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Piezoelectric Transducer Modeling Osman, Hafiiz (2018) Ultrasonic disinfection using large area compact radial mode resonators. PhD thesis. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/30592/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Ultrasonic Disinfection using Large Area Compact Radial Mode Resonators Hafiiz Osman (B.Eng, M.Eng) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) School of Engineering College of Science and Engineering University of Glasgow March 2018 i To my family. ii Declaration I declare that this thesis is a record of the original work carried out by myself under the supervision of Associate Professor Fannon Lim, and Professor Margaret Lucas in the School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, United Kingdom, during the period of June 2014 to February 2018. The copyright of this thesis, therefore, belongs to the author under the terms of the United Kingdom Copyright acts. The due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis. The thesis has not been presented elsewhere in consideration for a higher degree. © 2018 Hafiiz Osman iii Abstract Ultrasonic water treatment is based on the ability of an ultrasonic device to induce cavitation in the liquid, generating physical and chemical effects that can be used for biological inactivation. Effective treatment requires the ultrasonic device to generate intense cavitation field in a large treatment volume. Most conventional ultrasonic radiators fulfil only the first of these two requirements, rendering such devices highly unsuitable for use in high-volume, high-flow liquid processes. The present research investigates the design and performance of a new type of radial resonator in terms of their electromechanical characteristics, nonlinear behaviour, and their ability to treat synthetic ballast water with lower power consumption and short treatment times. The radial resonators were designed using finite element (FE) modelling, and the best designs related to their predicted modal behaviour and vibration uniformity were selected for fabrication and experimental evaluation. Experimental modal analysis (EMA) of the radial resonators showed excellent correlation with the FE models, deviating by only 0.3% at the tuned mode. Impedance analysis showed that the mechanical quality factor of the radial resonators are 28–165% higher than the commercial high-gain probe, but their coupling coefficients are 40–45% lower. Harmonic response characterisation (HRC) revealed shifts in the resonance frequencies at elevated excitation voltages. Duffing-like behaviour were observed in all resonators. RP-1 exhibited the Duffing-like behaviour to a far greater extent compared to the RPS-16 and RPST-16 multiple orifice resonators, indicating the influence of geometric parameters on the overall stiffness of the structure. Finally, experiments with Artemia nauplii and Daphnia sp. showed excellent biological inactivation capability of the radial resonators. Comparison with previous studies showed that 90% reduction in Artemia nauplii can be achieved with up to 33% less energy and using just one radial resonator compared to the dozens of conventional resonators used in precedent investigations. The present research have successfully demonstrated the use of FE modeling, EMA, and HRC to develop, validate, and characterise a new type of radial resonator. Experimental analysis showed that the radial resonators exhibited promising electrical, mechanical, and acoustical characteristics that has the potential to be cost-efficient, scalable, and a viable alternative water treatment method. iv Acknowledgement Foremost, I express my sincerest gratitude to Mr. Simon Kuik for initiating this programme and encouraging me to take up the challenge. I also express my sincere appreciation to Mr. Prakash and Mr. Chew Tee Tank for rendering support whenever sought, often without question. Thank you all, for extending this rare opportunity to me, and granting me full autonomy in the conduct of the research. I am most grateful to my supervisor Dr Fannon Lim, for his guidance and support throughout my PhD career, helping me overcome numerous challenges, being a good company, and cheering me on to the finish line. Most of all, thank you for your friendship. I consider myself very fortunate to be under the supervision of Professor Margaret Lucas, whom through our correspondences, showed immense knowledge and wisdom. Thank you for seeing the value of my research, and inspiring me to be a better researcher. A special acknowledgement to Dr Andrew Mathieson and Dr Andrew Feeney for showing me the ‘ropes’ in transducer design and characterisation in Glasgow. Without their guidance, the ultrasonics test station would not have been built successfully in Singapore. I am grateful to all those with whom I have had the pleasure to work during this research and other related projects. This thesis becomes a reality with the kind support and help from many individuals, and I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. This research would not have been possible without the support of the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB) and Sembcorp Marine Repairs and Upgrades Pte. Ltd. through the Industrial Postgraduate Programme (IPP) grant number COY-15-IPP/140002 Hafiiz Osman Singapore, March 2018 v Contents Declaration ................................................................................................................................ iii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgement........................................................................................................................ v Contents ..................................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ xi List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... xvi List of Symbols ....................................................................................................................... xviii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ xx Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Ultrasonic disinfection of ballast water .......................................................................... 1 1.2 Ultrasonic disinfection – the conventional approach ...................................................... 3 1.3 Ultrasonic disinfection using a radial resonator ............................................................. 4 1.3.1 Previous work ......................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2 Effect of mode shape on cavity pressure ................................................................ 4 1.3.3 Effect of cavity diameter on cavity pressure .......................................................... 6 1.4 Research objectives ......................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Scope of work ................................................................................................................. 7 1.6 Thesis organisation ......................................................................................................... 7 Review of Literature ............................................................................................... 9 2.1 Mechanisms of ultrasonic disinfection ............................................................................ 9 2.1.1 Cellular resonance................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Mechanical cell disruption .................................................................................... 10 2.1.3 Free radical attack ............................................................................................... 11 2.2 Efficacy of ultrasonic treatment on marine organisms ................................................. 12 2.2.1 Effect on zooplankton ........................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Effect on phytoplankton ....................................................................................... 14 2.2.3 Effect on bacteria ................................................................................................. 17 vi 2.3 Assessment of current US radiator designs .................................................................. 18 2.3.1 Limitations of conventional resonators ................................................................
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