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Women in Farming: How Information and Communication Technologies Are Changing the Lives of Women Farmers in Bangladesh

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Women in Farming: How Information and Communication Technologies Are Changing the Lives of Women Farmers in Bangladesh Women in Farming: How Information and Communication Technologies are Changing the Lives of Women Farmers in Bangladesh By ASM Easir Arafat A Thesis Presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In Sociology and International Development Studies Guelph, Ontario, Canada © ASM Easir Arafat, August 2020 ABSTRACT WOMEN IN FARMING: HOW INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES ARE CHANGING THE LIVES OF WOMEN FARMERS IN BANGLADESH ASM Easir Arafat Advisor: Dr. Erin Nelson University of Guelph, 2020 Committee Members: Dr. Sally Humphries Dr. Ataharul Chowdhury This research focuses on the experiences of using information and communication technologies (ICTs) by rural Bangladeshi women farmers, and what impact these tools have on their lives. The research was premised on a Gender and Development perspective and used a mixed-method approach to obtain data. The fieldwork for this research was carried out from mid-July to early September in 2019, in a southern coastal village of Bangladesh. The findings of this research demonstrate that many rural women in Bangladesh engage in a variety of agricultural activities to alleviate poverty and meet their households’ food needs. However, even after making a substantial contribution to their families and to agriculture, women farmers do not get due recognition either from the state or from society. As a result, they are deprived of various government and private supports and extension services, and are unable to use their full potential in agriculture. The findings also illustrate that some women farmers are benefitting and overcoming some of the challenges they face in agriculture by using modern ICTs such as mobile phones and the internet. In addition, these technologies are, in many direct and indirect ways, helping to increase the status of these women farmers in their families and society. However, in some cases, these technologies are also making them vulnerable both in the family and community, for example, they are becoming easy victims of cybercrime. Insights from this research will advance knowledge of the benefits derived from ICTs for women farmers. It will also aid in policy development geared towards ICT-related livelihood strategies for women. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Erin Nelson for her wise academic mentorship and kind emotional support throughout my studies at the University of Guelph. I believe, without her supervision and encouragement, it would have been difficult for me to complete this thesis properly and on time during such a frustrating time of pandemic. Also, I would like to thank Dr. Sally Humphries and Dr. Ataharul Chowdhury for their valuable guidance, comments and insights, without which this research project would not have been completed. From the very beginning to the end, all three of them consistently allowed this thesis to be my own work but directed me in the right direction every time they thought I needed it. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the respondents of this research, who gave me some of their valuable time and shared their experiences voluntarily. This research would not have existed without their support and participation. I would like to acknowledge all the financial support that I received from the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Guelph Institute of Development Studies, and other sources during the two years of my study at the University of Guelph, which lessened my financial burden and helped me to focus on study and research. Also, I am thankful to Shelagh Daly, whose kind support made all the administrative work easy for me. Finally, I must express my profound gratitude to my parents, wife and elder brother for providing me unconditional support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you. A S M Easir Arafat iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER ONE .........................................................................................................................1 ICT USE AND WOMEN FARMERS’ EMPOWERMENT: CONTEXT OF BANGLADESH ....1 1.1 The Research Problem .......................................................................................................1 1.2 Background and Aim of The Study ....................................................................................2 1.3 Literature Review ..............................................................................................................4 1.4 Significance of the Research ............................................................................................ 19 1.5 Thesis Outline .................................................................................................................. 20 CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................... 22 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND FIELD SITE ................................................................ 22 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 22 2.2 Research Site ................................................................................................................... 22 2.3 Field Site Selection .......................................................................................................... 25 2.4 Data Collection Methods and Tools ................................................................................. 26 2.5 Reflection of The Researcher’s Positionality .................................................................... 32 2.6 Research Limitations ....................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................... 35 THE DYNAMICS OF WOMEN’S ENGAGEMENT IN FARMING ........................................ 35 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 35 3.2 Farming System of the Study Area ................................................................................... 35 3.3 Women’s Activities in Farming ....................................................................................... 38 3.4 Reasons for Women’s Engagement in Agriculture ........................................................... 40 3.5 Gender Division of Agricultural Work ............................................................................. 44 3.6 Recognition as Farmers .................................................................................................... 48 3.7 Women’s Economic Activities Beside Farming ............................................................... 52 3.8 Attitudes and Perceptions Towards Women Farmers........................................................ 54 3.9 Opportunities in Farming: ................................................................................................ 56 v 3.10 Challenges of Engaging in Agriculture ........................................................................... 63 3.11 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER FOUR ..................................................................................................................... 69 WOMEN FARMERS’ EXPERIENCE OF USING ICTs ........................................................... 69 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 69 4.2 ICT Initiatives for Rural Women in Bangladesh ............................................................... 69 4.3 Access to Mobile Phones and Other ICTs ........................................................................ 73 4.4 Women Farmers’ Knowledge of ICTs .............................................................................. 79 4.5 Use of ICTs by Women Farmers ...................................................................................... 82 4.6 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 92 CHAPTER FIVE ...................................................................................................................... 93 ICT AS A MEANS OF WOMEN FARMERS’ EMPOWERMENT .......................................... 93 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 93 5.2 Ownership of Resources .................................................................................................. 93 5.3 Contribution to Family Income .......................................................................................
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