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The Kaskaskia/Absaroka Boundary in the Subsurface of Athens County, Ohio

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The Kaskaskia/Absaroka Boundary in the Subsurface of Athens County, Ohio The Kaskaskia/Absaroka Boundary in the Subsurface of Athens County, Ohio A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Ryan P. Stobart December 2019 © 2019 Ryan P. Stobart. All Rights Reserved 2 This thesis titled The Kaskaskia/Absaroka Boundary in the Subsurface of Athens County, Ohio by RYAN P. STOBART has been approved for the Department of Geological Sciences and the College of Arts and Sciences by Gregory Nadon Associate Professor of Geological Sciences Florenz Plassmann Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT STOBART, RYAN P., M.S., December 2019, Geological Sciences The Kaskaskia/Absaroka Boundary in the Subsurface of Athens County, Ohio Director of Thesis: Gregory Nadon The Kaskaskia/Absaroka boundary is an unconformable surface that separates the Lower Pennsylvanian Sharon Sandstone from the Mississippian Maxville Limestone or Logan Formation. Previous maps of the drainage pattern formed on the boundary lacked detailed spatial control or were of regional scale. This study examined 348 geophysical well logs from four townships in southwestern Athens County, which were used to create cross-sections, and isopach maps of the gross and net sandstone, the Maxville Limestone, and the total Mississippian interval. Correlation and isopach data show that thick sandstones present in the wells of the study interval were unambiguously Early Pennsylvanian incised valley deposits of the Sharon Sandstone that were deposited in a braided fluvial environment. The fluvial sandstones are interbedded with mudstones that have gamma-ray and porosity values that differ from the underlying marine Mississippian sediments, suggesting a possible base level change associated with eustatic sea level rise. The change from laterally continuous Mississipian marine strata to the incised fluvial valleys marks a shift in tectonic from dynamic to thrust loading. The location of the main channels of the drainage system formed on the older Mississippian strata was close to the boundary between the forebulge and backbulge regions of the Appalachian foreland basin. 4 DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my family and friends whom have shown unwavering support. 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to give my deepest thanks to my advisor, Dr. Gregory Nadon. His knowledge, guidance and support are truly what pushed me through to the end. Thank you to Cheri Sheets for making the days fun and enjoyable during the writing process. I would also like to thank those in the Ohio University Geological Sciences department who have supported me and given advice throughout my education. Thank you to the Ohio Geological Survey for providing the geophysical well logs which made this thesis a possibility. And lastly, thank you to my friends and family for your unconditional love and support. This would not have been possible without any of you. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 3 Dedication ...................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... 5 List of Figures ................................................................................................................ 7 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2: Previous Work ..............................................................................................12 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................12 2.2 Tectonics ...........................................................................................................12 2.3 Climate and Glacial Eustasy ...............................................................................16 2.4 Stratigraphy .......................................................................................................18 2.5 The Mississippian-Pennsylvanian Unconformity Incision Pattern .......................24 2.6 Geophysical Well Logs ......................................................................................26 Chapter 3: Methodology ................................................................................................31 3.1 Geophysical Well Log Analysis .........................................................................31 Chapter 4: Results..........................................................................................................40 4.1 Type Well - Aid Township, Lawrence County ...................................................40 4.2 Type Well - Alexander Township, Athens County .............................................41 4.3 Study Area Cross Sections .................................................................................45 4.4 Isopach Maps .....................................................................................................51 4.5 Topographic Maps .............................................................................................56 Chapter 5: Discussion ....................................................................................................60 5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................60 5.2 Location of Valley Axis .....................................................................................60 5.3 Possible Amalgamation with the Black Hand Sandstone ....................................64 5.4 Controls on Fluvial Style ....................................................................................65 Chapter 6: Conclusions ..................................................................................................74 References .....................................................................................................................75 Appendix: Formation Tops ............................................................................................80 7 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1: Study Area Location ...................................................................................11 Figure 2.1: Foreland Basin System ...............................................................................13 Figure 2.2: Interplay of Flexural Tectonics and Dynamic Subsidence ...........................15 Figure 2.3: Carboniferous Sea Level Change ................................................................17 Figure 2.4: Generalized Stratigraphic Section ...............................................................19 Figure 2.5: Matchen and Kammer Black Hand Sandstone .............................................21 Figure 2.6: Mississippian Units in Southern Ohio .........................................................23 Figure 2.7: Sloss Sequences ..........................................................................................25 Figure 2.8: Gamma Shape .............................................................................................30 Figure 3.1: Location of Wells Used in This Study .........................................................32 Figure 3.2: Type Well of Alexander Township .............................................................33 Figure 3.3: Type Well of Aid Township ........................................................................34 Figure 3.4: Carthage Cross Section Tract ......................................................................36 Figure 3.5: Carthage Cross Section ...............................................................................37 Figure 3.6: Net Sand Vs. Gross Sand ............................................................................ 39 Figure 4.1: Aid and Alexander Township Type Well Location ......................................43 Figure 4.2: Correlation of Aid and Alexander Township Type Wells ............................44 Figure 4.3: Study Area Cross Section Tract ..................................................................46 Figure 4.4: Study Area Cross Section ...........................................................................47 Figure 4.5: Black Hand Sandstone in Relation to the Sharon Sandstone ........................50 Figure 4.6: Mississippian Isopach Map .........................................................................52 Figure 4.7: Maxville Isopach Map ................................................................................53 Figure 4.8: Gross Sandstone Isopach Map ....................................................................54 Figure 4.9: Net Sandstone Isopach Map ........................................................................55 Figure 4.10: Inferred Drainage Map ..............................................................................57 Figure 4.11: Well Log Ground Elevation Topography Map ..........................................58 Figure 4.12: Modern USGS Topography map of Study Area ........................................59 Figure 5.1: Utley, Two River Systems ..........................................................................62 Figure 5.2: Forebulge Location and Valley Axis ...........................................................69 Figure 5.3: Utley Drainage System With Forebulge ......................................................71
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