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Empirical Modeling of Regional Stream Habitat Quality Using Gis-Derived Watersheds of Flexible Scale

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Empirical Modeling of Regional Stream Habitat Quality Using Gis-Derived Watersheds of Flexible Scale EMPIRICAL MODELING OF REGIONAL STREAM HABITAT QUALITY USING GIS-DERIVED WATERSHEDS OF FLEXIBLE SCALE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Sanjeev Arya, B.Arch. (Hons.), M.C.R.P. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Steven I. Gordon, Adviser Dr. Hazel A. Morrow-Jones __________________________________ Adviser Dr. Carolyn J. Merry City and Regional Planning Program Dr. Kenneth T. Pearlman Copyright © by Sanjeev Arya 2002 ABSTRACT Two new watershed-delineation approaches are used to build statistical regression models that explain the variations in Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) scores at hundreds of sites in the Eastern Corn Belt Plains ecoregion of Ohio. Hydrologically contributing areas upstream of the sampling stations are delineated using 1) non- overlapping watersheds up to the next upstream sampling station, and 2) custom watershed areas, called localsheds, delineated only up to a user-specified upstream flow- length. Both approaches provide an insight into the scale effects of various stressors. A large GIS-intensive database is developed with fine-resolution data on 30 m DEM, 1:24,000 scale roads and streams with network topology, proportionally allocated census block demography, and 30 m land cover characteristics. Stream order, reach sinuosity, and upstream network distances are derived using macro programming. The models explain more than 40% of the variation in habitat quality using stressor-related data within hydrologically connected areas that are only a mile upstream of the sampling sites. The results confirm the utility of the localshed framework and suggest that riparian row crops, commercial, and urban land uses in narrow strips, relatively broad swaths of deciduous forest, stream channelization, reach sinuosity, and stream order have a significant impact on the habitat immediately downstream of stress locations. Further research is outlined for model structure, data resources, and GIS software. ii Dedicated to my mother iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe sincere thanks to my adviser, Dr. Steve Gordon, for being a true mentor. He was always available with thoughtful, precise, and pithy advice. Due to him I always had easy access to fast computers, huge disk space, and to his personal time. This work would not have been possible without his intellectual, material, and financial support. I thank Susan Cormier and Susan Norton (USEPA), Ed Rankin (Ohio EPA), Arnold Engelmann, and Tracy Douglas for help with data issues; Sarada Majumder and Hag-Yeol Kim for copies of their dissertations; Kang-Ping Shen and Hag-Yeol Kim for exciting GIS discussions; Mert Cubukcu for stimulating talks and coffee; and Ellen Wallace for providing administrative help and candies. This work is made possible by the financial support from USEPA/NSF (research grant # R824769 and cooperative agreement #CR826816-01-0), the Department of City and Regional Planning (assistantship), and the University (fellowship). I am grateful to Drs. Carolyn Merry, Hazel Morrow-Jones, and Kenneth Pearlman, for serving on the advisory committee and providing encouraging and useful comments. My mother silently encourages me, from thousands of miles away, to value hard work and simplicity in life. My father and grandmother inspired from their heavenly abodes. I owe many thanks to my wife, Sujata, for keeping me focused, prosperous, and in generally good shape. Towards the end, my son Aakarsh infused a lot of fun into this writing through numerous innovative and ingenious ways. iv VITA January, 2002 - present …………….. GIS Application Developer Ohio Supercomputer Center Columbus, Ohio, USA. June, 2001 – December, 2001 ……….Software and GIS Consultant Software Architects Columbus, Ohio, USA. 1996 - 2001 …………………………. Graduate Teaching and Research Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio, USA. 1997 ………………………………… M.C.R.P., City and Regional Planning Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio, USA. 1995 ………………………………… University Graduate Fellow Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio, USA. 1992 - 1995 …………………………. Architect Satish Gujral Design Plus, Inc. New Delhi, India. 1992 ………………………………… B.Arch. (Hons.), Architecture Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: City and Regional Planning Minor Fields: Geographic Information Systems Computer Programming v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii Dedication ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ iii Acknowledgements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv Vita -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- v List of Tables -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ix List of Figures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xi Chapters: 1. Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 2. Literature review ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 2.1 Ecological risk assessment ----------------------------------------------------------- 4 2.2 Environmental modeling -------------------------------------------------------------- 7 2.3 Biological criteria ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 2.3.1 Stream habitat quality ------------------------------------------------------ 13 2.3.2 Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) --------------------------- 14 2.3.3 Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) --------------------------------------------- 17 2.4 Ecoregions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18 2.5 Reference sites ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 2.6 Watersheds ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 2.7 Scale and hierarchy ------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 2.8 Landscape factors ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 2.8.1 Riparian zone landscape ---------------------------------------------------- 26 2.8.2 Urbanization ------------------------------------------------------------------ 26 2.9 Water quality case studies ------------------------------------------------------------ 27 vi 2.9.1 Eastern Corn Belt Plains Ecoregion series ------------------------------- 30 2.9.2 River Raisin Basin series ----------------------------------------------------31 2.9.3 Saginaw Basin series ---------------------------------------------------------32 2.9.4 Other studies ------------------------------------------------------------------34 2.10 Why model stream habitat quality ? -------------------------------------------------36 2.11 Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 38 3. Methodology ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 3.1 Conceptual Model --------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 3.2 Statistical Model ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 3.2.1 Assumptions ------------------------------------------------------------------ 48 3.2.2 Outliers ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 49 3.3 Research Hypothesis ------------------------------------------------------------------ 50 3.4 Spatial Unit of Analysis -------------------------------------------------------------- 52 3.4.1 Localshed ----------------------------------------------------------------------54 3.4.1.1 Localshed based on spatial independence --------------------------------56 3.4.1.2 Localshed based on flexible scale -----------------------------------------59 3.5 Spatial Overlay -------------------------------------------------------------------------62 3.5.1 Area-prorated assignment of Census data -------------------------------- 62 3.6 Uncertainty ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 3.7 Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 65 4. Data --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68 4.1 Study area – ecoregion ---------------------------------------------------------------- 69 4.2 QHEI samples ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 4.3 DEM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 80 4.3.1 Slope -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82 4.4 Stream network ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 83 4.4.1 Sinuosity ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 84 4.4.2 Stream order ------------------------------------------------------------------ 88 4.4.3 Riparian zone ----------------------------------------------------------------- 88 4.5 Land use and land cover -------------------------------------------------------------- 89 4.6 Roads ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 97 4.7 Population and Housing Density ----------------------------------------------------
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