Cooperative Efforts and the Stages Previous to Internationalization
Cooperative Efforts and the Stages Previous to Internationalization: The Case of Telefónica 211 Cooperative Efforts and the Stages Previous to Internationalization: The Case of Telefónica Ángel Calvo* Universidad de Barcelona, Spain Abstract This article explores an area that has received relatively little attention from economic historians in Spanish-speaking countries despite the formidable appeal of its economic, technological, regulatory, and geopolitical implications. An interdisciplinary approach is employed which employs a balanced combination of primary and secondary sources. It is framed within the gradualist approach of the Uppsala School, though without adopting all of its postulates, and analyzes Telefónica’s “internationalization before internationalization” that occurred through its participation in artificial satellites. As a result of transnational cooperative efforts, the creation of these effective systems of telecommunication sometimes included Latin American countries. The participation of Telefónica in the Spanish system of satellites coincided with the beginning of its direct foreign investment, starting in 1989 with its entry into the Chilean market. Keywords: Spain, internationalization, telecommunications, Hispasat, Telefonica * Article received on February 10, 2014; final version approved on September 22, 2014. I thank Emilio Gilolmo, Alejandro Díaz, and Rosa María Sainz of the Telefonica Foundation for the support they provided for this study. I would also like to thank the editors of this journal and Martín Monsalve in particular, for their warm response and the anonymous reviewers for their efforts to improve this text. The purely factual information in this article is from Calvo (2010, 332-348). This study expands the information in that text chronologically and restructures and enriches the approach on the basis of primary and secondary sources as well as through more extensive analysis and by relating the results to contemporary debates.
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