 TABLE OF Roads 28 CONTENTS Railways 40 Postal services 46 Electric vehicle infrastructure 50 Partnership 52 Area: GDP (PPP): 603 500 km2. $337 bln in 2017 UKRAINE – Largest country within Europe Top-50 economy globally TRANSIT BRIDGE Population: Workforce: BETWEEN THE 42.8 million people. 20 million people. EU AND ASIA 70% urban-based #1 country in the CEE by the number of engineering graduates Average Salary: €260 per month. Most cost-competitive manufacturing platform in Europe Trade Opportunities: 13 Sea & 19 16 River Airports Geographical center of Europe, making the country an Ports ideal trade hub to the EU, Middle East and Asia Free trade agreement (DCFTA) with the EU and member of the WTO Free trade: EU, CIS, EFTA, FYROM, Georgia, Montenegro. Ongoing negotiations with Canada, Israel, 170 000 km 22 000 km Turkey of Roads of Railways 3 Last year, the Ukrainian Government prepared a package of planned reforms to bring changes to Ukraine’s infrastructure. The scale of the package is comparable only with the integration of Eastern European countries into the European Union’s infrastructure in the 1990’s and 2000’s. The Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine has already begun implementing these reforms, embracing all the key areas of the country’s infrastructure - airports, roadways, railways, sea and river ports, and the postal service: • Approximately 2177 kilometers of roadways have been constructed in 2017, and more than 4000 kilometers (state roads) are to be completed in 2018, improving the transportation infrastructure; • A number of investment and development agreements were signed in 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Geology, Geography And
    ISSN 2617-2909 (print) Journal of Geology, ISSN 2617-2119 (online) Geography and Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology Geology, 29(3), 512–519. Journal home page: geology-dnu-dp.ua doi: 10.15421/112046 Natalia F. Habchak, Lidiya F. Dubis Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 29 (3), 512–519. Prospects for the development of transport network in Transcarpathia within cross-border territories with EU countries Natalia F. Habchak1, Lidiya F. Dubis2,3 1State High Educational Institution «Uzhhorod National University», Uzhhorod, Ukraine [email protected] 2The John Paul II Catholic University in Lublin, Lublin, Poland 3 Lviv National University named by I. Franko, Lviv, Ukraine [email protected] Received: 16.02.2020 Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of the transport network development in Received in revised form: 08.03.2020 Transcarpathia along the border with the EU neighboring countries. The historical stages Accepted: 15.05.2020 of the Transcarpathian transport network formation are considered. The main criteria for evaluation and conformity of the transport network in Ukraine have been determined in accordance with European standards. A number of legislative, regulatory, strategic and programme documents covering the development of the national transport network and border infrastructure within the study area are analyzed. The main factors proving the foreign economic activity of the Transcarpathian region towards the EU market are considered and highlighted. The capacity of transit through Ukraine and Transcarpathia within the cross-border territories are revealed. The necessity of the transport network construction is considered due to the fact that the number of passengers and cargo flows on the state border is increasing.
    [Show full text]
  • Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Mukachevo State
    Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Mukachevo State University Institute of Pedagogical Education and Adult Education of National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine Presov University (Presov, Slovakia) University of Science named after Etwes Lorand (Budapest, Hungary) Higher Linguistic School (Czestochowa , Poland) Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology University named after Yan Kokhanovsky in Kielce (Poland) Humanitarian-pedagogical college of Mukachevo State University Dear scientists! We are pleased to invite you to the III International scientific-practical conference «Education and formation of the competitive professionals under conditions of European integration» held on 24-25th of October, 2019 at Mukachevo State University Conference thematic sections 1. Psychological and pedagogical backgrounds of personality formation. 2. Pedagogical education under conditions of European integration. 3. Primary education and preparation of primary school teachers in the context of introduction to the New Ukrainian School concept. 4. Educational technologies and the competitiveness of future specialist. 5. Lifelong education and professional training within higher education. 6. International cooperation in Higher Education. Languages at conference: Ukrainian, English, Russian, Hungarian, Polish, Slovak and Czech. Participation terms: Participation requires the submission of the following materials to the committee board till 27.09.2019: filled application form (sample attached) digital variant of theses papers written by students (masters and postgraduates) should be accompanied with reference from scientific advisor or department’s recommendation. Participation fee: – printed version of abstracts, conference program and certificate of the participant of the conference - 200 UAH. – electronic version of abstracts, conference program and certificate of the participant of the conference - 120 UAH. Accommodation and food expenses go under personal responsibility of participants or organization they present.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Potential of the Western Ukrainian Borderland
    Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 2017, 7(2), 17–23 DOI 10.4467/24512249JG.17.011.6627 HUMAN POTENTIAL OF THE WESTERN UKRAINIAN BORDERLAND Iryna Hudzelyak (1), Iryna Vanda (2) (1) Chair of Economic and Social Geography, Faculty of Geography, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Doroshenka 41, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: [email protected] (corresponding author) (2) Chair of Economic and Social Geography, Faculty of Geography, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Doroshenka 41, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: [email protected] Citation Hudzelyak I., Vanda I., 2017, Human potential of the Western Ukrainian borderland, Journal of Geography, Politics and Society, 7(2), 17–23. Abstract This article contains the analysis made with the help of generalized quantative parameters, which shows the tendencies of hu- man potential formation of the Western Ukrainian borderland during 2001–2016. The changes of number of urban and rural population in eighteen borderland rayons in Volyn, Lviv and Zakarpattia oblasts are evaluated. The tendencies of urbanization processes and resettlement of rural population are described. Spatial differences of age structure of urban and rural population are characterized. Key words Western Ukrainian borderland, human potential, population, depopulation, aging of population. 1. Introduction during the period of closed border had more so- cial influence from the West, which formed specific Ukraine has been going through the process of model of demographic behavior and reflected in dif- depopulation for some time; it was caused with ferent features of the human potential. significant reduction in fertility and essential mi- The category of human potential was developed gration losses of reproductive cohorts that lasted in economic science and conceptually was related almost a century.
    [Show full text]
  • Maliar EM Saliuk-Kravchenko OO ECONOMIC
    DOI: 10.30525/978-9934-588-61-7-26 Maliar E. M. Head of the Department of Infrastructure, Development and Maintenance of the Network of Public Roads of Local Importance and Housing and Communal Services of the Zakarpattia Regional State Administration, Senior Lecturer at the Department of Tourism State University «Uzhhorod National University» Saliuk-Kravchenko O. O. PhD in Economics Educational and Scientific Institute of Law named after Prince Volodymyr the Great Interregional Academy of Personnel Management ECONOMIC FEATURES OF REGIONAL COOPERATION AND POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN- ROMANIAN BORDER AS THE BASIS OF COMPETITIVENESS OF TRANSBOUNDARY TERRITORIES OF THE ZAKARPATTIA REGION Summary The economic characteristics and their features of the Ukrainian- Romanian border within the cross-border territories of the Zakarpattia region as a basis for assessing the feasibility of opening promising checkpoints on this section of the state border are being researched. The existing enterprises and their capabilities, ethnic and cultural values, logistics, the existing transport system, free economic zones and parks and customs terminals of the Ukrainian-Romanian border in the cross-border areas of the Zakarpattia region are being analyzed. The characteristics of promising checkpoints on the Ukrainian-Romanian section of the state border within the cross-border territory of the Zakarpattia region are substantiated and illustrated, such as: «Khyzha – Tarna Mare», «Yablunivka – Remete (Guta)», «Tiachiv – Malyi Tiachiv» and «Bila Tserkva – Sighetu Marmației». The economic, legal, competitive, regional and cross- border components of the basis for the construction and opening of promising checkpoints on the Ukrainian-Romanian section of the state border are highlighted. Introduction The Zakarpattia region is a multinational land, which combines deep foreign economic ties, unique geographical location and favorable business climate that allows for development of the competitiveness of cross-border 381 areas of the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Природнi Лiси Українських Карпат Natural Forests Of
    Фонд Всесвітній фонд Міхаеля Зуккова природи Michael Succow World Wide Fund Foundation for Nature ПрироднI лIси Українських карПат NATURAL FORESTS OF UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS карти і атласи львів-2018 УДК 911.2:581.9(477:292.452) Природні ліси Українських Карпат / Ред. А. Смалійчук та У. Гребенер – Львів: Карти і Атласи, 2018. – 104 с. A. Smaliychuk & U. Gräbener (Eds) 2018. Natural forests of Ukrainian Carpathians. Carty i Atlasy, Lviv. 104 p. (in Ukrainian). Автори текстів: Улі Гребенер, Ганс Дітер Кнапп, Богдан Проць, Анатолій Смалійчук, Роман Волосянчук. Автори фотографій: Михайло Богомаз, Гартмут Мюллер, Маттіас Шікгофер, Володимир Савчин, Андрій Юзик, Олександр Ярош, Роман Лазарович, Анатолій Смалійчук, Василь Покиньчереда. Детальніше див. на сторінці 103. Карти: Анатолій Смалійчук Дизайн: Ігор Дикий Редактори: Анатолій Смалійчук, Улі Гребенер Наукові рецензенти: проф., д-р Ганс Дітер Кнапп, к.с.-г.н., доц. Микола Чернявський, к.б.н., с.н.с. Богдан Проць Text authors: Uli Gräbener, Hans Dieter Knapp, Bohdan Prots, Anatoliy Smaliychuk, Roman Volosyanchuk. Picture authors: Mykhailo Bogomaz, Hartmut Müller, Matthias Schickhofer, Volodymyr Savchyn, Andriy Yuzyk, Oleksandr Yarosh, Roman Lazarovich, Anatoliy Smaliychuk, Vasyl Pokynchereda. For more details see page 103. Maps: Anatoliy Smaliychuk Design: Ihor Dykyi Editors: Anatoliy Smaliychuk, Uli Gräbener Scientific eviewr ers: Prof. Dr. Hans Dieter Knapp, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mykola Chernyavskyi, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bohdan Prots Фінансова підтримка проекту здійснюється Федеральним міністерством навколишнього се- редовища, охорони природи та безпеки ядерних реакторів (BMU) в рамках Програми консуль- таційної допомоги для охорони навколишнього середовища (AAP) в країнах Центральної та Східної Європи, Кавказу та Центральної Азії, а також в інших країнах, розташованих по сусідству з Європейським Союзом.
    [Show full text]
  • APPLICATION of the CHARTER in UKRAINE 2Nd Monitoring Cycle A
    Strasbourg, 15 January 2014 ECRML (2014) 3 EUROPEAN CHARTER FOR REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES APPLICATION OF THE CHARTER IN UKRAINE 2nd monitoring cycle A. Report of the Committee of Experts on the Charter B. Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on the application of the Charter by Ukraine The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages provides for a control mechanism to evaluate how the Charter is applied in a State Party with a view to, where necessary, making recommendations for improving its language legislation, policy and practices. The central element of this procedure is the Committee of Experts, set up under Article 17 of the Charter. Its principal purpose is to report to the Committee of Ministers on its evaluation of compliance by a Party with its undertakings, to examine the real situation of regional or minority languages in the State and, where appropriate, to encourage the Party to gradually reach a higher level of commitment. To facilitate this task, the Committee of Ministers adopted, in accordance with Article 15, paragraph1, an outline for periodical reports that a Party is required to submit to the Secretary General. The report should be made public by the State. This outline requires the State to give an account of the concrete application of the Charter, the general policy for the languages protected under Part II and, in more precise terms, all measures that have been taken in application of the provisions chosen for each language protected under Part III of the Charter. The Committee of Experts’ first task is therefore to examine the information contained in the periodical report for all the relevant regional or minority languages on the territory of the State concerned.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction
    State Service of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre State Scientific Production Enterprise “Kartographia” TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES For map and other editors For international use Ukraine Kyiv “Kartographia” 2011 TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES FOR MAP AND OTHER EDITORS, FOR INTERNATIONAL USE UKRAINE State Service of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre State Scientific Production Enterprise “Kartographia” ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Prepared by Nina Syvak, Valerii Ponomarenko, Olha Khodzinska, Iryna Lakeichuk Scientific Consultant Iryna Rudenko Reviewed by Nataliia Kizilowa Translated by Olha Khodzinska Editor Lesia Veklych ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ © Kartographia, 2011 ISBN 978-966-475-839-7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ................................................................ 5 2 The Ukrainian Language............................................ 5 2.1 General Remarks.............................................. 5 2.2 The Ukrainian Alphabet and Romanization of the Ukrainian Alphabet ............................... 6 2.3 Pronunciation of Ukrainian Geographical Names............................................................... 9 2.4 Stress .............................................................. 11 3 Spelling Rules for the Ukrainian Geographical Names....................................................................... 11 4 Spelling of Generic Terms ....................................... 13 5 Place Names in Minority Languages
    [Show full text]
  • Archives of Tourism, Hospitality and Sport Science
    ARCHIVES OF TOURISM, HOSPITALITY AND SPORT SCIENCE Volume 2 Year 2017 Aims & Scope The biannual journal Archives of Tourism, Hospitality and Sport Science is an international, scholarly, and refereed periodical aiming to promote and further ATHSS research in the fields of tourism, hospitality, recreation and physical education. The journal is published is addressed by Vincent both Polto membersUniversity of in the Lublin, scholarly Poland. community dealing with tourism, hospitality, recreation and sport science, as well as business ATHSS aims at creating a platform where representatives of all aforementioned sciences are able to exchange their practitioners and professionals. developments, as well as to share their insights in hands-on and case-based knowledge and experience,Archives disseminateof Tourism, Hospitality research findings,and Sport achievements Science welcomes and original, conceptual or empirical research papers, book reviews, conference reports. The journal reports,The scope case of studies, the research and letters presented to the ineditor. ATHSS papers are subject to double blind peer review by the members of the Editorial is international. All submitted featuring new ideas, tendencies, predictions, hypotheses and achievements Board and qualified international reviewers. Of special interest are submissions within the fields of hospitality, tourism, recreation and physical education as well asThe related submitted areas relevantmanuscripts to scholars are andaccepted professionals for publication in these fields. based on the views expressed in the submitted texts are entirely those of the authors and not necessarilyrecommendations of the Editorial obtained Board in an and anonymous Staff of Archives review of Tourism,process. Hospitality However, andthe Sport Science . Criteria for evaluating submissions include the suitability of their Tocontent, ensure significance, professional conceptual integrity, focus,the journal clarity follows of presentation, strict policies and onquotation unethical of credible sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Munkács: a Jewish World That Was
    MUNKÁCS: A JEWISH WORLD THAT WAS Anna Berger BA (UNSW), MA (Sydney University) A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies The University of Sydney July 2009 Contents Declaration iv Abstract v Dedication vi Acknowledgements vii Chapter 1. Introduction Aims of this thesis 1 Chapter 2. Methodology 3 Searching for sources 3 Published material 6 Oral histories and Survivor testimonies 7 The process of obtaining oral histories 9 Chapter 3. Munkács: A brief history 12 Chapter 4. The Jews of Munkács 18 Munkács cityscape 20 Family life 23 Making a living 27 The home 34 Shabbat and Jewish Festivals 39 Transport 46 Social life in the city 48 Youth groups 53 The Hasidim 55 ii Jewish communal governance and general politics 58 Zionism 60 Education 61 Chapter 5. Inter-ethnic relations 70 Jewish – Rusyn relations 71 Jews, Hungarians and Germans 72 Jews and Gypsies 73 Jewish – Czechoslovak relations 74 Chapter 6. Death of a community 76 Post Liberation 81 Chapter 7. Conclusion 82 Bibliography 83 Appendixes: 1. The Interviewees 86 2. Pre-interview letter and questionnaire 89 3. Interview questionnaire 91 4. Munkács/Mukačevo Photographs 94 iii Declaration I certify that the contents of this thesis have not been submitted for a higher degree to any other university or institution. The extent to which I have availed myself of the work of others is acknowledged in the text of this thesis. iv Abstract Prior to World War II an estimated 11 million Jews lived in hundreds of communities throughout Europe.
    [Show full text]