AAnn EErara ooff EEuropeanuropean IImperialismmperialism 11800–1914800–1914 Why It Matters The period of world history from 1800 to 1914 was characterized by two major developments: the growth of industrialization and Western domination of the world. The Industrial Revolution became one of the major forces for change, leading Western civilization into the industrial era that has characterized the modern world. At the same time, the Industrial Revolution created the technological means, including new weapons, by which the West achieved domination over much of the rest of the world. CHAPTER 19 INDUSTRIALIZATION AND NATIONALISM 1800–1870 CHAPTER 20 MASS SOCIETY AND DEMOCRACY 1870–1914 CHAPTER 21 THE HEIGHT OF IMPERIALISM 1800–1914 CHAPTER 22 EAST ASIA UNDER CHALLENGE 1800–1914 Railways, like this one at London Paddington Station, were integral to the success of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. Adoc-photos/Art Resource, NY 611 Adoc-photos/Art Resource, NY Industrialization and Nationalism 1800 –1870 Section 1 The Industrial Revolution Section 2 Reaction and Revolution Section 3 National Unification and the Nationalism Section 4 Romanticism and Realism MAKING CONNECTIONS How do events influence culture? In 1834, fire destroyed the original Houses of Parliament in Britain. Reflecting the influence of the romantics, architects used neo-Gothic style—an imitation of the medieval Gothic style—to rebuild these landmarks and add Big Ben. In this chapter, you will learn how romanticism emerged from the turmoil of the Industrial Revolution. • Review the description of Gothic style in Chapter 10. What elements of Gothic style do you see in the photo of the Houses of Parliament and clock tower? • How has the development of the Internet affected today’s culture? 1804 1848 Richard Trevithick’s 1814 Revolutions erupt in steam locomotive Congress of Europe, beginning EUROPE AND THE runs on an industrial Vienna meets with the overthrow UNITED STATES rail-line in Britain of Louis-Philippe 1800 1820 1840 THE WORLD 1821 1839 Mexico declares Opium War independence from Spain begins in China 612 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, Keith Levitt/Index Stock Imagery 1871 Ideologies 1865 German Describing Create a Conservatism Layered-Look Book Confederate forces unification Nationalism to record notes about surrender, ending the achieved under the ideologies of Liberalism American Civil War William I the 1800s. 1860 1880 1869 Suez Canal completed (ISTORY /.,).% Chapter Overview—Visit glencoe.com to preview Chapter 19. Keith Levitt/Index Stock Imagery, (t) Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library, (b) Archives Charmet, Bibliothèque des Arts Decoratifs, Paris, France/Bridgeman Art Library The Industrial Revolution GUIDE TO READING Beginning in Great Britain during the late eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution led to the industrialization that The BIG Idea shaped the modern world. Europe saw a shift from an economy New Technologies The Industrial based on farming and handicrafts to an economy based on Revolution changed the way people lived and manufacturing by machines in factories. worked. Content Vocabulary • enclosure movement (p. 614) The Industrial Revolution in • capital (p. 614) Great Britain • entrepreneurs (p. 614) • cottage industry (p. 615) With its plentiful natural resources, workers, wealth, and markets, • puddling (p. 616) Great Britain became the starting place of the Industrial Revolution. • industrial capitalism (p. 620) HISTORY & YOU Think about how computers are rapidly changing today’s • socialism (p. 621) world. Read to understand how the Industrial Revolution changed life in the nineteenth century. Academic Vocabulary • derived (p. 616) • hypothetical (p. 621) The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1780s and took several decades to spread to other Western nations. Sev- People and Places eral factors contributed to make Great Britain the starting place. • James Watt (p. 616) • Robert Fulton (p. 619) First, agricultural practices in the eighteenth century had • Manchester (p. 617) • Robert Owen (p. 621) changed. Expansion of farmland, good weather, improved trans- • Liverpool (p. 617) portation, and new crops such as the potato dramatically increased the food supply. More people could be fed at lower prices with Reading Strategy less labor. Now even ordinary British families could use some of Categorizing Information As their income to buy manufactured goods. you read, use a table like the one below Second, with the increased food supply, the population grew. to name important inventors mentioned Parliament passed enclosure movement laws in the 1700s. When in this section and their inventions. landowners fenced off common lands, many peasants had to Inventors Inventions move to towns, giving Britain a plentiful supply of labor. Third, Britain had a ready supply of money, or capital, to invest in the new industrial machines and factories. Many British people were wealthy. The entrepreneurs found new business opportuni- ties and new ways to make profits. Fourth, Britain had plentiful natural resources. The country’s rivers provided water power for the new factories. These water- ways provided a means for transporting raw materials and fin- ished products. Britain also had abundant supplies of coal and iron ore, essential in manufacturing processes. Finally, a supply of markets gave British manufacturers a ready outlet for their goods. Britain had a vast colonial empire, and Brit- ish ships could transport goods anywhere in the world. Also, because of population growth and cheaper food at home, domes- tic markets increased. A growing demand for cotton cloth led British manufacturers to look for ways to increase production. 614 INDUSTRY IN GREAT BRITAIN BY 1850 57°N 3°E 0° 3°W 3°E l 6°W l Coalfield Dundee Major port 9°W Navigable river SCOTLAND l l l l l l Major canal North l l l l ATLANTIC l Major railway l l Glasgowl Sea OCEAN Edinburgh Industries: 0 100 kilometers New Copper mining Lanark and smelting 0 100 miles Tin mining and smelting Lambert Conformal Conic projection Newcastle NORTHERN Iron extraction IRELAND Sunderland and smelting Lead mining Estimated Population Textile production l l l of England, 1750–1851 l l 54°N l l Isle of Man l l l l l l l l l l N 20 l Halifax l l Hull l l l Rural population l l Leeds l l l l l l l l 16,730,000 l l l l l l l l l l Urban population l l Irish Sea l l Bury l l l l l E 15 as percentage l W l l l l l l l l l l Sheffield l l l of total l l l l l l l Liverpool l l l l l l l l S l l l l l l l l l l l l Manchester l l l l 10 8,660,000 l l l l l l Nottingham l l l l l l l l 5,770,000 l Derby l l l l l l l l l l Norwich l l l l l l l l l l l l 5 ENGLANDl l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Leicester l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Population (in millions) Population 21% 28% 51% l l Birminghaml l l l l l Coventryl l l l l l l l 0 l l Cambridge l WALES l l l l l l 1750 1801 1851 l l l l l l l l l Oxford Atlas of World History. l Source: l l Harwich l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l London l l l l l l Swansea l Bristol l Canterbury l l l l l l l l Cardiff l l l l l Chatham Bath Dover 51°N l l l 1. Movement Describe what the l l l l l l Southampton graph shows about the population Exeter in England between 1750 and 1851. Portsmouth Plymouth 2. Human-Environment Falmouth Interaction What geographical factors help explain why industrial- ization began in Great Britain? FRANCE See StudentWorks™ Plus or glencoe.com. Changes in Cotton Production A series of technological advances in the eighteenth century made cottage industry In the eighteenth century, Great Britain inefficient. First, the invention of the “fly- had surged way ahead in the production ing shuttle” made weaving faster. Now, of inexpensive cotton goods. The manufac- weavers needed more thread from spin- ture of cotton cloth was a two-step process. ners because they could produce cloth at a First, spinners made cotton thread from faster rate. raw cotton. Then, weavers wove the cotton In 1764 James Hargreaves had invented a thread into cloth on looms. In the eighteenth machine called the spinning jenny, which century, individuals spun the thread and met this need. Other inventors made similar then wove the cloth in their rural cottages. contributions. The spinning process became This production method was thus called a much faster. In fact, spinners produced cottage industry. thread faster than weavers could use it. CHAPTER 19 Industrialization and Nationalism 615 Another invention made it possible for In this process, coke, which was derived the weaving of cloth to catch up with the from coal, was used to burn away impuri- spinning of thread. This was a water- ties in crude iron, called pig iron, and to powered loom invented by Edmund Cart- produce an iron of high quality. The British wright in 1787. It now became more iron industry boomed. In 1740, Britain had efficient to bring workers to the new produced 17,000 tons (15,419 metric tons machines and have them work in facto- or t) of iron.