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University of Groningen the Photon Identification Loophole in EPRB View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Groningen University of Groningen The photon identification loophole in EPRB experiments De Raedt, Hans; Michielsen, Kristel; Hess, Karl Published in: Open physics DOI: 10.1515/phys-2017-0085 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2017 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): De Raedt, H., Michielsen, K., & Hess, K. (2017). The photon identification loophole in EPRB experiments: computer models with single-wing selection. Open physics, 15(1), 713-733. https://doi.org/10.1515/phys- 2017-0085 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 13-11-2019 Open Phys. 2017; 15:713–733 Research Article Open Access Hans De Raedt*, Kristel Michielsen, and Karl Hess The photon identication loophole in EPRB experiments: computer models with single-wing selection https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2017-0085 1 Introduction Received August 1, 2017; accepted October 5, 2017 Abstract: Recent Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm experi- The debate between Einstein and Bohr, about the founda- ments [M. Giustina et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 250401 (2015); tions of quantum mechanics, resulted in a Gedanken- ex- L. K. Shalm et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 250402 (2015)] periment suggested by Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) [28] that claim to be loophole free are scrutinized. The com- that was later modied by Bohm (EPRB) [7]. The schemat- bination of a digital computer and discrete-event simula- ics of this experiment is shown in Figure 1 and involves two tion is used to construct a minimal but faithful model of wings and two measurement stations. EPR used the quan- the most perfected realization of these laboratory experi- tum mechanical predictions for possible outcomes of this ments. In contrast to prior simulations, all photon selec- experiment to show that quantum mechanics was incom- tions are strictly made, as they are in the actual experi- plete. ments, at the local station and no other “post-selection” is Many years later, John S. Bell derived an inequality for involved. The simulation results demonstrate that a man- the possible outcomes of EPRB experiments that he per- ifestly non-quantum model that identies photons in the ceived to be based only on the physics of Einstein’s rel- same local manner as in these experiments can produce ativity [6]. Bell’s inequality, as it was henceforth called, correlations that are in excellent agreement with those of seemed to contradict the quantum predictions for EPRB the quantum theoretical description of the corresponding experimental outcomes altogether [6]. thought experiment, in conict with Bell’s theorem which Experimental investigations, following Bell’s theoreti- states that this is impossible. The failure of Bell’s theo- cal suggestions, provided a large number of data that were rem is possible because of our recognition of the photon violating Bell-type inequalities and climaxed in the suspi- identication loophole. Such identication measurement- cion of a failure of Einstein’s physics and his basic under- procedures are necessarily included in all actual experi- standing of space and time [3, 12, 15, 57, 89]. ments but are not included in the theory of Bell and his Central to these discussions and questions are the cor- followers. relations of space-like separated detection events, some of which are interpreted as the observation of a pair of enti- Keywords: Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm experiments, ties such as photons. The problem of classifying events as Bell inequalities, discrete-event simulation, foundations the observation of a “photon” or of something else is not of quantum mechanics as simple as in the case of say, billiard balls. The particle PACS: 03.65.Ud, 03.65.Ta, 02.70.-c identication problem is, in fact, key for the understand- ing of the epistemology of correlations between events. What do we know about such correlations of space- like separated events? Popular presentations of Bell’s work typically involve two isolated agents (Alice, Bob) at sepa- *Corresponding Author: Hans De Raedt: Zernike Institute for rated measurement stations (Tenerife, La Palma), who just Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL- collect data of local measurements. But how does Alice 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands, E-mail: [email protected] know that she is dealing with a particle of a pair of which Kristel Michielsen: Institute for Advanced Simulation, Jülich Su- Bob investigates the other particle? She is supposed to be percomputing Centre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany, E-mail: totally isolated from Bob’s wing of the experiment in order [email protected] to fulll Einstein’s separation and locality principle! The Karl Hess: Center for Advanced Study, University of Illinois, Ur- answer is that neither Alice nor Bob know they deal with bana, Illinois, USA Email: [email protected] Open Access. © 2017 H. De Raedt et al., published by De Gruyter Open. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. Brought to you by | University of Groningen Authenticated Download Date | 10/8/19 11:38 AM 714 Ë Hans De Raedt, Kristel Michielsen, and Karl Hess a a D 1 2 D +,1 +,2 S D D -,1 -,2 Figure 1: Diagram of the EPRB thought experiment. The source S, activated at times labeled by n = 1, 2, ... , N, sends a photon to the observation station R1 and another photon to the observation station R2. Depending on the settings of these observation stations repre- sented by unit vectors a1 and a2, the signal going to the left (right) triggers the counters D+,1 or D−,1 (D+,2 or D−,2). correlated pairs if their stations are completely separated of the physical reality of the experiments in both wings. It from each other and have no space-time knowledge of the is important to note that these data must involve measure- other wing ever. ments in both stations and are necessarily inuencing the In his papers on the EPRB experiment, Bell did not ad- possible knowledge of the correlations of the single mea- dress this fundamental question but considered correlated surements in these stations. In the case of atomic or sub- pairs as given, without any trace of the tools of measure- atomic measurements the measurement equipment does ment and of space-time concepts that are both necessary to not only inuence the single outcomes as Bohr has taught accomplish the identication of events. He then claimed to us, but correlated measurement equipment (such as syn- have discovered a conict between his theoretical descrip- chronized clocks or instruments that determine thresh- tion and the quantum theoretical description of the EPRB olds) also inuence the knowledge of correlations of these thought experiment [6]. As a consequence of this discov- single outcomes. It is this extension of the Copenhagen ery, much research was devoted to view that leads to a loophole in Bell’s Theorem, the pho- ton identication loophole. The violations of Bell-type in- (i) the actual derivation of Bell-type inequalities from equalities described in this paper are based on this loop- Einstein’s framework of physics (particularly his sep- hole. aration principle that derives from the speed of light Bell and followers envisage that the correlations may in vacuum (c being the limit of all speeds) and Kol- be measured in the laboratory in complete separation and, mogorov’s probability theory [59], therefore, physical models of the Bell opponents must only (ii) designing and performing laboratory experiments use the measurements of two completely separated wings that provide data that are in conict with the Bell- operated by Alice and Bob who know nothing of each type inequalities, other. As just explained, correlations of spatially separated (iii) constructing mathematical-physical models, at times events can only be conceived by involving the human- supported by computer simulations that entirely invented space-time system in order to demonstrate the comply with Einstein’s and Einstein’s separation pairing, the knowledge that measurements of particles be- principle, that do not rely on concepts of quantum long together. Therefore, correlations can only be deter- theory, and are nevertheless in conict with the Bell’s mined in a consistent way under the umbrella of a given theorem. space-time system that encompasses the two or more mea- surement stations. This space-time system that all experi- menters subscribe to enables us to ban spooky inuences Bell’s theory, and the theories of all his followers, includ- out of science, particularly for the EPR experiments that ing Wigner, do not deal with the identication of the corre- Einstein constructed for the purpose to show this fact. lated particles and assume that they are known automat- We maintain that it is highly non-trivial to identify ically, so to speak per at.
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